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Vol. XXXIX. No. 2 25 Cents a Copy February, 15 The MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE official organ of the PAN-PACIFIC UNION

The late C. J. McCarthy when Governor of Hawaii and President of the Pan-Pacific Union The late Ex-Governor Charles J. McCarthy, ,when President of the Pan-Pacific Union, address- ing an assemblage of all Pacific races.

A Resolution in Memory or Charles J. McCarthy

Whereas, the Honorable Charles J. McCarthy, former governor of the Territory of Hawaii, was called early this morning to the Great Beyond; And Whereas, as chief executive of this Territory he was president of the Pan- Pacific Union; And Whereas, he gave to the work of the Pan-Pacific Union not only his whole- hearted sympathy and understanding but his it ntiring personal efforts both in adminis- tration and in detail; And Whereas, in his personal and official contacts he richly exemplified the ideals of the Pan-Pacific Union in friendly understanding and kindly contact with all peoples and all races; And Whereas, his term as president of the Pan-Pacific Union was a period of noble contribution to this Union, to the causes for which it was established and carried on,

Now Therefore, be it resolved that we, as members and friends of the Pan-Pacific Union, assembled this twenty-sixth day of November, 1929, do hereby express our pro- found grief at the passing of Col. McCarthy and our condolences to his family and friends. Be It Further Resolved, that a copy of this resolution be spread upon the minutes of the Pan-Pacific Union; copies be forwarded to the widow and other members of the family, together with our heartfelt sympathy, and that a copy be sent to the honorary president of the Pan-Pacific Union, the Honorable Herbert Hoover, President of the United States.

,... -401 ivorreiww5 ,074-0- 4-a--4 -uii • • • • • 5-•(-1w- -Avit~wniver:,- • :4 ,>•:. 3.418 artfi r ifiaga3utr • „...,F. '41 CONDUCTED BY ALEXANDER HUME FORD 13 Volume XXXIX Number 2 ,>-4- CONTENTS FOR FEBRUARY, 1930 .--. .1 ,>,•-. • 4 >,--_ International Understanding Through Education - - 103 @ .... By Dr. Paul S. Dengler '4 ,-i Educational Dvelopment in China - - - - - 113 >-. By Professor C. H. Peeke 1 Al *14 lb Education in the Dutch East Indies - - - - 117 .1 >-_ By C. Martagh al >-: s... el Education in Siam - - - - - - - - 123 .1 By Miss Tardt Pradipasena art .1 .- The Filipino Woman - - - - - - - - 129 .4_ 4 >-)-; Mrs. CamiloBy Osias • 43 7- g Present-Day Education in Mexico - - - - - 133 g By Professor A della Palacios 43 .-- if • ii Art in the Orient - - - - - - - - 139 • ■ By Lawrence Binjou )1- s,- National Education in Japan - - - - - 143 ,>e .,,<■ ,-. .1 g Japanese Educational Service in Manchuria - - - 155 ,)..• World History - - - - - - - - - 161 z-c■ ■>,.. By G. F. Hudson • i. .>:-.. Culture and Education - - - - - - - 165 3 ,>-,>_;__. 2 ,F By Sir Alfred Davies .1 sol ,>z')". Two World Crossroads—Constantinople and Honolulu - 171 ■ :4 .1 We Blaze the Trail Today for Future American Citizens - 177 4 By Elmer Halbeck 13 ',-- - - - - - 181 34 Y Bulletin of the Pan-Pacific Union, .1 New Series, No. 120 F.• • ■ .,.>-- •I • i idle filtb-tiariftr fi(agaEiur H. 3, ›,-.,--_. Published monthly by ALEXANDER HUME FORD, Alexander Young Hotel Building, Honolulu, T. States and possessions, $3.00 in advance. Canada and ', Yearly subscription in the United I-Z-7 ■>.-- Mexico, $3.25. For all foreign countries, $3.50. Single Copies, 25c. >,_ Entered as second-class matter at the Honolulu Postoffice. IA • .;.... Permission is given to reprint any article from the Mid-Pacific Magazine. — 1",otta•Aitm . • • ts.ftpgq IP ... ..• • • • • • ,,. IP witwAvvrlop 1 • Printed by the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Lt d. 102 THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID-PACIFIC 103

The two youths on either side of the picture, Peter Klaudy, right, and Herbert Foltinek, left, were Dr. Dengler's students in Vienna. With a student of the University of Sydney, Robert Godsall, center, they were guests for a month at the Pan-Pacific Research Institution. • mite/ • mum", u1,,,,._,Ici , International Understanding Through Education By DR. PAUL S. DENGLER (A talk before the Pan-Pacific Research Institution, Honolulu)

7eN-'n- i-W. W trmiriiareil intinun! — aaa ri∎YY~ "International Understanding ing already in the past so that we can Through Education." May I divide that see what it is and what it means or subject into two parts ; the one, "Interna- whether it is possible to have it? tional Understanding" and the other As to the first question, "What is in- "Through Education." ternational understanding ?" I just want "International Understanding" : Here to give you my point of view of what I I want to ask three questions. What is think international understanding is. It International Understanding ? Why is it seems so clear, when you say "Interna- so important to think about it, to talk tional Understanding" but it is not at all about it ? And where has there been clear. There is so much confusion about some kind of international understand- that word. There are many people who 104 THE MID-PACIFIC

The main building of the University of Hawaii where all races of the Pacific work in perfect harmony, and a class in the Columbia, Missouri, School of Journalism. Many of the graduates go to the Orient. THE MID-PACIFIC 105 believe that international understanding, the own nation but not opposite to it and or internationalism in some way excludes not in any way an enemy to that idea. nationalism, that it means a decision be- I believe that everyone must be proud tween being internationally minded and of his own country, must keep the tra- nationally minded. I knew many groups ditions of his own country, and on that in Germany, German students, who have foundation, being proud of ohe s own believed that. Just to speak about other race, being proud, as you are, of being nations, particularly in certain groups to Americans, I am proud of being an Aus- speak about France, was considered a trian, and on that foundation to try to crime against national feelings. If you appreciate and know more and more were internationally minded, that meant about all the others. This is what I mean that you were not patriotic. by international, super-national under- When I was a student myself I tried standing. as much as possible to go to other coun- The second question, "Why is it im- tries. I spent a year in France learning portant to consider and to speak about the language and getting acquainted with the problems of international (super-na- French mentality. Many people in my tional) understanding today ?" I think it country said, "He is on the international is one of the great things in our new line, he is lost to us." Or the commu- world that all of us have now before us nistic idea. We in Austria particularly a new situation in the world, which has are near to Russia and the Russian idea never been before, brought about of internationalism is really far away through the progress in technique. from what we call nationalism or pa- Through the fact that there is no more triotism or love for one's own country. one country, no more one countryman, The communists in our country have no but the whole world is so much linked kind of patriotism. They do not look up, each part of the world and each na- to the country but to certain groups of tion of the wold, we all suffer from one the country, to the workers, and to the fact and enjoy the world through one workers of the whole world, as to our fact. Vienna workers, and call that interna- All of that shows us that the future tionalism. of mankind will be entirely different Therefore, I think that I must answer from the past and we could perhaps from my point of view and I would be even divide the history of mankind in very interested to know whether it is these two chapters—the first, until our your own point of view, whether these day, and the second, from our day on. two ideas of nationalism, of patriotism, One might say that we live in this world of love for one's own country, can be today and that every generation believes combined with internationalism, and I it is the most important, the climax of think "Yes," it can be combined, it must mankind. The only consideration is that be combined, and, further, you can only the technical progress of the world has love and appreciate your own country made us face a new world, a new begin- if you love and appreciate the other ning. Therefore, I believe that the fu- countries because only through compari- ture will have to consider international son do you learn to know how to appre- (super-national) understanding, because ciate and to honor and to be proud of if it does not consider it, this is the end your own country. of the world. So always when I use the words "In- I am asked, "Has there been some ternational Understanding" I mean it kind of super-national understanding in with the idea of super-national under- the past?" Can one find here and there facts which show that that idea of super- standing, something above the own na- tion, which is in some ways greater than nationalism is not a dream of an ideal- 106 THE MID -PACIFIC

ist ? Can it he possible? We can answer many people with tears in their eyes. to all of it, "Yes." In our humble little Seeing that super-national understand- world of ourselves, of our everyday life, ing, you ought to believe in the future. of our newspapers, our books, our Perhaps you think of the time when friends, as well as in the greater world Lindbergh came to Europe. Everybody of outside. admired him and loved the fine Ameri- As you are far away from our center, can, but more than that one admired the being in your center, you have many human man, one saw in that young fel- other experiences. The League of Na- low the future generation of a future and tions, all of us know that the League of better world, and no one asked about Nations is very incomplete, very far nationalities. Nobody said, "He is an from being ideal, but there have been American, I don't care for him." certain times at the sessions of the If we look in the papers we can find League of Nations when in that Assem- perhaps every day some little article bly room there was really a feeling of where something has been done in this super-nationalism, some belief in that world for the whole of mankind. I read future world which will be a united, or the other clay that a Japanese University can be a united, world. professor had died studying yellow fever On the day that Germany joined the on the gold coast of Africa. That was League of Nations the men from Berlin for mankind. We must learn more to made their great speeches and through- admire those who are not military lead- out France and Germany and the whOle ers, to consider them as heroes of man- world everybody praised these wonder- kind. ful words, which were not only words When I came to the United States but facts at that time. I was at Geneva three years ago I was absolutely un- a little later ; there was in the whole city known. I just set forth like Columbus of Geneva such a spirit of hope and of although I knew that America was dis- overcoming difficulties, of optimism, covered. which I had never felt there before, and My first contact was with Colum- since that time you always find some bia University in New York ; they were part of that spirit there. It was the same so very, very kind to me and brought at the time of the Kellogg Treaty. There me to the International House, where were some clouds in the sky and there there are more than seventy nations to- are still some clouds in the sky, as we gether in one building and they have no all know, but at least it was for all of us trouble at all. They live together, they a city of resurrection. When we read it know each other, they are the best rep- in the papers each of us thought in some resentatives of their own countries, and way perhaps that will show a way in they go back with that spirit that they the future. have learned here. They have their I remember when we had in Vienna candle ceremony, every Sunday at sup- our first Pan-European Congress. At per without electric lights. If you are at the head of it was a Japanese-Austrian, a table of six people you may be sure an Austrian aristocrat whose mother there are six nations represented. was Japanese, and with more than 3,000 Then I went down to the South with people in that big hall in Vienna, with a group of forty students of the Inter- delegates from the whole of Europe, national Institute of Teachers College. after that speech of the German repre- We had two large busses going to Vir- sentative, suddenly the French represen- ginia and North Carolina, and we saw tative came up to the platform and em- many institutions and heard many illu- braced before the audience the German minating talks, but the most important representative there, and there were thing, which brought us together I think, THE MID-PACIFIC 107 was to go on these busses on the won- work to join hands. On one side was a derful, good hard surface roads through- Japanese and on the other side was the out the country, for hours and hours and Minister of Education from Liberia, a hundreds of miles—forty people belong- negro. That whole group singing that ing to 22 nations. In these busses we song had more cooperation of that super- decided that every day somebody had to national idea than they had throughout tell something about his country—to tell the whole conference for a fortnight. That a story, sing a song, or in some way con- is super-national understanding in the tribute something that his people did. world of politics as well as in the daily With attention like the silence in a life. church everybody listened and thought If you think of some story you have of his country and brought a picture of heard, or of some children you saw in the his country to that international group, streets of foreign countries, then perhaps or sang a song of his country. Perhaps sometimes you say, "That is exactly like we could not appreciate it when a Chi- we live ; children are the same the world nese sang but we saw his love for his over ; there is no differences of races or country and therefore we loved it. of mentality." Unfortunately it came to me and I was Now I think I have answered those very embarrassed because I have a ter- three questions : What I believe is inter- rible voice for singing and so I didn't national understanding, why it is so im- know what to do ; fortunately I didn't portant to think about it, and then that sing but I got an idea at that time, and we must get together and gather all I will tell you about that idea a little those little occasions and great occasions later. That was one of these fine oppor- where we ourselves felt something of tunities. Later on when I attended these that fine super-national spirit. But at the congresses (being an educator I attended same time, ladies and gentlemen, I am the educational congress), I remember in the second part of the address already, the World Educational Congress. There "Through Education," because I ask were about 3000 educators, many of now the question, "Why was it possible, in those different cases of which I spoke, them Americans. I think they didn't un- to find that understanding?" Because derstand much of the conferences be- there were two things—knowledge and cause there were the Germans speaking goodwill together—knowledge belonging German, the English speaking English, to the brain and intellect and goodwill the French speaking in French, and the belonging to the heart. If these two fac- others didn't understand it. But there tors go together, then you have super- was something very fine in the atmos- national understanding. They don't al- phere and just to see each other was ways go together. If you send a com- something, but more than that I think I mission to another country to be spies, was impressed with the last evening. We for political or military organizations, got the idea on the last evening to do then you send knowledge to the other something to bring them closer together. country but there is no goodwill. We formed a committee which suggested I remember the story of a German that we all of us might sing a song student at a university in Southern known in every country. There are cer- France. It was in the navy, a long time before the war. That Prussian student tain songs known everywhere but with other words. Imagine 2000 people sing- said quite frankly to the French officers ing the same song with different words. there, "I don't come to you to learn It was quite pretty. Then we gave our about you or to understand you or to have goodwill toward you ; I just want hands to each other throughout that whole large audience and it was hard to learn your language so I will know 108 THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID-PACIFIC 109 your language the next time I come know about foreign countries. All the when I will not be paying for my rail- trouble in the old days of war came from road ticket." He meant when there was the fact that we didn't know anything war. There was no goodwill at all. That about each other. I felt it so often when kind of attitude, to know as much as I came to foreign countries and talked possible about the others just to have with the people there, with the people in an advantage when it comes to war or France, in England, or in Italy and other in economic rivalry, that is not goodwill European countries ; I found out very at all. soon that they didn't know anything On the other hand, goodwill alone will about other countries. They had just not get very far. You can say, "I love read something in the paper or some- them but I don't know anything about body had told them and they believed it. them." In all those cases there was not That is the great task for the new gen- only the wish to understand the other, eration of teachers, to know about other to know about the other, about his tradi- countries and not only to know about tions, about his outlook on the world them but to have that goodwill when (every nation looks in a different way they travel. That would be my idea, to this world), but there was in all those bringing of the teachers of the world to- cases the wish to want to know about gether, making exchange of teachers the other combined with the fine attitude throughout the world, make them learn toward him and the wish to appreciate languages as much as possible and then him. That is goodwill. I think all of go abroad, study abroad. I feel that the you who have traveled have felt that you different institutions should exchange are not willing to appreciate the others, not two or three teachers but hundreds you find that everything makes you ner- and hundreds going for the summer. vous in a certain country, and then there And not only the teachers but also the is no goodwill at all. I am frank to say students. I worked on such a plan in that I have discovered it all over the 1911. With my brother I established a United States at times. I got humble little committee and vacation colony in again and somebody looked at me and France and Switzerland and one in Eng- said, "What is the matter with you?" land. At that time we got people of 12 and then I felt it. But very often when nations together who didn't know each the French are traveling abroad, they other and in some cases hated each other. have no goodwill at all to appreciate the We had an awful time the first time, par- others. They just want to have every- ticularly when the Hungarians and the thing like it is at home and if it is not Czecho-Slovakians came together — it like home they find it ridiculous very was terrible. The first day they said, quickly and they cannot imagine people "You must separate us, we cannot stay doing things because they are not accus- any longer in the same house." We said tomed to do them themselves. "You must stay or go home." After a So I think I am right in the second while we saw them together as the best of part of the address because the whole friends. They had talked, each had secret now of education, of what educa- given his arguments ; perhaps he could tion can do to promote super-national not convince the others but they were understanding, is to start out with these friendly. two things, knowledge and goodwill. If So I think we should establish a con- education does that then it is the best crete plan to have an exchange of stu- way to prepare a future generation for dents throughout the world. Send super-national understanding. French students to Germany and Ger- "Knowledge" means in the field of man students to France, etc. That is a education that the teachers themselves task for the State, in summer, to bring 110 THE MID-PACIFIC

them to the empty schools, make use tem. The work students are young of the empty schools in the summer for agricultural engineers and engineers an exchange on a big scale. I think that from the school of mines who go for two would work very well. I have worked years to the United States to work. For out such a complete plan. Our colonies instance, I am sending every year now of the pre-war time have shown that it ten such working students to the United is possible. We had about 200 in each States. They can stay here two years. camp. From a committee we have formed in This exchange of students and of New York they get a job for two years. teachers is the first thing, but more than They earn enough to live on and they that we must exchange university stu- must give their word of honor to return dents. There are institutions now for in two years. They get a broad view of exchange between the United States and things, they know about this country, many European countries. There is a they know a little about your problems, German-American student exchange, that not everything that is printed is more than one hundred students ex- true because 99% of humanity believe changed this year and next year there that everything that is printed is right. will he about one hundred and fifty. That I am now to the story of the bus. I means seventy-five American students had no voice to sing but I did better. I going to German universities and the thought, we are talking so much but we same number of German students com- are doing so little ; I don't want to talk ing to American universities. The same but I want to do. So I acted. Two weeks kind of exchange exists with France ; after I returned to Vienna we had our with Switzerland it has just started ; with first meeting of the Austria-American Spain it is under way and with Austria committee. I had an idea to establish an I have the great fortune to establish it institute in Vienna as a center for the myself, being in this country now. Americans who want to know about our There came to me in New York a fine country, who come with goodwill and young American scholar, Mr. Scott, in- with a desire for knowledge. We had no structor of philosophy in Columbia. He money for it. I had the institute estab- wanted to go to Vienna and study psy- lished the first time in my own apart- chology. I sent a cablegram to Vienna ment and I did the secretarial work my- and two days later had an answer that self. But by and by it developed and I the owner of our first hotel in Vienna went to our leaders, our chancellor, the offered him board and lodging for over president, and to some of our famous a year entirely free and the university physicians, one of whom is now at the offered him free tuition fees, and the head of it, and to the artists and the mu- railways offered him a fifty per cent re- sicians and all of them, and soon after- duction in fares, and the school of medi- wards I went to the American Ambassa- cine offered him free treatment through- dor and got his support, and suddenly we out the year. So that young man was had what we call today the Austrian- on his way to Vienna the next week and American Institute of Education. That he is studying there and writes letters is the story of the bus. I think it is better full of appreciation. He was the first ; than if I had sung and frightened people we are now sending six others after him. by my singing. That is a beginning and I hope we will Since that time the idea has developed. have the same number of students in the We had no money and had to work for United States and I hope there will be months to get support. After some time Austrian students coming to Honolulu I convinced the Carnegie Endowment for from our country. International Peace that it was worth Then we have the work students sys- while and they are supporting us. THE MID-PACIFIC 1 11

A radio set in memory of Kenneth Cantin, at the Pan-Pacific Research Institution, that kept the junior scientists in touch with co-workers about the Pacific.

That is something concrete. The idea erary. You will be introduced to the right is to have a kind of travel bureau for kind of people ; formerly you met only scholars, for intellectual people, and at the porters and waiters and street car con- same time a scientific institution. If you ductors. Now you see the real country. wish to study some problem of economics, Through that one Institute you are in history, politics, music, art, medicine, etc., one place for a certain amount of time. you get in touch with the International In- You say that you want to go in about a stitute. There you are brought in touch week to Czecho-Slovakia and study some with the leaders in our country and if you problem there. Someone will take you to wish to meet the president of the republic the station and attend to things there for we can arrange it. The idea is to have you. It will be the same when you go to throughout Europe and throughout the other countries ; everything is all done for world such institutes. We have suggested you and you are put in touch with the it to Budapest and to Vladivostock ; right people. they are under way. There is one in Lon- That is a very important idea, of inter- don, in Paris, in Rome, in Italy, and one national institutes of that kind through- in Berlin. One is to be established in out the world, because I know from my Czecho-Slovakia and there will be one own experience how wonderful it is. in Shanghai and one in Japan. It will be When my American friends arrive in Vi- possible in a few years for one to go to enna after long travel they will find some- Europe, if you are interested in any ques- one smiling at the station to take them to tion from a scientific point of view, and the hotel, and the next day they go to our go to the Institute and make up your itin- houses and attend the evening meetings 112 THE MID-PACIFIC where thirty or forty nations meet to- With that idea, ladies and gentlemen, gether, where they sing songs and feel at which belongs in super-national under- home ; many friends come to stay a week standing, I think we must go a step fur- and don't want to leave for two or three ther, we must say, "If we are teachers months. in the class room or if we are teachers There are many other possibilities still in a general way, through education in but it would take too long to enumerate the broadest sense of the word we must them and also would tire you, but I think the main idea is that we must ourselves start at goodwill and knowledge and the believe that there is some kind of super- desire to improve in goodwill and in our national understanding, that there is some- knowledge of other nations. Then, I thing above us, which is humanity, and think if we work together with that be- which we can only realize if we continue lief, that everybody is equal in the human our own nation and if we believe in our race, that some time in the future perhaps own nation. we will build up another spirit of human- How picturesque is Europe today. I ity, another spirit from that in which we would not like to miss it. Very often were brought up in the old world, that old there is an objection that all of these coun- world which has brought us into wars tries are so different and so small ; they and conflicts. are so picturesque and interesting, they have the right to be, they came through In conclusion I might say that I believe history and traditions, they are different in super-national understanding and that from each other, but they must learn that I have tried to practice it myself and I above all differences there is something think that is the only way which through in common, the spirit of humanity and education leads us to super-national hu- that all of us are brothers. manity and brotherhood.

One of the buildings of the Pan-Pacific Union, Honolulu. THE MID-PACIFIC 113

A Class in Chinese

• • • rortur • • runur • ruironvr • • ruircgiviTunvirui a • • • 4,5• ipl ly ,,, . . Educational Development in • China By PROFESSOR C. H. PEEKE !• Professor of Chinese History, Columbia University, N. Y., • Before the Pan-Pacific Club of Tokyo It • • • • is is irrtual. • • a a a a a triartdriAl 4444 •

(Note : Dr. Peeke formerly lived in —hut what I would call the more con- Japan, having been a teacher in Yoko- structive aspects that are operating in hama for several years. For the past two modern China, the educational and eco- years he has been on a foreign fellow- nomic aspects. Too often we tend, at ship from the University, and spent one least if we read only the newspapers, to year in France and one in Peiping, see the rather blurred political and mili- China. I am sure you will be interested tary situation which is utterly beyond in hearing from him.) the grasp of a westerner, and possibly I consider it an honor to have an op- of the Japanese, although I think they portunity of talking with you today on can understand it better than we can. I the subject of China. I presume many do not propose today to explain the tele- of you are saying : "Here is another grams which are being sent back and authority on China." But I am not ; I forth, but I would rather turn attention have been in China too long to be one. to some of the more constructive tend- The past year has been a most inter- encies that are operating in China, and esting one for me, to travel about and have been operating even through this observe the situation, not the political period of so-called civil war during the and military one—that is perhaps a little past ten years. too dangerous for a professor to observe The first one of these tendencies that 114 THE MID-PACIFIC

Cadets and soldiers were the first in China to learn the use of the portable radio. Now it is used for educational purposes.

is obvious to all of you, I am sure, is the which tend to cause us to be a bit des- fact that the trade of China has actually potic because we are such a minority, increased during the period of civil war, but if given the chance we feel we can from 1918 to 1928 or 1929, and that fact put across this modern program of the is easily discernible by statistics. construction of China along modern and The second very constructive tend- educational lines." These men are ad- ency, or psychological state of mind, is mittedly the best trained men in China that I found to exist among the leaders and have at last reached the position of the Komintang and the national gov- where they will have a chance to carry ernment at Nanking. I spent some time out their ideas. Even the Shanghai Die- there and talked with half a dozen cabi- hards, the foreigners, admit they are best net ministers and other prominent men, suited to the job and hope they can re- and they are under no illusion as to the main in power. task ahead of them. They are not full of Another point which may be men- propagandist mythology of any sort. tioned in this connection is the peculiar They are clearheaded men, the most position the men find themselves in now. modern trained men of China today. They are moderates in their attitude to- They approach the problems from the wards the foreign powers, that is mod- modern point of view, and have a mod- erate compared with certain elements in ern program to work out. They impress their party. They were carried into one as knowing exactly where they want power, to the places where they are now, to go, but clearly seeing the obstacles through modern technical methods using which beset them. One of them said to the national problem and the spirit of me : "We are in a minority in China. We nationalism as the underlying motive. feel we have great odds to work against Now that they are in power they are in THE MID-PACIFIC 115 danger of this force acting as a boom- cent of all text books, and this would erang upon them and driving them out, make 10 million Chinese children in and of the revolution coming to an ad- primary schools. Then there are middle vanced stage. Thus they are set be- schools with possibly one million stu- tween two horns of a rather serious dents, and higher schools with several dilemma—the international situation on hundred thousand. Thus a total of from one hand, and their own party to control 11 to 12 million Chinese are going to —as well as the foreign powers to deal school today, using modern text books. with. This does not include those going to the In this situation it must be said that old Chinese schools that still teach the they are finding more support now from Confucian classics in the good old-fash- the foreign nations than from their own ioned way. Perhaps there are five mil- party, which seems constantly to urge lion students who go to that type of them to go faster. The foreign powers school. So conservatively there are 15 seem to have chosen the wise course million children being educated in China when they show themselves very slow today. This, of course, is far from uni- to discuss the abolitionof the Provisional versal education, but it is a great ad- Court or extraterritoriality. vance over 1918 when there were but Another aspect of the psychology of six or seven million going to school. these men is their willingness and their Nearly twice as many students are in consciousness that they must rely upon school today as in 1918, and that is a foreign capital, technical brains, to re- very helpful sign for China's future. construct their country. You see the Many say : "What about the quality of Kemmerer Commission now devising this teaching ; what are the students plans for the financial reorganization of learning ; how good are the schools ?" China when the military situation clears That, of course, is the real problem. The up, and also in the city planning com- schools lack money, which is all going mission for Nanking. I believe there for military purposes. Teachers go un- are some forty or fifty foreigners who paid for a year at a time, yet they con- are actively assisting these modern tinue at their jobs. I have investigated a Chinese leaders to reconstruct their good many schools while I was in China, country. but in spite of this civil war and lack of finances, there has been no appreciable The outstanding tendency of which I decrease in the quality of the teaching. wish to speak is that development on There has been perhaps no increase in educational lines that has taken place the quality, but that can hardly be ex- during the last ten years. There are no pected under the circumstances. Yet in accurate statistics for the number of stu- the realms of higher education there has dents in schools, but I went to the editor been improvement, in spite of strikes in of the Commercial Press and asked how schools, but this improvement rests upon many text books he is printing. He the years of previous effort in higher showed me tables of the increased sale educational circles. It has come flower- of text books from the years 1918 to ing out of different lines of thought in 1928. The total number had actually China and from scientific study. Gradu- doubled. He estimates that for primary ally there has commenced to appear in schools alone he published and sold 30 the fields of medicine, economics, sociol- million text books during 1928, and that on this basis there would be some seven ogy, history, all the engineering and million children in schools using modern technical trades, a group of Chinese men text books and modern methods. The who are well trained and capable of Commercial Press published 60 to 70 per carrying on in their own particular 116 THE MID-PACIFIC fields, and in one or two cases of making better articles in the scientific journals. contributions to the world's knowledge In America it looks as if we may de- in their particular subjects. This flower- velop a group of scholars capable of get- ing out in the intellectual world of ting at some of this original and valuable trained men is based only on the previ- material, and publishing it in a language ous thirty years of modern education in readable by western peoples. The in- China, and one that can hardly come in terest in America in Chinese studies is less than thirty years. It is a long pro- developing, and university after univer- cess to create the right frame of mind sity is opening Chinese departments, and and technique, but it is coming to China also Japanese departments, providing fa- and that I consider one of the most help- cilities for the study of oriental lang- ful signs for the future. uages and at a much earlier age. I might say, as this is my own particu- China has made progress in the realm lar field of interest, that there was a time of education and in the psychological in the past when modern studies on temper of her leaders. Once the military China were to be found in European situation clears up they will appear to languages, and if you were to pick up dominate the scene and rapid develop- a Chinese journal on science or engi- ment will be made at a pace that will neering you would find observations and amaze most people who are observers of facts about China drawn from foreign China. All over the country you see be- books. That situation is disappearing, ginnings of reconstruction. Canton today and the time is coming when westerners looks something like Tokyo with the who want to know of conditions in China street widening under way, and parts of will have to he able to read the language greater Shanghai show the same modern or have the means of translating the constructive effort.

Here at Fukien University, in China, the life of the silk worm is studied.

THE MID-PACIFIC 117

In the Staats House, Batavia, the Educational Department is at work.

PCJITUT. IVI101 • 1C7M71• MSRaiI ncyrrcrr Education in the Dutch East Indies By C. MARTAGH Department of Education, Dutch East Indies

• • • TWiitrW- - r-W■ -

This article was sent to the Executive century the Netherlands took over the Committee of the Second Pan-Pacific Wom- government of this Archipelago after the en's Conference by Miss Sassin, Secretary decline of the East Indian Company and of the Alliance of Woman Suffrage in the Netherlands East Indies, Weltevreden, which after the English temporary occupation, organization has acted as an intermediary it early paid particular attention to the in approaching possible delegates. Mrs. H. problem of education. At once certain Carriere, 26 Nieuwe Tamarindelaan, Welt- principles became predominant, which evreden, Java, has consented to act as corre- have never been abandoned since and sponding member on the Educational Pro- ject, and will furnish returns on the educa- which are typical for the system. tional system in the Netherlands Indies The necessity has always been recog- both for the European and the native popu- lation, and the Department of Education has nised of shaping the system of education promised to furnish any data and statistics in accordance with the requirements of that may be wanted. the population. The use of the native Miss Sassin further states "As you will language as the medium in the Native observe, no curriculum in any of the schools Primary schools can be considered as one provides for social work. European schools prepare for the next higher course up to the of the results of this system. This prin- Universities in Holland and the Indies, ex- ciple has been introduced everywhere ex- cept the training school for domestic cept in districts where the native language, branches. Among native schools you will find owing to its backward development, was housewifery and culinary tuition taught side by side with the elementary courses." not applicable for school education and even in this instance it was not the Dutch Having to face the difficult problem of language with its manifold variety and providing good education on a large scale delicate form of expression which was in this extensive country with its variety chosen, but the Malay language which, in of population and languages and different the beginning of the 19th century, had stages of civilisation, the Government has developed already as the lingua franca in adopted a system which differs in various business and intercourse with native au- points from the methods in force in other thorities. In accordance with this prin- colonial territories. ciple, which advocates education in the When at the beginning of the past native language, is the strong propaganda 118 THE MID-PACIFIC

This is Government House at Buitenzorg, Java, the capital of the Dutch East Indies. The Hollanders have their own 'way of educating their colonial subjects, and it is effective. THE MID -PACIFIC 119

for the study of the customs and lan- ment allows to institutions and corpora- guages of the native population and the tions which wish to cooperate in intro- conservation of their historical monu- ducing education differs from what is ments. seen elsewhere in this respect. In distant In addition to this respect for the na- districts on the outer islands Missions, tive culture, which is embodied in the and in more civilized districts Christian, constant endeavor to avoid any steps neutral and, during the last years, also which may result in denaturalisation, one Mohammedan societies are actively as- is struck by the minute care exercised by sisted by the government. The govern- the government in connection with the ment subsidy provides for the greater education of the children of European part for the expenses of the building of descents. the school, stationery and salaries of the The schools for this group provide in staff. The principal stipulation made by every respect for particular needs. The the Government in granting the subsidy officials, merchants, and planters who im- is that the teaching should be of the migrate from Holland, find the same type same standing as at similar government of schools here as in the mother country schools. and equivalent education is given in close It would not be possible to fight a hard conformity with home institutions, ren- and successful fight against analphabet- dering it seldom necessary to send the ism if the population did not cooperate. children home for education. Theref ore, the ordinary native school for the broad masses of the native population Between these groups requiring exclu- (the village school) is based on the prin- sively teaching in a native language and ciple that the village community erects the European group, for which latter the school and maintains it with the finan- there is the Netherlands School system, cial support of the Government. there is also a Native group, which, in view of its standing and profession, in- The municipal councils also gradually sists on a knowledge of the Dutch lan- take part in the educational task and, with guage. For this latter group the Dutch the present development of the govern- Native School has been instituted, being a ment system, it may be expected that a primary school where the lessons are strong decentralisation of education will given in Dutch, the native language being result. As the revision of the Education maintained as a compulsory branch. This Bill which, at the present moment, is be- school opens the same possibilities for ing dealt with by the Government, the Western development as the European legal basis is drawn up for the transfer school. of the care for the native education to the provinces and smaller areas under local Beside this class of school a new one self-government (Regentschappen, regen- has been introduced, the "Link" School, cies, etc.). which enables the ordinary native child with intelligence to obtain access to the The work of the Bureau for Public Li- secondary schools of the Western school braries, which belongs under the Depart- system. ment of Education is of course closely The education of the Chinese Group is connected with the same. The distribu- also a subject of continuous care of the tion of good and cheap books has to be government. (Dutch-Chinese schools.) considered as a necessary completion of providing education. The Bureau, which The important place which the govern- has at its disposal a large and modern Where reference is made to Europeans this in- printing office, issues books, magazines cludes all Europeans born in the Indies from mixed marriages between European and Natives, who have and public almanacs in the Dutch and assimilated entirely with the Dutch in language and customs. Further, from a constitutional point of view, several native languages. It establishes there is no difference between Indo-Europeans and libraries, connected with native schools Dutch. 120 THE MID-PACIFIC and managed by the teachers of these Education, which goes almost as far as schools (number of native libraries in that complete Standard School. Number 1926, 2244 with a circle of 260,500 bor- of Village Schools, 14,188; number of rowers and a circulation of over 2 million pupils, 1,018,560. Number of Standard volumes). At the Translation Office of Schools (the Continuation Schools incl.), the Bureau popular scientific books on 2,610; number of pupils, 361,669 (the constitutional, technical, medical, agricul- figures showing as at Dec. 31, 1927). tural and horticultural questions are B. In the Dutch Language. translated and arranged with the assist- This class of schools includes in the ance of a competent staff and also "fic- first place the European Primary School, tion" is used. A special "Press Office," which gives practically the same teaching also connected with the Bureau for Pub- as the primary schools in Holland. The lic Libraries, compiles weekl y and Dutch-Native and Dutch-Chinese School monthly reviews from the Native and have been established in accordance with Malay-Chinese papers, in order to enable this model. These schools are seven-years those who are not conversant with the na- schools, of ten with a preparatory class, tive vernaculars to obtain an idea of what taught by Kindergarten teachers. occupies the native mind and its utter- The Dutch-Native School, principally ances in their press. Since 1925 sale- intended for native children from par- motorcars are established which distribute ents, who, by their position, origin, wealth the issues of the Bureau in the far hinter- and education, stand out among the na- land, where they are sold even in the most tive population, did not succeed in main- remote passars (markets). taining its original character. Most of the The books and other educational appli- pupils of the Dutch-Native Schools now- ances which the Educational Department adays no longer belong to this category need for their schools are stored and of population. More democratic ideas and managed by the Depot of Educational the enormous demand for this kind of Appliances, which also has the right of school teaching, which gives a good selling to private persons, and is probably knowledge of Dutch, have broken the the biggest "Bookshop" of Eastern Asia. limits originally outlined. PRIMARY EDUCATION A fourth important type of school be- As mentioned before, at the primary longing to this group is the "Link" schools the teaching is done either in a School. This school forms the link be- native language or in the Dutch language. tween the schools with a native language A. In the Native Language: and those with the Dutch language as Besides the above mentioned "Village as medium. Pupils in Primary Schools Schools" (with 3 years study) which are with the Dutch language as medium : more specially meant as schools for a Europeans, 35,657 ; Natives, 72,220 ; Chi- rural population who do not need or de- nese, 23,927; total, 131,804. sire a more elaborate education, there are INTERMEDIATE AND PREPARATORY "HIGH" five-years primary schools (Standard (SENIOR) SCHOOL EDUCATION (SECOND- Schools) in the centres of commerce and ARY SCHOOLS) industry, which have to be considered as The teaching in all of these schools is the standard of primary teaching for the in Dutch. Besides schools which, accord- native population, a standard which, for ing to the syllabus and in all other re- the greater masses of rural population, spects are conducted equivalent to similar however, is still too extensive. In 1928 schools in Holland and fit in with the a sixth class has been added to about 20 same privileges (3 years and 5 years sec- of these schools. Those who have finished ondary schools and their literary-econo- the Village Schools, can receive further mical sections and Lycea with classical education at the schools for Continued education) there is in the Dutch East In- THE MID-PACIFIC 121

The children in Java take naturally to musical instruments. This is a bamboo band in Garoet. dies a special system of intermediate and mathematical and natural scientific sub- preparatory "High" education which is jects. embodied in the so-called General Inter- Those who have passed these schools mediate School. The General Intermedi- enjoy the same privileges as those who ate School consists of a general course of have finished their education in Dutch 3 years followed by another 3 years secondary schools. They can, for instance, course, the latter divided into three paral- be admitted to Universities and similar lel sections, serving the special purpose of institutions in Holland. preparing for the University. ' Number of secondary schools with 3 years and five years' course, 13. Number The three sections are separated ac- of 3 years course of the General Inter- cording to the branches required for the mediate School, 54. Number of Prepar- "High" School education, viz. : atory "High" Schools of the General In- An Eastern-Literary Section (A I). 1. termediate School, 7. 2. A Western Classical Section (A II). Total number of pupils, who receive 3. A Mathematical and Natural Scien- Continued, Intermediate and Preparatory tific Section B. "High" Education : Europeans, 5845 ; In section A I Native Culture (Java- Natives, 5690 ; Chinese, 1350 ; total, 12,- nese, Malay, Archaeology) takes the place 885. of Latin and Greek in the Dutch Gym- "HIGH" (UNIVERSITY) EDUCATION nasia. In section A II the education is characterised by Latin and instruction in Although more than one Professional School gave, formerly, good training for classical culture, while section B treats 122 THE MID -PACIFIC professions which usually are exercised VOCATIONAL, EDUCATION by University trained men (physicians, In addition to the various types of lawyers), only since 1920 the proper schools for general education, a great va- High School (University) was estab- riety of professional schools have been lished by the foundation of the Technical founded, which, according to their na- High School at Bandoeng. In 1924 fol- ture, have a native or the Dutch language lowed the Legal High School and in 1927 as the standard language. the Medical High School, in Batavia. In this short review we will only quote These institutions are cast in the same the most important, i.e. : mould as the Dutch ones. They give the 1. Training Institutes for Civil Serv- same or an equal scientific training and ice, Legal and Administrative Functions ; those who have finished their studies en- 2. Training Institutes for Teachers ; joy the same rights with regard to ap- 3. Training Institutes for Medical per- pointment and salary as those from Neth- sonnel ; erlands Universities. 4. Trade and Technical Schools ; The number of students of the Univer- 5. Commercial Schools ; sities, December, 1927, amounted to : 6. Marine Institutes ; 7. Of the Technical High School 70 (46 Schools for Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary; Eur., 20 Nat. and 4 Chinese). 8. Training Schools for Female Pro- Of the Legal High School 131 (35 Eur., fessions ; 70 Nat. and 25 Chinese). 9. Military Schools and Colleges. Of the Medical High School 24 (6 Eur., Total number of schools and colleges 7 Nat. and 11 Chinese). over 500 ; pupils, over 23,000.

Yocational training is hardly necessary in Java. The son learns the handicraft of his father,, and there is never famine or severe want in Java. THE MID-PACIFIC 123

The temple in Siam has for years been the seat of learning.

1,11,1MM 21...M. ,11,, ,M,P1$.!,P,JIAPAVS141, 1 ■1,41,411.VAX.W4 I • . .,„.„,i,4„,,, . ,,....„..„ „,, ....„...„.„.4. • f•ri Education in Siam -

By MISS TARDT PRADIPASENA

iretanactrictrecr•N /con/ • a tra-biaNi • && Nu && tab\ 1 • • / (VA (A report on education, the cinema, cost amination of the Government Secondary of living and wages, etc., prepared for the Schools or their equivalent. The num- Second Pan-Pacific Women's Conference in Honolulu, August 9, 1930.) ber of students attending the University in all of its courses is about 300. The institutions that provide education to Siamese boys and girls may be classed 2. The Government Schools comprise into the following four categories : schools under the Ministry of Education 1. The University and those maintained by other Govern- 2. Government Schools ment Departments for their own pur- 3. Local Schools poses. Among the latter are the Military 4. Private Schools College, the Naval College, the Law 1. Under the first heading there are School the Gendarmerie Officers' School colleges of Medicine, Arts and Science and the Postal and Telegraph School. and Engineering. It may be noted that Schools under the Ministry of Educa- the Faculty of Medicine comprising the tion provide for both boys and girls a Schools of Medicine, Midwifery and of general education the primary course of Pharmacy with varying courses of study which extends over three years. The from three to six years, is organised with commencing age is 7 but owing to lo- the cooperation of the Rockefeller Foun- cal conditions it may be raised to 10. dation. Admission is given to those pos- This is the course that was made com- sessing pass certificates of the final ex- pulsory by the Act of 1921 which is made 124 THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID-PACIFIC 125 applicable to districts still unaffected by by the inhabitants of villages or by dis- the By-Laws of that Act. Boys who are trict officers provided for most districts not proceeding to any thing higher than by the Ministry of Education. In either the three-year primary course are re- case, however, authorisation must be ob- quired to take an additional two-year tained from the Governor of the prov- course in vocational training which is us- ince wherein the district is situated. These usally one in agriculture. schools only provide for the compulsory The secondary course covers a period primary course, practically all the sec- of eight years, the leaving standard ex- ondary work being taken in the Govern- amination being accepted by most Eng- ment Schools. lish Universities as equivalent to their 4. Private schools are schools run as matriculation. This examination carries private enterprises or maintained and con- with it each year a number of scholar- trolled by an individual or community as ships for study abroad, the two leading for example the Missionary Schools. boys being awarded the King's Scholar- Most of the schools run by private in- ships the limit of age for which is 18 dividuals give elementary education or years. are evening schools for specific subjects, There is also a number of boarding generally languages. schools (both Government and Private) The figures for the year B. E. 2469 which are run on the same line as the (1926-1927) show that there were 5,903 English public schools. primary schools in the Kingdom with There are, in addition, secondary tech- 368,597 boys and 221,798 girls, and that nical schools under the Ministry of Edu- 196 secondary schools were existing cation which include courses for the where 14,666 scholars were in attendance. training of teachers, arts and crafts, com- CINEMA merce and agriculture. In connection with schools, mention In Siam, as in any other country, the may be made of the Boy Scouts organ- Cinematograph is the most popular form isation, the aims and methods of which of public entertainment. Picture houses are similar to those of any other coun- scatter about in every town all over the try. The movement is spreading grad- country. Most of the films shown are ually in all districts and towns of the usually American productions although country. The total number as ascer- Continental pictures occasionally find tamed two years ago was well over 40,- their way to Siam. Again, the growth 000. of Chinese cinema halls with exclusive The schools' activities also include the programs of Chinese made pictures must enrollment of members of the Junior Red not be overlooked as they are readily Cross, a section of the Siamese Red patronised by the local Chinese. Cross Society. At the end of March, The program of each performance is 1928, 1051 units were registered with 19.- nowadays very similar to that provided 372 boy members and 9,473 girl members. - to cinema fans of any European coun- Membership fees are retained by each try. It consists of news (local and unit in developing local activities. foreign), a few reels of comedies and Members are divided into three grades. one or two pictures which are the main On being enrolled the member is placed program of the show. The preference in the lowest grade to be advanced only of the people has thus turned from the by the passing of annual examinations. serial pictures which gained much popu- larity a few years ago, on to those dramas 3. In addition to the Government of every day life or pictures which de- Schools there are those known as Local pict certain historical events. Cowboy Schools which are created in accordance and Western pictures are still shown now with the Primary Education Law either 126 THE MID-PACIFIC

In Siam and in fInnam there is a fisherman population to educate

and again but the public interest in then the Government Department of Health has been waning for some time. is assisted by the employment of cinema- There have been some attempts to pro _ tograph. Lectures on Health are deliv- duce Siamese films but with little suc _ ered in almost every part of the country cess. The failure may be due to the lack in conjunction with the screening of films of experience and the knowledge in the showing the dangers that may be met technique of producing them, or else it with from the various kinds of bacteria may be due to the fact that cinema act- and other diseases. ing has not yet reached its full develop- ment in this country. COST OF LIVING AND WAGES IN SIAM Each program commences nightly at Cost of living. In industrial coun- eight, and on account of the breaks be- tries, such as Europe, where Labor forms tween reels, finishes about half an hour an important social class, statistics on the before midnight. At present, only one cost of living deal mainly with laborers, house provides two continuous programs and index numbers obtained are taken as each evening; the first show begins at basis for adjusting wage rates and for 6:45 and the second at 9:15. There are calculating the changes in real wages. But in addition to nightly performances three in Siam where agriculture prevails, sta- matinees in a week, beginning at 2:00 on tistics on the cost of living mostly con- generally Wednesday, Saturday and Sun- cern rice cultivators, and index numbers day afternoons. are used in relation to the prices of rice, The music provided is rendered by the in order to show the changes in their ec- onomic conditions. age-old brass bands which are substituted on certain nights by string orchestras or Taking as types the inner Provinces, by Siamese music. which are the most important rice pro- Among the Police Regulations for the ducing regions, the expenses of the aver- Public Safety in picture houses may be age agriculturer (with a family of six mentioned the provision of emergency ex- members and cultivating 20 rai, (8 acres, its and the reinforcement of the operating of paddy land) are distributed as follows : Food rooms with cement or concrete. 47%, Clothing and Sundries 29%, In addition to the use of the cinema- Rent of land 7%, Agricultural labor 5%, Interest of capital and debt tograph as a form of entertainment, it is 12%. in Siam largely used for educational pur- The total average expenses during the year amounts to Baht 420.00 (Baht poses. Thus the propaganda work of U. S. cents 44 approximately). THE MID -PACIFIC 127

The index numbers for the past three The government of Siam in theory is years, taking as basis 1925=100, follow : an absolute monarchy. All powers reside in the King and are exercised by the

0 King. He is the law giver, the executive, ca g and the judge. All officials in all branches 0.0 74 0 a) o n 0 ,12$ a .0 a> 0 a) ra of government service, in theory, are ap- IYi 1-1 0 cl C/2 pointed by the King and hold office at his pleasure. He is the commander of the Navy and Army. He raises all taxes and 1926 110 140 118 114 140 124 1927 114 114 104 120 100 110 authorizes all expenditures. He is also 1928 118 95 119 99 97 105 the head of the Established Church, but Wages. Labor in Siam may be classi- he does not control the doctrine or church discipline, which are invested with the fied in two categories, viz., agricultural chief patriarch. and industrial. The former comprises The service of the government is di- mostly rice cultivation ; the latter, rice vided into the following Ministries : mill industry, tin mining, fishery, forestry. Agricultural laborers, engaged for a 1. Ministry of Royal Household. Ministry of Public Instruction. whole season, are supplied with board, 2. lodging and clothing. Wages generally 3. Ministry of Marine. consist of money, but in frequent cases 4. Ministry of War. Ministry of Commerce and they include also rice, and sometimes the 5. Communications. cultivators and their laborers work on a 6. Ministry of Finance. sharing system, i.e., the laborers are paid 7. Ministry of Lands and Agriculture. with an agreed share of the yield of rice. 8. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Wages of various branches of labor 9. Ministry of Justice. are shown in the following table : 10. Ministry of Interior. WAGE RATES IN Each Ministry is controlled by a Min- KIND OF WORK 1925 isgs 1927 1928 Baht Wait Baht Baht ister of State who is appointed by the King and he in turn selects the rest of the Rice cultivation— Wage for whole season 85 81 85 85 officials and recommends their appoint- Other plantations—Yearly 70 70 70 70 Rice mills—Monthly 22 21 21 20 ments to the King. In civil service all Tin mines—Monthly 43 43 48 30 officials must pass civil examination be- Fishery—Monthly 20 19 20 20 Forestry—Yearly 102 102 108 119 f ore entering into the service. 128 THE MID-PACIFIC

Mrs. Jaime de Yeyra, a delegate from the Philippines to the First Pan-Pacific Women's Con- ference, August, 1928,, at which time she was Dean of Domestic Science, Department of El Centro Escolar de Senoritas, and President of the National Federation of Women's Clubs. Mrs. de reyra lectured at the Conference on "Social Welfare in the Philippine Islands." THE MID-PACIFIC 129 •_,„, ...... ,.,....• • ...... )...,-- ,.. , The Filipino Woman 1.. .4431 I4 -+tj By MRS. CAMILO OSIAS 01 — . ., . rr/Nrrnr■nrri\vr r rt r tr iilinin

Filipino women in point of numbers have always had women teachers, and to- and importance are responsible for about clay they make up nearly one-half of the 50 per cent of Philippine life. This half number of teachers employed in the pub- is sometimes ref ered to as the "weaker lic school system of the Philippine half" and again sometimes "the better Islands. Many believe that women make half." better teachers than men, especially for the lower grades. Probably this is true The Filipino woman, in common with because of the greater love that women women of other lands, has a definite mis- have for children. The fact that the col- sion. Nature has chosen her to be the leges and universities of our country for mother of the race. It is her mission to several years have been graduating women make permanent ,the race. The Filipino and will continue to do so, means that in woman is a great home lover and has the future the part of woman in the pro- given her best help through the home. fessions will be much greater. While the Filipino woman has given The changing and advancing status of her best service in the home and by means the Filipino woman has made her a great of her influence in the home she has also factor in religious work, social service, displayed activity out of the immediate and civic movements. Long before the sphere of the home. She has helped in American occupation Filipino women farming. She has been prominent in trade have shown their interest in works of and business. She has taken active part in charity. The Filipinos are very religious, other lines of work. so it is not surprising that many have be- More recently her status has been en- come nuns and sisters helping in moral larged as a result of the new freedom of religious work. Now she is doing her part woman and the advance of education. To in the program of the Woman's Catholic a much greater extent now, as a result of Federation. She is helping in evangelistic recent years' progress, the Filipino woman movements as deaconess or Sunday school is prominent in the professions. The per- teacher or as a member of the board of centage of successes among women is at directors of the Young Women's Chris- least on a par with that of the men. tian Association. The Christian religion While reading a few references in con- certainly has helped raise the Filipino nection with my preparing this talk, I was woman and we Filipinos owe very much very much surprised to find that in Eng- to it. In fact her position is such that, un- land woman could not be a lawyer up to like her sister of some other lands, she 1820. It was only that year that a law does not need to use unwomanly methods, was passed making English women elig- like throwing bombs or breaking windows, ible to the legal profession. This shows in order to get recognition. that the Philippines is ahead of certain other countries because the door of the The Filipino woman is making a suc- law profession or any other profession cess of her social welfare work. She has was never closed to the Filipino woman. shown that she is an organizer as one In fact, we had women lawyers, doctors, can see from the many woman's clubs in dentists, pharmacists, and nurses before the towns and provinces. She is also ac- many other countries did. Of course we tive in the puericulture centers, in the Red 130 THE MID-PACIFIC

Dr. M. Paz Mendoza Guazon, a delegate from the Philippines to the First Pan-Pacific Women's Conference, August, 5928. Dr. Mendoza is a physician and professor of Pathology and Bacteriology, University of the Philippines. Her special contribution to the conference Was a study of "Industrial Hygiene in the Philippine Islands." THE MID-PACIFIC 131

Cross, anti-leprosy, and anti-tuberculosis tike, and Dr. Maria Lanzar. It would be activities. The Filipino woman has had too long to mention all the other names if a modest part in the Philippine revolu- we were to include women who have been tions. She has aided in patriotic move- or are engaged in teaching and supervi- ments. So we can see that the Filipino sion in the public and private schools. I woman is actively helping people in time know a great many women who are giv- of war or in time of peace. ing excellent service by taking charge of Many of the best schools and colleges domestic science work, industrial work, in our country are under the management besides handling academic classes. It is of women. We have the examples of clear that the Filipino women are doing Miss Librada Avelino of the Centro Es- much for the education of the young peo- colar de Senoritas, recently honored by ple of our country. Besides helping di- the University of the Philippines by con- rectly in the educational work, Filipino ferring upon her an honorary degree ; women are also helping by taking charge Mrs. Rosa Sevilla de Alvero of the Insti- of libraries or by writing articles or by tuto de Mujeres, Mrs. Francisca Tirona editing papers or magazines. de Benitez of the Philippine Women's You will see many employees in the College, and others. Many Filipino wo- government who are women. They have men are successfully helping the students shown their ability in clerical work and by organizing or managing dormitories, in the more important offices. Let me like Mrs. Anastacia Giron-Tupas, Mrs. mention Mrs. Natividad Almeda-Lopez C. Aragon-Santiago, Miss Salud Sevilla, in the Attorney-General's office ; Mrs. and many others in the cities and provin- Rosa Reyes-Abriol in the Philippine Li- cial capitals. brary and Museum ; Dr. Severina Luna- There is a long list of women who are Crosa in the Philippine Health Service, successful in the teaching profession and who is also a writer along health and so- other professions. I may mention a few cial subjects, and recently, Judge Milagros personally known to me. Mrs. Sofia de Llerena, a product of the National Uni- Veyra, who has a very successful record versity, has been appointed justice of the as a helpmate to her husband here in peace of one of the important towns in Washington when Mr. de Veyra was the Philippines. Others could be men- Resident Commissioner, is now doing tioned, but I will not f ail to mention the teaching work besides her many social fact that among our Mohammedan sisters and patriotic activities ; Mrs. Maria Val- there has been a president of a town in dez-Ventura, teaching in the University Mindanao to take the place of her de- of the Philippines and also a writer ; Dr. ceased husband. Paz Mendoza-Guazon, the only woman The Filipino woman is taking active who has been a member of the Board of part not only in governmental work but Regents of the University of the Philip- in political activities. In the Second Sena- pines and is a member of the faculty of torial District, and I mention this only be- the College of Medicine and who recently cause I know conditions there better than made a tour around the world to increase any other district, I will mention two who, her knowledge and experience ; Dr. like myself, have helped campaign for Acosta-Sison, who, helping her husband their husbands and their husbands' party. in the practice of the medical profession, Mrs. Julia B. Gonzales is known through- is also helping in the General Hospital out the Fifth District of Pangazinan, for- and in the College of Medicine ; Mrs. merly represented by her husband in the Flora A. Ylagan, who has long been doing Lower House, as a very good campaigner. very good work in the National Univer- Mrs. Consuelo Almeida de Lucero of La sity ; also Miss Ramona Tirona, Dr. En- Union has long been known to be an effi- carnacion Alzona, Dr. Pilar Herrera-Ba- cient helper to her husband. I also found 132 THE MID-PACIFIC

it very pleasant to take active part in poli- frequent divorces is still unknown in the tics in the Second District while my hus- Philippines. band was running for a seat in the Senate In one thing a Filipino woman occupies and have been interested in politics ever a special position. She holds the key and since. I think there is great deal of fun manages the family purse. It has been and pleasure in political fights and women said that she is the family banker. All can help very much to make political life Filipino women know this from observa- better if they would take more interest. tion and experience. I think this is a good The Filipino woman's indirect influence practice because the Filipino wife and in governmental and political life is well mother thinks more of the home and home known. She, like her brother, is devoted problems and can better manage the ex- to the progress and freedom of the Philip- penses of the household. And while she pines. must continue to be active in all good lines I have mentioned the part that the Fili- of activities in which her brother is active, pino woman plays in teaching and train- the Filipino woman must continue to be a ing our young people. I think we should home lover because I believe the happi- pay a tribute also to her business ability ness of the family is very important to the and her spirit of self-sacrifice. A consid- country. Her changing status and her in- erable number of drug stores that have creased opportunities should make her a been established in the City of Manila better woman in all lines, especially in the and in the provinces are due to the initia- home. tive of women pharmacists and this is a I know, of course, that the new prog- proof of her professional and business ress of woman has not been beneficial in ability. I was very much impressed by my every respect. In certain things the influ- visits to different towns seeing many ences from outside have not been for the stores under the charge of women. better, and, of course, the Filipino woman must help in resisting and fighting those I want to take this occasion to mention things that do not help build up the coun- h-r spirit not only as a try like cabarets, gambling, prizefighting, mother and as a wife, but as a nurse. I and other sins and vices that have been am myself a witness to her loving care brought there. The Filipino woman must and attention and her willingness to help select what is good and reject what is bad. those who are poor and are suffering. This is her life problem. I think that While I believe the Filipino woman has while our mothers and grandmothers were done her share and will continue to give good the Filipino women of today are no her share in farming, in trade and in busi- less good and I am almost tempted to say ness, in the professions, in education, and that the women of today are better al- in politics, as a mother of children myself, though this is perhaps not very proper I know that her best and most important for a Filipino woman to say because mod- esty forbids that we should make com- field has been and will always be the parisons that may look like discrediting home. In the management of the home Filipino women of the past and we must she is in control. She has the duty of never do anything that appears to be dis- bearing, rearing, and training her children respectful to old age and especially to our as a good wife and mother. The curse of mothers and grandmothers. THE MID-PACIFIC 133

One of the beautiful broad boulevards of Mexico City.

'''' • • • ■ • • P/• 1W(1 -tiii■- 17.tirr‘sl- WI — -4.- ) WI q'Ciltco .1 -6-14Wri" 1 —.2.1" Present-Day Education in Mexico 1i By ADELIA PALACIOS 1 University of Mexico 1 1 Pa ANIMIMOPII Tr • • • ,Tr_ • 1, 17,..,T4,....Icl e,,ILOP.,71!::,

Educational problems are very com- for solving it have been sought for at plex in any country, but in Mexico they least a hundred years. It was not until are even more so, owing to ethnological 1922 that new ways to work were variety, to the structure of the land, to thought of, and General Calles, on tak- the lack of communication, to the ing over the government of the nation in economic conditions of the entire nation, 1924, decided to undertake with new and to many other factors. For this methods the gigantic task of educating reason education has for a long time the great masses of Indians and been centered in cities and towns, leav- peasants. ing the little places and villages almost The Indians constitute almost a third abandoned, giving them but a poor im- of the entire population—in other words itation of the city school, which is not four millions of inhabitants. There are adapted to their needs ; ranches and forty-nine different ethnologic groups ; hamlets have been forgotten. the number of dialects is so great that The last political revolution produced people from different localities do not an awakening of the thinking portion understand one another ; and, as though of the country towards their duty of the foregoing were not enough, they educating the large masses in the whole neither speak nor understand Spanish. nation who are hindered by ignorance. To this difficulty must be added the The problem of education in Mexico topography of the land. In order to is such a difficult one that the means reach the Indian masses, it is necessary 134 THE MID-PACIFIC

l o ito cap he t ity, C ico Mex THE MID-PACIFIC 135 to climb mountains, traverse deserts, The indigenous race and the peas- cross cliffs and valleys, descend to low ants have for centuries been withdrawn and swampy regions, pass over torrents, from national activity ; only during rev- face all climates, defy disease such as olutionary times have they been con- enervating malaria and the like in dis- scripted into the army, and they go tricts where hygiene is unknown, and without any conception of the cause for where mosquitos, other insects, and which they are fighting. poisonous reptiles abound. Having ac- There are no easy means to reach the complished this, one must stir the In- haunts of the Yaqui and other Indian dians from their lethargy, or rather one tribes ; they alone know the trails that must drag them from the miserable life lead to their lonely and obscure moun- which barely serves to give them tain ridges and cliffs. enough to keep body and soul together. Therefore, the thought of educating The Indians cling to their own cus- these millions of ignorant Indians and toms and traditions. In some regions peasants, with a view to incorporating they are strong and vigorous, but in them later into the national life, takes others they have become weakened and on enormous significance. This task is addicted to alcohol, which makes them of vital importance to individuals as forget their misery. The majority are well as to the nation ; it constitutes the simple and pure in their customs. They best and greatest educational program are noted for extraordinary reserve, and in Mexico at present. In spite of its their psychology is totally unknown to limitations Mexico could not reject this us, for they have been silent for cen- widespread and daring program ; it is turies, indifferent to our interests, dis- all the more important to accept it, as trustful of us. They have been system- Mexico's social conditions make neces- atically deceived and relentlessly ex- sary a work from frontier to frontier ploited. and from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pa- The only spontaneous expressions of cific, with a view to the development their life occur in the artistic manifes- of the country in direct ratio to the ma- tations of their little industries, charac- terial and spiritual needs of its people. terized by grace of form, brilliance of But is it possible to educate the great coloring, simplicity of line, perfection of masses of Indian and Mexican peas- detail. Although their material may be ants ? What capital can be counted difficult to handle, in their hands it is upon? Where are the thousands and transformed into a thousand trifles of thousands of teachers that will be grace and beauty. needed ? What new methods are to be Innate in the Indian is the most ex- employed? quisite courtesy and dignity, a certain There are at the present time 3392 natural refinement and an habitual re- new rural schools supported by the fed- serve. When Professor Dumas, of the eral government, with 4445 teachers and Sorbonne, met and studied our Indians 120 inspectors. These are established during his recent visit to Mexico, he throughout the entire country, and are said, "If the natives of Mexico possess attended by 170,000 children and 50,000 that high degree of natural courtesy adults. In towns composed entirely of and refinement, their ancestors must Indians there are 1417 schools with an have gone through centuries and cen- attendance of 90,000 children and 20,- turies of civilization." 000 adults. That means that 42 per cent What will be the future of Mexico of the new rural schools are for the and of those Indians once they are edu- Indians. cated and incorporated into the national About four years ago, General Calles, life? as president, Dr. Puig Casauranc, sec- 136 THE MID -PACIFIC

retary of public education, and Profes- system mentioned will reach all of the sor Moises Saenz formulated a plan country ; each Mexican child will have which is now being used for the de- a chance to educate himself, even velopment of the new rural school ; but though this education may he of the it has been Professor Saenz who has scantiest. Out of each ten Mexican given to it the most of his thought, children, five have at present no school, time, and attention, visiting almost all which means that a million and a half of the country in order to become ac- have no opportunity of receiving any quainted with each region and its needs. kind of education whatever ; of these In his last report, he says : one million are Indian natives and "The new rural school is a socialized peasants. In order to give them the min- one, functioning in a society that is imum of education offered by the rural primitive enough so that the school as- school, twenty thousand more schools sumes many of the duties and responsi- are needed, and there is no money to bilities that are carried out by other support them. agencies in more differentiated groups. We may say that, in various places, This school has one task : to show such a thirst for learning has been the people how to live ; one sole awakened that the community furnishes method : to open wide the doors and to almost everything for the school. It allow life to come in and the children to gives the lands, the orchard, and the live it. field for cultivation ; it builds a rustic The program has three or four bases building and the chicken coops, and do- fundamental to civilization : a thorough nates the animals that furnish the basis acquaintance with the factors that pre- for the community system. Thanks to serve life and promote health ; an ac- this good will, much more has been quaintance with the relation between the done than seemed possible with the physical and the agricultural (fisico- money at hand for educational work. A agricola), a practical acquaintance with common tie unites these people, who all that elevates and dignifies domestic outdo one another in giving their aid ; life, and an acquaintance with, and ex- this fact alone is of the utmost im- ercise of, all that promotes material and portance spiritual recreation. Let us remember the numerous A simple program, but an essential churches of exquisite architecture that one. Reading and writing of necessity are found scattered throughout Mexico figure in it, but always in a subordi- and that were built simply through the nate position to the great objectives that love and good will of the communities ; are being sought, because the ideal is buildings that are truly sumptuous in to teach the people how to live. comparison with the standards of liv- This country school teaches the ing in the neighborhood. These are children love for the soil ; teaches them evidence that the Mexicans will do to extract greater comfort from it. It much also for their schools, if they can will spread its influence everywhere ; it be properly directed and if the schools will demonstrate to the people the easy satisfy their needs. The natives and principle of cooperation and participa- peasants appreciate what is done for tion. them and are grateful. This school first teaches the Spanish The rural schools are now coeduca- language to four million Indians—dumb tional and women and girls have the for us until now ; it will give all the same opportunities as the men—a con- scattered inhabitants an ideal of a dition that did not exist before, when united Mexico." many young girls had to stay at home The growth of the rural educational and work in order that their brothers THE MID- PACIFIC 137 might attend School. To be sure, girls tional mission work out in a practical in the cities have attended high schools, way the problems presented to it by and we have women students in the the community. John Dewey, after vis- colleges, but this is the first great step iting the new rural school, writes, "No- forward with regard to the universal where in the world is there an educa- education of women in Mexico. tional movement that presents a greater Let us see now how the most press- spirit of instinctive union between the ing problem—that of providing teach- activities of the school and those of the ers for the rural school—is being solved. community than does the new Mexican It is true enough that they were not to rural school." be had ; four years ago it was necessary One of the instructors of the train- to employ any one endowed with energy, ing school, who had been a distin- even though his or her education might guished professor in Mexico City, said consist of nothing more than three or to me, "I feel that I am doing some- four years in an elementary school— thing worth while. I am reaching life ; nothing beyond the ability to read. before, I lived only in books. I could First these individuals were given a not now go back to that work in spite better professional' training ; for this of the hardships that beset the life of a purpose the training schools were estab- rural teacher." lished. These provide a group of ex- Three years ago a free boarding- perts—the director of the school, the school, fully equipped to train rural in- agricultural instructor, the instructor of structors of the new type, was estab- petty industries, of physical education, lished in Mexico City by the govern- and the social worker. These experts ment for Indian boys. It started with gather some fifty rural teachers from two hundred and fifty students from all nearby localities and spend a month the indigenous groups of the country. I with them in the training school. They need not say that it is a highly interest- teach by the practical methods which ing institution from all points of view. the teachers are to use in bettering the I cannot but mention the devotion to communities in which they work. The study on the part of these students, be- student-teachers spend the entire day in tween fourteen and twenty-four years various occupations ; some of the people of age. They have the zeal and passion of of the community join them in order to beings who for generations have had a learn and improve their economic situa- hunger and thirst after knowledge. Fif- tion. In this way the teachers learn teen students finished the three-year what is most necessary for the needs of course and were offered good and well- the community. At the end of the month paid positions near Mexico City, merely the training school is closed with a cele- for the purpose of testing them ; but we bration and an exhibit of the work done. saw with great satisfaction that none of There are nine of these training them accepted these offers, preferring schools, working on a circuit basis, thus to return to their native localities in order to work there as rural instructors. giving each region successively the ben- efit of their instruction. This year per- Various distinguished women profes- manent missions have been established sors thought, when the boarding-school also, to which the teachers come once a for Indian boys was founded, that a week to consult about the problems similar one should be established for presented to them and to see during a the many Indian girls, in order that they holiday the mission at work with the might be companions to the educated people of the community. boys. But, unfortunately, this institu- The new rural school is like a labora- tion for girls has not been founded, ow- tory where the members of the educa- ing to lack of funds. 138 THE MID -PACIFIC

Among the oppressions that beset the A small group of Mexican women life of the Indian and peasant woman, have lately been thinking of ways to I shall mention only that of their slav- free the Indian woman from this slav- ery to the metate (a curved stone for ery. They have planned the making of grinding maize). It takes six or seven corn flour with all the grain. There is a hours of daily labor to prepare the corn machine for doing this but there has for the family. The tortilla is almost not been enough money to put the idea the only food they eat, and to prepare, into practice. Meantime, the Indian and grind, and make the tortillas takes a peasant woman continues with this long time. Moreover, the woman has to overwhelming task which saps all her grind the corn on her knees and has a energy. small wood stove next to the metate in In spite of all of this, I am fully con- order to cook the tortillas. What en- vinced that a new era of well-being will ergy can she be expected to keep and be the fruit of education of the Indians what time can she have for other and peasants. Light is beginning to things ? Nevertheless, she washes, takes dawn in the lives of those people who care of the children, and, with all this, are now receiving the benefits of the she never complains. new rural school.

Manufacturing plants are beginning to appear throughout Mexico, demanding educated labor. The need is being provided. THE MID-PACIFIC 139

Wonderful lacquer avork of old Japan, and ancient Chinese engraved bricks. 9. - iFrii -." "a" ,=.'" triNii" indd vet1ni0 t. 11 tntw!. tatic.7re — ---"Cil"." — • — v • v-i -1( Art in the Orient 1 I By LAURENCE BIN JOU 4 ■ Chief in Oriental Art of the British Museum, r Before the Pan-Pacific Club of Tokyo 1 ,_ _2,14),,teowir __ tos,mons,• • , ,„,_. ximssIF _ • NPAAAIIP At311,4? 7:37.._ "MI _ (Mr. Binyon is one of the greatest one of the pupils of Kunisada—a view of authors on oriental art, a graduate of London. It was made somewhere in the Trinity College, Oxford, and the winner early 60's of the last century, and it is a of a prize in 1890. He has been con- beautiful composite picture of St. Paul's nected with the British Museum since on the right hand side, what we call the 1893, and has served in several depart- Horse Guards in the middle, and Ports- ments, including the Department of mouth Harbor with men-of-war on the Printed Books and the Department of left, all combined to give an impression Japanese Painting, and he now occupies of England. It is one of a set of prints the post of Chief in Oriental Art in the called "Views of Barbarous Countries," British Museum. He is the author of and the text is "Description of English many books, and has published a big People," saying, I think, that they have volume on the collection of Japanese long arms which they stretch out to grasp paintings in that Museum.) the things they want, and that they send Some of you may perhaps have seen ships into every corner of the world. a Japanese color print, I think it is by That, I suppose, was the impression made 140 THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID-PACIFIC 141 by the few English people—bustling men ernments seem to spend money on. Still, of business—that this Japanese artist I am hoping very much that some day would have seen. It is not a very com- we may have something like a museum plimentary or sympathetic description, of oriental art in London, because even and I thought if that artist had been with the collections we have in our mu- transplanted for a day to an English vil- seums it would open the eyes of our pub- lage in the quiet of the country and had lic. I think they would be quite aston- seen the life going on and the craftsmen ished to see how much we have got. I at their work—the carpenter, the black- should like to see a museum, or perhaps smith, and so on—he would have had a a wing of our Museum, devoted to the very different impression. He would have display of all the Art of Asia, because realized that ordinary people away from after all, if you study Japanese art you politics and commerce were pursuing the are carried on to Chinese art, and you same sort of innocent life in all parts find you cannot understand Chinese art of the world. fully without knowing something of In- Physical reasons make it difficult, if dian art, which is allied to Persian art. not impossible, to exchange such intimate What strikes me most about Japanese impressions. We cannot convey whole painting is first of all the extreme pro- people to other countries, but I do think fusion of artists, the number of fine ar- that art is a very good ambassador. It tists in every period, but still more I am has given me great pleasure to bring here struck by the continuity of the tradition. a little collection of English drawings, You have from the 7th and 8th centuries which has been on view for the last fort- down to the present day one continuous night and has interested many Japanese tradition of artists, illustrated in every by the unexpected likeness and affinity age by fine masters and sometimes by a between the work of some of our artists whole group of great painters. No coun- and some of the Japanese. It is enor- try of Europe has a tradition of that mously gratifying to us in England to length. What impresses me most about know that, as I am informed, something Japan is the way in which art in a like 500 people have come every day to wide sense—the love of beauty, of good that little exhibition of 50 drawings. work—pervades the whole people, to an I believe I am supposed to say some- extent that does not seem to me to be thing about Japanese art. I have tried paralleled anywhere or perhaps at any to study it (at least paintings and prints time in history. It seems as if every- —I know nothing about the other mani- body enjoyed the real disinterested plea- festations of Japanese art) for the last sure of art, and after all that is much 30 or 35 years. Of course we have not more important than having fine mu- collections that can compare with the col- seums in the midst of ugly cities. If I lections that are here.- We have not got were to try to describe what seems to be the masterpieces. We have in the Bri- the secret of this love of art and love tish Museum quite a large collection of of beauty which I find in Japan, I might 3,000 Japanese pictures, but only a rela- describe it as a kind of courtesy not only tively small number of these are really by human beings to each other but a kind fine or important. A great many are of courtesy to nature, so to- speak, as if very pleasing pictures, but not of any the blossoms when they come out would feel hurt if we did not come out, too, to great significance. enjoy and admire them. There seems I do feel that we ought to do more for the study of oriental art in my country, to be a respect for the beauty of growing things. You see it in the way flowers are but governments are extremely difficult arranged, and in the gardens. That is the to persuade when it is a question of any expense, and art is the last thing gov- most beautiful thing in Japan. 142 THE MID-PACIFIC

The life of Japan is founded on education. In feudal days the foundation of culture was art; today it is the public school and the free university for one and all. Earthquakes may destroy her Imperial Universities, but Japan at once rebuilds. THE MID-PACIFIC 143

Entrance to the Imperial University in Tokyo, the goal of Japanese youths. r44,ayrisch_i_ _a_ • — • — r*1" "a" "a"MrAV- National Education in Japan • The National Education System Has Raised the Intellectual Basis • • • 1 and Reduced Illiteracy to a Small Percentage

• _ • • tqw• titimm • _ • pstIl • • _11\„ •

At the trying moments, when Prussia tion of the ordinance governing education suffered a crushing defeat at the hand in 1873, the foundation of our system of of Napoleon I, the first thing which education was stabilized. Since then, Prussia started as a means of reconstruc- year after year, Japanese education en- tion was the improvement of universi- joyed steady progress, and at present, ties and encouragement of general edu- which is the 60th year since the inaugu- cation. Likewise, though under different ration of the state educational institu- circumstances, the fundamental question tions, there are altogether 45,000 schools which taxed the brain and foresight of of all kinds, embracing some 11,000,000 the Restoration leaders was diffusion of pupils and students. education as soon as Japan began to That is to say, in the questions of adopt western institutions of culture. For education, Japanese at large are so pro- this reason, the Government inaugurated foundly interested that they are behind the state university in 1868 and made it no other Occidental people in keen ap- a center of learning in Japan. preciation thereof. In fact, the Japanese This was the forerunner of the Educa- are so concerned about education, that tion Office. At the same time, for the even those people who are placed in cir- popular education, a primary school was cumstances that are seemingly unfavor- established at Kyoto, for the first time in able as regards education, unfailingly our country. Soon, with the promulga- discuss the matter of their children's 144 THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID -PACIFIC 145 education with great enthusiasm. In the districts that embrace the wealthy short, incessant efforts and attention are class of citizens, magnificent buildings of paid both by the rich and the poor to public and private schools are erected, education in our country. and nothing is left short for education. What Japan can be proud of in her edu- Yet in contradistinction to the splendor cation, in comparison with the Western of the urban institutions, there are, how- nations, will be the uniform development ever, not a few schools in rural commu- of the institution. Viewed from the nities, so miserable that such can hardly social classes, is there any other country be found in Japan. Some country schools in the world which is rendering the equal are run by one teacher each in the rich opportunity of the primary education to U. S. all sons and daughters of the rich and Then, how is the condition in Japan? the poor alike as such is done in Japan ? No matter where you go, even if it be In England, it is said, owing to her an isolated village, you will not fail to peculiar social traditions and conditions, find the best building in the community public primary, or elementary schools to be the village primary school, and the are generally regarded as the schools number as well as the calibre of teachers provided for the children of not the well- is justly distributed between the urban to-do families, hence politely avoided by and the rural communities, a condition people above the middle class. Under which is seldom found in other coun- such circumstances, it is natural that the tries. These facts prove that the Japan- middle class people are obliged either to ese primary education is uniformly de- hire private tutors, or send their children veloped. to private schools at not a trifling sacri- Another thing we wish to point out in fice, though this may mean nothing to this connection is the extensive diffusion the rich. of education in Japan. To say nothing of the university and other higher edu- France also encountered great diffi- cation, let us look at the condition of the culty in the democratization of education primary education. The statistics com- on account of the opposition raised by piled in 1923 are as follows : religionists. It was in 1833 that the public primary school was established Number of schools (primary schools for the first time in France. Neverthe- and higher primary schools), 25,462 ; less, the democratization was soon number of teachers, 199,662 ; number of checked, because those people who were pupils, 9,129,791 ; percentage of children dissatisfied with the separation of re- entering schools, 99.23 per 100 children ligion from education soon built private for the primary schools. schools for their children. It appears, Note : The words "primary schools" the uniform system of education such as mean the Jinjo Shogakko only, and do is being carried on in our country with- not include the higher primary schools, out discrimination between the rich and or the Koto Shogakko. the poor is hardly realized abroad. As shown above, the percentage of the In the next place, mention must he school age children who are receiving made of the thoroughgoing standardiza- the primary education is exceedingly tion of education all over the country. In high. The more recent percentage is foreign countries, the difference in the above 99 per cent, and is easily higher school buildings, teachers and general than 82.2 per cent of Germany in 1919 accommodation between the urban and which is recognized to be the highest in rural districts is striking. Especially in the world. This is clearly reflected in the the United States, one cannot help notic- percentage of illiteracy of the youths ing the acute contrast. In the cities, or who go through the compulsory mili- 146 THE MID -PACIFIC

tary conscription examination at twenty regulation text books aimed at standard- years old. ization of education reaches an enor- For instance, in 1924, on an average of mous figure-57,264,000 text books were 100 youths, only 0.84 per cent of illiter- published in accordance with new re- acy was found. Comparing with the 7.70 visions in 1926. per cent in the United States in 1910, The primary schools are required to and 1.00 per cent in England in 1904, provide building, school ground, utensils Japan shows a favorable condition. and gymnastic ground. As already So much so for the primary education, stated, generally speaking, all the pri- we shall now glance at the secondary mary schools in Japan possess fairly fine school education. buildings and spacious grounds, regard- In 1923, there were 1,859 middle less of whether they be in urban districts schools with 672,013 pupils, without in- or rural. Furthermore, due to earth- cluding the vocational schools and their quakes, all the school premises are be- pupils in the figures. In that year, there ing changed into earthquake and fire- were 14,879 vocational schools with proof, up-to-date ferro-concrete build- about 1,000,000 pupils. Judging by these ings. The buildings as well as the figures, one can comprehend that Japan grounds, from the standpoint of the prin- is not at all inferior to any foreign coun- ciple of education in its wider sense, are try in the matter of the diffusion of edu- not monopolized for the primary educa- cation. We shall next take up the pri- tion alone : They are used for general mary education, general common educa- educational enterprises, industrial, sani- tion, vocational education, special educa- tation and philanthropic activities so tion in our survey in the order named. long as these activities do not conflict 1. Primary Education with the regular school work. They are The number of the primary schools in also permitted to be used for political our country in 1923 was 20,732, besides election campaigns since the promulga- 4,730 branch teaching places. These tion of the universal suffrage. In short, schools are distributed in 12,187 villages, the schools have begun to play a very towns and cities, making an average of prominent role in social education, and about two schools in each municipal such tendency is especially noticeable in community. The number of the school agrarian communities, promising still age children was 10,688,275, of which wider utilization of the schools in the 8,009,090 children were for the primary near future. schools and 1,120,701 for the higher According to the 1923 statistics, the primary schools (koto shogakko). The number of the primary school teachers number shows an increase of about 230,- is 199,662. Of the number, the ratio of 000 or 240,000 annually. women teachers is one to every 49 men. In order to take charge of the chil- But, the number of women teachers is dren, 199,662 teachers were engaged. rapidly increasing since then. For all On top of the primary school, there is these primary school teachers, the state the higher primary school. Usually it gives protection and inducement as best takes a child two years to complete, but as it can. In certain localities, they help there are schools good for three years, teachers to such an extent as to provide although the number of the latter kind rent, or build houses for them. The ratio is only 600 throughout the entire nation. of their discharge allowance and pension The text books to be used in the pri- is much better than that given to the mary schools are called the national reg- state officials of the "Futsu Bunkan" ulation text books, edited and compiled rank, or common official rank. It is then by the state. The number of national no wonder that Japan spent Y543,192,- THE MID-PACIFIC 147

337 for education in 1923. Of the sum, ing many men who helped to realize the Y225,910,978 was spent for primary edu- Restoration. Though somewhat differ- cation. The education takes 48 per cent ent in many respects, as far as the under- of the total annual expenditure in all the lying principle is concerned, the British towns and villages, and 13 per cent of and Japanese juvenile organizations have the city expenditure. the same objects in view. 2. Juvenile Moral Culture and Training On the other hand, the Boy Scout or- As supplementary means of education ganization, which was first established in to the regular primary schools, there are England, has found its way into Japan since the Great War. At present, it has organizations open for the voluntary en- made such a wonderful development that trance of children. These organizations are so conducted that they provide fa- more than 6,000 Boy Scout organizations with a membership of 1,050,000 are now cilities for children's maximum self-re- found in Japan. They teach the members alization in accordance with their tastes all what the Boy Scouts stand for, name- and likings. In that, they are not much different from the juvenile institutions ly the healthy and sound development of individuality and noble conduct. The abroad. The Boy Scouts and Sunday headquarters of the Boy Scouts is estab- schools are the principal organizations lished in the Education Office, and is among them. under the supervision of Viscount Shim- The Sunday schools in Japan owe pei Goto, who is the general chief of The their birth to the Christian Sunday Federation of Boy Scouts in Japan. schools, although at present Sunday In contrast to the Boy Scouts, Sea schools are conducted at Buddhist Scouts were established in 1924 under temples and Shinto shrines. In our coun- the support of the navy. They help chil- try, freedom of faith is scrupulously dren to obtain general ideas about the safeguarded. From this viewpoint, strict marine life. demarcation line is drawn up between religion and education in all schools that 3. Higher General Education are under the school ordinance. Hence- Every year out of about 1,200,000 forth, to receive Sunday school educa- children who finish the primary school, tion which is tinged with religious color, some 950,000 advance into the higher be it Christian or otherwise, is regarded grade of schools. Of them, excluding beneficent for the children as it has en- about 700,000 who enter the higher pri- nobling qualities and virtues of its own, mary schools and 100,000 who select vo- though different from the moral culture cational schools, the rest of 150,000 go of the regular schools. to the middle schools, girls higher In the next place, let us look at the schools and business schools. These Boy Scout organizations in Japan. In schools are so-called secondary schools. this connection, it must be understood Generally, they give common education, that Japan had her own Boy Scout or- while some of them give vocational edu- ganization whose history is much older cation. In some places, the normal than the institution in England. During schools are grouped in the category of the long age of feudalism, it used to be the middle school. customary in each clan to let juvenile To begin with, the difference between organizations attend to literary and mili- middle schools, girls higher schools and tary culture of all the children of the the primary schools is the fact that the Samurais. Among the noted organiza- former are built in all the prefectures tions, the one in Kagoshima called the primarily under the supervision of the "Kenjisha," or the stalwart children's Minister of Education, though public society, was most influential in produc- bodies, private individuals, school asso- 148 THE MID-PACIFIC

Education of women in Japan, the new style and the old. Today the college girl drives a modern motor car. Yesterday she remained at home and learned the art of floral decoration. THE MID -PACIFIC 149 ciations in city, town and village, are training is conducted for no other pur- also authorized to build them with the pose than to develop the sense of dis- permission of the Minister of Education. cipline and better physique of the pupils, As regards the qualification for entrance and ultimately for increasing the effici- into the first year grade of the middle ency in defence of the nation needs no school, all who have completed the pri- further explanation. mary school course are recognized as Nevertheless, despite the advantages, eligible. And the term of the middle at the time when the plan was first school is five years for graduation. The made public, vehement opposition was number of the middle school pupils, of launched against the innovation, calling public and private institutions, in May, it an intrusion of militarism into the 1926, was 380,704, taught by 12,433 school, but the invectives were soon teachers. silenced as soon as the innovation began The middle school teachers are those to prove its benefits. The discipline of who possess the certificate issued by the the pupils was improved, and the term Minister of Education. They are chiefly of compulsory military service in army graduates of the higher normal schools, of all the graduates of the middle school of the Imperial universities and other was reduced to one year, and that of the public and private universities, or those graduates of specialized schools and col- who have passed the government ex- leges (meaning higher schools rather aminations for teachers in special sub- than middle schools) to ten months. In jects. Although there is no question that addition, there are other schools that the middle schools are higher than the adopt about the same curriculum, but do primary schools in grade, yet as far as not come under the middle school regu- the curriculum is concerned, there is not lations. They are called special schools much difference between the middle and the religious schools show more ex- schools and the primary schools, since amples of this kind than any other the middle schools aim at giving a higher schools, for in the schools operated by general education. The middle school certain religious sects or institutions, curriculum consists of moral education, some subjects relative to religion are in- Japanese language, Chinese letters, for- cluded, whereas no such discretion is al- eign languages, history, geography, arith- lowed in the middle schools, hence the metic, elementary botany and zoology name of the special school. Then, there combined, physics, chemistry, civics, eco- are night middle schools, open for the nomics, business, drawing, singing, and youth who work during the day time. It gymnastics. Of the foreign languages, must not be forgotten that these schools, one of the three languages of English, too, provide almost the same curriculum German and French is taught. The text as the ordinary middle schools. books recognized by the Education Of- Next to the middle schools for girls, fice are adopted in the middle schools as are the girls higher schools. The pur- a rule. The instruction in above-men- pose of these schools is to give a general tioned subjects, however, is systema- education which is indispensable for tized and coordinated. That is to say, girls. Consequently in view of the aim, each subject is taught with special atten- no pain is spared for the development tion to contributing to the development of fine womanhood. In October of 1926, of moral fibre of the people. It is for 386,656 girl pupils attended the public this purpose that the hours for gym- and private girls higher schools. In nastics have tripled since 1925, and army March of 1925, of the 581,000 girls in the officers in active service have attended primary schools, about 65,000 entered to some of the military drills. That such the girls higher schools. This figure 150 THE MID -PACIFIC

when compared with 50,000 boys who four year general education division of entered the middle schools out of 633,- the higher schools. 000 primary school graduates, shows Viewed from connection with the uni- that the girls' intellectual ambition is ob- versities, the higher school department viously stronger than that of the boys. of liberal arts is closely related with de- Such a tendency has become prevalent partments or colleges of law, literature, since 1914. economics and commerce of the univer- The subjects for girls are about the sities, while the higher school depart- same as for the boys, only domestic ment of science is linked with the de- science including home economics and partments of medical science, technology sewing, and music are added. The science and agriculture. school term is usually five or four years 4. Normal School Education for completion. As long as there are schools, there Above the middle schools, there are must be teachers. For developing pri- the higher schools (not the higher pri- mary school teachers, we have normal mary schools) for men, established for schools for girls and boys, and the the purpose of giving, so to speak, a higher normal schools for training men finishing touch to the general education and women to be secondary school teach- received at the secondary schools. Al- ers. Hokkaido and each other prefecture though the higher schools are divided have at least more than one normal into two departments of liberal arts school, with a total of 102 schools. Of (Bunka, the literal translation means de- them 43 schools are for girls, and two partment of literature, but judged from schools are open for both girls and men. the curriculum, the nomenclature of These schools send out yearly about 10,- liberal arts seems more appropriat ) and 000 graduates as primary school teach- of science, yet in that they dif fe from ers. The normal schools are divided into the specialized schools or voc tional the first and second divisions, the first schools in the degree of speciali ation. division being open for the graduates of Moreover, the higher school education the two year term higher primary seems more like preparatory or prelim- schools, while the second division is pro- inary education for the universities than anything else. vided for those qualified as graduates of the middle school or the five year term The Education Office permits the es- girls higher school. After four years of tablishment of higher schools by the study in the first division, and one or two municipalities and private individuals, years of study in the second division, besides the government institution. The they go out of the normal schools, and term of the school consists of three years serve an obligatory period of from two in the higher division and four years in to four years as primary school teachers. the general or elementary division, This obligation on the part of the normal which is equivalent to the four year school graduates is due to assistance middle school education. There are at given them while they attend school in present twenty-five government higher some such form as exemption from schools in the country in addition to two tuition fees. Of course those who gradu- public and four private higher schools. ate from the schools at their expense are For the entrance into the higher di- under no obligation. vision (meaning the three year term As for the higher normal schools, finishing touch to the general education) there are two each for men and women, the candidate is required to have a quali- with the attendance of 2,624. Like the fication equivalent to completion of the students in the normal schools, as they four year middle school education or the are exempted from paying tuition fees, THE MID -PACIFIC 151

the graduates of the higher normal The number of students attending schools must also fulfil the obligation of these higher institutions of vocational teaching for a period of from two to four education is 22,669. years. Besides the normal schools, in Of the graduates of the higher tech- order to fulfil the insufficiency of teach- nical schools, those who went through ers, there are at present established three mechanical and engineering courses find years' special teachers training courses jobs easiest, as there is a good demand within the state universities and other for them in our country. high institutions of learning. These are However, of the vocational training, under the direct control of the Educa- the commercial education is the most ad- tion Office, and number fourteen in all. vanced. The secondary grade commer- 5. Vocational Education cial schools are almost like the middle It is true that vocational education in schools, possessing a similar curriculum, Japan is somewhat behind the progress only providing more hours for educa- of the general education. However, since tion relative to business. The secondary the end of the Great War, it has devel- grade commercial schools yearly turn oped with wonderful rapidity, and espe- out about 10,000 graduates, for whom cially of late, owing to the positive en- there are about 8,000 places. The seem- couragement and impetus given to voca- ingly unbalanced number of graduates tional education by the state, and it has does not necessarily mean that the sur- become one of the paramount enterprises plus number of graduates will become of the Education Office. The secondary jobless, as they all attend to their own school grade vocational schools may be family business activities, like the grad- classified as follows : uates of the agricultural schools. Some of them, however, enter the higher com- Technical schools 104 mercial schools to make a specialized Agricultural schools 330 study of the China and foreign trade. Commercial schools 229 As the last item in the category, we Merchant Marine schools 12 will now mention the Higher Merchant Aquatic Products schools 10 Marine Schools. Stimulated by the Industrial craft schools 113 Great War, Japan became one of the leading marine transportation nations in Total 799 the world. Despite the subsequent busi- They embrace a body of faculty mem- ness depression with resultant inactiv- bers, numbering 11,518 and 215,250 ities in the merchant marine industry, pupils. Furthermore there are 15,383 there are 1,280 vessels, all above 500 vocational supplementary schools with tons, with a total tonnage of 3,700,000 1,018,150 pupils. tons, and 47,600 seamen possessing gov- In addition to these secondary school ernment certificates for the merchant grade vocational schools, there are vo- marine. In order to keep up a constant cational schools of specialized school supply of new seamen, there are two standing. They usually require three higher merchant marine schools in ad- years of training for the graduates of dition to the twelve merchant marine middle schools or secondary grade voca- schools of lower standing. The engi- tional schools to finish. The list of neers and navigators employed by the schools and brief explanation follow : leading steamship companies in Japan Higher technical schools 22 are at present all graduates of these Higher commercial schools 17 schools. After three`years of study, grad- Higher agricultural schools 14 uates of the merchant marine schools Higher merchant marine schools 2 have to go through a period of three 15) THE MID-PACIFIC

A portion of the great buildings of the Imperial University at Tokyo, many of which were destroyed by the great earthquake. But the Imperial University is today a greater venture in the life of educated Japanese than ever before. THE MID-PACIFIC 153 year apprenticeship, while at the higher seventeen private universities, four merchant marine schools, the students public medical universities, one public complete the training in five years and university of commerce (Osaka Univer- six months. The students of the higher sity of Commerce is established and merchant marine schools receive their operated by the City of Osaka whereas training in long voyages to America and the University of Commerce of Tokyo South Seas. is under direct supervision of the Educa- 6. Specialized Education tion Office like all the rest of the state Now that we have dealt with the pri- universities. Thus, the word public as mary, secondary and higher general edu- herein used means either the prefectural cation in our country, the next ques- or municipal government). tion with which we are confronted is the The graduates of all the universities institutions of learning for special lines receive the degree of "Gakushi" which of research work. What is being done corresponds to the bachelor's degree in for the students of specialized vocation? the United States. The "Gakushi" after A glance at the existing conditions will two years of postgraduate work in the help explain many a perplexity in the seminary receives the degree of "Ha- way of understanding the somewhat kushi" if his thesis is accepted and rec- The complicated system of higher education ognized by the Education Minister. degree of "Hakushi" may be translated in Japan as compared with that of Oc- as the doctor's degree abroad. The num- cidental nations. ber of "Hakushi" in 1925 was 3,192. For the higher education, we have the universities and then the specialized In addition to the universities, there schools (the word "college" appears are 78 public and private specialized 19 more appropriate to the status of con- schools or colleges. Of those colleges, tradistinction to the word "school" are for women, including six colleges of which is usually used in dealing with medicine, pharmacy and physical cul- ture. The girls specialized schools or primary and secondary educational insti- tutions in Japan). Such subjects as law, colleges are gradually increasing of late. Especially, since the day when the pro- economics, medical science, pharmacy, num- literature, natural science, religion, hibitive barrier was removed, the ber of women who study in the state music, physical culture, colonization, and and for women, domestic science are studied (the Imperial universities), public by specialized students at the universi- private universities has increased. ties, and specialized schools, so to speak. 7. Young People's Training Courses Because of the importance involved in and Organizations such academic pursuits, it is superfluous So far, we have discussed the regular to state that the specialized education school education. Outside of the school and study should be deemed the pillar education, there are many other institu- of the state, if the general education can tions of education in Japan. The young It be called the foundation thereof. men's training course is one of them. There are at present five state univer- is established in primary schools and sities, each having all or some of the fa- vocational supplementary schools by the culties of law, medical science, engineer- city, town and village or association of ing, literature, natural science, agricul- school with the ultimate end of develop- ture and economics. Besides the state ing the young people mentally and phys- universities, there is one university of ically. commerce, twelve universities of a single Young men above the age of 16, who faculty, five universities of medicine do not attend the secondary school and established by the government, and work at shops, firms and factories 154 THE MID-PACIFIC whether as clerks or apprentices, can young men's training before their entry enter the young men's training school in the army. This privilege, however, for four years in general knowledge or must not be misunderstood as the chief some special subject, each course being attraction of the training, for it is noth- over 100 hours. The time of the course ing but a subsidiary outcome of the is either in the early morning or in the training which primarily aimed at the evening, so that in no way the training development of better citizens. may hinder the occupation of the young men. The young men who have gone Side by side with the young men's through the training receive the benefit training courses, as an organ for devel- of one semester reduction in the term of opment of the young men, there are the their military service, e.g., the two year young men's associations, open for term is to be cut down to one year and young people between the minimum age half for all those who complete the of 12 and maximum of 25.

Ready for the Kindergarten THE MID-PACIFIC 155

Typical of Japanese educational methods in Korea; a modern hospital and training school for nurses.

■ nr")• e n'InirTht, -larrcdti! t I vect v, z L')itni Ai ti lf ?eV LiTaii:11C11 — • r / • Japanese Educational Service in Manchuria rs.7 ,AA ,v.,im rommw, __ _ . • • . • • _ • _ _ • 'MATT-77M

The educational system maintained in The first public school for Chinese in Manchuria by the Japanese, though fun- the Leased Territory was that estab- damentally similar to that of Japan lished as early as 1904, in Chinchou, proper, is modified so as to meet the con- when the area was in military occupa- ditions peculiar to Manchuria. Schools tion. The public school in the Railway of the grammar school and high school Zone was first established in Kaiping in grades are provided separately for Chi- 1909. They were gradually increased in nese and Japanese, while co-education this region, so that today they number for Chinese and Japanese is maintained twenty, and the pupils 11,118, as shown in the higher professional schools of uni- in the table below : versity grade. MARCH 31, 1928 No. of No. of No. of Running The public schools of grammar school Schools Instructors Students Expenses Public Schools in grade and the middle schools of high Leased Territory 10 226 8,136 Y406,406 Public Schools in school grade, were established and main- Railway Zone 10 92 2,982 165,429 tained by the Kwantung Governmnent in Total 20 318 11,118 571,835 the Leased Territory and by the South Manchuria Railway Company in the Instruction is given in the Japanese Railway Zone. and Chinese languages, and includes 156 THE MID-PACIFIC

SHIMONOSEKI

NOJI

BEPPU

Where Japanese influence prevails—throughout Korea and along the lines of the railway in Southern Manchuria. moral teaching, arithmetic, simple phys- Manchuria Railway Company, and an- ics, and manual training. Besides these other at Port Arthur in 1924 by the schools, the schools of lower grade called Kwantung Government. At these insti- common public schools are maintained by tutions are taught the Japanese and Chi- the village communities in the Leased nese languages, English, history, geo- Territory. They were 122 in number, graphy, mathematics, natural history, with 472 teachers and pupils aggregat- drawing, physics, chemistry, and manual ing 19,083 as existing on March 31, training. The staffs of these schools, 1928. Their annual expenditure aggre- the number of students, and maintenance gated 286,352 yen. expenses are shown in the table below : With regard to middle school educa- Teachers Students Expenses Port Arthur Middle SchooL 17 189 71,672 tion for Chinese, a school was estab- South Manchuria lished at Mukden in 1917 by the South Middle School 22 392 102,948 Total 39 581 174,620 THE MID -PACIFIC 157

The Kwantung Government and the Arthur and the other at Dairen. In the South Manchuria Railway Company following year, the South Manchuria have paid as serious attention to the en- Railway Company established similar couragement of industrial education for schools in Liaoyang and Fushun. As the Chinese boys as to elementary educa- Japanese population increased, t h e tion. The industrial schools, giving schools increased to 48 in number, with necessary instruction to native boys 29,933 pupils, as they existed at the end wishing to engage in agriculture, com- of March, 1928. The curricula of these merce, or mining, according to the local schools, though similar to the schools in requirements, may be classified as agri- Japan proper, include the Chinese lan- cultural, commercial, and mining guage and a course of elementary indus- schools. Commercial schools were estab- try in order to fit pupils to the local con- lished in the commercial centers, such ditions existing in Manchuria. In addi- as Dairen, Liaoyang, and Yingkou tion, there are Japanese elementary (Newchwang) ; agricultural schools in schools in Chinchou, Hsinmintun, Chien- the agricultural centers, Hsiungyueh- tao, Manchouli, Hunchun, and Touerh- cheng and Kungchuling ; and a mining kou. school in the mining town of Fushun. Regarding high school education, the Further details of these schools are necessity of establishing middle schools given in the following table : was soon felt for the benefit of public school graduates. A middle school was March 31, 1928

s first established at Port Arthur in 1909 0

her 0 by the Kwantung Government. Several Maintained c by years later, two middle schools were es- Tea W 841 Dairen Commercial Kwantung 1 tablished in Dairen. Since 1919, four

School Government } co 14,682 Chinchou Agr. School 79 middle schools have been established in Liaoyang Commer- cial School S.M.R. 7 62 29,353 the Railway Zone by the South Man- Yingkou Commer- churia Railway Company, one each at cial School 11 113 61,710 Fushun Mining School__ 7 48 22,828 Mukden, Anshan, Fushun, and Antung. Hsiungyuehcheng Agri- cultural School 9 81 40,370 Subsequently seven girls' high schools Kungchuling Agri- cultural School 9 47 41,676 were established—at Port Arthur, Dai- 51 514 210,619 ren, Mukden, Antung, Fushun, and Total Changchun. The standing of these Jap- In order to provide a sound teaching anese middle schools and the girls' high force for native elementary schools, a schools today is practically as advanced normal school was established at Port as those in Japan proper. Arthur by the Kwantung Government. The following table shows the general For training Chinese teachers, a nor- features of public schools, middle schools, mal school course originally was at- and girls' high schools in the Leased Ter- tached to the middle school at Port Ar- ritory and the Railway Zone : thur. It became an independent normal March 31, 1928 school in 1918. Graduates of the higher = i v, ti grade of the public schools are eligible Location ...>= fF4' as students. There are 29 instructors and Public Schools— m tn w Leased Territory 19 357 12,517 930,056 216 students. The annual maintenance Railway Zone 29 398 13,416 910,401 expense of this school amounts to 163,- Total 48 755 25,933 1,840,457 Middle Schools— 000 yen. Leased Territory 3 114 2,118 359,700 As Japanese residents were on the in- Railway Zone 4 88 1,706 315,470 crease after the Russo-Japanese war, the Total 7 202 3,824 675,170 Girls High Schools— Kwantung Government first established Leased Territory 3 101 2,051 273,380 two elementary schools for Japanese Railway Zone 4 82 1,485 275,864 children as early as 1906, one at Port Total 7 183 3,536 549,244

158 THE MID-PACIFIC

As to commercial training for Japanese, March 31, 1928 a commercial school was established at Dairen in 1910 by the Oriental Associa- tion, of Tokyo, while another was estab- South Manchuria Technical College Dairen 52 228 211,418 lished at Changchun in 1920 by the South Manchuria Normal College Mukden 25 115 146,034 Manchuria Railway Company. In their Russo-Japanese As- curricula, which are practically the same sociation's College Harbin 20 124 151,138 as those of similar schools in Japan Chinese and Japanese graduating from proper, the teaching of the Chinese and the middle schools, desiring advanced Russian languages is much emphasized. work in science and professional training, The following table shows the number of usually had to go to Japan or other coun- instructors and students and running ex- tries. In order to give every possible ad- penses of these schools : vantage to these young men, the Kwan- tung Government first established in 1910 March 31, 192 a technical college at Port Arthur, and the South Manchuria Railway Company 0 7:1 0 founded a medicalcollege at Mukden in G.■ PA Dairen Commer- Oriental 1911. In order to meet the trend of the cial School Assn. 30 1,148 152,560 Changchun Commer- times, especially after the great European cial School S.M.R. 24 371 91,700 war, these colleges v'ere advanced to uni- Total 54 1,519 244,260 versity grade, providing a three-year For advanced education in the profes- course, to which was added a three-year preparatory course. i'or Chinese students, sions, the higher professional school sys- a year's course in the Japanese language tem of Japan proper has been introduced is provided before their entrance to the to South Manchuria. There are three col- preparatory course. The medical univer- leges, the South Manchuria Technical sity at Mukden will se treated more fully College, the Manchuria Normal College, in the section on edical Education in and the Russo-Japanese Association's Col- the following chapter dealing with Sanita- lege. The Technical College was estab- tion. The Technical University maintains lished by the South Manchuria Railway three departments, i.e., Mechanical Engi- Company at Dairen, and consists of two neering, Electrical Engineering, and Min- departments : Constructive and Mechan- ing and Metallurgy. ical Engineering. The former is divided The table below s ws the numbers of into four sections : Architecture, Civil the faculties and stud nts at these univer- Engineering, Mining, and Agricultural sities and running eXpenses as they ex- Engineering, the latter being divided into isted at the end of Mairch, 1928: Professors Studies Students Expenses four sub-sections : Electricity, Machine- f Univ. 1Course 18 ) 634,484 Technical Univ.._ 68 1 Prep'y Course 210 1 Making, Railway Machinery and Mining Univ. ourse 195 1 Machinery. Medical Univ..... 80 {Colleg Course . 102 1- 579,294 Prep'y Course 231 J In order to foster skilled labor, an ele- Korean migration into Manchuria has mentary training course is attached to this a long history. Since the Sino-Japanese College. The Normal College, established war, and specially aftr the Russo-Japan- in 1924 at Mukden by the South Man- ese war, immigration as been on the in- churia Railway Company, has two De- crease particularly in the Chientao dis- tricts, and in the suburbs of Harbin, partments : Literature and Science. The Changchun, Kirin, Mnkden, and Antung. Russo-Japanese Association's College was The Korean population in Manchuria is established in 1920 at Harbin by the estimated at between 750,000 and 1,000,- Russo-Japanese Association, of Tokyo. 000, and most of the settlers are engaged The staffs, etc., at these institutions are : in rice and millet cultiVation. THE MID -PACIFIC 159

In the education of Korean children in have been established, and there are 7,800 the Railway Zone, the South Manchuria students. Six normal schools have a total Railway Company is also participating. of students estimated at about 4,000. There are eight common schools for Kor- There are schools of higher education, ean children with 1.853 pupils, as they i.e., the Chinese Literature College, the existed at the end of March, 1928. Some Technical College, and the North-Eastern of these schools were built and are main- University. Of these, the latter is the tained by the Company, and the others by most important. It was established in its help. The Government-General of April, 1923, at Mukden, at the cost of Korea also extends pecuniary assistance 2,800,000 dollars, when Mr. Wang Yung- in the Chientao districts. In the fiscal chiang was the Governor of Mukden pro- year 1928, 47,581 yen were allocated in vince. The Governor himself was the this way by the South Manchuria Rail- first president of the institution. The Uni- way Company and 21,196 yen by the Gov- versity has six Departments—Literature, . ernment-General of Chosen. In addition, Pure Science, Law, Commerce, Agricul- there are about 440 Korean common ture, and a Post Graduate course. The schools maintained outside the Railway course of study is between three and four Zone by the Korean village communities years, and graduates of the higher grade or associations. The home Government of middle school are eligible as students. at Seoul, the Government-General, affords There were 198 students in the several pecuniary assistance when applied for. courses, and 377 students in the prepara- The following table shows the distribu- tory course, making the total 575, accord- tion of Korean schools in Manchuria : ing to returns for 1926. The university Schools Pupils was originally established by the coopera- S. M. R. Zone 8 1,853 tion of the Mukden and Kirin Govern- Harbin District 21 238 7hangchun District 3 228 ments, but the running expenses, amount- Antung 6 160 Mukden 40 1,601 ing to about 400,000 Chinese dollars per Tiehling 21 1,173 Chiengchiatun " 3 170 year, are said to be defrayed chiefly by Kirin 21 587 the Mukden Government. Chientao District and Honchun 443 22,086 Total 566 28,096 Since the building of the Chinese East- Concerning modern education in Man- ern Railway, a number of primary churia, the Mukden, Kirin, and Amur schools, high schools, commercial schools, provincial governments are endeavoring language schools, besides technical and to improve their systems. The Mukden medical schools, have been established in Government promulgated in December, the Russian Railway Zone. Some of them 1922, the summarized regulations of the were maintained or supported by the educational system, in which the first ar- Railway, while others were maintained or ticle declares that the fundamental object supported by the municipalities and pri- of education should be moral teaching vate associations. and industrial training. The second article Subsequently, after the Railway had provides the school system — the public been brought under the joint management school, middle school, and university, be- of Russia and China, the administrative sides the normal school and professional power in the Railway Zone being restored college. One or more public schools must to China, the Chinese authority claimed be established in each prefecture, district, to control all schools in the Zone. A com- and village. There are a number of mod- promise agreement was made in Decem- ern schools today. The middle school of ber, 1927. By this agreement, the Chinese primary grade must be maintained by the Eastern Railway Company is to defray prefecture, and the higher grade of this annually 2,400,000 roubles as school ex- school by the province. penses of both the Chinese and Russian Seven middle schools of higher grade sides. According to the Annual Report of •160 THE MID-PACIFIC the Chinese Eastern Railway of 1926, ics. The main course of study requires there were 16 Chinese primary or com- five years, including a preparatory course mon schools with 1,477 pupils in 1925. of three years for Chinese studying the Russian common schools numbered 47 Russian language. with 8,065 pupils in the same year, be- Europeans of the Roman Catholic sides one having a nine-year course at faith, coming from North China missions, Harbin. In addition, there were 19 com- are reported to have established them- mon schools supported by the Railway, selves in Manchuria in the beginning of and seven Russian middle schools partly the 19th century. After Newchwang was supported by the Railway. opened to trade, the Scottish Mission and For professional education, there are the Presbyterian Church of Ireland a law school, commercial college, normal started missionary work at this port, and school, Sino-Russian technical university, gradually expanded to Mukden, Kirin and and a medical university, all at Harbin. Liaoyang. The Danish Missionary Soci- Of these, Harbin Law School maintains ety (Danske Missionsselskab) commenced several courses of law, economics, com- work soon after the Sino-Japanese war. merce, railways, and Oriental economics. Foreign missions are also participating This school provides a preparatory course in educational and medical work. It was in the Russian language for Chinese stu- reported in 1917 that there were several dents. Its faculty numbered 33 and stu- kindergartens, 200 grammar schools, 36 dents 662 in January, 1927. The Sino- grammar schools of higher grade, and 20 Russian Technical University was origin- middle schools in existence. Of schools ally a technical college, established in of college grade, the Theological College, 1920, but was advanced to university Manchurian Christian College (College of grade in 1923. It has three departments, Literature), and Mukden Medical Col- i.e., civil engineer, electricity, and mechan- lege were maintained by the missionaries.

street scene in Mukden, capital of Manchuria THE MID-PACIFIC 161

• 4

• . World il 1 History 1 e•I •_ 'l I-4 lo, By G. F. HUDSON Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, England, before the Pan-Pacific Club of Tokyo •,

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I feel it a great honor and privilege tical affairs, and of the general conduct to be invited to address the Pan-Pacific of human life?" The answer to that Club of Tokyo. I had only been here question is not at first obvious, because before on one occasion, and when I was it is quite possible to make out a case first asked to speak I felt a certain dif- against history to show that it is not fidence in daring to follow after so dis- merely useless but can be positively tinguished a person as Dr. Paul Monroe. harmful. I think in recent years it has But I felt that the atmosphere of the been possible to observe a great deal of Club is so friendly and generous that I harm which has been done by too much was encouraged to make a venture. reading of history. It has tended, espe- cially in politics of modern Europe, to The subject which I chose I have en- accentuate national enmities and to per- titled "Past and Present in History." petuate old feuds. History has been com- Perhaps I could better have entitled it monly taught as national history, for the "World History" because that is really glorification of one's own country, for what I want to speak about. Perhaps the raking up of ancient grievances and my subject is even more generally his- wrongs which would have been better tory itself, as I take as a starting point forgotten, and for the continuation of the question which is sometimes asked : attitudes of mind which have no rela- "What is the value of history?" I con- tion to present-day problems. ceive that as far as history is concerned, certain individuals find its study inter- In my opinion, however, that harmful esting or amusing or a generally satisfy- tendency of history is not the tendency ing occupation, that it has a certain value of real history, because the view which to that extent, but there still remains the I wish to put forward is that the only question, "Is it of any use from the point real history is world history, that the of view of the world at large, of prac- value of history consists in seeing the 162 THE MID-PACIFIC

As the Pan-Pacific Union taught history in its pageants. The log-house in Oregon built from its giant timber; the Indian tepee in Canada and the Arctic seals. THE MID-PACIFIC 163 life of humanity at all times and in all of that Revolution did effect great countries as a single continuous whole, changes ; nevertheless the idea that they and that the function of the study of had made a complete break with the history, or at any rate its effect, is to past is incorrect, and the form of the create a consciousness in the mind of the Revolution can only be understood by unity of humanity in the past and pres- reference to the past history of France ent, an idea of world unity, and that this and Europe in the eighteenth century. idea is one which is most necessary to In another way, too, it seems to me the progress of the world as a whole. that the contemplation of the past as It is necessary that this consciousness well as the knowledge of the present is should be spread as far as possible, and necessary to the real education of the should become a vital fact in the minds mind. In the present one must be prac- of a sufficient number of men to make tical, and one is involved in all the con- it a real factor in the life of the world. flicts that one is studying. One has to I have said that history must he world take sides, to be to some extent a parti- history, and of course in the first place san, to take up a definite attitude over problems here now for solution. For ex- it is the contemplation of events and processes in time. The very practical ample, I conceive it to be impossible to man may say that the study of the past get an education in history by studying the history of the Russian Revolution, has no vital bearing on the present un- because although it is past, and there- less it happens to be the very recent past, fore history, yet it is to a certain extent that it is much more important to be a living issue and it is impossible not acquainted with the affairs of the world to take up a definite attitude towards it. at the present day. But I would put Communists themselves say one must be forward two reasons why this acquaint- ance with present-day affairs, without a either for them or against them, and it historical background, is inadequate. In is impossible to consider these events the first place human life is essentially without some sort of bias. But with the growth and process in time, and if you past there is the fact that it is dead, has only take a view of the world as it is at happened and cannot be undone, that the present moment it is like taking a we have no practical concern with it and photograph of a scene in a play and cannot change it. For that reason we can study with a disinterestedness and taking that to represent whole drama. Drama lies essentially in action, and abstractness that gives one a real un- derstanding of this historical processes therefore a photograph of a single scene cannot give the essence of a drama. In and the essence of human life. the same way the study of history is the With regard to the conception of study of process, of continuous life and world history, I have said that history growth in time ; actually that growth is must be studied as a whole in time, and continuous and the present cannot be must also be studied in order to really separated from it. Although particular attain its true value, as a whole, includ- cix- problems and conditions change from ing the whole of humanity. Every one period to another, every period ilization and every country must have its grows out of the period before it, and place in history. Of course I do not the actual continuity of events in history mean that all countries can be studied is proved most of all by those move- in full detail for the man who is merely ments in history which have been most deriving history from education. In deliberately an attempt to repudiate the order to have a true sense of world his- past. The student of the French Revolu- tory the student must study some special tion must be aware that the promoters period so as to develop the faculty of 164 THE MID-PACIFIC

historical criticism and have a real grasp century ago. To go back further, to the of historical processes. Nevertheless, the Middle Ages, less than a thousand years study of any particular period is not ago, there is probably nothing which really history but is quite isolated unless Europeans regard as so essentially Eu- related to the history of humanity as a ropean, both in origin and growth as whole, and actually it is impossible to science, and yet the more intimate study separate periods and countries. I think of western thought reveals the fact that that the further anyone goes into his- the Greek science was transmitted to tory the more aware one is of that fact modern Europe not through European that whenever you find an attempt to tradition but through the Arabs, and isolate a civilization or national culture that they not only transmitted it when it involves a certain amount of distor- its tradition was lost in Europe, but tion, because everything is continuity through algebra, a most essential instru- and continuous growth and nowhere ment in the development of mathematics. does one find a self-contained and inde- In the twelfth century European schol- pendent civilization. ars went to Spain to learn Arabic for I think that in regard to the teaching the purpose of studying the science of of history as a whole, here in Japan the Arabs, just as in more recent times there is more advance than is at pres- the students of the east have come to ent common in the west, or at any rate in Europe to learn European science. When my own country. Here in Japan the debt one considers facts like that, which are which Japan owes to western countries facts and not questions of what one ap- is fully acknowledged, and there is the proves of or disapproves of, one realizes greatest interest in and study of the the unity of history and that it must be present of European countries and of considered as a whole. Nothing which is their past, the origin and growth of their less than world history can really claim institutions, and the whole growth of to call itself history. In England there western civilization, whereas in the west is at present no study of oriental history there is a far less readiness to acknowl- as such, and that seems to me to be a edge the debt which in the past and also very serious deficiency which I hope will in very recent times the west, that is to soon be remedied. In Japan education say, Europe and America, has derived includes both Japanese history and Chi- from the various types of civilization nese, and at the same time the history which we perhaps with too much gen- eralization group together as the east. of the west. In Europe we only study One of the most prominent and influen- our own history, so not only will our cul- tial movements in modern philosophy ture be less real but there will be a de- today goes back to an inspiration which ficiency in the west in that comprehen- is mainly Indian. As regards art there sive understanding of the whole of is no single influence which has so much civilization which I think to be a very stimulated modern movements as the necessary factor for universal under- study of oriental art, which was begun standing between countries, and which in France about rather over a half a I think is valued by this Club. THE MID-PACIFIC 165

lAr4S .iL "-'. • ''.1 -'- A '11611:61:F. •-•-/ f R ,., Culture and Education

By SIR ALFRED DAVIES Ex-Minister of Education in Wales, • , . before the Pan-Pacific Forum, • Honolulu • kEi •

, IP '7 • mmitt, TA_ MIMI •■ki t., • I crave the sympathy of this audience You will pardon me, perhaps, if I recur because really I am brought here under to my parent nation for a moment because false pretences. I really am overwhelmed in Hawaii it is the one crumb of comfort and feel just as those surfriders feel I have been able to find to console myself when they miss the wave instead of riding with. Your beauty and development in on its crest and experiencing those happy every direction overwhelm me and leave minutes that come to people who are able me rather speechless, so I am driven to to do what I have never attempted. remember that I am a Welshman in order I am impressed by two things — the to find words at all. The comfort I de- wonderful kindnesses I have experienced rive from that fact is this : That I do re- not only from my fellow countrymen in call (and I know I am speaking to mem- my world tour but particularly in Ha- bers of the great republic of the west, the waii. In the second place, I am rendered United States of America) with some sat- speechless by seeing what you here have isfaction that it was to a man of un- been able to accomplish in directions doubted Welsh extraction that you owe which have lain very dear to my heart and your American Declaration of Independ- the realization of which in all their full- ence—Thomas Jefferson, who was proud ness and in all their glory I had never to recall that his ancestors came from hoped to see this side of the grave—but I Wales. Other men tried to improve on have. I am feeling that the English lan- that draft but decided that Thomas Jeffer- guage is singularly wanting in adjectives son's original draft of the Declaration of to enable a speaker to say all that lies in Independence had better be left in the his heart. state in which it left his hands—that re- I come from a little nation to which I markable man whose life will bear study. feel I have the honor to belong, which I regard him not only as the draftsman was the least of all the nations which of that great Magna Charta of your west- comprise that which was termed "The Al- ern world, but also as the virtual founder lies" who stayed neutral in fighting for of the American spirit of education, that the cause of liberty in the great war. spirit of education which is the outstand- 66 THE MID-PACIFIC

Two of the several Y.M.C./I. buildings in Honolulu. the Nuuanu or Pan-Pacific "Y", where the Orientals have their gathering place, and the Central "Y" down town, that is open to all. THE MID-PACIFIC 167 ing feature today of American life. He ernment has been held under for the last founded the University of Virginia, he ten years. You go to Italy and find that designed the capitol building at Richmond, Italy, the home of so much human effort was President of the United States, gov- that has helped to enoble and stimulate ernor of Virginia, ambassador to the the world, has substituted autocratic gov- Court of St. Germain in France, and was ernment for democratic institutions. In an accomplished correspondent and musi- Russia the non-adoption of democratic in- cian and I know not what else. stitutions is not an abdication of them. And so I take a little comfort from These are facts which should cause you that, also when I recall that John Davis, and me to pause and realize the value of the explorer, and even Dr. Summer, who what you have been attempting, perhaps was Captain James Cook's medical officer, unconsciously. I don't suppose you set also was a fellow countryman. Not the out to give an example to the world of least of all, was my friend and fellow what could be done in another direction countryman, David Lloyd George, who for the elevation of mankind. You have was the captain of our salvation in that deliberately chosen not to rely upon the great fight. State legislatures, not to rely upon the But when I come back to the United oracle to speak which frequently ref used States, I do recall that the United States to do so. You have chosen to rely upon has more recently helped to look to Wales. your own right hand, and upon your own You have had passed some legislation stimulus and guidance of your own inspir- which is inciting some controversy. I am ing hearts. You have a beautiful city ; na- sometimes pained to find Americans ture has endowed it but I have seen other apologizing for their legislation. I hold countries where nature had been as kind that where a country deliberately adopts and where some of the men were very a certain policy, it is better not to apolo- virile. But you have seemed to enter into gize to other nations for your country but harmony with nature. This gathering it- to stand up for your own country and self is an evidence of what I am taking support its laws. You must have looked away with me, of the spirit of Hawaii. As to Wales for inspiration because there I look around here I am solemnized by was only one patron saint that was known seeing men representing different nations as a water drinker, that was our Patron of the world all met in a spirit of social Saint of Wales : David, the Water amity. You have seemed to have gotten Drinker. rid, in a large way, of those social dis- These crumbs of comfort which I take tinctions and horrid barriers which distin- to myself will put into my mouth the guish political, religious, social and eco- words which I failed to find because I nomic phases, with the result that you quite ran dry. have a city beautiful, you have a life What of Hawaii? It seems to me that which is beautiful and which is filling you have achieved something here that is those of us who come here with hearts going to mean something great to the full of admiration for what you have been world. If you take a bird's-eye view of able to accomplish. the old world of Europe, you will find too There is only one comment I would much reliance has been placed by the na- make on your sending a delegate to the tions of the whole world upon legislation international educational congress at Gen- —the outcome of democratic institutions. eva. My friends, don't make the mistake There is no doubt we have worshipped we made in England of assuming that the the democratic institution and yet today terms "education" and "culture" are syn- you look over Europe and you find those onomous. They are not. Our late pre- cherished ideals are falling from their mier, Mr. Ramsay MacDonald, was cred- pedestals. In Spain the democratic gov- ited with saying that the best educated 168 THE MID-PACIFIC man he ever met was unable to write his where young Williams came to be im- own name. I saw a judge in the federal proved. I believe that it arose earlier in courts in Australia when I was there in a superlative act of courage, greater far the case of a dispute about teachers and than that in going "over the top" per- salaries, and he had occasion to say the formed by any man in the recent great same thing. war. My father has committed the story "Culture" and "Education" are not to myself and my children, in his manu- synonomous terms. You may have a script, of his own recollections. highly educated person who is uncultured. Hitchcock, the employer, was a well Education is apt to take boys and young known man in the city, well known for men to give them status in society accord- things which we do not attach value to ; ing to their means, and the line goes he was purely a materialist, an atheist and across. Culture is vertical and it goes a blasphemous man. He discharged 11 right down to the humblest, poorest peas- young men in his service late on Saturday ant in the land. night and threw them into the streets of You say that in a land where people London where there was no place for must find expression for that emotion them to go. One day, when behind the which God gives to every man, the spirit- counter, the employer was approached by ual process is culture, education is the me- a traveler and George Williams overheard chanical process by which we strive to the employer using some very opprobious and often fail to attain it. words of blasphemy. The young man Wil- I could only wish that there were pres- liams left the counter, walked up to the ent here today, looking out over that employer and said, "Sir, I cannot allow shimmering water and this beautiful you to use the language about my Heav- building in which we are assembled, I enly Father that I have just heard from only wish the founder of that institution your lips." The employer looked- at him ; under whose roof we are met could have he had never been spoken to like that be- lived long enough to have seen this scene. fore in his life, and all he could say was, It was my privilege to have known and "I will see you in a minute." What took spoken to on several occasions the founder place between that blasphemous employer of the Young Men's Christian Association and that courageous young man of —Sir George Williams. We know the ex- twenty, who cast all to the winds in a tent today of the Y. M. C. A. and the superlative act of courage, no one knows Y. W. C. A. It is perfectly marvelous. but their God. You have to seek to find the city or com- That happened again and again until munity or town that has not got one of the employer said, "we will have a bar- these institutions. God only knows what gain," and the bargain was come to be- would have happened to our young men tween young George Williams. a lad of in the war if there had not been the fos- twenty, and his employer, that if he ever tering care of the Young Men's Christian overheard him being blasphemous, he Association in those countries in which could catch his eye and raise his hand. It they went out to fight. It so happened that worked. my father went to London about the same Ladies and gentlemen, in my opinion, time as Sir George Williams, about 1840. it was because of that superlative act of They were drapers assistants behind the the individual in staking all on a great counter together in a shop in London. throw for the high and holy purpose, that You won't find recorded even in Sir others have been able to enjoy the bene- George Williams' biography what I think ficial things which you have been able to was the real origin of the Young Men's enjoy by the cultivation of that variety Christian Association. You will find it on which humanity must ever rely if it stated that it arose from a prayer meeting seeks to go the way in its progress of the THE MID-PACIFIC 169 cultivation of the beautiful life, even in circumnavigate this great world, came two commerce. great navigators, from the people who to- day don't number more than 600,000. I believe that I shall go away from It is the small nations of the world that here with a hope and a vision, cherishing have lifted it up and it is the small nations the vision that the islands of Hawaii per- that will do the great things. If the Ha- chance are building better than they know. waiian Islands, with their population of It is not the great nations of the world or 350,000, might go down to posterity as the great empires. Where are all those the modern Greece—(it was the Greeks great nations—Babylonia, Abyssinia, Per- who left to the world the most noble ex- sia, and half a dozen more ? Covered with ample in art, in sculptor, in human en- the sands of time. Where do the cultures deavor and unconscious endeavor to help and the ennobling ideals come from? humanity). From the little nations, like that one in Palestine to which the Christian nations Ladies and gentlemen, I can have for are trying for 2000 years to make repara- you no greater wish than that posterity tions. In the little country in North will have that to say of you which I feel Spain, the Basques who were the first to you have it in your hearts to accomplish.

The Pan-American Union Building in Washington, D. C. 170 THE MID-PACIFIC

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& iredV&Y olytt\i■ Two World Crossroads Constan-

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Honolulu 1

i By PROF. CHAS. H. FARNSWORTH An Address before the Pan-Pacific Club Forum, Honolulu • ''FF • 14Al

NoTE—Mr. B. 0. Wist, principal of fully crucial position for carrying on ex- the Normal School, in introducing Mr. periments in that line. Farnsworth said : Our program today A few weeks ago I was interested in consists of a talk by Prof. Charles H. reading a little book called "The Truth Farnsworth. Mr. Farnsworth is profes- About Hawaii." In the preface the au- sor emeritus of music education at Teach- thor mentioned the fact that speaking of ers' College, Columbia University. He is the Hawaiian Islands as being the cross- the author of text books in music and has roads of the Pacific, he compared it with been prominent for many years in music Constantinople. That appealed to my education in our country. imagination. Curiously he himself did not do anything further with it but it However, today he is not going to talk stimulated me and filled my mind with a about music but on another subject. It lot of comparisons, and so when I was happens that his father was a missionary asked to speak here I thought of that as sent out to Turkey by the same board that my subject. sent missionaries to Hawaii. He is go- I shall simply make some comparisons ing to talk to us today on the Crossroads that I think would be helpful to think of the Near East and the Crossroads of about. the Pacific, making a comparison be- I was born three hundred miles east of tween Constantinople and Honolulu. Constantinople in a town which in its Mr. Farnsworth: It is a great pleasure modern name dates back to the Romans, for me to speak to you today because of and the real town dates back over 2300 what you stand for. The Pan-Pacific centuries. I went to school in Constanti- movement is a movement for bringing nople and lived there a number of years. races together and you are in a wonder- I was there about two years ago, so rat- 172 THE MID-PACIFIC

Two views of Honolulu, the city that is likened to Constantinople as one of the two racial cross-road cities of the world. Honolulu, however, has never had racial misunderstanding to contend with. THE MID- PACIFIC 173 urally I feel more acquainted with the religious instability taking the place of an Constantinople position than with the po- old absolute satisfaction of outlook, a sort sition here. of a willingness to accept change. I want to make ten comparisons. Four Let me go back and enlarge a little bit of these are the comparisons of unlike- on these comparisons, and take up first nesses and six of them comparisons of the ways in which you are unlike. I men- likenesses. tioned the difference between East and With reference to unlikenesses : Con- West. That simply locates the problems stantinople and Hawaii stand at the oppo- and shows how you have a very dramatic site ends of the world. You cannot go situation here. You cannot go any farther any farther east from Constantinople West without getting into the Far East, without getting into the near east, and you the Orient. In Constantinople you can cannot go any farther west from the Ha- take a short boat ride and be in the Near waiian Islands without getting into the East, and you are in the Orient again. far east. In between is this bustling, That does bring about racial problems lively Occidental world and naturally its that few other situations have to such a problems are on its edges where it leads marked degree. to entirely ethical civilization. The second point in which you are un- After the question of East and \Vest, is like is in reference to land and water. At one of land and sea. The crossroads of Constantinople you start at Gibraltar and Constantinople is produced by its land po- run about one thousand miles on the sition ; your crossroads by your sea posi- Mediterranean Sea and come to the Dar- tion. The next question is of the old and denelles and then you will come to the the new. Constantinople is very old his- Bosphorus, about fourteen miles, and then torically ; Hawaii is very new historically. you come into the Black Sea, but the The fourth, and perhaps the most vital, Black Sea ends up in the mighty Cau- comparison is that of the racial problem ; casus Mountains that lead up to the roof in Constantinople the attitude is extremely of the world, the Himalayas, an impos- intolerant ; you have a racial tolerance sible barrier. So that Europe and North- here that is not attained in any other place ern Asia are divided absolutely into two that I know of. parts. If the people from the four corners So much for opposites. As to like- of those countries should try to get to- nesses, it seems to me both places show a gether, they would come together in Con- marked zeal for modernism. The Occi- stantinople ; that is the only place they dental sometimes flatters himself by could come together. It is surprising how thinking that the Oriental is trying to everything radiates from Africa, Europe, imitate him, but the Orient does not care Northern Siberia, Hindustan — it is all for Occidentalism, but it does care for focused right there in Constantinople. I modernism. believe it will be the world's international The next comparison is with reference capital. I cannot conceive of any nation, especially a first class nation, holding such to your attitude toward education. Your willingness or desire to drop all the older a key position. restraints and conservatisms and taboos As to your being a water center : If the of that civilization, discard them in this people try to come and go from the Seven rush toward modern life. Seas they will naturally meet here at these Hawaiian Islands. It is surprising how The fourth is a developing individual- you can put that in the center and have ism. The family is not a unit now as it was in the Near East. The fifth is the the spokes of a wheel. new nationalism that has developed on a What makes the Constantinople situ- very different line from the rather des- ation so remarkable is that this little nar- potic nationalism that existed. Finally, a row strip of water, the Bosphorus, is so 174 THE MID-PACIFIC

narrow, and what makes the remarkable Tufks who were not helped as the Greeks thing for you here is that you have a little were by the Red Cross and by the Euro- strip of islands running 1200 miles east- pean governments, by getting vast loans. erly and westerly right in the midst of the The Turks neither had money nor a good ocean. Everything around you is ocean, organization, and the poor Turk peasantry everything around Constantinople is con- were taken back into these Greek build- tinent, and yet it is the water that makes ings in which the houses were tumbling the dramatic situation there and the down and were put into these vacant islands here. places without hardly a living animal and The next comparison is that of historic without seed or anything. A great many status, old and new. I remember taking of them died of starvation. For aged a picture of a bridge not far from Persian people who had lived all their lives and Angora, the present capital of Turkey, a whose ancestors for centuries back had single huge arch, and I was told that made lived in a certain land, to be taken and the identical bridge that was used when transplanted that way was a tragic situ- the Persian Road went through that way, ation. It has worked out fairly well for that road up from Constantinople, from the Greeks. They have taken their posi- that teeming place further to the south. If tion in modern Greece and are getting you go back to the Samarian, Chaldean, along finally. I was in Athens about two Syrian, Egyptian, Philistine, Jewish and years ago. Eighteen years ago they had a coming up to the Greek (old Troy is only population of about 300,000 ; now their a few miles away), you have that history estimated population is 700,000 and it re- all summed up around that marvelous re- sembled a boom town in the western part gion. of the United States. They were spread- And here for history you go back to ing out in every direction with the vital Captain Cook about 150 years ago. Your energy that had come to them from those history of the islands farther back comes populations that had been dumped over from anthropology rather than from his- into Greece from Asia Minor, perhaps tory. So you have very differently situ- the cream of the Asia Minor population. ated racial groups where you come to a The young Turks realized what they were place extremely new, under a liberal gov- doing but the uncompromising attitude, ernment in which all sorts of experiments with constant friction between races and may be tried if we can only make human religions combined together, so that there beings willing to try them. was no intermarriage, no friendships be- Now for the last of the contrasts : The tween them, had got to such a point that intolerance of the Near East, it seems to it seemed the only way of solving that me, is the tolerance of this Far West. I problem. don't know ; the World War brought on That is the world's big problem. I think so many terrible things, but the racial you realize it here in the Pan-Pacific work problem as it was in that Near East is you are doing. Somehow we have to get one of the most pathetic chapters of that the rest of the world to drop some of that great conflict. It happened within ten cocky superiority it feels and be willing years after the war closed. The racial to understand each other, to have at least attitude was so uncompromising that the courtesy and tolerance toward each other, only way the problem could be settled by if the world is going to make progress. the young Turkish government was to put The only way we can abolish war is by the Greeks and Armenians out of their starting something positive in its place, a land and take the old people that were union of races to see the good points of schooled in European Turkey to take their each other and be willing to recognize each place. That sounds very simple but it was other as equals. That will have to come a tragic thing to do, especially with the or civilization will have to go under. THE MID -PACIFIC 175

Let me take a few minutes for the are doing wonderful work with reference League of Nations. I have already men- to popular education. tioned the six likenesses. First, with ref- • The third point of likeness is the readi- erence to modernism. I shall give a per- ness to drop all restraints that have come sonal illustration. I was walking back of down in the past—those lovely restraints Roberts College on the hills of Constan- of etiquette and good breeding and cul- tinople, on a little lane, a beautiful place tural self-control that the Orientals are with a wonderful view of the Bosphorus. so rich in and the Occidentals so poor in. I met a Persian officer walking with a I saw it in Jerusalem, Constantinople, Persian girl. She had high heels, flesh- everywhere. The young Oriental is fol- colored stockings, short skirts and bobbed lowing freedom and throwing off that hair. I remembered Turkey as in my lovely courtesy and the good manners and childhood and their attitude toward good breeding that they have been trained women, and to see this officer walking and in for so long. They were saucy and talking to this girl, I nearly fainted away. cocky. I don't know whether that is going I never saw anything more striking. I to happen here or is happening here, or think the Persian intelligentia woman not, but I feel there is danger of it. I has probably made a greater advance than wish when you get your teachers from women of any other nation. I studied your colleges that you could put them Halide Hanoum's life. She is a fascinat- through a little Oriental training first be- ing writer. She has written a very inter- fore you let them loose with the Oriental esting volume on the establishment of the students. The Oriental has something to new government. I heard her lecture this give us with reference to courtesy and summer at an international summer good feelings that the Occident doesn't school. She is a very bright woman and know. I went to school at Roberts Col- yet a pure blooded Mohammedan woman. lege and we talked on the campus in from While the women of the interior have not twelve to fourteen languages. Those Ori- made the progress that these educated ental boys were so much nicer to meet. women have, they show a reaching out to- The Turk today is the most polite person, ward modern things. Everything modern one of the most refined and polished per- is being reached out for, grabbed and uti- sons to meet. He knows just how to talk lized to its utmost by the Near East. to you ; he doesn't always tell you the I remember meeting in Palestine a truth but he always tries to tell you the Ford automobile. They are adjusting thing you want to know. I would rather themselves to all the conveniences of mod- be treated that way than to have a man so ern life just as rapidly as they can. They proud of his honesty that he was punch- have got the belief that education is going ing you in the face all the time. I do dis- to solve their problems and they are going like this Anglo-Saxon bumptiousness. The for it in an astonishing way. I had the Anglo-Saxon is in a bad way. When they privilege the other day of speaking to the were at their height they believed their McKinley High School in Honolulu- success was due to the fact that God Al- 2,000 people there of every nationality. mighty had picked them out as the people The Anglo-Saxon had 10%, the Japanese of the world. That is the thing that will 40%, and the Chinese over 30%. This be the ruin of the Anglo-Saxon people shows that the Japanese and Chinese are if we cannot come off of that high horse appreciating high school privileges. In the and learn the simple fact that because we Near East you have that same rush for have discovered a scientific method it education. I saw in one of your papers doesn't mean that we are the children of a that Roumania had erected since the war divine being who will o. k. everything we ten thousand elementary schools. What- do. ever else we can say of the Soviets, they I see in this racial gathering a marvel- 176 THE MID-PACIFIC ous effort to understand each other and born in an Oriental country and it has start ways of working that can be spread given me a feeling for the Orient that I to other parts of the world. never would have had if I had not been I will hurry along to a new nationalism able to talk Turkish before I could talk that is developing, very different from the English. Not another European was in old one that existed in Turkey. The Turks that town when I was a child. were loyal subjects of the sultan and they Under the superficial things humanity believed in him much as the Russians be- is very much alike. We achieve greatness lieved in the Czar. It was a sort of brut- according to the capacity with which we ish following. That has been swept utterly attack our environment. That is the thing away and instead we have a very individ- that is going to solve our problems if we ualistic nationalism of the Soviet and the can take this sort of an attitude toward same sort of a nationalism in Turkey. the people about us. About the time of the War the young I know there is a change in the man Turks had a movement for pan-Ottoman- of the Near East. He is not quite so ism, which did not work. They have come cocky about his thinking that God Al- right down to the Ottoman Turk and not mighty gave him the only true faith, and even the Arab is accepted. They want just I think the same thing is going on in a racial nationalism. China and in Japan, that all over the It seems to me that nationalism is show- world the people are learning that after ing itself in the language schools and in all religions are not so completely made the desire to keep alive racial character- in heaven as many of us believe our re- istics. I think that is perfectly right. The ligions are. They are, after all, man made point is, we do not want to go around things. If we get that much down I think with a chip on our shoulders but to meet it will help us in this tolerance, this amal- on some sort of a tolerant ground and gamation that is going to bring around recognize each other's good points. I was this age of peace.

A palace built in the architecture of the Near East THE MID-PACIFIC 177

A lesson arithmetic

• • -4 -1W-1 We Blaze the Trail Today for Future American Citizens By ELMER HALBECK Principal, Woodrow Wilson School, Passaic, N. J.. in "School Life"

tAVSYI rI • • • • __17' 711 41 •

school. And so, with heads erect and This is a great day at our school! It is installation day. Officers of our eyes to the front, they are marching be- hind American flags and school colors, "school city" will be formally installed into office--100 boys and girls, all offi- determined to carry on and do their bit for the school which they are gov- cials of a student self-governing body, marching down the aisle of the school erning. Attention! The commissioners are auditorium, while 1,000 people breath- seated. The mayor, a lad of 14 years, lessly look on. These are all citizens of after a glad "Good morning, boys and the future, citizens who are following girls," explains what citizenship means, the ideals of commission government, and how to accomplish big things in the government which is to guide the school that may result in leadership in destinies of the city in which they live. the community now, and in the days to In 10 years ,or less most of the children come. The city clerk, oratorlike, sounds in our school will be voters in this great out the preamble while other heads of , of ours which is fathering democracy departments lay down regulations and the youth of today. Voting and elec- tion will not be new to them ; it has been rules for all to obey. And now the oath of office is taken—all solemnly pledge part of their training. Very Seriously They Accept their support to self-control and student Responsibility government. The school song and a `cheer, led by young, important cheer Here are little Philip, and John, and leaders, ends the installation in a blaze Rose, elected by their fellow students to of glory for the school city. They have fill positions of leadership in their 178 THE MID—PACIFIC THE MID- PACIFIC 179 had their say, and they have shown the The old school stressed formal gov- school something of the importance of ernment, without much attention to civic caring for one's self. virtue and right habits of conduct. Jim- Very different is this method of mie must acquire certain useful facts in teaching lessons in civic education and order to make him a good citizen, but citizenship from the methods of yester- this knowledge must be put into prac- day. Schools have changed. This is tice. Jimmie knows that it is wrong to self-evident. What progress, you ask, come late to school, but if he fails to be what changes? Pupils are not all mov- punctual his knowledge is of little ing in straight lines. Deathlike silence worth. does not prevail. On the contrary, the The new civilization demands much children enjoy an environment of free- of us all. There are emergencies to dom. They work in groups, and move meet and problems to be solved. An im- naturally and responsibly about the portant responsibility of the school is to school. Here is a common piece of prepare children to meet these emergen- work to do and the children realize that cies. This can best be brought about by they are working for themselves, with providing children, in school, with expe- the teacher in the background as a riences which they will encounter in guide when needed. later life. Pupils who successfully man- Children Learn by Doing and Being age school traffic and the passing of lines will have a better conception of In Boston, in 1845, in an average our city public safety department. school of 400 pupils, it is reported, 65 Health Officers who regulate the tem- whippings were given in one day ! You perature and ventilation of the class- hold your breath aghast ! Such antago- room, and sanitary conditions about the nism between teacher and pupil is fast school building, will understand better fleeting into oblivion. Today when Miss the public health department. Brown leaves her room, Peter imme- diately, without direction, assumes the Going to School a Joyous Adventure role of teacher, and class work goes on Here and there, in the modern school, uninterruptedly with all seriousness and you will see pupils practicing citizenship dignity. Peter begins, "We are left in as it affects matters of primary impor- a position of trust. For our own good tance. Clubs are organized to discuss let us manage ourselves and do our school problems. Pupils discuss ways work. Let us not break faith in that and means of improving conditions in trust." the community that their young eyes are Go to school today and see how pu- quick to see need rectifying. The civics pils react to the placing of responsibil- lessons now become a club affair. There ity upon them. And the attitude of is fun in their debates, reports, and dis- teachers of today is different from that cussions. One club discusses the possi- of the past ; they give pupils every op- bility of cleaning up the playgrounds, portunity to exercise initiative and to another outlines plans to reduce tardi- hold positions of responsibility. They ness. Recently, a committee of a school feel themselves better teachers as they club came to the office of the principal become less and less the main figure in and said, "Our club just voted to raise the classroom. a small sum of money for the Vermont Ideals of democracy prevail in the relief fund. Can you suggest some ways school, and the gap that must be to help us raise this money ?" Pupils bridged between the outside life of the actuated by a desire to provide help for child and his school relationships and the distressed have learned an impor- experiences will not be so great in the t tant lesson in civic education. future as it has been in the past. And so it goes in the new school of 180 THE MID -PACIFIC

today. Pupils swing along to school The center of activity is the child. His merrily and willingly. One class will whole life about the school is one of visit the city hall today, and later they freedom. He is taught to use his initia- are going down to study the post office. tive, to think, and to give expression to Won't that be fun ? They are glad that his thought. He enjoys positions of their teacher approves the suggested trust which call for decisions. I do not visits ; it will help them to understand mean to say that pupils take care of better what the book may say about themselves entirely. We must help them these places. Pupils like their school. grow. With the proper stimulation they They enjoy doing the responsible tasks will do the rest. assigned to them by alert teachers. Af- With changing civilization, education ter all, such experiences and activities has changed. The school must now make their school work real and full of equip boys and girls to do more than meaning. You may talk for days on the scratch the surface of knowledge. It qualifications of a citizen, but there is no must develop strong character, social- assurance whatever that a boy or girl minded, self-governing persons who can will be actuated to good citizenship. If, look into the unknown future and solve however, conditions are provided in its problems. When we think of the which he may act the part of a citizen, "whippings" and deplorable school con- you may be sure that he is at least on ditions of the past, we may rejoice in his way to right habits of conduct. what the schools are doing today. If Conditions in Schools Have Greatly we wish to blaze the trail for real citi- Changed zens of the future, we must begin now to give them opportunities for practice. The teacher is no longer an autocrat The self-government plan is a big step exacting useless facts from inert pupils. in the right direction.

The American flag prevails. • nvtimitreorrin*cirVirear~ • • • Word • • imt YeneiretC/IYiN1 irdit •

E. BULLETIN of the ... PAN-PACIFIC UNION , '= and :. , :.. PAN-PACIFIC YOUTH 1 • An unofficial organization, the agent of no government, but with the good will of all in bringing the peoples of the Pacific together into better understanding and cooperative effort for the advancement of the interests common to the Pacific area.

CONTENTS New Series No. 120, February, 1930 Aims of the Pan-Pacific Union - - - - - - 2 Linking Up the Youth of the Pacific 3 1 A Granddaughter of Commodore Perry - - - - 4 * Maine's Influence on Hawaii - - - - - - 5 International Understanding - - - - - - - 7 • Women's Status in India - - - - - - 8 14 The Second Generation of Japanese in Hawaii - - - 10 I - 11 ■* Our Educational System Lacking - - - - Mt. Fuji 33 Feet Less in Height - - - - 12 1i, Influence of Christianity in Japan- - - - - 13 • The Institute Conference in Japan - - - 15 ■ OFFICERS OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION

* HONORARY PRESIDENTS Herbert Hoover President of the United States gill, S. M. Bruce ... Prime Minister, Australia Sir Joseph G. Ward _Prime Minister, New Zealand :41 Chiang Kai Shek..— President of China Dr. A. C. D. de Graeff Governor-General of Netherlands East Indies W. L. Mackenzie King Prime Minister of Canada i Prince I. Tokugawa President House of Peers, Japan His Majesty, Prachatipok King of Siam Emilio Porter Gil President of Mexico . Don Augusto B. Leguia President of Peru 5 Don Carlos Ibanez President of Chile • M. Pasquier Governor-General of Indo-China * • HONORARY VICE-PRESIDENT • H. L. Stimson_ Governor of the Philippines OFFICERS IN HONOLULU i President—Hon. Wallace R. Farrington Former Governor of Hawaii • Honolulu Director—Alexander Hume Ford_ • HONOLULU Published monthly by the Pan-Pacific Union 41 [11 1930 el . . ...II • • . • • vtInktP,ti • • • MN • • . 7.-A.,tIcS) AATVA1t.:15- !Li • • AIMS OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION

From year to year the scope of the work before the Pan-Pacific Union has broadened, until today it assumes some of the aspects of a friendly un- official Pan-Pacific League of Nations, a destiny that both the late Franklin K. Lane and Henry Cabot Lodge predicted for it. The Pan-Pacific Union has conducted a number of successful conferences ; scientific, educational, journalistic, commercial, fisheries, and most vital of all, that on the conservation of food and food products in the Pacific area, for the Pacific regions from now on must insure the world against the horrors of food shortage and its inevitable conclusion. The real serious human action of the Pan-Pacific Union begins. It is fol- lowing up the work of the Pan-Pacific Food Conservation Conference by the establishment of a Pan-Pacific Research Institution where primarily the study and work will be along the lines necessary in solving the problems of food production and conservation in the Pacific Area,—land and sea. Added to this, will be the study of race and population problems that so vitally affect our vast area of the Pacific, the home of more than half of the peoples who in- habit this planet. The thoughts and actions of these peoples and races toward each other as they are today, and as they should be, for the welfare of all, will be a most important problem before the Union, as well as the problem of feeding in the future those teeming swarms of races, that must be well fed to preserve a peaceful attitude toward each other. The Pan-Pacific Union is an organization in no way the agency of any Pacific Government, yet having the goodwill of all, with the Presidents and Premiers of Pacific lands as its honorary heads. Affiliated and working with the Pan-Pacific Union are Chambers of Commerce, educational, scientific and other bodies. It is supported in part by government and private appropria- tions and subscriptions. Its central office is in Honolulu, because of its loca- tion at the ocean's crossroads. Its management is under an international board. The following are the chief aims and objects of the Pan-Pacific Union : 1. To bring together from time to time, in friendly conference, leaders in all lines of thought and action in the Pacific area, that they may become better acquainted ; to assist in pointing them toward cooperative effort for the advancement of those interests that are common to all the peoples. 2. To bring together ethical leaders from every Pacific land who will meet for the study of problems of fair dealings and ways to advance interna- tional justice in the Pacific area, that misunderstanding may be cleared. 3. To bring together from time to time scientific and other leaders from Pacific lands who will present the great vital Pan-Pacific scientific problems including those of race and population, that must be confronted, and if pos- sible, solved by the present generation of Pacific peoples and those to follow. 4. To follow out the recommendations of the scientific and other leaders in the encouragement of all scientific research work of value to Pacific peo- ples ; in the establishment of a Research Institution where such need seems to exist, or in aiding in the establishment of such institutions. 5. To secure and collate accurate information concerning the material re- sources of Pacific lands ; to study the ideas and opinions that mould public opinion among the peoples of the several Pacific races, and to bring men to- gether who can understandingly discuss these in a spirit of fairness that they may point out a true course of justice in dealing with them internationally. 6. To bring together in round table discussion in every Pacific land those of all races resident therein who desire to bring about better understand- ing and cooperative effort among the peoples and races of the Pacific for their common advancement, material and spiritual. 7. To bring all nations and peoples about the Pacific Ocean into closer friendly commercial contact and relationship. To aid and assist those in all Pacific communities to better understand each other, and, through them, spread abroad about the Pacific the friendly spirit of inter-racial cooperation. PAN-PACIFIC UNION 1;3ULLETIN 3 Linking Up the Youth of the Pacific

With the cooperation of the University stitution, and this will be a central meet- of Hawaii, the scientists of Honolulu, and ing place for the Samoans who now re- the public schools, the laboratory of the side in Hawaii. Junior Science Council of the Pan- Among the Junior Scientists plans for Pacific Research Institution is turning a Pan-Pacific Student Conference are out hundreds of educational films for still being discussed. Dr. Augustus 0. general distribution to schools and col- Thomas, President of the World Federa- leges in the Pan-Pacific area. tion of Education Associations, has been Recently, with the aid of the school a recent guest in Hawaii. It is probable principals, work has begun on the history that a World Conference of Education of the schools of Hawaii. First, valuable may meet in Honolulu during the sum- old photographs of these schools, some mer of 1932. Perhaps the Pan-Pacific taken half a century ago, are transferred Students' Conference may be held just to the film. Then pictures of the classes prior to or coincident with this. The at work are made, then a record of the First Pan-Pacific Educational Confer- outdoor sports of the school. ence was held in Honolulu in 1921 under The Junior Scientists have recently the auspices of the Pan-Pacific Union. been hosts to visitors from Pomona Col- The second Educational Conference called lege, the University of Sydney, and the by the Union was held in San Francisco University of Vienna. These house in 1923, and assisted in the organization guests are welcomed. Some of them re- of the World Federation of Education main for a month. Buildings at the Pan- Associations, of which it is a supporting Pacific Research Institution are set aside member. The educators have been or- as guest houses for traveling students. ganized. Now is the time for the Youth One building is maintained for foreign of the Pacific to unite, and the Pan- students who wish to take up science or Pacific Union will gladly assist in any agricultural courses of study in Hawaii. project to get them together for perma- Three young Samoans are on their way nent organization work in the Pacific to become guests at the Pan-Pacific Re- area. search Institution, and when these It is hoped that the students of the uni- courses in agriculture are completed some versities in the Pacific area will more and years hence, they will return to the Island more keep in touch with the Pan-Pacifiic of Tutuila to teach their people something Union and its work. Pictures of univer- of the modern methods of agriculture. sity activities will be welcomed and these In the meantime their elders from Samoa, will be reproduced in film form for dis- some four hundred who have migrated tribution, so that the universities about the to Hawaii, are building a native Samoan Pacific will become, by pictures at least, council house on the grounds of the In- better acquainted with each other's doings. 4 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN A Grand-daughter of Commodore Perry Miss Katherine Perry Addresses the Pan-Pacific Club of Tokyo.

Viscount Inouye, in introducing Miss is that very friendly feeling. Today in Perry, said, "Miss Perry is a graduate of my country the missionary going out to Boston University, and a close relative of a foreign land is no longer looked upon the late Commodore Perry who opened as one carrying unmixed blessings to a Japan to the outside world in 1853, 76 benighted people. He is looked upon as years ago. Perry's visit to Japan brought one going out with humility and love, not in its train a marvellous change in mod- only as one going to give but as one who ern history by shifting the center of world would like to receive and to share, for it diplomacy as well as commerce from the is in that sharing of experience that there Atlantic to the Pacific. It gave an im- develops sympathy and understanding petus to the development of new Japan. and brotherly love. It is no wonder that Perry's name is I was very glad to have among my stu- honored and remembered even by boys dents in America a young Japanese girl and girls in this country. You will un- from Yokohama, and I know her pres- derstand the feeling of the Japanese peo- ence in the college made for friendship ple towards your kinsman, Miss Perry, not only for her but for her people. I if you go to our Imperial Museum at wish more of such students might come Ueno Park, where we preserve the but- to my country. It is through that kind ton from his uniform." of education that spells understanding of Like my ancestor I have come to Japan another people that world friendship can as an uninvited guest, and though what I be cemented. I wish there could be some bring in my hand is a Bible, which will plan for the exchange of students be- not do the same harm as a gun, I have tween your large universities and ours, the same presumption in expecting that I for you have so much to teach our na- will be received as an ambassador. of tion and you can best do it through our goodwill. young people. It is the students in this I regret the manner in which my an- and coming generations who will build cestor forced his will on you through his the future world, and to them should be iron pills, but it is possible that but for accorded the utmost opportunity to know him I should not now be here and should at first hand their brothers of all na- not have had, during the brief time I tions. I am reminded of a story of our have been in Japan, the happy experience soldiers during the Civil War. A group of the friendship of your people. In was going down to the river to be bap- Tottori Japanese friends received me as tised, and as they were immersed each if I had been one of them, and also in one kept his sword hand out of the Kobe College, which will be the field of water. So it is only when the world is my endeavor after I have completed my willing to release that sword hand and language study, the feeling of the stu- make it a hand of brotherhood that we dents was beautifully expressed towards shall at last become one great family of those of us who are new-comers. nations. It is in this spirit of brother- I am sure that when those in America hood that lies the essence of all great hear of your friendliness they will feel religions. Buddha has told us that if one more strongly than ever before how pos- man conquers a thousand men a thous- sible it is for good friendship to be again and times he is not greater than a man restored. Let me assure you that in the who conquers himself, for "He that hearts of those who are really awakened ruleth his spirit is greater than he that to the idea of world brotherhood, there taketh a city." PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN Maine's Influence on Hawaii Governor Farrington's "Aloha" Address to the Pan-Pacific Club. Friends and fellow-members of the in printing, it would be far cheaper to Pan-Pacific club. I was asked, a few have 'State' than 'Commonwealth.' days ago, to speak for the State of Maine, Now, this historical fact discloses the but I now find I am also expected to say spirit of frugality prevailing all through "farewell." that particular country, and which pre- I do not want to say 'farewell,' and I vails even today, far into the Dominion am not attending any funeral, that is, of Great Britain, where the people are not if I can help it. I am not going away, practically the same, with only a survey- just moving out of the Capitol building or's line between the Newfoundland next Friday. I am glad to go, and I am coast, and other provinces of Canada. delighted with the man who is going to I am always pleased to speak for the move in, and with his good wife. State of Maine, in relation to the Terri- I am pleased to speak, also for the tory of Hawaii, because of the fact that State of Maine, and will tell you also an the sons and daughters of Maine, with interesting story, which is an historical the sons and daughters of New York, fact. The history of the State of Maine played an important part in the early his- is something which can well be discussed tory of these islands. by the Pan-Pacific, because of what it Reference was made to Mrs. W. F. represents : peaceful separation and con- Allen. W. F. Allen is a son of the State tinued individual and independent pro- of Maine, and in the early days of con- gress ; also power as a part of the whole. nection between New England and Ha- As you know, if you have followed up waii, Maine came into the picture in the the history of Maine, it was once a part person of Elisha Allen, one of the Con- of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. gressmen _from Massachusetts. He went The matter of separation is still an open to Maine, took part in the organization of question, as to which set the other apart, the state, and afterwards came here in but in all events the State of Maine and a Consular capacity, and played an im- the Commonwealth of Massachusetts portant part in the organization of the were separated, on account of the great courts, and framing of the laws of these distances prevailing at that time, and the islands. In later days came the Doles ; feeling, on the part of the early colonists, Governor Dole, President Dole, Judge that it was better to maintain an organi- Dole came from Maine stock although he zation that could be covered as a smaller was born in Hawaii. James Dole's grand- unit and maintain the principle of local father was pastor of the church of which self government. my grandfather was deacon, and, by pe- In the Constitutional convention, held culiar circumstances, grandsons meet here. for framing a constitution for the State I might mention others who played a of Maine, the question arose as to part, as opportunity came to them, to be whether the new organization should be of service to their state and nation, and called the Commonwealth of Maine or to the people with whom they had de- the State of Maine, and the committee cided to place their lot. And, speaking delegated to decide this difficult question again of the State of Maine, I can say was divided equally, except for the chair- that the people of that state found this man ; the chairman cast the deciding vote, outpost of the United States, then a and his decision was made on the basis foreign land, a good place in which to of the word Commonwealth having so live, a place in which to develop not only many more letters than State, therefore, their frugality (and possibly, to a cer- PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

tain degree abandon that frugality) but Maine, to me, is a state preserving its also the spirit of friendliness, which has individual characteristics, yet maintaining been so deep a part of the nature of the loyalty to the whole, a part of the great people of these islands, and the Poly- union, the greatest union of independent nesian race wherever they are found, and states in the form of a Republic the world possibly to develop more fully than in has ever known. Molding many peoples the past, in their own state and common- together under one flag, with a central wealth, the principles of the Golden Rule, ideal of governing themselves, it has dem- in the relations of men and women, and onstrated the capacity of all peoples for the different races. self-government. They had learned, in the good old days, that building of fences around themselves So, in speaking of the State of Maine, to keep people out also fenced them in, I am not out of step entirely with the and as they went out into the open places Pan-Pacific Union. of the west, into the great Pacific, they The Pan-Pacific Union has joined with found it better to take down these fences, the people in these islands in praising to allow rubbing of elbows and exchang- these organizations, and I know this can ing of ideas. continue to go on. We can celebrate the I must not forget to mention that all Fourth of July, those of us from Maine, good sons and daughters of the State of New York, California, and we can join Maine have as their motto,. "Dirigo," "I in the celebration of every nation of this LEAD." Of course, other states question Pacific and the world; we do not neces- that, but nevertheless Maine is one of the sarily reduce our own respect or loyalty states that thought sufficiently well of it- thereby, but gain strength so we may go self to utilize this motto, so its sons and forward as a united whole, doing things daughters have that ideal as far as it is which need to be done, warring only on possible to carry it out Not only shall one thing, as presented to us by Herbert they lead others, but they may lead them- Hoover, our President, on poverty, the selves along the highest ideals that they common enemy of all mankind. I am can formulate, and endeavor to follow in sure all states of the American Union, the footsteps of those who made history on their natal day, the Fourth of July, of that state, in the days gone by. and all nations bordering on the Pacific, Others have mentioned the great men all nations of the world, are glad to join of their states, and I am pleased to point in that great war, which means upbuild- to Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, the ing of real homes, so that there will be great poet who has brightened the lives strong men and women, healthy boys and of many people ; to Thomas B. Reed, of girls, all finding opportunity, in their var- great ability but a somewhat bitter ious capacities, to do something so that tongue, who said, "Statesmen are dead those who come after them may be bene- politicians." Politicians always like to fited, as we have been benefited by the quote those words, feeling better about work of those who laid such splendid their activities, as no one wants to be foundations for us. placed with those who have passed be- yond. I also wish to refer to Chief Jus- As I have already said, I am not going tice Melville Fuller, who served his to say "farewell," but "Aloha ;" I am not country as well as his state with a full going far, only downtown, and I am go- and able life, also first U. S. Senator ing to be part and parcel of this organ- Hale and U. S. Senator Frye. Those men, ization and other organizations which active in the counsels of nation, had join in supporting the Governor of the vision, looked beyond the continental Territory, and the President of the boundary of the country. United States. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN International Understanding and Woman's Status in India By Dr. James H. Cousins and Mrs. Margaret Cousins (Before the Pan-Pacific Forum, Honolulu)

Dr. James H. Cousins spoke first on these pilgrimages that the economics of the subject of "International Understand- culture are on the gaining side. There ing Through Culture." He began : is no loss in cultural exchange. If you I am sorry to disturb you in the middle change money sometimes there is a loss, of your luncheon, but what the Captain but in cultural exchange it is always to says, we do. I have ten minutes in which the good, provided that your attitude is to say something to you on a matter on always that of appreciation. We should which I think probably all of you are just all have within us the desire to under- about as clear and enthusiastic as I am stand, sympathize, that the one funda- myself. That is to say, the usefulness of mental lies under temporariness, or geo- cultural understanding between the va- graphical groupings, and when we dis- rious groups of the human family as a cover in that search for beauty and short cut to world peace. We are very significance the devotion of artistic or pleased with efforts being made to beat spiritual minded individuals, we have swords into plough shares, and other use- done something that is good for them, ful things. 'As an Irishman has said, the and is at the same time an enormous only way to disarm the Irish is to de-arm enrichment of our own consciousness. I them. An American was trying to stop a have shown, in rooms like this, in fight, but an Irishman came along and Europe, a collection of pictures by young said, "Is this a private fight, or may I join Indian artists. The pictures showed the in?" That is a useful spirit if it can be renaissance of art in India, after their de- changed from the physical pugnacity to cline, and in other parts of the world the fine spiritual fight for culture, the where the art, religion, philosophy of definite aggressive interest in one an- life is opposite, the reaction is always other, not to improve one another, but the same. A Geneva gentleman, after to be improved by them. Instead of try- he had come around the room and dis- ing to impress our cultural stamp on covered the technical beauty of the work others, we should collect the cultural made another discovery when he said to stamps of others, and take an interest me, "I see behind these paintings a great in them ourselves. In the spreading out civilization." of our consciousness we appreciate the Now, those who have written the un- beauty, the creative significance and truth about India, who have written spiritual idealism that always to some things with a sting, have not seen such degree expresses itself in the cultural an aspect. Had they seen India through laws of any country. In that research such an understanding light would never we have not only the shortest, but also again put the sting of untruth and lack the most effective way of getting at the of sympathy that such stings make, be true genius of a people. I have found in cause he would have seen the positive my own experience, I was born in a aspect of understanding. country which lies East of Europe, geog- raphies are wrong for they look north at By cultural exchange we mean the ex- us, and say we lie west, and I have trav- change of the finest things, an exchange eled by the eastern route, and by the in which there is always joy, there is al- western route, and I have found, during ways illumination and extension of our 8 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

consciousness and all is gain. When I to us a splendid enrichment of under- sell an artistic picture, as I go around standing. As my time is up, I must be the world, trying to get groups here and content to say that all the work you can there interested in the great cultural life do in getting to know the creative work of mother India, people gain in the pos- of the various groups and of your help- session of the artistic work, and in the ers, and perhaps the originals of the cul- great creative influence of the art. This ture will help you to know the people, involves a wonderful vision, with a won- through the sympathetic understanding derful intellectual content, besides giving of their culture. Woman's Status in India By Margaret Cousins It is a very great pleasure, and an men's deputations came before him re- unexpected pleasure, for me to find my- questing that he organize the only self at a meeting of the Pan-Pacific women's deputations that went to him. Union, or one connected with all its ac- They said that they wished women to be tivities, because I am the woman with considered as half of the people, and whom you have been corresponding for whatever is given to men should be several years, when you were making given to women as half the population. arrangements f or the Pan-Pacific As service has always been the vocation Women's Conference. I tried to interest of the Indian women, therefore, when the people in your conference here, and they ask their men for these things in found that I had actually been the the name of service, they always get woman to start the resolution of Delhi what they want. That was the way they saying that a delegate should come to got enfranchisement. Within ten years Honolulu. One was to have come, Mrs. it has now come about that of the nine Sarojini Naidu, but the illness of her British Provinces where the great pre- daughter prevented. ponderance were Indians, women have Now I find that I am the delegate ! been granted full political equality. When During the last thirteen years my life it was left to the Indians to consider the has been entirely identified with the in- standing of women, they of their own terests of the Indian people. I am not free will, all without exception, granted only interested in the women. I am just freedom to women. One of the largest as much interested in men. I have a hus- provinces of 50,000,000 people gave band and sons. But the women and chil- unanimous rights to women. It was an dren of India had particular need of help accumulation of appreciation of woman- at the time I went to India, thirteen hood on terms of daughter, mother, and years ago. It is almost incredible, the sister. Not wife. Why? Because the strides that have been made in opportu- human unit in India is the husband and nities for the women in the last ten wife, and they do not speak of one an- years. All they need is further oppor- other because they look upon one an- tunity to show themselves as they are. other together as a unit and individually They are not a new country, but have the as only one-half. They are a unit only culture of thousands of years behind when together. I cannot go into this them. An Indian woman in her house now, but I want to show the reason for could be practically a queen of her des- the fact that in India the position of the cendants. In 1919, when S. Montague woman is one of entire equality. It is not came to India, to see what reforms were a thing of sentiment, not a grand ges- needed in the political life, many ture, but was turned immediately into PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 9 practice. Indian women now have just tom has been copied among a few of the as good positions as men such as Deputy high-class people in different parts of President of Madras Council, which India, but the masses of people, not one rules 45 million people. Women vote of these great groups of millions of with intelligent interest. Also in the mu- people have the custom of child marriage nicipal government the same situation and early parentage. is noticed. The men are proud of the We have been working for ten years women members and are glad to have to get a bill passed to require a marriage them with them, and let them pass taxes age in the courts. The central govern- for special needs of women and children. ment will not help us. It is going to be Many magistrates are women. In Bur- twenty years now before we get a bill ma they have not had a woman judge, passed to make it a penal offense to mar- but women sit in the lower courts. Any ry any girl younger than 16, or a boy one of these Indian ladies, alone, quite under 21 years of age, and India will not happily, easily, and with poise, can sit be satisfied until this is accomplished. with two or three men in the court Another point is in connection with cul- rooms. ture and education. Do I say Indian people are criminal The rate of literacy in India is only because I have seen child marriage, and 12% for men and women, and among that the whole country is sick because women, only 2% can read and write. I have seen diseases there? No, certainly This, after a hundred years of British not. Such writing as Miss Mayo's is rule. We cannot get the money to use. poisoning the mind of humanity against The money cannot be given for educa- India. One woman who has spent six tion, although there is always money months in India has written a slanderous enough to be used for the things that the book after that superficial visit. We who British government wants. We have not have spent thirteen years in India, and got a single specialized children's hospi- missionaries, who have spent a life time tal in the whole length and breadth of there ought to be better authorities. India. It is things like this that is driv- Child marriage has been practiced for ing the people of India to get self-gov- 300 years in India, only, and it is going ernment. They want dominion status, out now. The custom of child betrothal, they will be content with it, but if they and not the culmination of marriage, is cannot get that, they will revolt. They practiced and is compulsory only among are not stupid. They could learn, but the Brahmans, and proportionately to they have not had a chance. Get the real the whole population of India, which is facts. That is why I wish you to get my 325 million people, the Brahmans com- little pamphlet. It is only ten cents, and prise only 15 million of that number, you I would like everyone to have a copy. can readily see that child marriage is Get every book you can that deals with limited to a relatively small per cent of Indian life, apart from yellow journal- the total population of India. The cus- ism. 10 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN The Second Generation of Japanese in Hawaii By Mrs. T. Gauntlett A Delegate to the First Pan-Pacific Women's Conference (Before the Pan-Pacific Club of Honolulu) I have been visiting the islands of my message. He said the same thing. So Kauai and Maui of the Hawaiian group with that in mind I had a visit with the and shall take this opportunity of telling young people and some of them said the you what I found there. same thing. They said, "Our fathers and When I first came to Hawaii I was mothers made a great mistake when they very much interested in the subject you came here because they didn't try to save. call the second generation of the Japanese Of course, they have given us an educa- people here, and I wanted to be of some tion, but they are not saving people and service to them and tried to find out that is why we are not saving. We want what we could do for them in Japan. I to start in business but have no money ; thought the best thing was for me to visit we want to get away but have no money. all the islands and meet these young peo- So here in Hilo we have made up our ple, so I started out a fortnight ago. Both minds to work hard and try to save money the boys and girls have kept me very and do something for the next genera- busy. If I spoke in Japanese I was told tion. The second generation seems to be I would have to speak in English also, put in such an awkward situation that we and vice versa, so every day I have have to think for our fathers and moth- spoken in both English and Japanese. ers and also for our next generation. I was very glad of the opportunity to But," he said, "we are determined to do meet these people and tell them what I our best. The next time you come you expected of them and prayed for them. will find us in a different position." At the same time I tried to meet some I was very glad to hear that and urged of the managers of the plantations or of them to be good citizens of the United the stores. There was a Scotch manager States and Hawaii and good individuals I met ; I stepped into the store and said, wherever they are. If they are good in- "I am a woman from Japan and am still dividuals they must be good citizens, and a Japanese and I came to thank you for if they are good citizens they can be good citizens of the world. what you have done for my own people." He said, "I have very good words to I was very well satisfied with the con- dition in which we found these young speak for your people. They are thrifty, people. nice, hard working, honest and very good workers. They have one fault, I must Mrs. Gauntlett, on December 28, visited confess they are not so eager to save their Hawaii again en route to the Naval Lim- money. They are generous. They keep itations Conference in London, where their houses well and their children neat, she will present a petition signed by 180,-. but when it comes to saving they are far 000 Japanese women asking that the Con- behind the Chinese people." ference make its work really effective. I knew that was coming because I had Mrs. Gauntlett is accompanied by Miss seen how generous the people were. I Uta Hayashi, and will attend in Wash- thanked him and went to another man- ington, D. C., the Conference on the ager, a plantation manager, and gave him Causes and Cure of War. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 11 Our Educational System Lacking By Mildred Harrigan

"It is the generations of children to the United States the meter, a platinum come who appeal to us to save them from iridium bar received from the Interna- the affliction which we have endured and tional Bureau of Weights and Measures forgotten," said William Dwight Whit- situated near Paris, France, and care- ney in speaking of the necessity of Eng- fully preserved at the Bureau of Stand- lish spelling reform. ards in Washington, D. C., is the actual The same remark can truly be applied standard of length for this country the to the reform of our present jumble of yard being defined as 3600/3937 of a weights and measures. meter. Arithmetic textbooks writers in the So complicated is the problem that as United States are faced with a difficulty. Joseph Collins, of the State Normal They would like to simplify denominate School, Wisconsin, says : "The learning numbers, giving one table of weight, one of arithmetic through the medium of of capacity, and one of length. But the our present weights and measures is child must be told that the merchant uses equivalent to fastening a ball and chain yards and inches while the surveyors to every child in school." uses chains and links, that the druggist On the other hand, let us consider the uses different weights from the grocer, Continental child, or the French child in that the quart cup for flour is different particular. Arithmetic teachers examin- from the quart cup for milk. Reduced to ing French text-books, will be surprised a minimum, there is still the burden of and pleased with the logical development memorizing the non-decimal tables, of which from the first grade up centers learning that there are 5280 feet to the around the figure 10. The child learns to mile, 43,500 square feet to the acre, etc., count up to ten, then by tens to 100. The which the child learns once and then may decimal idea is further instilled and made proceed to forget. But all that wastes a concrete even in the primary grades by large part of the time and effort given to the use of decimal coins and metric the instruction of children. measurement. At the end of the fourth If the child stops to think, he is dis- year, the French child is already well- gusted with the absurdities of present grounded in the fundamentals of arith- measures. Why should gold be weighed metic. The stumbling blocks in our arith- in Troy, butter by avoirdupois, drugs by metic, vulgar fractions and intricate de- apothecary and metric, and precious nominate numbers, with their conver- stones by metric weight ? Why have two sions, never bother the Continental child. tons, long and short ? A nautical and an Educators are hoping to revise Amer- ordinary mile ? And all the other idiosyn- ican arithmetics, giving the child the fun- crasies of our present measures ? damental idea of decimal money, and of The pupils may be still more confused metric weights and measures in the pri- by learning that British and American mary grades. Then grounded in the logic measures are not the same. For instance, of the decimal system, the student may that the British quart is 20% larger than with less danger be exposed to our pres- the American quart. And that in like ent conglomeration. The latest arithme- manner the British and American bushel, tics are approximating this idea by pre- yard and pound differ slightly. The Brit- senting problems contrasting the sim- ish yard, for example, being the length plicity of metric calculation with the tedi- of an actual yardstick preserved at the um involved in working with non-deci- British Bureau of Standards ; while in mal measures. For instance, a competi- 12 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

tive race is suggested, one pupil to be ing only half as big as ours ! Since there armed with a yardstick, the other with a are about 25,000,000 American school meter, and required to find the volume of children being educated at a cost of about the school room in quarts, liquid and dry, $800,000,000 yearly, the saving in educa- and in liters. tion alone will be enormous. Or even more practical, a problem is The Metric Association is working given—to find the cost of 1 yard 7 inches constantly to bring about the complete of goods at $3 a yard, and of 1 meter 7 use of metric weights and measures— centimeters at $3 a meter. If a meter and is endeavoring to accomplish this costs $3, a centimeter costs 3c—simple ? within the shortest practicable time and But if a yard costs $3, an inch costs 1/36 with the least possible disturbance of of $3 or ?. And 7 inches costs what ? long established practices and habits. As Educational leaders, aiming to ground part of this work it is particularly in- the child early in a knowledge of the terested in the proper teaching of the metric system, Have an eye to the future. decimal metric system in our schools. A majority of the nations of the world It has been the practice to teach the now use exclusively the decimal metric metric system, not in its true interna- system. Alone, Great Britain and the tional aspect, but merely with the object United States still cling to their difficult, of enabling pupils to convert metric local and non-decimal measures. Yet even terms and values into those in common in these two countries the metric system use and vice versa. The metric system is used to an astonishing extent. In has been approached with almost a fear— science, in foreign trade, in many fac- twenty-one different names have been tories, in the jewelry and optical indus- taught, when only eight need be men- tries, in sports and in many government tioned. The attitude and understanding of departments, the metric system is largely the teacher has been largely responsible used—while radio is making "meter" a for this in the past but the educators of household word. today have assimilated a practical under- In the not far distant future, we may standing of "this universal language of hope for adoption of the metric system quantity" and with the aid of modern for general use in the United States. The textbooks have treated the metric sys- American child of that happy day will tem in a new light. have only four tables of measurement, When through proper education the based on the dollar-meter- liter- gram, younger generation become fully in- all easy, all decimal. formed of the widespread use of the Educators estimate that one year in the metric system throughout the world, its school life of every child will be saved increasing use in this country, and the when the metric system thus replaces our intrinsic merits of the system due to its present complicated tables of measure- simplicity and logic, our present hodge- ment—arithmetics in metric countries be- podge will no longer be tolerated. Mount Fujii 33 Feet Less in Height The official height of Mt. Fuji is re- in the height of the mountain or a mis- ported to have been reduced by about 33 calculation in the previous investigation. feet as a result of a survey conducted by Despite the change in the figures, Mt. the Ministry of War. According to the Fuji still remains the highest mountain previous investigation, the height was in Japan proper. The mountain has been stated at 12,391 feet, the new estimate believed to be the second highest in the being 12,358. It is not yet known whether Empire, the first being Mt. Niitaka in these figures are due to actual reduction Formosa which is 13,166 feet. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 13 Influence of Christianity in Japan (From a Japanese Standpoint)

According to statistics furnished by the about one hundred years after the first Japan Christian Alliance there are about arrival of the Jesuit fathers, was crushed 350,000 Christians in Japan, and of this with an iron hand and no further rebel- something like 160,000 are Catholics. The lion was raised. The religious prohibition number of Christian ministers is esti- was officially revoked a few years after mated at 2,219, of which 620 are foreign- the establishment of the Meiji govern- ers. Christians in Japan have been more ment, or to be more precise, in the year active than either Buddhists or Shintoists 1873. in various social and reform movements. Roman Catholicism was the first Chris- They have been exerting their energies tian denomination to have been imported for the temperance movement and for into Japan, but it was Protestantism that bringing about the abolition of public was first introduced into the country after prostitution. the prohibition against Christianity was The history of Christians in Japan revoked. The ratification of a treaty of goes back to the first part of the 16th commerce and navigation in 1859 was fol- century. It is curious to note that the lowed by the despatch of four mission- Spanish Catholic missionaries have suc- aries by the North Mission Board, of ceeded during one hundred years that America. They were Brown, Hepburn, followed, in converting to the Christian Verbeck and Williams. Shortly after- faith Japanese to a number which is ward they were followed by many Ameri- nearly equal to the number of conversions can missionaries. made during the past sixty years by the Early missionaries converted Japanese Catholic and Protestant churches. For in to the Christian faith through the medium 1637 there were about 250 churches and of various schools which they either 300,000 Christians in feudal Japan, espe- owned, taught, or supervised at the re- cially in Kansai and Kyushu. quest of the Government. The following Historians usually cite the following were some of those schools : The Brown two reasons for the adoption by the Jap- School at Yokohama, established by the anese feudal rulers of the policy of ex- Rev. S. R. Brown, the Foreign Language pelling all missionaries and of placing a School at Kumamoto, the Sapporo Agri- ban on Christianity—a policy which was cultural College at Sapporo, the Too maintained during more than 300 years Gijuku School at Hirosaki, the Fukui until the time of the Restoration of Im- School, the Dojinsha School at Tokyo, perial rule in 1868. The first of these rea- and the Doshisha School (now university) sons was the over-zeal of the Jesuits who at Kyoto. Many of the graduates of these tried to meddle with the secular affairs of schools have become noted leaders in their the government. Secondly, the Dutch respective fields of endeavor, especially in traders laid before the feudal authorities the religious field. sinister information against the Portu- Christianity made rapid progress dur- guese missionaries, simply because the ing the first thirty years after its intro- Portuguese were their trade rivals. duction in modern times, although it was The policy of suppression was carried still regarded with a feeling of awe and out by the feudal authorities with such horror by the people at large. The trend vigor and rigidness that native Christians of the times, however, proved favorable were wiped out of the entire land. An to the extension of the Christian faith, open rebellion by 35,000 persecuted Cath- and the intellectual classes in Japan olics at Shimabara, Kyushu, in 1673, quickly perceived the importance of the 14 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

role the Christian religion played in the both genuine or apostate, and no one formation of western civilization. Even can deny this influence." when the leaders of public opinion did The Roman Catholic Church resumed not actually embrace the new faith, they its activities in Japan in 1859 in which at least were inclined favorably to it. year France sent two priests to Loochoo Thus, Christianity became popular not islands, Nagasaki, Kobe and Yokohama so much as a religion but as a cul- where in 1862 the first church was tural factor. Writers of novels and fic- opened. When another was established at tion also eagerly read the Christian litera- Nagasaki three years later, a remarkable ture as part of their literary endeavors, incident occurred. About a month after while some statesmen accepted the faith its establishment, some 3,700 villagers not so much because of their anxiety to who lived near the city and who had save their souls but because they thought secretly been professing the forbidden that the newly imported religion was faith as handed down from their fore- likely to benefit the people generally. fathers, came to the church and openly The expansion of Christanity met a set- declared themselves Christians, to the ut- back towards the end of the Meiji Era or ter amazement of the local authorities, shortly before the commencement of the despite the fact that the ban on the faith 20th century, chiefly because of the ap- was still in force technically. This faith- parent conflict between the cosmopoli- ful group formed the nucleus of the pres- tanism of the Christian religion and the ent Catholic Church of Japan. Though new and vigorous nationalism which the number of Japanese Catholics is less marked Japanese thought during the than one half of that of their forefath- years between the Sino-Japanese War of ers who lived before a policy of perse- 1894-5. It was during this period that cution was decided upon by the feudal many prominent Japanese Christians de- authorities, the Catholic church is more serted the Church. The effects of this thoroughly organized for all religious ac- tendency are still in evidence. Anti-Jap- tivities than it was during the most flour- anese agitations in the so-called Christian ishing days in the seventeenth century. countries also have thrown a monkey A movement has recently been started wrench into the machinery of Christian by some of the Japanese Christian propagation in this country. churches (Protestant) the object of The influence of Christianity in Japan which is to sever their financial and other is deep and wide as the following words relations with the foreign mission boards, of Mr. K. Uchimura, who is a powerful mostly of Great Britain and the United writer and one of the prominent non- States, with a view to secure a free hand church Christians, testify : in their evangelistic work. This independ- ence movement was commenced shortly "There are scarcely any newspapers, after the enforcement in 1924 of the new magazines, stories or novels free from anti-Japanese immigration legislation in the influence of Christian thought. To America. Numerous meetings of influen- say nothing of love and liberty, such tial Japanese Christians, excluding those ideas as humanitarianism and labor are of the Roman Catholic and Russian derived either directly or indirectly from Orthodox Churches, were held and the Christianity. It is clear that they are not movement made some headway. derived from Buddhism or Confucianism. A similar movement has been started Not only apostates, but also not a few in Korea recently, and already the Amer- earnest Christians are actually leading ican Presbyterian mission board has de- the Japanese world of thought. In this cided to leave the evangelical work en- way Christian ideas have influenced and tirely to the Japanese and Korean work- are influencing Japan through Christians ers there. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 15 The Institute Conference in Japan By Dr. T. Harada (Before the Pan-Pacific Forum, Honolulu)

It was most fortunate that I was ico; the largest total attendance was 88 able to attend the luncheon of all from the United States, and the next was the Pan-Pacific clubs in Japan, name- 68 from Japan. ly, Tokyo, Kyoto, and Osaka. In Kyoto The preliminary session of the con- Mrs. Harada and I were present at the ference, that is of the programme and meeting, and, of course, I have extended other committees, was held in a quaint, to the friends in Kyoto a greeting from ancient capital of Japan, namely Nara.. Mr. Ford and your club. Under the lead- The main conference was carried on in ership of Dr. Araki, ex-president of the Kyoto, the capital of Japan for more than Imperial University of Kyoto, the club 1100 years, a typical Japanese city, the was splendidly thriving. Later I was center of the ofd culture and civilization sorry to learn that Dr. Araki was ap- of the Empire. The principal stage was pointed the head of the Peers' College in located in Miyako Hotel, situated on a Tokyo, but hope some able person will slope of the Eastern hill, but the members be elected in his place as the president of were scattered in two other foreign hotels the club. In Osaka Mrs. Harada and I and several Japanese hotels. The whole were guests of honor one day, with the city of 700,000 people extended its whole- consul of Egypt and his wife and a mem- hearted hospitality. We were given free ber of the Japanese Diet from Osaka. In passes on the street cars, busses and elec- Tokyo, before I left Japan, I was a guest tric lines running to Osaka and other together with Governor Farrington, cities. The leading theatres and movie Professor Kilpatrick, and Professor halls of the town had also extended the Charteris of Australia. Governor Far- free admittance. In fact we were granted rington presented a lei to Prince Toku- free pass on all the railways of the coun- gawa with a very appropriate apprecia- try. Garden parties, receptions and all tion of the good work done by him for the kinds of entertainment followed one Pan-Pacific movement. Briefly speaking, after another, day and night. I need not the Pan-Pacific ideals are making a splen- tell you that we were not able to accept did headway in Japan, perhaps, as some all of these invitations. His Majesty the have remarked, in greatest prosperity Emperor of Japan was gracious enough among Pacific countries outside of to invite the members of the I. P. R., one Hawaii. afternoon, to the Imperial alled First, about the scope of the confer- Shugakuin, in a suburb of Kyoto, one of ence. The scope had been immensely ex- the most beautiful gardens in Japan. panded in this conference compared with Later we were invited to the Emperor's the two preceding sessions. More people chrysanthemum garden party in Tokyo. were there, 218 actual participants in the Nine thousand people accepted the Impe- conference and 341 in all, including the rial invitation. delegates, •secretaries and families. The The Conference found its best friends United States, Canada, Japan, China, the among the leading daily papers of Tokyo, Philippines, Australia, New Zealand, and Osaka and Kyoto. It was particularly Great Britain were represented. The or- true with the two leading daily papers of ganizations and countries that sent ob- Osaka, the Asahi and the Mainichi, the servers included the League of Nations, largest dailies in the Orient. The two International Labor Office, Soviet Rus- papers had every morning and evening, sia, France, the Netherlands, and Mex- as both have morning and evening edi- 16 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

tions, reported in the first page the pro- Marcum McDonald, eldest son of the ceedings of the conference with illustra- present premier of England, and a mem- tions. Two other international congresses ber of the Parliament, was this time not were going on in Tokyo at the same time, a secretary but a member. the Engineering Congress and the Power The two main themes of the Con- Congress of the world. Thus the inter- ference were (1) the Machine Age national atmosphere filled the air of Ja- and the Traditional Culture and (2) the pan during the time, when our conference Problem of Manchuria. The discussions was in session in Kyoto. on the first subject were very interesting If I were to name a new trio and eloquent on the both sides. The im- who have attained outstanding positions portance of the culture was emphasized in the conference, I should name Dr. by Canon Streeter of England, on the Nitobe, Lord Hailsham, and Mr. Matsu- other side stood Professor Shotwell of oka. The author of Bushido, former Columbia University praising the bless- deputy-secretary-general of the League ings of the machine age. One of the most of Nations, Dr. Nitobe is well known in- eloquent pleas on the material side was ternationally. His broad personality and made by a young lawyer from the Philip- international training were responsible pines, while the other side was repre- for the success of the conference under sented by a Chinese lady. The middle his chairmanship. Lord Hailsham was a ground was taken by Dr. Anesaki of new name to me, but he was the Lord Tokyo, who said that he has no blame Chancellor of the Baldwin Cabinet in against the material civilization, but we England. His address of response in the all need the spirit that only is able to opening session of the conference gained guide the machine age for the ultimate for him at once a popularity as a speaker good of humanity. and an outstanding leader during the con- The report far in advance that the ference. On the Manchurian question Manchurian problem would be discussed that has naturally attracted most atten- in the Conference had attracted a nation tion, Mr. Matsuoka, until recently vice- wide attention. Among certain groups president of the South Manchurian Rail- the wisdom of such a discussion had been way, made a masterful speech, giving a seriously questioned. Some hot words history of Manchuria, Japan's part in were exchanged between the two nation- the development of the territory, the alities, to tell the truth. But there is no past and present situation in regard to doubt that the discussion on the whole the safety of Japan and China. helped the better understanding of the Among the interesting personalities I real situation by all who attended the might mention Mr. James W. Johnson, a Conference. It has been agreed later by negro, secretary of the National Associa- the Chinese and Japanese members, in tion for the Advancement of Colored their private session, to appoint a com- People, an able leader and not a mean mittee to further study the situation and poet, a rare combination in one person- to devise means for the solution of the ality. Dr. Streeter, a British delegate, is knotty problem. a theologian and philosopher. His keen One complaint I heard was that the intellect and vivacious eloquence made a Japanese friends were too hospitable ; an- great contribution. John D. Rocke- other, that the Conference wass too big to feller III was one of the secretaries of allow the members of the Conference to the American delegation and worked as make the acquaintance of each other as a clerk and distributor of papers without was possible at Punahou. I may be right a single suggestion of his family distinc- to say that after all Honolulu will be the tion. So was Frederick Vanderbilt Field, ideal place for future conferences of the a grandson of one of the Vanderbilts. Institute of Pacific Relations. ADVERTISING SECTION

THE MID-PACIFIC 1

AIN 12 AWFOC2D, (=mender of Nra ;loran

M.S. "Aorangi," Queen of the Pacific. From Vancouver via Honolulu, Suva, Auckland to Sydney The Canadian-Australasian Royal Mail Union Steam Ship Co. boats for other line of steamers maintains a regular cruises. four-weekly service by palatial steamers The Niagara of the Canadian-Austra- between the Canadian-Pacific Railway lasian Royal Mail Line is one of the terminus at Vancouver, B. C., and Syd- finest vessels afloat on the Pacific. The ney, Australia, via Honolulu, Suva, Fiji, M.S. "Aorangi," the largest motorship in and Auckland, New Zealand. the world, makes the trip from Van- couver to Sydney in about three weeks. In itself this is a South Sea cruise de Either from Australia or Canada luxe, but at Suva one may rest a bit, there are tempting visits across the Pa- cruise by local steamer among the Fi- cific via the South Sea Islands. From jian Islands, then take a Union Steam Australia this is the richest and most Ship Co. of New Zealand palatial flyer comfortable route to London and the for a visit to Samoa, Tonga, and New European Continent. Zealand, or if the trip by the Canadian- Both the Canadian-Australasian Royal Australasian vessel is continued to Auck- Mail Line and the Union Steam Ship Co. land, here again by the Union Steam Ship of New Zealand have offices in the chief Co. vessels are cruised to every part of cities of the Pacific. In Honolulu, Theo. New Zealand, to the Cook Islands, or to H. Davies & Co., Ltd., are the agents. Tahiti. In fact, one may return by The steamers of these lines are famous these steamers to San Francisco via for their red smokestacks. In fact, this Papeete, Tahiti, with a stop-over at the affiliated company is known as the Red famous French possession. Funnel Line. The red funnel is familiar If the trip from Vancouver is con- in every port of Australia and the tinued to its terminus, Sydney, here South Seas, to say nothing of California again one may secure bookings on the and Pacific Canada. ADVT. 2 THE MID-PACIFIC

About the Big Island

The Moana Hotel at Waikiki

The Territorial Hotel Company, Ltd., score of years, which speaks for itself. maintains the splendid tourist hotel at Both transient tourists and permanent Waikiki Beach, the Moana, facing the guests are welcomed. surf, as well as the Seaside family At Child's Blaisdell Hotel and Restau- hotel nearby, and the palatial Royal rant, at Fort Street and Chaplain Lane, Hawaiian Hotel, with its golf links at Child's Hotels and Apartment Service Waialae. accommodations are masters at getting you settled in real home-like style. If you wish to live in town there is the Child's Blaisdell Hotel in the very heart of the city, with the palm garden restaurant where everything is served from a sand- wich to an elegant six-course dinner. If we haven't the accommodation you de- sire we will help you to get located. The City Transfer Company, at Pier 11, has its motor trucks meet all incoming steamers and it gathers baggage from Famous Hau Tree Lanai every part of the city for delivery to the out-going steamers. This company The Halekulani Hotel and Bunga- receives and puts in storage, until need- lows, 2199 Kalia Road, "on the Beach ed, excess baggage of visitors to Hono- at Waikiki." Include Jack London's lulu and finds many ways to serve its Bungalows and House Without a Key. patrons. Rates from $5.00 per day to $115.00 Honolulu is so healthy that people per month and up. American plan. don't usually die there, but when they do Clifford Kimball. they phone in advance to Henry H. Wil- liams, 1374 Nuuanu St., phone number Vida Villa Hotel and cottages are on 1408, and he arranges the after details. the King street car line above Thomas If you are a tourist and wish to be in- Square. This is the ideal location for terred in your own plot on the mainland, those who go to the city in the morn- Williams will embalm you ; or he will ar- ing and to the beach or golfing in the range all details for interment in Hono- afternoon. The grounds are spacious lulu. Don't leave the Paradise of the and the rates reasonable. This hotel has Pacific for any other, but if you must, let been under the same management for a your friends talk it over with Williams. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 3 OAHU RAILWAY AND LAND COMPANY I

Leaving Honolulu daily at 9 :15 A. M. given you three hours for luncheon and our modern gasoline motor cars take sightseeing at this most beautiful spot. you on a beautiful trip around the lee- You arrive at Honlulu at 5 :27 P. M. ward side of Oahu to Haleiwa. The train leaves Haleiwa, returning to No single trip could offer more, and Honolulu at 2:52 P. M., after having the round trip fare is only $2.45. SEE OAHU BY RAIL

Lewers and Cooke, Ltd., Iavilei Yard

Lewers & Cooke, Limited, have, since They are also agents for many build- 1852, been headquarters for all varieties ing specialties, Celotex, Colormix, Bish- of building material, lumber, hollow opric Stucco, corrugated Zinc, Los tile, cement, brick, hardwoods, oak Angeles Pressed Brick Company prod- flooring ; as well as tools of the leading ucts and architectural Terra Cotta, manufacturers, wall papers, Armstrong David Lupton Sons Company, Steel linoleums, domestic and oriental rugs, and the superior paints made by W. P. Windows, the Kawneer Company line, Fuller & Co. and prepared roofings and roofing tile. ADVT. 4 THE MID-PACIFIC

THE WORLD'S MOST DELICIOUS PINEAPPLE Canned Hawaiian Pineapple is con- cooking. It is identical with the sliced sidered by epicures to possess the finest in quality and is canned by the same flavor in the world. Because of exceed- careful sanitary methods. ingly favorable conditions in soil and Many tasty recipes for serving Hawai- climate, and remarkable facilities for ian Pineapple in delicious desserts, salads canning immediately the sun-ripened and refreshing drinks are suggested in a fruit, the Hawaiian product has attained recipe book obtainable without cost at a superiority enjoyed by no other canned the Association of Hawaiian Pineapple fruit. Canners, P.O. Box 3166, Honolulu. Crushed Hawaiian Pineapple is meet- Readers are urged to write, asking for ing favor because of its convenience in this free book.

FERTILIZING THE SOIL Millions of dollars are spent in Hawaii fertilizing the cane and pineapple fields. The Pacific Guano and Fertilizer Com- pany, with large works and warehouses in Honolulu, imports from every part of the Globe the many ship loads of ammonia, nitrates, potash, sulphur and guano that go to make the special fertilizers needed for the varied soils and conditions of the isl- ands. Its chemists test the soils and then give the recipe for the particular blend of fertilizer that is needed. This great industry is one of the results of successful sugar planting in Hawaii, and without fertilizing, sugar growing in the Hawaiian Islands could not be successful. This company began operations in Mid- way Islands years ago, finally exhausting its guano beds, but securing others.

ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 5 MODERN BANKING IN HONOLULU

S. M. DAMON BLDG., HOME OF BISHOP FIRST NATIONAL BANK

The S. M. Damon Building pictured above is occupied by the Bishop First Na- tional Bank, the oldest bank in the Territory. Organized in 1858, the name Bishop Bank has long been known by travelers. Bishop Street, Honolulu, T. H.

The First National Bank of Hawaii ests of the government in the various demonstrates the many ways in which Liberty Loan drives and thrift cam- a bank can serve. It has recently paigns in which its President, Mr. L. moved into its own building, one of the Tenney Peck, served as chairman of the architectural splendors of Honolulu, on Territorial Central Committee. Bishop and Fort Streets, where both the First National Bank of Hawaii and the The Bank of Hawaii, Limited, incor- First American Savings and Trust porated in 1897, has reflected the solid, Company of Hawaii, Ltd., closely affili- substantial growth of the islands since ated with the First National Bank and the period of annexation to the United functioning as a savings bank, are con- States. Over this period its resources tinuing their growing business in a have grown to be the largest of any home built to meet their exact require- financial institution in the islands. In 1899 a savings department was added ments. to its other banking facilities. Its home It was less than four months after business office is at the corner of Bishop Hawaii became a territory of the United and King streets, and it maintains States that the First National Bank of branches on the islands of Hawaii, Hawaii opened its doors. During the Kauai, and Oahu, enabling it to give to war the First National Bank played a the public an extremely efficient Bank- prominent part in furthering the inter- ing Service. ADVT. 6 THE MID-PACIFIC

7 7 _

i.!K. .tr

The Home Building in Honolulu of the American Factors, Ltd., Plantation Agents and Wholesale Merchants.

Tasseled sugar cane almost ready for the cutting and crushing at the mills. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 7 ALEXANDER & BALDWIN

A canefield in Hawaii years ago when the ox team was in use.

The firm of Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., Union Insurance Society of Canton, Ltd., (known by everyone as "A. & B.") is New Zealand Insurance Co., Ltd., Switz- looked upon as one of the most progres- erland Marine Insurance Co. sive American corporations in Hawaii. The officers of this large and progres- Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., are sive firm, all of whom are staunch sup- agents for the largest sugar plantations porters of the Pan-Pacific and other of the Hawaiian Islands and second movements which are for the good of largest in the world, namely, the Ha- Hawaii, are as follows : waiian Commercial & Sugar Company W. M. Alexander, President ; J. Water- at Puunene, Maui. They are also agents house, Vice-President ; H. A. Baldwin, for many other plantations and concerns Vice-President ; C. R. Hemenway, Vice- of the Islands, among which are the President ; J. P. Cooke, Treasurer ; R. T. Maui Agricultural Company, Ltd., Ha- Rolph, Assistant-Treasurer ; R. G. Bell, waiian Sugar Company, McBryde Sugar Assistant-Treasurer ; R. E. Mist, Secre- Company, Ltd., Kahului Railway Com- tary ; D. L. Oleson, Assistant-Secretary ; pany, Kauai Railway Company, Ltd., G. G. Kinney, Auditor. Directors : W. Baldwin Packers, Ltd., Kauai Fruit & M. Alexander, J. Waterhouse, H. A. Land Company, Ltd.. Haleakala Ranch Baldwin, C. R. Hemenway, W. 0. Smith, Co., and Ulupalakua Ranch, Ltd. C. R. Hemenway, F. F. Baldwin, J. R. In addition to their extensive sugar Galt, H. K. Castle, E. R. Adams, R. T. plantations, they are also agents for the Rolph, S. S. Peck, J. P. Wynne, J. P. following well-known and strong in- Cooke. surance companies : American Alliance Insurance Association, Ltd., Common- Besides the home office in the Stang- wealth Insurance Company, Home In- enwald Building, Honolulu, Alexander surance Company of New York, Newark & Baldwin, Ltd., maintain offices in Fire Insurance Company, Springfield Seattle in the Melhorn Building, and in Fire and Marine Insurance Company, the Matson Building, San Francisco. ADVT. 8 THE MID-PACIFIC

CASTLE & COOKE

The Matson Navigation Company, of the Hawaiian Islands. It acts as agent maintaining the premier ferry service for some of the most productive plan- between Honolulu and San Francisco, tations in the whole territory and has have their Hawaiian agencies with been marked by its progressive methods Castle & Cooke, Ltd., and here may be and all work connected with sugar pro- secured much varied information. Here duction in Hawaii. It occupies a spa- also the tourist may secure in the folder cious building at the corner of Merchant racks, booklets and pamphlets descrip- and Bishop Streets, Honolulu. The tive of almost every part of the great ground floor is used as local passenger ocean. and freight offices of the Matson Navi- Castle & Cooke, Ltd., is one of the gation Company. The adjoining offices oldest and most reliable firms in Hono- are used by the firm of their business lulu. It was founded in the early pioneer as sugar factors and insurance agents ; days and has been a part of the history Phone 1251.

C. BREWER & COMPANY

C. Brewer & Company, Limited, Honolulu, with a capital stock of $8,000,000, was established in 1826. It represents the following Sugar Plantations: Olowalu Company, Hilo Sugar Company, Onomea Sugar Company, Honomu Sugar Company, Wailuku Sugar Company, Pepeekeo Sugar Company, Waimanalo Sugar Company, Hakalau Plantation Company, Honolulu Plantation Company, Hawaiian Agricultural Company, Kilauea Sugar Plantation Company, Paauhau Sugar Plantation Company, Hutchinson Sugar Plantation Company, as well as the Baldwin Locomotive Works, Kapapala Ranch, and all kinds of insurance. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 9

The Honolulu Construction & Draying Co., Ltd., Bishop and Halekauwila Sts., Phone 4981, dealers in crushed stone, cement, cement pipe, brick, stone tile, and explosives, have the largest and best equipped draying and storage company in the Islands, and are prepared to handle anything from the smallest package to pieces weighing up to forty tons. The Waterhouse Co., Ltd., in the Thayer Piano Co., Ltd., at 116 S Alexander Young Building, on Bishop Hotel St., is Honolulu's grand piano street, make office equipment their spe- headquarters. In this new and spac- cialty, being the sole distributor for the ious store may be tested the Steinway National Cash Register Co., the Bur- and other makes of grands as well as roughs Adding Machine, the Art Metal uprights and player pianos. Here one Construction Co., the York Safe and may obtain Brunswick and Victor Lock Company and the Underwood phonographs and records from Bruns- Typewriter Co. They carry in stock wick, Victor and Columbia. They all kinds of steel desks and other equip- also handle a complete line of sheet ment for the' office, so that one might music and band instruments. You will at a day's notice furnish his office safe feel at home while doing your musical against fire and all kinds of insects. shopping at Thayer's. Allen & Robinson have for genera- tions supplied the Hawaiian Islands Bergstrom Music Company, the lead- with lumber and other building ma- ing music store in Hawaii, is located at terials that are used for building in 1140 Fort Street. No home is complete Hawaii ; also paints. Their office and in Honolulu without an ukulele, a piano retail department are in their new and a Victor talking machine. The quarters at the corner of Fort and Mer- Bergstrom Music Company, with its big chant Sts., Honolulu, where they have store on Fort Street, will provide you been since June 1, 1925. The lumber with these ; a WEBER or a Steck piano yards are located at Ala Moana and for your mansion, or a tiny upright Ward Sts., where every kind of hard Boudoir for your cottage ; and if you and soft wood grown on the Pacific are a transient it will rent you a piano. Coast is landed by steamships that ply from Puget Sound, and other Pacific The Bergstrom Music Company, Phone and East Coast ports. 2294. ADVT. 10 THE MID-PACIFIC

Honolulu as Advertised

The Liberty House, Hawaii's pioneer dry goods store, established in 1850; it has grown apace with the times until today it is an institution of service rivaling the most progressive mainland establishments in the matter of its merchandising policies and business efficiency. The Mellen Associates, Successors to The Honolulu Dairymen's Associa- The Charles R. Frazier Company, old- tion supplies the pure milk used for est and most important advertising agency in the Pacific field, provide Ho- children and adults in Honolulu. It nolulu and the entire Territory of Ha- also supplies the city with ice cream waii with an advertising and publicity for desserts. Its main office is in the service of a very high order. The or- Purity Inn at Beretania and Keeaumoku ganization, under the personal direction streets. The milk of the Honolulu of George Mellen, maintains a staff of Dairymen's Association is pure, it is writers and artists of experience and rich, and it is pasteurized. The Asso- exceptional ability, and departments for ciation has had the experience of more handling all routine work connected than a generation, and it has called with placing of advertising locally, na- upon science in perfecting its plant and tionally or internationally. The organi- zation is distinguished especially for its methods of handling milk and de- livering it in sealed bottles to its cus- originality in the creation and presenta- tomers. tion of merchandising ideas. The Honolulu Star-Bulletin, 125 Merchant Street, prints in its job depart- Stevedoring in Honolulu is attended ment the Mid-Pacific Magazine, and that to by the firm of McCabe, Hamilton and speaks for itself. The Honolulu Star- Renny Co., Ltd., 20 South Queen Street. Bulletin, Ltd., conducts a complete com- Men of almost every Pacific race are mercial printing plant, where all the de- employed by this firm, and the men of tails of printing manufacture are per- each race seem fitted for some particular formed. It issues Hawaii's leading even- part of the work, so that quick and effi- ing newspaper and publishes many elabor- cient is the loading and unloading of ate editions of books. vessels in Honolulu. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 11

On Hawaii and Maui

Twice a week the Inter-Island Steam The First Trust Company of Hilo oc- Navigation Company dispatches its pala- cupies the modern up-to-date building tial steamer, the "Haleakala" to Hilo, adjoining the Bank of Hawaii on Keawe leaving Honolulu at 4 P.M. on Tuesdays Street. This is Hilo's financial institu- and Fridays, arriving at Hilo at 8 A.M. tion. It acts as trustees, executors, audit- the next morning. This vessel leaves ors, realty dealers, guardians, account- Hilo every Thursday and Sunday aft- ants, administrators, insurance agents ernoon at four for Honolulu, a fifteen- and as your stock and bond brokers. hour run. From Honolulu, the Inter- You will need the services of the First Island Company dispatches almost daily Trust Company in Hilo whether you are excellent passenger vessels to the island a visitor, or whether you are to erect of Maui and three times a week to the a home or a business block. island of Kauai. There is no finer cruise in all the world than a visit to all of the Hawaii Consolidated Railway, Ltd., Hawaiian Islands on the steamers of the Hilo, Hawaii, the Scenic Railway of Inter-Island Steam Navigation Company. Hawaii, one of the most spectacular The head offices in Honolulu are on trips in the world, thirty-four miles, Queen Street, where every information costing nearly $4,000,000; it crosses 10 is available, or books on the different sugar plantations, 150 streams, 44 islands are sent on request. Tours of bridges, 14 of which are steel from 98 to 230 feet high and from 400 to 1,006 all the islands are arranged. feet long, and many precipitous gorges Connected with the Inter-Island Steam lined with tropical trees, and with wa- Navigation Company is the palatial Vol- terfalls galore ; sugar cane fields, vil- cano House overlooking the everlasting lages, hundreds of breadfruit and co- house of fire, as the crater of Halemau- conut trees and palms along the way, mau is justly named. A night's ride and miles of precipices. W. H. Huss- from Honolulu and an hour by auto- man, general freight and passenger mobile, and you are at the Volcano agent. House, the only truly historic caravan- sary of the Hawaiian Islands, recently The Haleakala Ranch Company, with reconstructed and turned into a modern head offices at Makawao, on the Island up-to-date hotel of luxury for the tour- of Maui, is as its name indicates, a ist and those from Honolulu and Hilo cattle ranch on the slopes of the great spending vacations at the Volcano. mountain of Haleakala, rising 10,000 feet above the sea. This ranch breeds Should you wish to continue at leisure pure Hereford cattle and is looking to your sightseeing or business trip around a future when it will supply fine bred the Island of Hawaii, there are hotels cattle to the markets and breeders in every few miles. Hawaii. Building on the Island of Hawaii.— The Hawaiian Contracting Company The Paia Store, which is conducted maintains working offices at the great by the Maui Agricultural Co., Ltd., is Hilo pier, where all steamers discharge managed by Fred P. Rosecrans. This their freight for Hilo and the big island. is one of the very big plantation de- This concern, with branches throughout partment stores in Hawaii. Every con- the Territory, has for its aim building ceivable need of the housekeeper or for permanency. It contracts for build- homemaker is kept in stock. The store ings and highway construction, having a covers an area of more than a city corps of construction experts at its com- block in a metropolitan city, and is the mand. In Hilo, Frank H. West is in department store adapted to the needs charge of the company's affairs. of modern sugar plantation life. ADV'r. 12 THE MID-PACIFIC Business in Honolulu The Hawaiian Trust Company, Lim- ited, owned and occupied by the Bishop of Honolulu, is the oldest and Trust Company, Ltd., and the Bank of largest trust company in the Territory Bishop & Co., Ltd. One of the many of Hawaii. How successful it has be- attractive features of its new quarters is come may be gathered from the fact the Safe Deposit Vaults which are that it has real and personal property the largest, strongest and most conve- under its control and management with nient in the Territory. a conservative, approximate value of $50,000,000. The resources of this or- The Pacific Engineering Company, ganization as of Dec. 31, 1927, amounted Ltd., construction engineers and general to $3,718,923.49, with a capital stock of contractors, is splendidly equipped to $1,250,000.00; surplus, $1,000,000.00; handle all types of building construc- special reserve, $50,000, and undivided tion, and execute building projects in profits, $81,408.95, making the total sur- minimum time and to the utmost satis- plus of resources over liabilities $2,381,- faction of the owner. The main offices 408.95. The full significance of these fig- are in the Yokohama Specie Bank ures will appear when it is remembered Building, with its mill and factory at that the laws of Hawaii provide that a South Street. Many of the leading busi- Trust Company may not transact a bank- ness buildings in Honolulu have been ing business. Mr. E. D. Tenney is pres- constructed under the direction of the ident and chairman of the board and Mr. Pacific Engineering Company. J. R. Galt is senior vice-president and Wright, Harvey & Wright, engineers manager. in the Damon Building, have a branch office and blue print shop at 855 Kaahu- The International Trust Company, manu Street. This firm does a general with offices on Merchant street, is, as surveying and engineering business, and its name indicates, a really Pan-Pacific has information pertaining to practical- financial organization, with leading ly all lands in the group, as this firm American and Oriental business men has done an immense amount of work conducting its affairs. Its capital stock throughout the islands. The blue print is $200,000 with resources of over department turns out more than fifty $500,000. It is the general agent for per cent of the blueprinting done in the John Hancock Mutual Life Insur- Honolulu. ance Company of Boston, and other in- surance companies. The von Hamm-Young Co., Ltd., Im- porters, Machinery Merchants, and lead- The Henry Waterhouse Trust Co., ing automobile dealers, have their offiecs Ltd., was established in 1897 by Henry and store in the Alexander Young Waterhouse, son of a pioneer, incor- Building, at the corner of King and porated under the present name in 1902, Bishop streets, and their magnificent Mr. Robert Shingle becoming president, automobile salesroom and garage just and Mr. A. N. Campbell treasurer of in the rear, facing on Alakea Street. the corporation. The company now has Here one may find almost anything. a paid-up capital of $200,000 and a sur- Phone No. 6141. plus of an almost equal amount. The The Chrysler Four and Six Cylinder spacious quarters occupied by the Henry Cars, the culmination of all past ex- Waterhouse Trust Co., Ltd., are on the periences in building automobiles, is corner of Fort and Merchant streets. represented in Hawaii by the Honolulu Motors, Ltd., 850 S. Beretania street. The Bishop Trust Company, Limited, The prices of Four Cylinder Cars range is one of the oldest and largest Trust from $1200 to $1445 and those of the Companies in Hawaii. It now shares Six from $1745 to $2500. The Chryslers with the Bishop Bank its new home on are meeting with remarkable sales rec- Bishop, King and Merchant Sts., known ords as a distinct departure in motor as the S. M. Damon Building, jointly cars. ADVT. THE MID -PACIFIC 13

The Hawaiian Electric Co., Ltd., with There is one East Indian Store in Ho- a power station generating capacity of nolulu, and it has grown to occupy spa- 32,000 K.W., furnishes lighting and cious quarters on Fort Street, No. 1150 power service to Honolulu and to the Fort, Phone No. 2571. This is the head- entire island of Oahu. It also maintains quarters for Oriental and East Indian its cold storage and ice-making plant, curios as well as of Philippine embroid- supplying the city with ice for home eries, home-made laces, Manila hats, consumption. The firm acts as electrical Oriental silks, pongees, carved ivories contractors, cold storage, warehousemen and Indian brass ware. An hour may and deals in all kinds of electrical sup- well be spent in this East Indian Bazaar plies, completely wiring and equipping examining the art wares of Oriental buildings and private residences. Its beauty splendid new offices facing the civic center are now completed and form one The Royal Hawaiian Sales Co., of the architectural ornaments to the city. with agencies in Honolulu, Hilo and Wailuku, has its spacious headquarters Bailey's Groceteria is the big success on Hotel and Alakea streets, Honolulu. of recent years in Honolulu business. This Company is Territorial Distributors The parent store at the corner of Queen for Star and Auburn passenger cars. and Richard Sts., has added both a They are Territorial Distributors also meat market and a bakery, while the for International Motor Trucks, Delco- newly constructed branch building at Remy service and Goodyear Tires. Beretania and Piikoi is equally well equipped and supplied, so that the The Universal Motor Co., Ltd., with housekeeper can select all that is needed spacious new buildings at 444 S. Bere- in the home, or, in fact, phone her tania street, Phone 2397, is agent for order to either house. the Ford car. All spare parts are kept in stock and statements of cost of re- The Rycroft Arctic Soda Company, pairs and replacements are given in ad- on Sheridan Street, furnishes the high vance so that you know just what the grade soft drinks for Honolulu and amount will be. The Ford is in a class Hawaii. It manufactures the highest by itself. The most economical and grade ginger ale—Hawaiian Dry—from least expensive motor car in the world. the fresh roots of the native ginger. It uses clear water from its own artesian well, makes its carbonated gas from Hawaiian pineapples at the most up-to- date soda works in the Territory of Hawaii.

A monument to the pluck and energy of Mr. C. K. Ai and his associates is the City Mill Company, of which he is treasurer and manager. This plant at Queen and Kekaulike streets is one of Honolulu's leading enterprises, doing a flourishing lumber and mill business. ADVT. 14 THE MID-PACIFIC

Wonderful New Zealand I Scenically New Zealand is the world's wonderland. There is no other place in the world that offers such an aggrega- tion of stupendous scenic wonders. The West Coast Sounds of New Zealand are in every way more magnificent and awe- inspiring than are the fjords of Norway. New Zealand was the first country to perfect the government tourist bureau. She has built hotels and rest houses throughout the Dominion for the bene- fit of the tourist. New Zealand is splen- didly served by the Government Rail- ways, which sell the tourist for a very low rate, a ticket that entitles him to travel on any of the railways for from one to two months. Direct information may be secured by writing to the New Zealand Department of Tourist and Health Resorts, Wellington, New Zealand. An ancient Maori stockade

SOUTH MANCHURIA RAILWAY COMPANY

South Manchuria Railway Company Cheap Overland Tours

Travellers and Tourists journeying Modern Hotels under the South Man- between Tokyo and Peking should travel via the South Manchuria Rail- churia Hotel Company's management are way, which runs from Antung to Muk- established on foreign lines at Mukden, den and passes through magnificent Changchun, Port Arthur, Dairen and scenery. At Mukden the line connects Hoshigaura (Star Beach). with the Peking Mukden Line and the Main line of the South Manchuria Rail- Illustrated booklets and all informa- way, running from Dairen to Chang- tion post free on request from the South chun, where connection is made with Manchuria Railway Company. the Chinese Eastern Railway for Har- bin. DAIREN The ordinary daily trains have sleep- Branch Offices : Tokyo, Osaka, Shi- ing accommodation. Steamer connec- monoseki, Shanghai, Peking, Harbin tions between Dairen, Tsingtao and and New York. Shanghai by the Dairen Kisen Kaisha's excellent passenger and mail steamers. Cable Address : "MANTETSU" or Wireless telegraphy and qualified doc- "SMRCO." CODES: A.B.C. 5th, 6th tors on board. Ed., Al., Lieber's, Bentley's and Acme.

AU VT. THE MID- PACIFIC 15

The Los Angeles Steamship Company visitors are welcomed to the gardens at maintains a weekly palatial fast steam- all times. Adjoining these gardens are ship service between Honolulu and Los the wonderful Liliuokalani gardens and Angeles. Its steamers also visit Hilo, the series of waterfalls. Phone 5611. Hawaii, permitting a visit to the Vol- cano. This is the tourist line par excellence to Hawaii, and through tick- Burgess & Johnson, Ltd., now occupy ets may be booked in any city of the their new building at the corner of King United States. Stopovers in Honolulu and Alakea Streets. Here are displayed by Australasian and Oriental travellers the machines for which they are agents, may be made with rebookings from Ho- —the New Hupmobile Century. Eight, nolulu to Los Angeles by this line. as well as the Marmon, both outstanding cars that are becoming better known and used in Hawaii. The Matson Navigation Company, the The firm still maintains its repair shop pride of Hawaii, maintains regular on Beretania Street, but at the new loca- weekly ocean greyhound service be- tion on King and Alakea the new dis- tween Honolulu and San Francisco. It play rooms located at the very cross- has recently inaugurated a Honolulu, roads of Honolulu's human traffic offer Portland, Seattle fast steamer service a tempting invitation to anyone to enter and is building new palatial greyhounds and examine the latest there is in auto for its San Francisco, Honolulu, Aus- cars. tralasian passenger and freight service. Honolulu Paper Company, successor Benson Smith's pharmacy is located to "The Hawaiian News Co.," deals in at Honolulu's business corner, Fort and Books of Hawaii. At Honolulu's largest Hotel Streets. Here the prescriptions and most fashionable book store, in the of the medicos are carefully prepared Alexander Young Building, all the latest and here all the latest magazines may be books may be secured, especially those procured. Sodawater and candies may dealing with Hawaii. be enjoyed at Benson Smith's, Hono- Here the ultra-fashionable stationery lulu's oldest and most reliable drug of the latest design is always kept in store. stock together with the Royal and Co- rona typewriters, Merchant calculators and Sundstrand Adding Machines. Jeff's Fashion Company, Incorporated, at Fort and Beretania Streets, is Hono- Here, also, music lovers will find a lulu's leading establishment for women home for a complete line of musical in- who set the pace in modern dress. At struments, including the Edison Phono- "Jeff's" the fashions in woman's dress graph and records. in Honolulu are set. Here the resident and tourist may outfit and be sure of The Office Supply Co., Ltd., on Fort acquiring the latest styles. "Jeff's" has street near King, is as its name denotes, its branch and a work shop in New the perfectly equipped store where every York City. kind of office furniture and supplies are on display. This is the home of the Remington typewriter and of typewriter Ishii's Gardens, Pan-Pacific Park, on Kuakini Street, near Nuuanu Avenue, repairing. Offices are completely out- constitute one of the finest Japanese tea fitted at quickest notice. The Company gardens imaginable. Here some wonder- also maintains an up-to-date completely ful Japanese dinners are served, and stocked sporting goods department.

ADVT. 16 THE MID-PACIFIC

The Outrigger Canoe Club at Waikiki is the only surfboard riding club in the world. It is open to monthly membership to tourists and visitors.

Gray's By-the-Sea is the wonderfully The Sweet Shop located seaside hotel at Waikiki where is the name of the the leading downtown popular priced res- very best sea bathing is right at the taurant, opposite the Young Hotel on door ; you put on your bathing suit in Hotel Street and adjoining the Central your own room. The rates are moderate, Y. M. C. A. On the street floor is the and in the main building all are outside main restaurant, soda and candy coun- rooms. There are a number of cot- ter, while downstairs is the cozy "Den," tages on the grounds. You should visit popular as a luncheon meeting place for Gray's Beach first, American plan, ex- cellent cuisine. clubs and small groups that wish to confer in quietude.

The Pleasanton Hotel, at the corner of Dominis and Punahou Streets, was The Consolidated Amusement the home of Jane Addams during the Com- pany brings the latest drama films to Pan-Pacific Women's Conference. It in- Hawaii to provide evening entertain- vites the delegates to all the confer- ment. Its leading theatres are the New ences called by the Pan-Pacific Union to Princess on Fort Street and the palatial correspond. There are spacious cot- Hawaii Theatre nearer the business dis- tages on the grounds, tea rooms and trict. Those and the outlying theatres wide grounds. The rates are reasonable, served by the Consolidated Amusement either American or European plan. The Company keep the people of Honolulu Pleasanton is a pleasant home while in Honolulu. and its visiting hosts entertained, matinee and evening, phone for seats. AD VT. The Late Charles J. McCarthy, Ex-Governor of Hawaii, and Ex-President of the Pan-Pacifiic Union

Ex-Governor \IcCarthy's death to Washington as a representative of the brought to a close a residence of forty- Honolulu Chamber of Commerce. eight years in the islands; during thirty Returning to Hawaii in 1923, he be- of which he held important political came connected with the land develop- posts under the kingdom of Hawaii and ment department of Hawaiian Dredging later under the territory of Hawaii. Co., and took charge of the huge Wai- His political career reached its height kiki reclamation project—a work which when on June 22, 1918, he was appoint- was completed in September of 1924. ed governor of the territory by the late McCarthy was born in Boston. Mass., President Woodrow Wilson. August 4, 1861, and was sixty-eight years He served in that capacity until June, old on his last birthday anniversary. 1921, when former Governor Wallace R. While still a boy McCarthy's family Farrington became the territory's chief moved to San Francisco, where he re- executive. ceived his education in the grammar and McCarthy came to Hawaii in 1881 as high schools of that city. the local representative of a San Fran- Colonel McCarthy and Margaret Te- cisco wholesale fruit house. After be- resa Morgan were married in Honolulu, ing here but a short time, he became January 16, 1889. He was a member of identified with the social and political the Catholic church, Pan-Pacific Union, life of Hawaiian monarchical days. Knights of Pythias, the Elks, the Eagles, During the monarchy he served as and the Oahu Country, Ad and Myrtle a member of the house of nobles in 1890 Boat clubs. and later in 1892 was secretary of the McCarthy's business career in the Hawaiian legislature. In the early rev- islands was marked by his connection olutionary days that marked the end of with several industrial and commercial the reign of King Kalakaua, he sup- enterprises. ported the monarchy and served with Colonel McCarthy's love of flowers the Honolulu Rifles in defense of the was remembered today by friends and kingdom. acquaintances. For many years it had Several years later, when the Hawaii- been his invariable habit to wear, in his an monarchy fell, McCarthy was a lapel, a graceful sprig of coral hibiscus. staunch supporter of Queen Liliuokalani, Its delicate pinkness went well with the and vigorously fought against her re- snow-white clothes which he usually wore. moval from the throne. McCarthy's political career under the Several years ago the Outdoor Circle territory of Hawaii began in 1907 when formally named the coral pink hibiscus the "Charles McCarthy hibiscus" in his he was -elected to the senate, in which body he served until 1912. In that year honor. he was elected treasurer of the city and At the meeting of the Pan-Pacific club county of Honolulu, holding that post at the Y. W. C. A. this noon a resolution two years. During this same period of sympathy and condolence over the McCarthy was a member of the board death of the former governor was of harbor commissioners. adopted. In 1914 McCarthy was appointed to Copies will be sent to surviving mem- the post of territorial treasurer, a posi- bers of the family and to President tion he held until June of 1918, when he Hoover, honorary president of the Pan- became governor of the islands. Pacific Union. Beginning in 1921, when he retired (From the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, from the governorship, McCarthy went November 26, 1929.) The inauguration of a governor of Hawaii before the ancient throne in the Palace. The late Governor Charles J. McCarthy taking the oath of office as Governor of the Territory of Hawaii.