THE A RC HI TEC RECORDTVR-AL
PUBLISHED IN NEW YOR.K vmesmmnier
The above illustration shows the res- NOT permit winter's interfering hand to halt your idence of William Mills,Cedar Rapids. Iowa, in course of coimuctiou. De- construction this year apply Bishopric Stucco and signed by Architect William J. Brown. DOPlaster Board to the studding or sheathing and pro- Stucco Contractor Charles R. Car- ceed with the interior penter. Bishopric Stucco Board was finishing. used on this borne. Bishopric Board has in numerous instances especially in the severe cold of the Northwest stood exposed to the ele- ments from fall to spring without disintegration or damage. In every instance the buildings have' been ready for Stucco- ing at the Architect's or Contractor's convenience.
If your clients are in urgent need of' a place to live they can occupy a Bishopric Board walled home in consid- erable comfort until the spring Stuccoing. The insulating qualities of this Board are decidedly extraordinary it keeps a home extremely warm and dry. Dampness can- not penetrate the Asphalt Mastic and fibreboard and the heavy wood strips are creosoted against exposure. Warmth and comfort are increased when it is used on the interior instead of wood lath.
Bishopric Board's economy should influence contracts at this time. The saving on the average home is about 25^. This is a big point today! But best of all Bishopric Board is a Stucco background you can We are ready to guf be sure of. You can apply the Stucco next spring .and know that serricr i you erery the walls will remain permanently beautiful and crackles* monu- connection with neuter ments to your judgment. construction on Bish- r opric Board. \\ rite~us Tell your clients they can go ahead with their construction and THE BISHOPRIC 975 ESTK AVENUE ARCHJTECJVRAL R EtSJZW. D
Editor: MICHAEL A. MIKKELSEN Contributing Editor: HERBERT CROLY Business Manager: J. A. OAKLEY
COVER Apse of the Old Cathedral of Salamanca. Water Color PAGE By Arthur Byne
THE RESIDENCE OF J. HARLESTON PAKKEK Esq., Boston, Mass., of
the Firm of Parker, Thomas 6- Rice, Architects . , 498 By Frank Chouteau Brown
A STUDY IN MUSEUM PLANNING . .... 518 By Meyrie R. Rogers
THE LATERO-SECTIONAL MODELS OF BELLOWS 6- ALDRICH . 529 By Sylvester Baxter WAK MEMORIALS. Part I. Community Houses for Towns and ev Small Cities ...... 535 t&. By Charles Over Cornelius
SOME PRINCIPLES OF SMALL HOUSE DESIGN. Part II. Design of the Plot of Land (continued) ...... 556 By John Taylor Boyd, Jr. ENGLISH ARCHITECTURAL DECORATION. Part XI ... 569 By Albert E. Bullock PORTFOLIO OF CURRENT ARCHITECTURE ...... 583 NOTES AND COMMENTS 589 an
Yearly Subscription United States $3.00 Foreign $4.00 Single copies 35 cent*. Entered May 22, 1902, as Second Class Matter, at New York, N. Y. Member Audit Bureau of Circulation. PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE ARCHITECTURAL KECORD COMPANY
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' TT T '-' TV TT ' ^F*^ JH M ^;"W::V^':^:'Wt:^:*"^:"?:J^'?in^:^:^r:..!**.*, *iv*-'*.*.i%.*>Tr^.Ji>.<%.'*. VOLVME XLVI NVMBER VI DECEMBER, 1919 RESIDENCE sf J HARLEJTON PARKER. BOSTON, MASS. OF THE FIRM OF PARKER. THOMAS <* RICE. ARCHITECTS special points of interest in this happened rather to overshadow other ele- are to be summarized ments far more THEcity house important in the design in the : first, and success of the and the following particulars building ; story the dwelling is an alteration not a of the purple glass should be told first new, house though few might sus- if told at all in order to supply the pect that fact from any details now proper "local color" and clear the way apparent in the structure; second, it is for more informing and important mat- the house built by an architect for him- ter to follow. self; third, its interest and difficulty- About two springs ago, shortly after we went into is greatly increased by the fact that Mr. finally the war, the gener- Parker possessed a large amount of ally unruffled equanimity of Boston's d' most exclusive family furniture, pictures and objets section, the so-called art which had all to be considered and "Back Bay," was disturbed by a per- sistent and permanently accommodated in his new pervasive rumor that would not but home. Finally, there was the "mystery down, continued to intrude at detail in the most exclusive dinner of the purple glass," a mere tables once the the house, that, because of a peculiarly latest news from the Front from that local and native Boston tradition, has evening's Transcript (all of two days old, Record All Copyrighted, 1919, by The Architectural Company. Rights Reserved. 499 THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. and therefore hopefully considered as his subject, by the way), finally ending in less likely to be contradicted next by saying his grandfather had told him morning's Post) had been paraded and that only possessors of the oldest and dissected unto the third course. finest wine cellars were entitled to dis- The rumor was to the effect that a play the symbol whose meaning was most disturbing and unprecedented phe- known to the elect adding it had been nomenon had been noted on Common- of great assistance to the young bloods wealth Avenue, nearly across from the of several generations ago in laying out marble fagade of the Hotel Vendome. the uncharted route of their New Year's It was there that, in a new house rising Day calls. This was followed by an- on the Avenue, certain windows had been other letter, in the "Notes and Queries" seen glazed with the glass that had there- columns, telling how the glass had orig- tofore been considered the exclusive pre- inally been imported, and some panes rogative and birthright of Beacon Hill set in the windows of a popular coffee and only the smallest and most exclusive house of the day in Spring Lane, where portion of Beacon Hill at that. It was the enriching (color) qualities added to most certainly not, in the natural order port and sherries seen through the light of established things in Boston, to be admitted by such windows was not to encountered on Commonwealth Avenue. be gainsaid. And so the glass came into Even on the Hill the buildings that could demand among its habitues, who desired boast of "purple glass" in their windows to sip their sherry with the adumbra of were few and far between, dating mostly color thus gained, but without the extra from the farther side of 1840. It was charge added for that privilege by the inconceivable not to say indecent that canny Yankee innkeeper thus the ship- any new "front" on the Avenue should ment was soon depleted in order to re- have presumed to encroach upon so set their dining room and parlor windows cherished a local tradition. The rumor with this marvellous glass. denied it was de- was investigated, and ; Finally, the editor of the above de- clared to be impossible. Some there were partment, causing search to be made, who acknowledged that, in certain lights, found that the whole subject of purple, there was an effect that gave a possible or more strictly "violet" glass, had been tincture of color to the rumor; but the investigated and published in his columns mere fact that it had never happened some fifteen or so years before, and so before was ample evidence to most hear- the facts about the whole matter were ers: that, of course, was sufficient to reprinted to the following effect: The settle it for Boston. glass was imported from abroad, some Nevertheless, the story would not authorities say from France, and upon it bobbed and ; and its down ; up again again arrival was perfectly colorless. After then at last the mischief was done: the being set and exposed to the sun it be- too beans were spilled and in public, gan to turn violet, causing much discus- for some one wrote to the Evening Trans- sion and so much dissatisfaction that cript asking for information (there were people refused to buy any more of it. those who claimed it a clear case of lese- It has been found that that portion of majeste on the part of the editor who the panes covered by the putty is still allowed the letter to appear in print). colorless after many years, thereby prov- Someone else replied, claiming these win- ing the discoloration was caused by the dows were only to be found in the houses action of the sun's rays. of the oldest and "bluest" blood in the Thomas Gaffield, the best known au- under the well- of his on and its man- Colony ; another, writing thority day glass known pen name of "Politicus," dis- ufacture, made extensive experiments coursed learnedly on old Boston's an- with various glasses and the effect of cestry, the history of the Hill, changes sun upon them. He gave an address be- on the Common, the effect of Christmas fore the Chemical Section of the Amer- eve candles behind Beacon Street win- ican Association for the Advancement dow panes (the nearest he ever got to of Science in Boston on August 27, 1880, 500 THE RESIDENCE OF J. HARLESTON PARKER, ARCHITECT, BOSTON, MASS. ENTRANCE-RESIDENCE OF J. HARLESTON PARKER. ARCHITECT, BOSTON, MASS. THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. in which he refers to the Boston purple Lord 1917. Hence the true and only ex- that glass, saying although originally planation of the mystery now appears clear, the to the violet tone was for change the first time in print. It was merely due to the action of the sunlight and this at about the beginning of Mr. caused by an excess of oxide of man- Parker's alteration, the old houses at used in its ganese manufacture. As soon Beacon and Somerset Streets, formerly as this mistake was discovered by the used by the Boston City Club, had cer- DETAIL OF FACADE-RESIDENCE OF J. HARLESTON PARKER. ARCHITECT, BOSTON, MASS. makers it corrected therefore tain was ; only repairs and alterations made in them, a limited amount of this glass was manu- giving Mr. Parker an opportunity to factured and sold. Today it is of course purchase the old sash, glass and all, and practically unobtainable, except where use the latter in his home. Investigation found in one of the old buildings of that disclosed that the houses from which it period. had been removed had been built by This seemed authoritatively to clear David Sears in 1837 to 1838, and up the mystery of the original glass, but minus the glass, and a mantel and hob still did not explain its sudden and un- grate also purchased and transferred to expected reappearance in the year of our Mr. Parker's smoking room at the same 503 THIHD FLOOR, PLAN !)LCOND FLOOR. PLAN FLOOR PLAN THE RESIDENCE OF J. HARLESTON PARKER, ARCHITECT, BOSTON, MASS. THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. time are still to be seen at the carried they out in a delicately modified ver- corner of these streets in the upper City sion of English Georgian, or Colonial, of Boston. This makes the glass that with a distinct flavor of Adam influence has caused all this discussion, undoubt- pervading the carved limestone trim, about edly, eighty years old. possesses an architectural distinction all it is in Having, hoped, now succeeded its own quite aside from the overly disposing of this rumor we can turn to much discussed incidental embellishment the equally interesting if quite different of its "purple" glass. Much of this char- story of the house itself, and relate acter is in the brickwork, water-struck some details of its present transforma- brick, carefully selected under Mr. tion from an old and somewhat ugly Parker's supervision to obtain a prevail- type of Bostonian Back Bay respecta- ing purple and brown color note in the bility to a more modern, beautiful and, I stretchers and headers laid into the wall trust we may still say, eminently respect- face. This color scheme is aided by the able example of what the development of use of a selected dark sand and an Boston's Back Bay might have been, pro- irregularly surfaced joint. vided only that the ill-considered restric- The bricks are laid up in an irregular tions in regard to "bay windows" arbi- English Bond; irregular because no trarily established by the original owners especial importance was attached to of all the property in this section of balancing the upright joints exactly over Boston had never been invented or the stretcher courses, with the result that applied. So great was Mr. Parker's own the alternate header courses are laid up antipathy to this hoary local precedent with regard only to their disposition that he pulled down the entire fagade of within their own course; and a most the old house, largely to get rid of this pleasing irregularity of effect has re- his sulted. The incumbrance ; and that he has proved first-story windows are belief by the result is amply evidenced additionally marked with a row of of the front with headers outside the frame and the attic by a comparison new ; the old houses still standing on each side story more than usually subservient to of it. the fagade was, as a matter of fact, left Two other factors also influenced Mr. much as in the old house, a slight change Parker in his purchase of this property, in the dormer top and a new color treat- and these were factors of plan and story ment, both in the metal dormers and the height. The plan with some merely old tile roof, being about the extent of minor modifications he regarded as alteration attempted. nearly right; while the height and, even The vestibule is lined with Travertine, more, the location of the various floor and the front doors are rough paneled levels relative to themselves and to the and painted in several varying tones of street were such that he believed it pos- blue and green to a genuinely "antique" sible to adapt them, with comparative appearance. The doors throughout the inexpense, to his requirements and needs. house have been made from discarded And so the event has proved. Even the pieces of oak and English oak veneer, old baths and their plumbing were used to give added interest and character accepted by Mr. Parker, and, with the to the new interiors in which their rough, cracked and surfaces heating, utilized without any drastic gnarled appear. The the first and change. The service portion, the bed- principal portions of second floors all to accord rooms, the rear, were all made use of were remade with the and it is with with only slight redecoration, repainting occupants' ideas, of walls and woodwork, and refinishing this portion of the house along with the front to the street that we are there- of floors, some occasional new closet fit- ments and mantels being added to give fore concerned. But before entering their a few more words the character requisite to the furniture upon description are still to be said about the because and draperies that were to be installed. plan, house in several The front, as has already been indi- the is, important par- different from the conventional cated, is almost entirely new. The design, ticulars, 505 few* O C/2 u *s * c SIu - o w 3 K I-J Pi *- EH; o W fc n 9 = E -^ THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. occur in the arch- city block plan. First it should be noted flight and the landing that the second floor contained a front way opposite the landing of the first living room and a rear dining room flight upon the second floor. (instead of the more customary library), The hall has been treated in the sim- connected by a hall also of a difference. plest fashion on both stories. A rough This placed the kitchen upon the first plastered wall, with a brown coat floated floor at the rear, and probably left plenty with a felt float and then partly scoured, of room for that already obsolete ele- is left as the finish. A plain dark floor ment a wine cellar in the basement of eighteen-inch square tiles of black and below. The first floor thus contains a green slate, diagonally laid inside a black reception room at the right of the border and a low black slate base, covers as a the first floor entrance used by Mr. Parker more ; eighteen-inch gray squares informal smoking room because of his inside a black slate border the second. determination to make the house essen- A simple, roughly molded plaster crown- tially livable and comfortable as a home. mould, with a dull gilt rope moulding at Back of the front room on the entrance the bottom marks the line of the ceiling, floor the staircase hall occupied the leaving the distinctive furniture, the few whole width of the lot an unusually pictures, one or two tapestries and last, ample one of twenty-six feet in width but certainly not least, the light fixtures with the staircase well recessed at the to give emphasis and distinction to the side behind the smoking room, leaving space. The stair rail is a delicately the space in front of the entrance vesti- modelled design in alternating units of bule entirely free and clear an impor- cast and wrought iron, touched in with tant detail adding spaciousness to an some light color and old gilt, and notably already wide area and making the hall graceful and light in effect. more available for use as a room in the Mr. Parker has included two unusual first-floor plan. Originally the staircase conveniences in his plan. The small had started from well out in this space, vestibule occurring between the front with a center run to a landing, where the hall and the service stairs admits not stairs divided and then went on to the only to the house elevator, but is also .second floor in two rooms a large furnished for use as a small toilet or Southern Colonial motive that Mr. dressing room, which, with the lavatory Parker found somewhat too pretentious opening from one side, makes it possi- this hall and crowded for even ample ; ble for arrivals by automobiles to make and so he took down and rebuilt the themselves entirely presentable here be- staircase in the form it now appears in fore appearing upon the floor above. On the photographs landing on the second the other side of the hall, the pantry story toward the rear, near the dining opening under the stairs from the kitchen room door. This staircase had originally can by means of a blind door beneath extended only from the first floor to the the stair stringer also be put to use second, where it stopped, the staircase as a service connection with the front serving the bedrooms above starting hall and door, whenever the little dress- again from the second floor and being ing room is occupied for that purpose. placed on the opposite side of the house. The smoking room on the first floor This arrangement made it possible to contains the dark green marble mantel square out the ceiling over the first flight and grate already referred to, the walls of stairs, under the third floor, and again are covered with grasscloth, the wood to the effect of desired is add spaciousness ; trim and ceiling mold (it hardly more) while the start of the staircase to the are painted a dark green, and the whole rooms occupied by the family above is room forms merely an enclosing frame unobtrusively concealed by the wall of for the many old pictures and prints the second floor hall containing the niche the former mostly of old merchant ships and statue the latter a fine family copy that crowd the walls, and the old of the well-known original except at pieces of Chinese inlaid and lacquered the point where the first few steps of the furniture brought back by a merchant 508 K 1s *!" W oGE-" z w W H Q a >-> C/3 t) W f2 8H Z Z S w /. THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. forbear from a trip to the Orient. Brown the usual decorator, a "square'' room. velvet hangings at the windows tone in Again has liveableness been considered with the walls, and the whole room ex- the chief desideratum; and once again cellently fulfils its purpose of a some- has it been attained in this room, walled what masculine lounging room, livable from floor to ceiling in paneled oak, and homelike, in which the "mere with carved cornice, mantelpiece and SECOND FLOOR HALL RESIDENCE OF J. HARLESTON PARKER, ARCHITECT, BOSTON, MASS. creature man" may take such comfort as door architrave, after the Georgian fash- abides in deep upholstery and tobacco ion. On either side of the entrance door without paying undue regard to where are bookcases, recessed into the thick- his ashes may be deposited by any sud- ness of the wall, and left unglazed and den or incidental gesture. undefended, so that mellow tones of old One of the few structural changes calf and leather bindings may fulfil their undertaken was in the front, second ordained purpose of harmonizing and story room, where the interior rear wall enriching the paneled oak. Here, again, was moved back some three or four feet Mr. Parker has succeeded in solving into the hall, to ease up the dimensions another of those difficult problems of the and also to achieve that bete noire of house furnisher, what to do with the 510 MAIN STAIRCASE LANDING ON SECOND FLOOR-RESIDENCE OF J. HARLESTON PARKER, ARCHITECT, BOSTON, MASS. upright piano. He has, below the shelves at the windows, dropping from behind of one case, adjusted in width to the their coved cornice, covered with the width of his piano case, left a space of same material, and a pendent fringe just the right size to allow the piano to along the lower edge. This room is be set inside this recess, where, by finish- floored in eighteen-inch squares of oak, ing the exposed front of the instrument stained very dark, and with the fine old in oak to match the wall, it is effectually furniture and another bit of color in the concealed and its polished ebony and coat of arms over the mantel completes rosewood case has, for once, become in- the bare description of an entirely pleas- nocuous. This arrangement also makes ing, attractive and livable living room. it possible to place a concealed light By the same deft means as he has em- under the bottom of the shelf above, ployed elsewhere throughout the house, exactly where it will best throw down Mr. Parker in this comfortable living- upon the music rack, another feat most room again is successful in crowding its difficult of successful accomplishment. formal walls with old pictures, and the The color of this room varies between margin of the room with furntiure, in- the tones of the oak rough-grained, herited from a number of generations. knotted and gnarled, cracked and irregu- The pieces shown in the photographs are larly moulded, with the surface brushed readily recognizable as worthy exemplars to obtain added interest of texture, of the best periods and early styles in treated only with a dull waxed finish this country the pair of old gilt mirrors and the grey white and dull soft green flanking the mantel breast, for instance, of the slate and marble mantel (in part contain the labeled record that they were of old material), the latter color re- "made by W. Lewis, Charleston. South echoed in the dull green figured hangings Carolina, in 1777," where they were 511 . o >-H en fa O O pq fc W W H o a Q H LIVING ROOM CORNER NEAR WINDOW RESIDENCE OF J. HARLESTON PARKER, ARCHITECT, BOSTON, MASS. Wfc -e 5 W 6 >s J H LIVING ROOM CORNER AND PIANO-RESIDENCE OF J. HARLESTON PARKER, ARCHITECT, BOSTON, MASS. THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. bought in the year 1819 by Peter Parker. the rear fagades of the houses on the Of the new interiors, there remains backing street. The mantel is of Alps only the dining room still to be described. green marble, with gilt ormolu orna- This, as is evident in the photographs, is ments, and the walls have lent them- more formal in derivation, being selves, with unexpected pliability, to car- modeled, or influenced rather, by some rying the unusual number of interesting French interiors of the Regentcy. And old family portraits that are both hung again only a close and appreciative upon and set within their panelled observer will note that any too literal surfaces. copying of foreign moldings and details It should be clear by now that Mr. has been carefully avoided. The result Parker's house is not a show house, in is perhaps even more delicate (and here, the sense that phrase is generally em- too, the moldings have been blurred and ployed. On leaving, one carries away softened on the sander) and more suited most distinctly its flavor of dignified re- to the smaller size and greater propor- laxation of livableness and charm. It tionate height of the room over its possesses individuality, amply but never recognizable originals. The molding of obtrusively evident. It is obviously solid and at is at once and substantial a descendant of panels openings delicate, ; worthy rich and varied; and the final cachet is those times when the resident family had given this interior by the two painted acquired the substantial and elegant panels over the side doors, by a well pieces that the house interiors set forth known French artist, M. P. V. Galland, so nicely and so well. In how few houses which belonged in Mr. Parker's family could there be gathered together the and had been formerly used in a house amount and variety of furniture and pic- in New York. tures combined within these walls with- Finally, these wood walls have been out oppressively cluttering and confus- painted a sufficiently dark and warmly ing the visitor? Here Mr. Parker has tinted grey to avoid any of the usual succeeded in so arranging plan and treat- its full coldness often felt in a room of this style ; ment as to allow each object sig- and this color has again been warmed by nificance and value as in the Copley at the plain crimson carpet over the floor the left of the dining-room mantel, for of eighteen-inch black slate tiles, laid instance. square within a margin and base of grey Outside, a backward glance discloses waxed Knoxville, and old crimson hang- this same spirit animate upon the ex- ings at the windows, which have been terior; and recalling the narrow crowded glazed with an irregular and bubbly aspect of the bay-windowed front the cathedral glass of a warm tinge, which new fagade has supplanted, one cannot not only warms and diffuses the light but the more fully appreciate the greater from the rear and north but also pre- breadth, dignity and simplicity of the vents the eye from visioning too clearly new treatment. 517 A STUDY IN MUSEUM PLANNING BEING AN EFFORT TO ESTABLISH A WORK- ING BASIS FOR THE SOLUTION OF CURRENT PROBLEMS IN MUSEUM PLANNING BY MEYRIC R.ROCERS [Mr. Rogers is a member of the staff of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. convention His paper, which was read before the of the American Association of Museums, May 21, 1919, aims to establish a solution for a group of questions which 1 is engaging the attention of museum officials, relating to circulation, safety administration and of objects, transportation, control, etc. The paper is to be published in "Museum Work," the organ of the Association of Museums, as well as in The Architectural .Record, the purpose being to place the problem stated b\ Mr. Rogers before both architects and museum officials in order to obtain comments on his solution, and possibly alternative solutions, from both sources. The results F. also a will be summarised by Mr. Richard Bach, member of the staff of the Metropolitan Museum, and published in "Museum Work" and in The Architectural Record. It is hoped, that discussion will bring out a valuable fund of experience and suggestions. Communications may be sent to Mr. Bach at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, or to The Architectural Record. EDITOR.] . -is wrong with our Ameri- owing to continued modification and ex- can museums, with our art tension of functions, has achieved no WHAT ? museums in particular There logical formula of design. is no doubt that there is something the We must first of all change our con- matter. The public feels it generally by ception of the museum. It not only re- suffering unnecessary gallery fatigue; ceives but gives, and gives bountifully. the trustees feel it appreciably in heavy towards 'the sum of education and public maintenance costs, and, last but not least, culture. It is becoming more and more the artist of every class is exasperated by highly organized as its functions in- its it. The secret seems to lie in bad marks- crease and influence broadens ; and a manship. The architect has been un- correspondingly efficient and highly or- certain of his target; and the various ganized plant is necessary, which can be building committees or their substitutes, obtained only by satisfying the numerous the museum administrators, do not seem definite requirements of the problem. to have given much solid help or practical These requirements can not be recog- expert advice. nized except by frankly putting aside In every class of building today the preconceived ideas and analyzing the sit- architectural problems have become so uation as it is, a task that must be per- complicated that they call each for their formed by the museum worker with the own special fund of information and ex- advice of an architect experienced in the perience. No one man can properly meet technical problems of building. all the demands. The architectural pro- The detailed analysis of the modern fession has been forced to divide itself museum is another story and far beyond into groups of specialists, each with its the limitations of this article, which is in- more or less limited field. The particular tended to be merely descriptive of a gen- problems of the bank, the office build- eral scheme for museum planning, built ing, the store, the railway terminal, etc., on the results of such a process. This have been effectively met and solved study was undertaken after several years' with fair satisfaction. But the museum, experience in the actual workings of one 518 THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. of the country's largest museums, pre- manded. The conditions of the ideal ceded by fairly thorough architectural problem set for solution were the fol- training. lowing (numbers in parentheses refer Before the situation in detail discussing to objectives above) : it will be well to give in brief some of GENERAL CONDITIONS. the cardinal points which determined 1. The building area, exclusive of setting, the method of attack. In the first place, should not exceed 40,000 square feet. the conception that a museum of art con- 2. There should be three main floors, two of which should be used for exhibition taining the art treasures of the people purposes (1). should be as far as possible a sort of 3. Every advantage possible should be whose architectural treat- public palace taken of any slope of land (1). ment itself should be one of the chief EXHIBITION SPACE. exhibits, and was internally externally, A. Galleries. modified. The functional greatly aspect Galleries, etc., used for exhibition pur- of the plan was made supreme. Only poses should offer, in all, about 60,000 square so much of the monumental idea was feet of floor space. 1. Large hall, top or high side light, 3,000 retained as could readily be harmonized square feet, more than one story high with the idea that the muse- dominating (11). um of art should be a conveniently and 2. Room or rooms for special exhibitions harmoniously arranged background for not less than 1,500 square feet in all its contents. From this fundamental (8). 3. Not less than 40,000 square feet of gen- the de- conception following objectives eral gallery space, exclusive of circula- veloped and were to become, as it were, tion, giving galleries of varying pro- the backbone of the solution: portions (11). 4. to air as 1. Economical utilization of space. Court, open or not, advisable, 2. Convenient interadjustment of spaces about 3,500 square feet to be used for alloted to exhibition, educational and exhibit of architectural fragments, etc. administrative purposes. (11). 3. A plan which would admit of simple B. Circulation. "route" arrangement. 1. Small concourse or lobby in connection 4. A plan which would facilitate economy with main entrance (2). and efficiency of maintenance. 2. Means of access to galleries from en- 5. A plan which could be extended with- trance without using galleries as such, out radical rearrangement. should be provided (7). 6. A reasonable system of lighting. 3. Doorways into the galleries should be 7. Adoption of a gallery-and-adjacent-cor- reduced to a minimum requirement of ridor exhibition unit. safety (4). 8. A readily accessible, easily isolated, 4. Public staircases should be spacious, temporary exhibition space. convenient and easy, but not architec- 9. Relegation of stairways to secondary turally prominent, and few in number positions. to avoid confusion (9 and 11). 10. Ample facilities for the educational 5. Passenger elevators close to main en- functions of the museum. trance (2 and 11). 11. Use of reasonable means to every give C. Public Service. maximum service, esthetic pleasure and 1. Ample check rooms near entrance (4 physical comfort to the public. and 11). \Yith these in mind the follow- points 2. Space for information desk and sale of as ing program was drawn up to serve photographs near entrance (4 and 11). the statement of a definite problem. Al- 3. At favorable points not actually in the galleries provision should be made for though it was desirable that the require- affording the visitor a resting place ments should be as as it general possible, (11). was also necessary to get a working start 4. General rest room for public, with small lunchroom attached by making certain specific demands based (11). 5. Smoking room, toilet, etc., should be on the average requirements of a museum provided (11). of moderate size suitable for a city with EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES (10). a population of from 200,000 to 500,000. 1. Auditorium to seat about 500, with sep- In many cases, however, the fullest use arate entrance, cloak room, etc., which of the facilities has made it given pos- can be used when galleries are closed. sible to meet these requirements more 2. Library of about 1,500 square feet, with generously than was absolutely de- basement stacks. 519 FIG. 1. GROUND FLOOR PLAN-DESIGN BY MEYRIC R. ROGERS FOR A SMALL MUSEUM OF ART. -i r- BY MEYRIC FIG 2. SECOND FLCX)R PLAN-DESIGN R. ROGERS FOR A SMALL MUSEUM OF ART. nil ii 8 FIG. 3. BASEMENT FLOOR PLAN-DESIGN BY MEYRIC R. ROGERS FOR A SMALL MUSEUM OF ART. THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. 3. Study and class rooms. ing' gi ymg access, on one side, to the (a) A well lighted, well ventilated service entrance and, on the other, to an room to seat about 100, on each floor. emergency exit from the auditorium. (b) Children's room close to library. This area also facilitates the adequate Other and class (c) study rooms lighting of the basement on the ground should be wherever provided floor by windows, and avoids possible. ordinary the for an elaborate external ADMINISTRATION. necessity lay-out. A. Control. On the main exhibition floor (Fig. 1) 1. Centralized control of the main arteries the entrance is a weather vesti- is essential (4). through 2. Emergency exits should be provided in bule directly into a barrel-vaulted sky-lit wings remote from main entrance (11). lobby with which a corridor, running 3. Entrance to auditorium and adjacent around the entire building, connects on circulation must be easily separable the right and left. This insures direct from the gallery area (4). B. Staff Offices. approach to any gallery or group of gal- Centrally located but not in direct con- leries in the entire circuit without using nection with public circulation (4). the galleries themselves for circulation. 1. Trustees' about 750 room, square feet, the on the main axis is the with ante-room. Joining lobby which the visitor 2. Director's room connecting with assist- large tapestry hall, gives ant's office. an important vista the moment he enters. 3. At least one curator's office. The vaulted staircases to the ground 4. Clerking space. and second floors open from the sides 5. Office for Registrar and assistant within of the into which look easy reach of the curatorial offices, re- lobby, they again ceiving and storage rooms. from a mezzanine landing before reach- 6. Office for superintendent, etc. ing the second floor. The plan shows C. Work Rooms (4). the placing of the special exhibition rooms 1. Large, well-lighted room or rooms for on the fagade and how these can be con- repair or carpenter shop. 2. Supply room. nected with or separated from the main 3. Receiving and packing room, commodi- range of galleries without disorganizing ous and central. the circulation. 4. Service entrance in connection with At the rear of the hall is the above. tapestry in this case with a 5. Small photographic studio. garden court, glass 6. Locker room and toilet for employees roof allowing the arches between it and with rest room attached. the corridor to remain unglazed. An 7. Service for lunch room. arcaded loggia lying between a small 8. Freight elevators conveniently placed and the service ele- with reference to storage room. secondary stairway vator it on the side D. Storage (4). separates remaining 1. Vaults in connection with offices of from the encircling corridor. The cor- trustees, librarian, and registrar. ner room marked "Study" can also be 2. At least 40,000 cubic feet of good stor- removed from the general circulation age space. E. Mechanical Plant. without difficulty and could well be used Adequate space for ventilating, heating either for class room or study purposes. and humidifying apparatus must be pro- The cast collection, of particular interest vided. to students only, is relegated to the rear The accompanying illustrations show galleries. One of the most objectionable the solution of the problem just stated. features of some of the smaller museums The area occupied by the building is a is the accumulation of casts near the en- simple rectangle, approximately 260x160 trance, in places of prominence which feet, lying on a gentle slope with the should be given to original works of im- ground rising about six feet from front portance. to rear, thus making it possible to reach On the second floor (Fig. 2) the gen- the building by a driveway running un- eral arrangement is practically the same. derneath the terraced steps leading to Connecting the two main stairways is a the main entrance. From this driveway broad corridor with segmental vault lit a wide area runs around the entire build- by indirect side light through a small 523 U J w < OT S n Q b S M 3&3 w o J ftj *-a THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. Art in Ohio. For loggia opening on the fagacle. This, with Museum Cleveland, a similar corridor lit from the great hall, practical purposes the receiving room would form appropriate galleries for would be enlarged by the addition of the smaller sculpture. The light in either space assigned on the plan to the supply case is capable of augmentation from the and receiving clerks and a consequent roof. The visitor, leaving the two rooms reduction of the space alloted to the on the plan assigned to bronzes and building superintendent. The storage is than that de- sculpture, enters either directly into the room considerably more manded the and first range of painting galleries or into by program probably the corridor from which, about half way more than enough for any active museum down, a small resting place gives a of its size. It is readily accessible to the office of the under whose con- glimpse into the great hall below. The registrar, corridor also opens through a colonnade trol it would be, and is directly served which of on to the garden court and into a loggia by the freight elevator, could, similar to that on the lower floor. The course, open directly into it. The block some corner galleries, as before, can either be plan (Fig. 6) gives used as further exhibition space or re- idea of the general scheme of extension the served for the special use of copyists or should such be necessary, though utilized as studios and work rooms. complete formation of the two courts One of the main values of this type of would hardly be called for except in the a 01 the first plan from the museum point of view lies, development of museum at this does not however, in the possibilities it offers for magnitude, which study a convenient and economical arrange- really aim. A study of the complete ment of the administrative area in con- plans in this case will show how this ex- nection not only with the exhibition space tension would be connected with the ex- but with that used for the other public tant portion by a continuation of the functions of the institutions. north and south corridors and a slight The basement (Fig. 3) or first floor adjustment of the adjoining galleries, plan gives a good idea of what is meant two of which would have to rely on arti- by this. The problem was to secure a ficial light, should the extension be two location for the administrative offices stories in height. that would be readily accessible, yet, at The longitudinal and transverse sec- the same time, definitely cut off from en- tions (Figs. 4 and 5), taken in conjunc- croachment by the public. This was ac- tion with the plans, will show more clear- complished by opening to the public the ly the interrelation of the various parts. entire left of the plan from the secondary It will be seen that the treatment of the staircase "A" to the main staircase "B,"' interior is of the simplest sort, with the and reserving the remainder. exception of the enrance hall, which is The -chief use of the auditorium, of here finished in stone in a stylistic man- course, being for stereopticon lectures, ner as neutral as possible. For the rest, daylight is not necessary and can there- tinted plaster with plain wood or stone fore be given the space beneath the great trim is intended, this being found in the hall. This, in its turn, enables the utili- main to be the most satisfactory museum zation of access areas corresponding to background. From these drawings the that given by. the main entrance. Direct lighting system of the galleries on the access to the lobby from the outside is main floor will be seen to be a sort of obtained by an entrance from the drive- attic or high side light. In general it way beneath the terrace, which can be seems to be evident that clerestory light- utilized when the museum proper is ing is superior to all other forms for closed. Access to the rest of the museum every purpose, except, perhaps, painting on such occasions is easily preventable. galleries, by virtue of its softness and The arrangement and sequence of ad- general freedom from glare. It has ministrative offices is more or less dia- therefore been used not only in the great grammatical, following in the main the hall, where a flat ceiling would have pro- excellent organization of this area in the duced happier proportions, but also in 526 "is > 55 < 2 w ^ ~ - H H - / _ W J < < w 5 o os M O i THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. the side galleries on the main floor, where inforced concrete could be substituted so the windows run horizontally and far as the plan arrangements go, though practically the entire length of each gal- trouble might arise in taking ducts around lery. With the openings placed in the columns and girders. The New York most effective position and the walls kept building law has been followed in its light in tone, the wall area under the structural, fire and sanitary regulations windows will be sufficiently illuminated in order to assure a thoroughly sound and for ordinary objects in relief, provided fireproof structure to which the public the sill of the openings is kept high can freely entrust both its treasures and enough to avoid direct glare of the eye- itsel'f. sight. This, of course, necessitates a The plans described, it is fair to say, gallery of rather more than usual height, meet fully and squarely the requirements the upper part of the room being, in a specified in the program and in that sense sense, a diffusion chamber. The exact solve the particular problem. It should amount of window area required to give be remembered, however, that the plans sufficient illumination would, of course, illustrated, while they could, with a few be obtained only by experiment and trial, slight changes, be turned into a workable but the quality of light thus obtained museum, are in the largest sense of the would be greatly superior to the usual word diagrammatic and are specific only in direct side light which also renders the the sense that they offer a concrete window wall practically useless for ex- illustration of what can be done with this hibition purposes. type of plan and program. Varying con- With the first floor reserved in the ditions and localities would, of course, main for the exhibition of objects in the necessitate considerable changes in de- round, the second floor, with top light, tail, but the fundamental idea and or- is practically given over to painting gal- ganization of this plan could be retained leries. These galleries have been kept to advantage. Exterior architectural ex- rather smaller and lower than usual. The pression and precise internal arrange- excessive height in most painting gal- ment should vary to meet specific de- leries with top light is not only unneces- mands, but the basic ideas of organization sary, but positively unsightly when only and interrelation of parts must remain one line of pictures is hung. The cen- constant if our fundamental conception ter portion of the glass ceiling would in of the functions of the museum remains this case be made somewhat less trans- unchanged. lucent than the side panels and, by the The chief trouble has been and is that use of prismatic glass, effort would be the museum is considered primarily as made to concentrate the light on the side a monumental building. This is contrary walls to the height of ten feet or so above to the fact, for, unlike other structures the floor. of its class, the museum is not complete The mechanical plant has been placed until the collections are installed. In in a sub-basement, in which run the main the last analysis, it is the contents we air channels to supply the various want to see and not the museum build- branches in the two series of duct walls. ing. When our attention is distracted In this connection it may have been ob- by architectonic display, our minds and served that wherever possible the solid muscles strained by inconvenient plan- wall has been kept on the gallery side ning, and our senses disturbed by incon- so that heavy objects may be fastened gruous settings, we may be reasonably on the wall without the constant danger sure that the building and its functions of breaking down duct partitions or are not in agreement. The arts are breaking into the ducts themselves. rapidly coming into their own, after hav- As to actual structure, the plans have ing been neglected for almost a century; been made for brick bearing walls, car- if we consider the museum to be their rying floors of steel beams, and terra cradle and nurse rather than their sepul- cotta arches. A steel skeleton or re- chre, we must build accordingly. 528 d The LATERO-SECTIONAL MODELS OF BELLOWS &> ALDRICH A Valuable Contribution to Architectural Technique By" SYLVESTER BAXTER value of models in architectural cheapness with which a latero-sectional THEpractice has long been appreciated. model may be constructed constitutes not They not only serve to show a client the least aspect of its value. In the first how his building will look in actuality; place, elevation drawings are made in they help the architect himself in form- the usual way to the desired scale. Blocks ing a better estimate of his work and its of suitable hardwood plank, well planed relationship to environment. And since to the desired thickness and smooth- they exhibit all sides of a building they finished, are cut to the corresponding perform a service that otherwise would dimensions. They are then built up into demand several perspectives. the model. The elevations, cut into sec- The worth of the architectural model tions, are pasted on to the sides; the as a technical device has lately been floor-plans on to the upper horizontal surfaces the if notably enhanced by an amplification of ; ceiling plans, desired, on its services in a simple and ingenious to the lower sides. The model as a whole, fashion, an improvement for which credit containing almost the entire anatomy of is due to the Boston firm of Bellows and the structure, may thus represent a build- Aldrich, who put the use of this device ing in all the detail desired. Projecting freely at the disposition of their fellow parts may be easily made separately and architects. And since experience amply affixed or detached. Models ranging demonstrates its value as a legitimate from the comparative simplicity of an and efficient "business getter" this service office-building or a shoe factory to the will be cordially appreciated. complex of a great institutional or monu- "Latero-sectional" models are simply mental structure may thus be easily and an application of the familiar principle cheaply made and exhibited at a glance embodied in dissected maps and puzzle- in a way that imparts a clear under- pictures. The model is dissected either standing of the most intimate details. at each story, or at the particular story The device has an interesting history. or at any other point where "look- It originated in the presentation of a in" may be desirable. It thus becomes, damage-case in court. Mr. Bellows if not four-dimensional, at least an ap- chanced to talk with a friend about a proach to that mystically mathematical case which the latter, an owner in a hotel status to a degree that perhaps might property, had against the Boston Sub- well be described as three-and-a-half way Commission for damages to be dimensional according to the explana- caused by the contemplated extension of tion of the fourth dimension that indi- the East Boston tunnel to and beyond cates its sen .ce as presenting a simul- Bowdoin Square, cutting in at an angle taneous knowledge of the whole of a across the front of the property and given unit in all parts, within and with- taking off a considerable slice which, al- out, as well as in its familiar three-di- though not encroaching upon the exist- mensional aspects, and it will be seen ing building, interfered with its possible that this device quite appreciably ap- reconstruction under modern hotel con- proaches the four-dimensional ideal. ditions. The property in question was In these days of economy the ease and the old Revere House, one of the most 529 THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. famous of the nineteenth century hostel- willing in the line of his professional ries in the country (Astor House and activities to construct such a model and Tremont House period), which when produce it in court when the case came Paran Stevens was landlord, entertained to trial. This was agreed, and the model probably more distinguished guests than produced was devised on the novel lines any other hotel in Boston. Among its above described. MODEL OF PROPOSED NEW REVERE HOUSE, BOSTON. The model was constructed to show the damage to the property by the laying out of a subway. According to hotel requirements in a great city there are four floors below the street. guests was Albert Edward, the Prince When brought into court there was of Wales, who, on his visit to this coun- manifest curiosity on all sides to see the try when a youth, occupied a magnificent model and learn what it meant. The suite, said to have been the most finely opposing counsel objected to the sub- furnished to be found in any hotel of mission of the model as being an order that date. of evidence that should not be admissible It was suggested that the nature and under the rules governing court pro- extent of the damage to this property cedure. But everyone knows how the might best be illustrated by a model average boy takes pleasure in a set of specially constructed for the purpose. building blocks. Much of the boy re- His friend asked him if he would be mains in grown-up men and even the 530 THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. judge himself was manifestly curious posed development would be interfered to see the working of the thing. with. Also, the character of the pro- The model showed the hotel as a whole posed new hotel was graphically set with the several stories that in a modern forth by illustrating the principal floors hostelry run deep down into the ground, as the model was successively taken making valuable space utilizable, not only apart. For instance, the main floor, as MODEL OF PROPOSED NEW REVERE HOUSE. The removed segment shows how the subway would cut into the new building and seriously interfere with the plans of the two most important sub- surface floors. for ordinary basement purposes, but shown in one of the accompanying illus- even for cafes, billiard rooms and other trations, was evident at a glance, with features of an up-to-date hotel equip- its handsome parlor, named in com- ment. The course of the subway was memoration of the stay of the Prince of indicated in the upper part of the base- Wales, with the spacious Paul Revere ment, which as contemplated for the new Hall adjoining. The importance of the hotel extended two stories below the case and the nature and extent of the track level. The segment along the course damage to be caused by the subway con- of the subway was removable, showing struction was made so evident in this at a glance the extent to which the pro- way that an award of somewhat more 531 MODEL OF PROPOSED NEW REVERE HOUSE. The model disassembled, showing its component parts. Since the five floors occupied by the guest-chambers are all essentially alike in plan one thick section is sufficient to illustrate them all. MODEL OF PROPOSED NEW REVERE HOUSE DETAIL OF A SECTIONAL UNIT. 532 TENTATIVE SKETCH-MODEL OF AN EDUCATIONAL GROUP. TENTATIVE SKETCH MODEL OF AN EDUCATIONAL GHcHT. The model disassembled. This complex design comprises an auditorum, lecture room, workshop, heating and power plant. These features are shown in detail by the sixteen units. 533 TENTATIVE SKETCH-MODEL OF PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT FOR THE WOMEN'S CITY CLUB OF BOSTON. This model was made to indicate a way in which the space in the rear could be utilized for the extension of the clubhouse, one of the fine old houses on the slope of Beacon Hill. The proposed new L is represented by the latero-sectional part of the model. than $10,000 damage was made by the sectional idea can be utilized in showing jury. an exceedingly complex structure or Another model which showed the group of buildings is shown by the ac- clients at a glance one way in which the companying illustrations depicting an im- property could be most efficiently and portant technical institution in one of economically developed in the enlarge- our large American cities. This institu- ment of existing accommodations is that tion comprises workshops with art gal- of the prospective extension of the leries, audience halls, etc., with a fine \Yomen's City Club of Boston. The Colonial mansion housing a collection of Club is domiciled in one of the finest old old furniture. The model, in the ac- houses on Beacon Street, facing the companying two illustrations, is made Common, on the slope of the hill. In to show first the tentative scheme for the the rear was an extensive ell. By con- institution in its entirety and next the structing a model according to the latero- numerous important features of the sectional idea it was shown how fine new several portions. accommodations could be obtained by These typical examples are sufficient building under this ell instead of de- to indicate how exceedingly valuable an molishing the ell and building a loftier adjunct in architectural practice the structure on its site, as had been sug- latero-sectional idea may be expected to gested. The way in which the latero- become. 534 READ MEMORIAL COMMUNITY HOUSE, PURCHASE, N. Y. WAR. MEMORIALS PART 1- COMMUNITY HOUSES FOR. TOWNS fc SMALL CITIES BY CHARLES OVER CORNELIUS the discussion of memorials toward placing before the public the FROMcommemorative of the recent war qualifications inherent in community two general forms emerge the buildings which render them of particu- votive of lar and a evidence purely one, devoid practical suitability ; convincing utility, and the utilitarian memorial dedi- of the validity of their contention lies cated to a special purpose. Much is to in the astonishingly prompt response on be said in favor of both general forms, the part of memorial committees in all yet in particular situations there will be parts of the country in favor of the valid objections to the one or to the community house as a war memorial. other. The preference cannot be based One of the contributing reasons for this upon theoretical grounds, for in the unreserved endorsement of the commu- choice of individual memorials exigencies nity house is the fact that its latent of local circumstance intervene to decide possibilities have been largely developed the matter almost out of hand. In any by and through conditions arising from form of memorial, however, the quality the war. A few such buildings, existing of beauty is of prime consideration. before the war, had functioned with so Of the various forms which the utili- much success that the germ of the move- tarian memorial may take none has more ment was already well developed. With quickly or more surely established itself the unusual conditions created by mobili- in a position commanding popular ap- zation, involving the concentration of proval than has the community house. large numbers of men in localities Within the past year groups of persons, where no adequate provision had been convinced of the appropriateness of this made for their entertainment and com- form of memorial, have bent their efforts fort when not upon military duty, a 535 THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD form of community house was hastily possible for one such building in a me- devised which answered the need in sat- tropolis to inspire. Hence, in large cities isfactory fashion. community houses will largely take the Here the demands were in the main form of neighborhood houses supported practical. On the shortest notice a build- by a group of interested persons living ing was required which would serve all within a small radius; where the whole the purposes of a club for soldiers dur- city wishes to participate in one memo- ing their hours of recreation. Provision rial- building it is apt to be developed into had to be made for various forms of a great community auditorium or sta- indoor amusement, comfortable loung- dium of a size proportioned to the num- ing- rooms were needed as a meeting- ber of people destined to use it. place for social intercourse, while res- This first paper will be devoted, taurants and cafeterias were of primary therefore, to those problems which arise importance. In these buildings, hastily in connection with community houses lo- constructed to meet a pressing need, the cated in towns of such size that one solution of the problem seems to have modest building will serve the purposes been reached so far as practical layout of a gathering place for the whole com- is concerned, uncomplicated as such munity. buildings were by the necessity for ar- The most difficult problem confronting chitectural beauty. Many ideas for per- the architect of such buildings is that of manent buildings are contained in the the architectural style which shall char- "huts" erected by the various non-mili- acterize them. The two essential qual- tary organizations associated with the ities to be expressed in their design, camps; but it is the hostess house in its esthetically speaking, seem diametrically best development that brings together opposed when interpreted in the light of the attributes most essenial for incorpo- historic architectural design informal- ration in the permanent memorial ity and commemorative character. The houses which are to be erected in the one point which these two may hold in future. common is simplicity, a simplicity which It is to the people most actively inter- shall heighten the inviting aspect of the ested in these organizations during the house, which shall draw people to it war, who saw these houses in successful rather than repel them and at the same operation, that we owe the suggestion time preserve the genuine dignity which of giving them permanent form as war is essential to any memorial building. memorials. This means a complete freedom from the Another fact, not without force in its suggestion of Roman triumphs or the argument for the community house, is splendors of Renaissance courts, and one that by the creation of such buildings in can find no better foundation for stylistic communities where special demands are character than the local types which to be made upon them (and each com- America developed in the first two cen- munity has its own special problems) turies of her history. By a recognition the danger of a stereotyped memorial of the beauty and flexibility of the ar- is lessened. chitectural forms evolved in Colonial In considering community buildings a America, and an appreciation of the ap- primary distinction must be made be- proach which the early American archi- tween those which are to be erected in tects made toward their problems, a truly smaller communities and those which American basis will be laid for a memo- will be placed in great cities. Com- rial architecture equal to the opportunity munity houses, depending for much of for which it is created. their effectiveness upon a close personal The success of the community house interest on the part of all instrumental depends almost exclusively upon the in their erection and functioning, pre- functions which it performs. In each suppose a closer bond of interest be- community the needs are different; in so tween their supporters than would be far as the unmet demands of the com- 536 MtMtNT PLAN jcLi.!*'-r-or READ MEMORIAL COMMUNITY HOUSE, PUR- ARCHITECT. CHASE. N. Y., DONN BARBER, (LEAD MEMO B.1AL- COMMUNITY HOUSE PURCHASE NY READ MEMORIAL COMMUNITY HOUSE, PUR- CHASE, N. Y. DONN BARBER, ARCHITECT. FLoac PLAN v.t Jfr-r-o- READ MEMORIAL COMMUNITY HOUSE, PUR- CHASE, N. Y. DONN BARBER, ARCHITECT. SB Z O < S O Z tj Z W u3J " D < a 3 U = U CLUB BUILDING, MORGAN PARK, DULUTH, MINN. DEAN & DEAN, ARCHITECTS. THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. are met in the to munity new building, organizations, charity organizations, that extent success is assured. Most im- American Legion and other similar portant, then, at the outset is some form groups. of to ascertain survey the nature of the There will, of course, be spacious social and recreational needs of the lounging-rooms, where all who use the and to what extent these community building will be tempted to linger. There needs are served by existing institutions. will be rooms for billiards and pool, a In most cases it would be a mistake to gymnasium and a swimming pool, bowl- such duplicate facilities unless those al- ing alleys, card and game rooms, and ready established are restricted to the above all a roomy auditorium for lec- use of a limited result of group. The tures, motion pictures, community CLUB BUILDING, MORGAN PARK, DULUTH, MINN. Dean & Dean, Architects. such a survey, whether by the architect drama, and the local forum, the presence or by the memorial committee, is ele- of each of which will depend upon what mentary in determining the layout of the similar facilities are already provided in grounds and building as well as deter- the neighborhood. mining their location. The house may also serve the uses of The purpose of the community house a town hall, in which public meetings is the establishment of a center to serve may be held and which would be the as a general meeting place for the com- headquarters of municipal authority. munity, with facilities which will render Of particular interest is the suggestion it a clearing-house for civic, educational for making these buildings the art cen- and recreational activities. The smaller ter of the town. One or more of the the community the fewer are apt to be larger rooms could be so designed as to the organized resorts of amusement and make a suitable exhibition gallery for gathering places for public intercourse. traveling exhibitions of painting, sculpt- Hence, in these smaller communities, ure or handicraft. Not only the plastic whose actual needs are much greater arts could be forwarded in this way, but than are adequately met, the contem- community drama would find a perma plated building must incorporate within nent home and musical recitals take a itself a varied and complicated organism. large share in the yearly program. It may, in addition to its social and recre- This idea of making the building the ational equipment, well make itself the art center of the town cannot be over- headquarters of organizations which emphasized, for with organizations such are unable to maintain separate build- as the American Federation of Arts, the the museums and ings, such as the Y. M. C. A., Y. W. C. Art Alliance and great of travel- A., chamber of commerce, tradesmen's libraries sending out numbers 543 THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. ing exhibitions and lending lantern slides The main entrance leads into a foyer with lectures written to accompany or hall, which acts as the main circula- them, there is no reason why the great tion for the adjacent portion of the chain of these houses should not bind building and also as lobby for the assem- the country into one effort to appreciate bly hall. From it open rooms for meet- art and raise the standard of taste. ings and lounging rooms for men. Im- So many activities present their claims mediately below are the men's gymna- upon these buildings that the necessity sium dependencies toilets, locker of some such survey as was referred to rooms, exercising rooms and a coat above seems doubly insistent, in order room. The gymnasium room, which oc- to avoid duplication of activities; the cupies the space beneath the assembly I. SCRIPPS PLAYGROUND BUILDING, LA JOLLA, CAL. Irving J. & Louis J. Gill, Architects. vision of genially lighted houses, hall, is directly accessible from here. On thronged with people, some at play, the second floor are men's game rooms, others enjoying music or the drama, with coat rooms and toilets. still others meeting at round table dis- The women's portion at the far end cussion of local or national topics, is a of the building contains meeting rooms, vivid and stirring picture. a complete suite for the resident Red From a consideration of a number of Cross worker, including a small infirm- buildings erected for the purpose of ary and convenient living arrangements. which we have spoken, some idea may Through the special entrance to this por- be formed of just what elements enter tion of the building direct access is had to into their arrangement and how, in par- the basement immediately below it, where ticular cases, improvements may be are the gymnasium dependencies for wrought in the direction of greater ef- the women, with an entrance to the gym- ficiency. nasium. One good-sized room is devoted The Read Memorial Community to domestic science, and an entrance is House, Purchase, N. Y., in its plan is a made into the garage where the motor solution of a problem set by one of the car of the Red Cross worker is kept. smaller communities. The central mass The second floor is devoted to bedrooms of the building is occupied by an assem- and living room for residents or helpers bly hall, which serves at once to separate or class rooms and studios for the activ- two portions of the building whose uses ities which will enter into the life of are not interdependent. The front por- the building. The arrangements about tion, in the ordinary usage of the rooms, the stage of the assembly room seem in- is given over to men, while at the oppo- adequate for dramatic productions. site end are rooms devoted to girls' and Comfortable dressing rooms at either women's activities. side and more space for passage at the 544 -t.u.u low I =< ,1E4Oi~-.,.,!./ & 1 *" - - - .- FLCO'I.- PLAN FLOCJ. PLAN COMMUNITY HOUSE FOR GOVERNMENT HOUSING PROJECT, PERRYVILLE, MD. MANN & McNEILLE, ARCHITECTS. Kilham (r Hopkins.! V" ^ I *1 I iv Architects.; Bo>:on.1 MEMORIAL TOWN HALL, TEWKESBURY, MASS. Kilham & Hopkins, Architects. rear should have been provided .and a Minnesota. The differences noted be- larger proscenium would be an error on tween the two serve to show the varia- the safe side. tions in requirements, sometimes slight, The house opens up especially well for which arise through local contingency. entertainments and for recitals In general ; the Morgan Park building, as in the of music or dramatic reading, for lec- Read Memorial, are found a large as- tures or moving pictures, the assembly sembly hall, clubrooms for men and room could not be bettered. If, how- women, game rooms and gymnasium. In ever, this room should ever be called addition, the basement of the building upon for a,rt exhibitions, the present contains a swimming pool and three fenestration would offer an insurmount- bowling alleys. There are a special club able difficulty. room, lounge and locker room for boys Some necessary adjuncts of the town at the opposite end of the building, away hall are also incorporated in the base- from the portion given over to adults. ment. A small police room with jail and In connection with both these houses cells is advantageously placed near the are community gardens and space re- front, while at the rear a space is re- served for outdoor recreations. served for the fire engine. The behind-the-stage arrangements of Altogether, this building forms as com- the Morgan Park Club are very satisfac- plete an entity for a special purpose as tory. Two large dressing rooms open could be desired. The portions for men on to a corridor which surrounds the and women are separate, yet susceptible stage and access to and from it is sim- of being joined in the circulation upon plified and uncrowcled. The fenestration occasion. The exterior is informal yet in this assembly hall leaves no wall space the club dignified and in keeping with local tra- for exhibitions of pictures, but are so ditions in style and material. rooms for men and women spa- A treatment not dissimilar from that cious and well fenestrated as to make of the Read Memorial has been accord- possible their use for this purpose. The ed to the club building in Morgan Park, adoption of clerestory lighting in such 547 BASEME|MT-PLAN Suit ftw -IF.. MEMORIAL TOWN HALL, TEWKESBURY, MASS. KILHAM & HOPKINS, ARCHITECTS. MEMORIAL TOWN HALL, TEWKESBURY, MASS. KILHAM & HOPKINS, ARCHITECTS. - V 1 THL MEMORIAL Bun DING . * L WINNING DESIGN IN A COMPETITION FOR PRO- POSED MEMORIAL COMMUNITY BUILDING AT PLYMOUTH, MASS. LITTLE & RUSSELL, ARCHITECTS WINNING DESIGN IN A COMPETITION FOR PROPOSED MEMORIAL COMMUNITY BUILDING AT PLYMOUTH, MASS. Little & Russell, Architects. assembly halls is a simple solution which In the Tewkesbury Town Hall some would permit their use as exhibition gal- features of a community house are pres- leries, but to gain this a sacrifice must ent. The main lobby is the central cir- be made of much pleasant access to the culation, from which open the assembly outdoor terraces or loggias adjoining. room, with a seating capacity of about in six a room The La Jolla Community House hundred ; library and reading San Diego, California, built some years to the left and the offices of the town ago and functioning with much success, officials to the right. In the basement is is of still the same type as the two fore- a large banqueting hall and kitchen, the going buildings. Erected in connection latter connected by a lift with the floor with a large playground, its chief inno- above if need of its service there should vation is the location of the locker rooms arise. on the first floor, with direct access to The two proposed memorial buildings the outdoor playground. Its other ele- which are the last on our list, one at ments are not unusual, but the simplicity Plymouth, Massachusetts, the other at and straightforwardness of its plan have Goldsboro, North Carolina, are a some- contributed much to its usefulness. what different departure. In both of The Community House at Perryville, these special emphasis is laid upon the Maryland, is of particular significance in large auditorium, whose lobby forms a that it forms an important part of a Gov- memorial hall in which the war memo- ernment housing project. Its arrange- rial element is featured. The Goldsboro com- ment is highly convenient and a well building has very well arranged as a center for studied piece of planning; the stage de- munity facilities, both for recreational pendencies are quite ideal, although the civic work and activity. of the rotunda in the stage itself seems almost too narrow for The treatment offers a general use. Plymouth building splendid op- 551 BA5IMENT ?LAN MEMORIAL COMMUNITY BUILDING, GOLDS BORO, N. C. C. ADRIAN CASNER, ARCHITECT. MAIN PL'A'N MEMORIAL COMMUNITY BUILDING, GOLDS. ARCHITECT. BORO N. C. C. ADRIAN CASNER. SECOND PLOOTL "PLAN MEMORIAL COMMUNITY BUILDING, GOLDS- BORO, N. C. C. ADRIAN CASNER. ARCHITECT. MEMORIAL COMMUNITY BUILDING, GOLDSBORO, N. C. C. Adrian Casner, Architect. portunity for a dignified and effective support of church and grange activities. memorial hall where flags and trophies What could better fulfil the purpose in of war may be exhibited and comemmo- such localities of drawing together in a rative tablets placed in fitting sur- co-operative interest the efforts of these roundings. organizations than a building where the Many problems other than architectu- large assembly hall could be utilized by ral arise in connection with community each and all for entertainment or in- buildings. The form which the building struction ? is to take depends largely upon the re- The idea of raising living memorials sult of the survey of existing local con- to the men who have died for a great ditions, and with this situation the archi- ideal, memorials whose function it will tect must be thoroughly familiar. The be to keep alive that ideal and, holding it question of its ownership and manage- aloft, pass it on to generations to come, ment, with that of the financing, are makes an appeal to all who feel that the matters to be decided by the memorial causes of the conflicts of this war should committee, but in which the architect's never be forgotten. The difficulties and advice may be valuable. misunderstandings which arose between Useful as these buildings must and do nations in the past are at present trans- prove themselves to be in towns and forming themselves into difficulties and small cities of closely knit population, of misunderstandings between classes, and equal value is their contribution to coun- no other purpose would be more emi- try districts with a widely scattered resi- nently served by a memorial community dence. We are all familiar with the building than the encouragement of a spirit of co-operation and the willingness meeting of minds of all classes, united by to "get together" exhibited in rural com- the bonds of common interest created by munities when the call goes forth for a highly developed community spirit. 555 SOME PRINCIPLES OF SMALL HOUSE DESIGN r P? John Ta/lor Boyd,J Design ofthe Plot o Parltt~ {/coniued- en- variety of design of small grounds. A garden will never be it house lots is endless. So long as tirely successful unless one designs to THEplots of land vary in character in strict, harmonious relationship with and in size and shape, so long will new everything around it, particularly schemes be always developing; variety respect to the house. Such are the ele- of treatment is forthcoming because of mental principles of the matter. As differing ideas and tastes among indi- stated, they seem simple enough, and vidual designers. We should cultivate reasonable; yet they are usually over- this art with all zeal, for thus we may looked in all the vast amount that is rescue American small house design printed about gardens. from certain unfortunate tendencies. I Although a book might be written mean that too many of our homes have on the art of sub-dividing small plots no great individual charm and are of land and on placing a house thereon, without inspiration. They seem to be space will allow only a few more turned out too much of a pattern, examples to be illustrated in these mechanically designed and executed pages. The designs shown in this with details or else out certain commonplace ; they issue were chosen to bring are, especially in the case of cheaper specific principles, either in emphasiz- houses, crude and often vulgar in their ing unusual features of space relation- striving for exaggerated effect. ship or else in showing how unprom- It may be thought that too much is ising, eccentric sites may be often made being made of the phrase "lot design," not only available, but strikingly de- that it is used as a new term to des- sirable. cribe what is, after all, only garden Among these the design of the design, an art which is flourishing in all Merriman place is another character- parts of the country. But it should be istic effect of Mr. Sibley C. Smith's. apparent that planning and planting As in the design of the Rochester gardens is only a subordinate part of garden in the first article, he uses the the design of the whole lot. One may same bold, geometrical patterns with see well-desgined gardens on plots of extraordinary skill, in faultless, exquis- land which including the buildings ite taste. A first glance at the plan are poorly designed. Indeed, gardens makes it seem a little overdone, but often suffer from the same faults as the photos show this impression to be houses. They are too often laid out a false one, for, as executed in the as an afterthought with no attention third dimension, utterly simple, har- paid to their coordination with the monious details are revealed, in fine, house or with other features on the quiet massing, softening the bold ideas 556 THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. of the plan. Such combination of circulate, and individuals to draw apart imagination and control entitle this in little gatherings. It is well to remem- design to be called a masterpiece. In- ber this feature of the Merriman design, cidentally, a word should be said for for it offers splendid suggestions for the fine quality of the house itself, to that semi-domestic type of building point out how well it plays its part with which is every day coming more and the foliage of the garden. It, too, is a ,more into use in American life: that decisive design, its simple lines and broad is the recreational centre whether com- wall spaces, with exquisitely propor- munity building, town or country club, tioned door and window openings all Y. M. C. A., parish or church houses. combined to stand as a strong foil to the These are buildings on a generous scale, gardens with their massed planting. Its designed principally for recreation and light, well textured walls are fine surfaces foregathering, expensive to erect, often for the play of light and shade and color with but a little land around them that of the foliage. might be made vastly useful at small A point of particular interest about cost, thus doubling the facilities of the the Merriman house is that it illustrates building in good weather. a problem often met with, one difficult So far, most of the designs presented to handle: that is, a larger house, set in these two articles have been highly in a small lot. One may notice how won- elaix>rated ones, designs in which every derfully well planned is the house for square foot of ground was used to the large entertainments. And how well full. There are, however, cases in which Mr. Smith's design carries out the spirit such highly organized design will not do, of the house in this. The arrangement either by reason of practical difficulties, of house and grounds together would or as a matter of personal taste. The easily provide for scores of people en two designs of Mellor and Meigs, of this It is fete, inviting groups to assemble and to Philadelphia, are of type. FRONT-RESIDENCE OF E. B. MERRIMAN, ESQ., PROVIDENCE, R. L Sibley C. Smith, Landicapc Architect. 557 BLOCK PLAN RESIDENCE OF E. B. MERRIMAN, ESQ., PROVIDENCE, R. I. SIBLEY C. SMITH, LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT. GARDEN IN REAR OF HOUSE RESIDENCE OF E. B. MERRIMAN, ESQ., PROVIDENCE, R. L Sibley C. Smith, Landscape Architect. to Philadelphia that we must go for the Philadelphian. The one at Cynwyd is best, all-round, wholesome house archi- the simplest. Both of them evidence the tecture in this country. Whatever be our local fondness for planting along the lot local pride or prejudice, the most con- boundaries, leaving broad greensward sistently beautiful groups of small houses spaces and less planting about the dwell- we shall find there. The two designs ing. However, it should be observed in these pages are characteristically that the photographs show some trees GARDEN OFF LIBRARY-RESIDENCE OF E. B. MERRIMAN, ESQ., PROVIDENCE, R. L Sibley C. Smith, Landscape Architect. 559 BLOCK PLAN HOUSE AT CYNWYD, PA. MELLOR & MEIGS, ARCHITECTS. ENTRANCE-HOUSE AT CYNWYD, PA. FRONT VIEW-HOUSE AT CYNWYD, PA. Mcllor & Meigi, Architects. 561 BLOCK PLAN-RESIDENCE OF LEONARD T. BEALE, ESQ., ST. DAVIDS, PA. MELLOR & MEIGS, ARCHITECTS. VIEW FROM EAST RESIDENCE OF LEONARD T. BEALE, ESQ., ST. DAVIDS, PA. Mellor & Meigs, Arthitects. and shrubbery about the house that do strictly the principles of good plot de- not appear in the sketch plan, which sign. The houses are accurately placed thus make the schemes seem barer than in just the best location, to a foot, and they actually are. One should observe all the practical features of entrances, that, although these two schemes are less roadways and paths, service and drying sub-divided than some of the preceding yard, are just as carefully and artistically nevertheless follow as for ones, they just provided ; and, further, the spaces GARDEN TERRACE RESIDENCE OF LEONARD T. BEALE, ESQ., ST. DAVIDS. PA. Mellor & Meigs, Arthitects. 563 BLOCK PLAN RESIDENCE OF CHARLES B. NICHOLSON, ESQ., HARTSDALE, N. Y. FRANK ARNOLD COLBY. ARCHITECT. BLOCK PLAN-RESIDENCE OF MRS. VINCENT B. THOMAS, HARTSDALE, N. Y. FRANK ARNOLD COLBY, ARCHITECT. TERRACE AT REAR RESIDENCE OF MRS. VINCENT B. THOMAS, HARTSDALE, N. Y. Frank Arnold Colby, Architect. STti'b FROM GLAZED PORCH RESIDENCE OF MRS. VINCENT B. THOMAS, HARTSDALE, N. Y. Frank Arnold Colby, Architect. 566 VIEW TOWARDS GARAGE RESIDENCE OF C. A. MALLORY, ESQ., DANBURY, CONN. Charles Downing Lay, Landscape Architect. are each marked off from the others by poke up too much from the ground. firmly established boundaries of wall or The Thomas house design is a strik or of terrace path planting. Plenty space ing success on an unpromising plot of is provided. There is no looseness and land a site small, overexposed on two no loose ends the proportions are per- roads, crowding into a narrow corner fect and beautiful. It will be noted how on the main road, with an undesirable the is to in the garage joined the house slope down from the sidewalk. The de- St. David's in place, thus aiding the long, signer did not hesitate to place the house low, irregular grouping. in this location along the front. He Mr. Frank A. hard Colby solved two screened the side road off by planting in the problems two places at Hartsdale. and by the odd, curving terraces, seen the The one, Nicholson design, presents on the plan. But the most skillful touch a house that had already been built be- of all is in the position of the little en- fore the architect was called in. For- trance path leading from the sidewalk it had been located tunately, correctly to the house. Had it led straight across on the of high part the site, though a the front lawn to the front door, it would few feet too near the street. it Behind have directed attention forcibly to the and beside it the ground falls rapidly depression of this lawn below the side- away. Mr. Colby took advantage of this walk and thus have emphasized the change of level by adding the glazed sunken level of the house. But, by keep- side with rock porch, steps winding ing the lawn unbroken, and carrying this down and also a secluded ; building rear, entrance path at the one side, one is not terrace, somewhat lower, yet high enough allowed to realize that the house is some- also to overlook a broad, garden-like what below the level of the sidewalk. lawn. afford a most at- Together they An original touch is the interesting shape tractive arrangement, effective in all of the star-shaped little garden, whim- rescue the of the respects. They design sically leading off from the corner of house it by making seem one with the the porch. Odd, and original, but not at land, for otherwise the building would all out of place. 568 Enqlish Architectural Decoration Text and Measured Dtaw- by Albert E Bullock, Part XI. Doorways and Fanlights attempted a definition of his personal inspirations into play, hav- TOLSTOIart in its various phases from a ing by careful comparative survey of the literary standpoint in his exhaus- works of his predecessors and confreres tive volume, "What is Art?" Other created a style or mode of production pe- writers have since described and illus- culiar to his taste, and he presents these trated the essentials of certain branches new features to the criticism of his con- of the several crafts which exhibit taste temporaries and to posterity. Posterity in the principles and proportions adopted classifies these products into types and to secure their respective ends. periods and heads them with the name In decorations for interiors many arts of the most prominent members of the are employed to which it would not be school of thought or originator of the possible to apply universal rules, as their particular mode of craftsmanship. boundaries are too elastic to be confined Naturally the styles of decoration within definite limitations. which find most favor are those which Art is either good or bad in proportion are the more suitable for modern use and to the comparative value it attains with emulation. The styles which exhibit the regard to the character of the accepted most distinctive characteristics range codes in each particular branch. Whether from the early years of the seventeenth it be architecture, sculpture or painting, century, or the reign of Charles I, the art portrayed is the expression of the to the end of the eighteenth century artist's experience after eliminating all during the reign of George III, al- he considers superfluous to the true de- though the first half of the eighteenth lineation of his theme. century saw a large amount of reproduc- To Greek art is given the premier tion of the works of previous eras by the of the school of the Earl of place in the history of the fine arts by disciples virtue of the chastity of its expression Burlington. The and its idealistic qualities, as compared Queen's House, Greenwich, built with former ancient examples of pagan by Inigo Jones for Queen Henrietta art. To it subsequent artists invariably Maria, wife of Charles I. is one of refined turned for inspiration, and from it range extremely and scholarly taste the avenues of all subsequent produc- by that architect, based upon Palladian tions. The attainment of the ideal is the principles, and was followed by the build- of great problem ever foremost in the mind ing Ashburnham House, Westminster, of the artist who seeks that his work may within the precincts of the Abbey, which live after him, and holds the laurel is now occupied by Westminster School. This latter is wreath of greater value than immediate work attributed to John kinsman and gain. Webb, pupil of Inigo who was born in 1611 but it was Ever striving after the goal of his ideal, Jones, ; his one sees through the predilections of the undoubtedly chiefly designed by individual artist the motive power of his master, who alone could be responsible for the of the genius. Inigo Jones, Wren, Grinling conception exceptionally fine staircase which has served as a model Gibbons, Chippendale, Adam, Wedge- wood, Flaxman and a host of famous for many subsequent productions. The has a fine with a bold sculptors and painters, have each given library ceiling, which has been us their several interpretations of this chimneypiece, already illustrated in these The rear room elusive subject. Each craftsman brings pages. 569 THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. contains an alcove of some interest, with of Talman's work remains a permanent it. East of these the wig room adjoining testimony to the genius of this architect rooms, near the large Tudor Hall, is the who, but for the notoriety of his contem- Busby Library, which is a later work, to porary Sir Christopher Wren would which the carving to the stiles of the undoubtedly have been proclaimed the bookcases bear testimony, as well as the most renowned of his age. He gathered elaborate ceiling, which latter has a around him all the finest craftsmen of his of the strong resemblance to the ceiling day, whose work must have been sub- at Church of King Charles-the-Martyr jected to an exacting scrutiny and super- Tunbridge Wells. The Wren period vision. as the were em- ceilings were of very bold character, Although Watson family the instances given from Love Lane, City ployed in carving the woodwork at Chats- of London, and that of the New River worth for forty years, Samuel Watson's Company's Offices, Rosebery Avenue, term of twenty-five years ceased with his this much death in and he was sub- testify. During period ^fine 1715, originally work was executed in Scotland, chiefly servient to Thomas Young and Joel Lobb, William by the Mylne family and Sir whom he appears to have survived. Bruce. The latter built himself a house Other carvers there included Robert at Balcasky in 1665, and made alterations Owen and William Davis, who are all to Ham House, Richmond, in 1670, where recorded to have worked together upon the first sash or "guillotine" windows are the state rooms from 1692. Lord Exeter reputed to have been used. In the fol- engaged both Young and Watson to work lowing year he was associated with at Burley. It is interesting to compare Robert Mylne in additions to Holyrood the character of the work at Chatsworth Palace, and doubtless undertook the work with that at Ashburnham House of the executed in 1675 at Drumlanrigg Castle. previous period. The freedom in the One of Bruce's later works is Kinross carving in the lapse of fifty years is very House, a famous Scottish residence, marked, the staircase in each case being where considerable taste in the decora- totally different in nature. The heavy tion is exhibited. wood balusters are at Chatsworth sub- One of the best works of John Webb stituted for graceful wrought ironwork is the famous Tredegar Park, Mon- by Tijou, while the stone carving on the mouthshire, which he remodeled in soffits of the landings and on the piers the reign of Charles II. The stair- within the fountain court are very effec- case has a resemblance to that at Sud- tive. (See illustration on page 426, May, bury Hall, Derbyshire, and features sim- 1918.) ; lar to those at Thorp and Ramsbury. It The staircase at Hampton Court was the spirit of the age, and quite in Palace is of similar nature, having keeping with Webb's work, to have wrought iron balustrading and stone carved balustrading in place of the single steps, the landings being ornamental turned bottle-shaped balusters which had with hexagonal stone tiles. preceded it, and which were subsequently The practice of adopting variegated revived in Wren's day. The carved stair- paving was of early origin, since the case at Forde Abbey is well known to black and white marble setting to the many who have visited that famous Hall of the Queen's House, Greenwich, Somersetshire residence. Webb was at- by Nicholas Stone for Inigo Jones in tached to the pedimented type of door 1639 is one of the interesting features and many other smaller conceits which of that royal residence. In the time of stamp an individuality to his work. the Adam brothers the staircases were The erection of Chatsworth House for occasionally inlaid with hardwood, as at the Duke of Devonshire, by William Tal- Clayton House, Buckinghamshire. man, was preceded by the building of The Great Fire of London destroyed Thoresby House, Nottinghamshire, by or damaged many of the City Livery the same architect. The dignified nature Halls, which were subsequently reno- 570 - * V&AM DOORWAY FROM N? 18, CAREY STREET 'LONDON DOORWAY FROM 18 CAREY STREET. LONDON. IN VICTORIA AND ALBERT MUSEUM, KENSINGTON. CVILOfOfLO WATFORD: tlfR.!* SECTION GLOVCCSTEle. WeST STREET. GLos' SVSSEX HOV.5E : CLOSC ' 12' O T PARLIAMENT 5 : GLAZED WOOD FANLIGHTS. a / MB< H a z J < Ota ** THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. vated or rebuilt within a decade or two. both estates are north of Marshfield, on The Brewers' Hall, Addle Street, the the Somersetshire border. Hall of the Vintners Company and that Gloucestershire contains several fa- of the Tallow Chandlers all contain in- mous country seats, of which Stanway this teresting details of the work of House, near Winchcombe, is of much in- period with good wood carving and wain- terest. It was erected in 1626 for Sir scoting distinguished by large panels Paul Tracey, and contains entrance gates having bolection moldings and enriched reputed to be designed by Inigo Jones. cornices. Both timber and craftsmen It is now in the occupation of Lord were occasionally imported from Hol- Elcho. Near Cirencester is situated land, as was the case at Holyrood Palace, Barnsley Park, rebuilt about 1715 for where Jacob de Wett and Jan Vansant- Brereton Bouchier, who died in 1719, voort were engaged under the direction and whose daughter married Henry Per- of Sir William Bruce and Robert Mylne rot, who doubtless had additions made, in 1671. since the rainwater heads bears the date In Surrey the Chapel of Farnham 1721. The style is not unlike that of Castle possesses some good Charles II Easton Neston, which latter was erected wainscoting and carving of the angelic by Nicholas Hawksmoor in 1702. and seraphic order, which became a Hawksmoor followed the Wren man- typical feature in most of the ecclesias- ner in most of his work, and is said to tical edifices of this age. Some of the have been responsible for the "Or- work seems earlier, since composition has angery," which is situated in Kensington been used in places in lieu of carving, the Gardens near the palace, and was built work having been carried out in the latter early in the reign of Queen Anne. He half of the seventeenth century for the is credited with work at Barnsley Park, Bishop of Winchester. Gloucestershire, where the decorations Badminton House, Gloucestershire, are more florid than one would have ex- contains examples of work from several pected from an architect of his training. different periods since its partial re-crea- James Gibbs, the architect of the Rad- tion in 1682 for the Duke of Beaufort. cliffe Library at Oxford, built Ditchley The Jacobean oak room originally ex- House in the same county. This place isted in Raglan Castle, Monmouthshire. contains some notable examples of art, The dining room possesses carving of the certain chimneypieces being from the Grinling Gibbons School, while additions chisel of Sir William Cheere, the well were made in 1740 by William Kent and known sculptor, who was a disciple of Rysbrack, chiefly to the Hall and the East Scheemakers. Architectural drawings, Room. The chimneypiece in the large monographs and literature were of fre- drawing room is of the time of Flaxman, quent occurrence during the eighteenth carved in a refined and delicate manner, century, and Gibbs, who was of Scottish in addition to which there exists a descent, issued a monograph upon the "Chinese" Room, where the Chippendale- Radcliffe Library, having in 1728 pre- Chinese style has run a free course. viously published his "Designs of Build- In the grounds of Badminton House ings and Ornament." Gibbs had a pas- is situated Worcester Lodge, designed by sion for ornament of bold character, William Kent, where exists a ceiling by whether carved in wood or marble or him, and formerly a chimneypiece with modeled in plaster. his usual consoles, now, however, con- That versatile genius, William Kent, signed to the East Room of the Mansion. was responsible for some of the paint- Great Badminton is slightly northeast of ings at Ditchley House, and probably de- Dyrham Park, the seat of the Rev. Wyn- signed the benches in the Hall, as also ter Thomas Blaythwayt, M.A., designed the chimneypiece executed by Stanton Sir and originally by John Vanbrugh (the Horsennaile. The Italian plasterers, architect of Blenheim Palace), for his Serena and Vassali, modeled the plaster ancestor, Sir William Blaythwayt, and work of the saloon, while the green draw- 576 GREAT MARBLE DOOR ON LAND- ING, CHATSWORTH, DERBYSHIRE. I GEORGIAN HOUSE AT YEOVIL, SOMERSET. OVERBOOK FROM 27 HATTON GARDEN. IN VICTORIA AND ALBERT MUSEUM, KENSINGTON. ing room decorations are for the most Holkham Hall is the result of the com- part of Louis XV. character. bined efforts of the Earl of Burlington's Kent was an earnest student of archi- school, and is more severely classical tecture, sculpture and painting, having than any of the foregoing. visited Rome with the younger Talman One of the most useful publications of in 1714. In company with Flitcroft, Isaac this age is "Vitruvius Brittanicus," by Ware and others, Kent published his Colin Campbell, which illustrates scale "Designs of Inigo Jones" in 1727 at the drawings of the plans and elevations with expense of the Earl of Burlington. He certain interiors of the most notable made his third visit to Rome three years buildings standing in England at this later, and became, by virtue of his ability, time. much sought after by the nobility of his Reference has been made to the publi- age, who even asked his advice in mat- cations of Chippendale and the joiners of ters of taste in dress and attire. One of his era, which were followed by many his chief works was Houghton Hall, works on objects of art, ornaments, chim- where Rysbrack and Artari were much neypieces, etc., by Pergolesi, Columbani employed. Kent adopted many features and others, and one on ceilings by George of ornament practised by Inigo Jones, Richardson, a student of, and assistant the staircase at Houghton being on the to, the Adam brothers, who themselves model of that at Coleshill, while much of caused their work at Sion House to '*. the plaster work at the Treasury Offices published in a large folio book of fine en- executed during Kent's period of super- gravings. vision is based upon Jones's work at the The entrance doors of the latter half Queen's House, Greenwich. of the eighteenth century are of particu- Kent was associated with Ripley in the lar interest, and form one of the most building of Wolterton, and executed absorbing studies in many of the chief much of the designing for Lord Burling- towns in England, such as London, Salis- ton's villa at Chiswick. bury, Yeovil, Exeter and many similarly 581 THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. important centres. Several good exam- are maintained, and will be found a ples are preserved intact at the Victoria satisfactory guide to the principles and Albert Museum, of which I give a adopted in olden days. measured drawing from that formerly at The glass of the fanlights was not al- No. 18 Carey Street, London. The ways cut to the shapes shown, some of wrought iron overdoor will be noticed for the ornament having broken away reveal- its simplicity of design, many variations ing this fact. For the most part, how- of which are to be seen in rural districts ever, old examples had a rebate for glass and the Midland towns. They are fre- on each side of the bar or certainly to quently in wood, metal or lead, sometimes all the main bars in the design. being in a combination of several metals. The Adam examples were very deli- The play of design and great variety will cate in construction and decorative in be gathered from the few examples here design, frequently having festoons of given, drawn from hurried sketches made beaded or husked ornament incorporated during my tours around England, chiefly, in the pattern. The wood types were however, culled from doorways in Mid- necessarily more simple, except in the dlesex, Essex, Hertfordshire and Staf- case of the example from the Guildford fordshire. They are not measured in Bank, which also has a prototype in the every case, but the general proportions example from Lichjield. THE HALL IN FORDE ABBEY. BY INIGO JONES. CHARLES I. PERIOD. 582 HEARST MEMORIAL MINING BUILDING, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. JOHN GALEN HOWARD. ARCHITECT. NORTH AND WEST FRONTS HIGH SCHOOL, SOUTHAMPTON, L. I. William Lawrence Bottomley, Architect. WEST WING-HIGH SCHOOL, SOUTHAMPTON, L. L William Lawrence Bottomley, Architect. 584 NORTH FRONT HIGH SCHOOL. SOUTHAMPTON, L. L WILLIAM LAWRENCE BOTTOMLEY, ARCHITECT. PAULINE CHAPEL, COLORADO SPRINGS, COL. THOMAS MAC LAREN, ARCHITECT. GARAGE OF MRS. SARAH B. HALLADAY, ENGLE- WOOD, N. J. CARETTO & FORSTER, ARCHITECTS. The nation-wide inter- Art Commission and the Municipal Refer- est in war memorials and ence Library. The new library will be the need for advice as to known as the Civic Art Division of the A Civic. Art what architectural form New York Municipal Reference Library, for Library Qr forms arfi mQst and it will be located in the Art Com- New York fiuing City. and most expressive of mission chambers on the upper floor of American ideals, has the old City Hall building. demonstrated the need The Art Commission of the City of New for greater attention to the aesthetic de- York when it was established in 1897 under velopment of the American municipality. the Greater New York Charter was "prac- Daniel Burnham long since implored us to tically a new departure in municipal gov- "make no little plans" as "they have no ernment in the United States," for al- magic to stir men's blood"; and Mayor though Connecticut had organized a State Meredith P. Snyder of Los Angeles has Capitol Commission and Boston (1890) and Baltimore for recently pointed out that "there is a spirit (1895) had made provision abroad to make cities beautiful as well Art Commissions, the last two were only in the as bigger." Interest in war memorials has experimental stage, as they were brought forth suggestions and recom- not yet accepted as integral parts of city mendations from the American Federation government. Lacking American experi- ence as a in of Arts, the National Committee on Me- guide planning and organiz- morial Buildings (changed to Bureau of ing the work of the Commission it was Memorial Buildings of the War Camp decided to make a study of the practice in of which have Community Service), the United States European cities, many to the artistic Commission of Fine Arts, the American departments pass on quality of of Civic Association, the Municipal Art designs monuments and buildings. Mr. Milo R. Assistant Society of New York, the American For- Maltbie, Secretary to the was therefore in- estry Association, and numerous other Commission, structed to visit the civic organizations. War Memorial refer- principal European their art and ence lists and bibliographies have been cities, study departments collect data and information to the compiled by Mr. Frank Weitenkamf of guide New York Commission in its work. the New York Public Library (See Archi- In his entitled "Civic Art in tectural Record, September, 1919), by Miss report, Northern his Theodora Kimball of the Library of the Europe," published upon return in Mr. Maltbie enumerates Harvard School of Landscape Architecture, 1903, the cities visited and he states further : and others. But despite all this activity there is little evidence that any consider- "Maps, plans, photographs, books and able endeavor is being made by purely pamphlets relating to city embellishment municipal agencies to build up a compre- in its many phases were secured from hensive collection of literature and in- each city, which form as complete and as formation concerning the important sub- comprehensive a collection as exists upon ject of civic art in its various relationships. this side of the Atlantic." The collection, In New York City, however, a nucleus in Mr. Maltbie's opinion, "when classified for a library of Civic Art is now being and thoroughly indexed, should be of great formed as the result of a cooperative usefulness, not only to city officials but agreement made recently by the Municipal to artists, architects and private individ- 589 THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. uals interested in city embellishment." ence Library has been created and the The literature collected by Mr. Maltbie work of consolidating the art collections has since been added to from time to time of the two institutions is now in progress. until in 1916 the collection comprised some A classification scheme is being worked one thousand volumes, as well as a collec- out and a complete index prepared. Index tion of one thousand photographs of views cards will be duplicated in the index of in American and foreign cities, dealing the Municipal Reference Library in accord- chiefly with civic improvements. Photo- ance with the plan already followed for graphs of old New York buildings were the books of the Public Health Division. subsequently obtained and added to the At the suggestion of the Municipal Art collection. Some attempt had been made Society the advisability of publishing a to classify and index the collection, but catalogue of books and literature on Civic this work was retarded because of insuffi- Art is now under consideration. assistance. cient clerical DORSEY W. HYDE, JR. Shortly after his appointment to the Mr. office of Assistant Secretary Henry Students of the Ne- Marshall discussed with the Rutgers braska College of Agri- Reference Library the matter Municipal Model Group of culture are aided in their of the establishment of a branch library Farm Buildings work to master the prob- devoted to Civic to be located in the Art, in Miniature. lems of farming by Commission's offices. This step appeared means of a model farm- to be advisable because the Municipal stead in miniature which Reference was all out- Library purchasing is a part of the equip- books on Civic Art while the standing ment of the Agricultural Engineering De- Commission's funds for the same purpose partment of the College. The buildings were The agree- inadequate. following comprising the model were designed and ment was therefore drawn up: constructed by students of the Depart- 1. That the Art Commission deliver to ment, and include a comfortable farmhouse, W. Hyde, Jr., as the Librarian of Dorsey set on a concrete foundation and equipped the Municipal Reference Library, all books with modern conveniences ; a dairy barn in the of the Art Commission Library a silo a with solid-wall concrete ; hay shed which it considers inappropriate to its for alfalfa; a horse barn; a hog house; a present uses; these to be added to the tool shed and shop, a poultry house and a Municipal Reference Library, or to be dis- machine shed. The entire model was built posed of otherwise as may seem best to to the materials from the Librarian. one-quarter scale, which the buildings were constructed be- 2. That, on the other hand, Mr. Hyde, cut to this scale in the woodwork shop as Librarian of the Municipal Reference ing of the College. Library, turn over to us such books relat- This model, or "Nebraska farmstead No. ing to Art as are now in his charge; and as it is a nearly ideal that the Library of the Art Commission 1," called, represents for a 160-acre farm in the be thereupon constituted a branch of the arrangement states. The was worked out Municipal Library to be devoted to the prairie plan for one farm, and has been subject of Art. particular tried out on farms in several counties of 3. That the Municipal Reference Library Nebraska. were con- make a new catalogue of the Library of Many points given sideration in the farmstead to the Commission as thus newly constituted, planning make it and at the same time and furnish the Commission with a dupli- practical comfortable and cate of the same for its use; and to keep pleasant. are east of the this new catalogue up-to-date. The barns and yards so that odors are car- 4. The Municipal Reference Library house unpleasant further agrees to consult the appointed ried away by the wind, which, in Nebraska, in representatives of this Commission in rela- usually is south and southwest summer, in winter. The tion to the purchase of books on Art; and and north and northwest which also to purchase, from time to time, books house is on high, well-drained land, barn- which may be recommended by the said insures a good view and prevents representatives, provided he approves of yard drainage from reaching it. the selections made and finds funds avail- All of the buildings are so located as to near- able for such purchases. act as windbreaks to adjoining yards, The In accordance with the above plan a ly all the fences serving two yards. Civic Art Division of the Municipal Refer- yards are adjacent to the pastures and the 590 THE MODEL FARMSTEAD IN MINIATURE. garden is close to the house. The farm does the chores has only to follow a gen- scales are so situated as to be handy for eral path around the group of buildings, as weighing grain and stock, and it is pos- shown by the dotted lines on the plan of sible to drive to nearly all of the buildings the farmstead. without opening gates. When a man starts doing chores in the Each building in this arrangement is morning he goes from the house to the planned so as to house sufficient feed for barn, where he tends the horses, colts, stock in adjoining lots. Thus, unnecessary cows and calves, separates the milk and walking is eliminated, and the man who feeds the calves. He then takes the re- PLAN OF THE MODEL FARMSTEAD. 591 THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. maining skim milk to the pigs at the far- of this scheme is emphasized when one rowing pens, and goes to the combined realizes that on the other front of the crib and granary to feed the fattening hogs Capitol a like sky-scraper, built by private and fat cattle. In returning he passes to interests, gives too evident proof of the the hay shed and feeds the stock cattle damage that will be done. Quite correctly, and then the poultry. He steps into the the Chamber of Commerce wishes to see milk-room at the barn, gets his cream, the proposed office building similar in de- returns to the house, and the chores are sign to the Education Building, balancing done. He has walked only 750 feet. When it, and thus making a splendid group of two men are doing chores, one goes to the three public buildings, rightly placed and barn and one takes care of the outside worthy of the government of the Empire stock. State. It is further desired that the small Suppose it is evening and the farmer is square block of land in front of the Capi- coming through the lower gate by the hay tol, enclosed by this properly designed shed. His course to the barn leads past group, be made a little park or plaza., either nearly all of the buildings, ?.nd most of entirely open, or else containing a screen the chores can be done while the team of columns in the form of a war memorial, is reaching the tank, drinking and going to this memorial making the fourth side of the barn. When the horses and cows are the square. The State has bought this attended to, the chores are done. small block; and, now that the buildings Factory managers save thousands of dol- in it have been razed, one sees revealed lars each year by devising methods of sav- the fine silhouette of the Capitol as viewed from, ing labor, but very little attention has been the east, together with the splendid given to the arrangement of farm build- colonnaded proportions of the Education ings so that farm operations can be made Building .hitherto blanketed by business efficient. Yet one-fifth of the value of all buildings.' This square, therefore, should farm properties is invested in buildings. be kept as open as possible. Actual observation has shown that proper The proper planning of Albany has long arrangement of farm buildings in many in- been under consideration ever since Mr. stances saves one mile of walking every Arnold Brunner and Mr. C. D. Lay re- day, or three hundred and sixty-five miles ported on the city plan of Albany in 1911. per year. ROBERT H. MOULTON. Since then three successive State archi- tects, Messrs. Ware, Hoefer and Pilcher, have worked on the scheme of the Albany Efforts are being made Capitol in The Chamber of Commerce Business Men Albany, N. Y., to pre- surroundings. has their and it is to be Oppose vent deterioration in the adopted ideas, Commercial surroundings of the Cap- hoped that the Chamber will succeed in its ' ^ aim to the Type of to an<* ^ IS interesting public spirited prevent depre- Public to note that the move- ciation of the millions of dollars that the ment is tax-payers have put into fine architecture Building. supported pri- marily by business men, of their Capitol buildings. And not only under the leadership of the Albany Cham- in regard to this attempt. Further raids ber of Commerce, who are urging the Leg- will doubtless be made. Still, the Ameri- islature to vote down the proposed con- can people are gaining in appreciation of struction of a ten-story office building just open air majesty and of the worth of fine east of the Capitol, on a corner opposite architecture., Each year it becomes easier the new Education Building, which flanks for public sp'irited citizens to do their duty the Capitol. The height and shape of the as guardians in defense of public property intended structure would clash with the against material damage. The thanks and lower proportions of the Capitol and, par- support of architects will go out to the ticularly, with the fine long colonnade of Albany Chamber of Commerce. the' Educational Building. The unwisdom JOHN TAYLOR BOYD, JR. 592