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Oxygen Uptake in the 1500 Metres Christine Hanon, Jean-Michel Lévêque, L

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Oxygen Uptake in the 1500 Metres Christine Hanon, Jean-Michel Lévêque, L Oxygen uptake in the 1500 metres Christine Hanon, Jean-Michel Lévêque, L. Vivier, Claire Thomas To cite this version: Christine Hanon, Jean-Michel Lévêque, L. Vivier, Claire Thomas. Oxygen uptake in the 1500 metres. New Studies in Athletics, IAAF, 2007, 22 (1), pp.15-22. hal-01753885 HAL Id: hal-01753885 https://hal-insep.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01753885 Submitted on 29 Mar 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. © by IAAF Oxygen uptake in the 1500 metres 22:1; 15-22, 2007 By Christine Hanon, J. M. Levêque, L. Vivier, C. Thomas The main aim of this two-part study was to evaluate the time course of oxygen uptake in the1500m. In part one, races of 49 world-class and national-class runners were analysed to identify the pacing model used by elite Christine Hanon, Ph.D, is the Direc- performers. In part two, eleven tor of the Biomechanics and Physi- trained middle distance runners ology Laboratory at INSEP (Institut performed a progressive incre- National du Sport et de l’Education ment test to determine VO2max Physique) the French elite sport and a full effort time trial (the campus. As an athlete she repre- mean running velocity correspon- sented France in the 800m. ding to 107.6 + 2% of maximum aerobic speed) using the identified pacing model. In both tests, per- J. M. Levêque works in Laboratory of Biomechanics and Physiology. formed on the track, VO2 response was measured with a portable Department of the Sport Sciences telemetric gas exchange system. at INSEP, L. Vivier in French Athlet- It was found that the mean value ic Federation and C. Thomas at the Université Evry. of VO2max recorded during the AUTHORS progressive test (66.1 + 7.0 ABSTRACT ml/mn-1/kg-1) was reached 459 + 59.6 metres (55.9 + 7.5 seconds) after the start. It was also found that VO2 decreased (8%) at the end of the run for 8 of 10 of the subjects. Introduction be noted that the design for the treadmill tests mentioned called for the subjects to run ecent studies on the evolution of at a constant pace while the track test called oxygen uptake over the 800m dis- for a careful start and a fast finish of the R tance have demonstrated that race. Contrary to constant pace treadmill results obtained in treadmill tests (SPENCER running, it seems that starting faster than the ET AL 1996; DRAPER ET AL 2005) are not the average running speed for the distance, as is same as those obtained on the track (HANON common in 800m races, leads to the athlete New Studies in Athletics • no. 1/2007 ET AL 2002, THOMAS ET AL 2005). It should reaching his/her VO2max (maximum oxygen 15 Oxygen uptake in the 1500 metres uptake) during the race (THOMAS ET AL Pacing strategy analysis 2005). However, for the 1500m distance, also run at above the speed associated with Method In order to describe the strategy of elite VO2max, neither treadmill nor track tests 1500m runners, races of 49 different athletes show the achievement of VO2max (SPENCER ET AL 1996; SPENCER, GASTIN, 2001). in 13 different competitions (performances between 3:28 and 3:45) were analysed. The data were collected from images of television The aim of the present study was to eval- or from personal films. The split times for uate the time course of oxygen uptake dur- each 100m were determined by means of a ing a 1500m run at full effort based on the time code or a stopwatch. The races of ath- strategy most commonly used in competi- letes who performed 3 seconds or more over tion. To do so, it was necessary to examine their best performance were not analysed. the pacing strategies of national and inter- national level 1500m runners and then to Results According to our analyses (Figure 1), world- test the kinetics of VO2 during a time trial based on the model identified. Therefore, the class (<3:35) and national-class (3:35 – 3:45) study consisted of two parts. The first, performances share some common character- named “Pacing Strategy Analysis” aimed to istics: propose a model of pacing used during 1) The first 100m is always significantly the national and international 1500m races. The fastest part of the race. second, called “1500m Study” consisted of 2) A deceleration is observed in the second two different tests: a test to determine 100m. VO2max on the track and a test to determine 3) Except for the segment from 500m to the maximal VO2 value obtained during a 600m, the athletes run relatively regular- 1500m time trial (VO21500). ly between 200m and 1200m. 100m time (s) 100m 0-100m 100m-200m200m-300m300m-400m400m-500m500m-600m600m-700m700m-800m800m-900m900m-1000m 1000m-1100m1100m-1200m1200m-1300m1300m-1400m1400m-1500m -----: the difference between the two 100m segments is non-significant ___: the difference between the two 100m segments is significant W = World level, N= National level Figure 1: Time course of running velocity during world-class and national-class 1500m races New Studies in Athletics • no. 1/2007 16 Oxygen uptake in the 1500 metres 4) Acceleration is noted from 1200 to 1500m study 1300m. At the world-class level, this acceleration was highly significant (p < Experimental design .0001). Ten middle-distance runners (age: 22.6 ± 4.7 5) During the last 300m, the higher velocity years, height: 174.9 ± 4.4cm, body mass: 65.4 (relative to the middle of the race) is ± 3.9kg) volunteered for the study. They trained maintained. for the 1500m 5-10 times per week and were 6) Finally, there is no acceleration in the final successful in regional or national races (aver- straight, at either level of performance. age performance: 3:56, range: 3:43 to 4:05). Discussion A progressive test was used to determine It is notable that 1500m races with the VO2max and a controlled1500m time trial was aim of maximising time performance at both used to determine VO21500. In both tests, each athlete’s VO was recorded continuously the world-class and national-class levels are 2 by means of a gas exchange telemetric sys- run according to a relatively common pace tem (Cosmed K4, Roma, Italy). HR (heart rate) model. This model shows that the pacing is was measured and recorded continuously not based on the regularity of speed but on with a heart rate monitor (Sport Tester PE a fast departure from the start to 100 or 3000, Polar, Kempele, Finland). Blood lactate 150m, followed by a velocity plateau of was collected from the ear lobe and measured 1100m in length and then an acceleration with the Lactate Pro analyser (Arkray, Japan). between the 1200m and 1300m marks. Con- trary to the visual impression given by the Progressive test athletes, there is no significant acceleration The test used is called TUB II (Test of the in the final straight at either level of per- University of Bordeaux II) and was developed formance. A specific speed for the 1500m by CAZORLA and LÉGER (1993). It consists of does not exist. There are, instead, three dis- running on a track, with markers every 25m, tinct specific speed phases. for a succession of stages each of 3 minutes duration. The athlete begins at a pace of Our 1500m study used this chronometric 14km/h-1 and increases his/her speed in each model to calibrate the pacing of the athletes stage by 2km/h-1 up to 18km/h-1, then by studied (Figure 2). 1km/h-1 to the superior speeds. The stages are separated by one minute of recovery to allow a sample of blood to be taken. In each stage, the athlete must follow the speed imposed by 106% 105% broadcast sound signals. The test is stopped 104% when the athlete is no longer capable of 102% maintaining the rhythm imposed by the sig- 102% nals and is unable to reach the required mark 100% by the time of the signal. 98% 98% During the test, the MAS (maximal aerobic 96% speed) corresponds to the first stage where VO2max is attained (mean of the three consec- 94% utive highest values) and where the subse- 100m 1100m 300m quent increase in VO2 is less than 2.1 mmol/kg-1 for an increase in speed of 1 km/h-1. The velocities are expressed in % of the Moreover VO2max must be associated with a mean velocity blood lactate value, a respiratory exchange ratio and a heart rate equal to 8 to -1 New Studies in Athletics • no. 1/2007 Figure 2: Pace profile model for the 1500m 12 mmol/l , 1.1 and minimum 90% of the the- 17 Oxygen uptake in the 1500 metres oretical maximal HR (220-age in years) respec- A blood sample was taken from the earlobe tively. at the end of the warm-up, at the end of the 1500m and 3, 5, 7, and 10 minutes after the 1500m time trial run. All the tests were filmed to make it pos- The athletes were asked to perform a set sible to determine a posteriori the exact warm-up (jogging, stretches, mobility exer- speed.
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