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SOME ASPECTS of the BIOLOGY of FISSURELLA BARBADENSIS (GMELIJ) SOME ASPECTS of the BIOLOGY of FISSURELLA BARBADENSIS (GMELIN) By

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SOME ASPECTS of the BIOLOGY of FISSURELLA BARBADENSIS (GMELIJ) SOME ASPECTS of the BIOLOGY of FISSURELLA BARBADENSIS (GMELIN) By SOME ASPECTS OF THE BIOLOGY OF FISSURELLA BARBADENSIS (GMELIJ) SOME ASPECTS OF THE BIOLOGY OF FISSURELLA BARBADENSIS (GMELIN) by ~ thesis subaitted to the Faculty et Graduate Studiea aad Reaearch ia par­ tial tultilaeat ot the requireaeats tor the degree ot Master ot Scieace. Zoology Departaeat, McGill Uaiversity, Moatreal. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to my husband, Dr. G.T. Ward of the Brace Research Institute, for valuable discussions concerning some of the mathematical procedures and to Dr. J.B. Lewis of the Bellairs Research Institute for his advice and encouragement. MY thanks are also due to Dr. M. Goldstein of the Botany Department of McGill University for his assistance in identification of algae and to Dra. T.E. Bowman and M.L. Jones of the u.s. National Museum, Washington, for identifying the commensale. I am also very grateful to Dra. D.M. Steven and Joan Marsden of the Zoology Department of McGill University for their co-operation and advice and to Mr. J.W. Pollock of the same department for photographing the slides of the digestive tract and gonad stages. I would like to thank those etudents and friends who have saved so much time by helping with the measuring of specimens. My thanks also go to Mrs. Ian Macintyre who typed this thesis so patiently. This study was supported by a grant from the National Research Council of Canada to Dr. J.B. Lewis. ii PREFACE The keyhole limpet, Fissurella barbadensis (Gmelin) 1 is a diotocardian prosobranch gastropod belonging to the most primitive group, the Zeugobranchia. It is closely related to such genera as Diodora, Puncturella and Lucapinella. F. barbadensis ranges from S.E. Florida and Bermuda to the West Indies and from Mexico to British Guiana (Farfante 1943). The anatomy of this species has been described by Fischer {1857), Pilsbry {1890) 1 Farfante (1943) 1 Abbott (1958) and others whi1e eco1ogica1 observations have been recorded by Wi1lcox (1905b), 01msted (1917) and Lewis (1960). The work was carried out at the Bellaire Research Institute of McGill University in Barbados, West Indies. The purpose of the study was to compare some aspects of the biology of r. barbadensis with those of temperate forma. The resulta are part of a larger project to examine the differences between tropical and temperate marine animals. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDG:WENTS .......................................... ii PREFACE ................................................... iii. LIST OF TABLES •••••·•••••••••••••••···············•••••••• rl LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• vii. PART I. DISTRIBUTION AND GROWTH Introduction •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1 Materi.als and Methods ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4 Resulta Horizontal and Vertical Distribution •••••••••••• 8 Absolute Growth and Specifie Growth Rates ••••••• 12 Structural Changes with Growth •••••••••••••••••• 15 Structural Changes with Horizontal Distribution.. 15 Structural Changes with Vertical Distribution ••• 17 Discussion •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 50 II. FEEDING AND DIGESTION Introduction •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 58 Materials and Methods ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 60 Resulta ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 62 Discussion •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 65 III. RISTOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT Introduction •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 69 Materials and Methods ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 69 Resulta Oral Tube and Buccal Cavity...................... 70 Oesophagus •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 73 Stomach and Digestive Gland ••••••••••••••••••••• 75 Intestine ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 78 Abbreviations Used in Figs. 31-37 ••••••••••••••••• 81 Discussion •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••······••••• 87 iv Table of Contents continued Page PART IV. BREEDING CYCLE Introduction •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 91 Materials and Methods ............................. 93 Results ........................................... 94 Gonad Stages: Neuter ............................ 96 Developing ........................ 96 Spawning •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 98 Abbreviations Used in Figs. 39-57 ••••••••••••••••• 104 Discussion •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 119 V. BEHA VI OUR Introduction •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 121 Materials and Methods ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 124 Results ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 124 Discussion •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 126 VI. CONCLUSIONS ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 128 SUMMARY ................................................... 133 LITERATURE CITED .......................................... 135 LIST OF TABLES Table Page l. The Vertical Intertidal Zones of the Rocky Shores in Barbados, after Lewis (1960) ••• 8 2. Absolute Growth Rates of F. barbadensis Based on Individual Measurements •••••••••••••• 12 3. Statistics on Structural Changes with Growth •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 16 4. Statistics on Structural Changes with Vertical Distribution ••••••••••••••••••• 18 5. Statistics on Structural Changes with Horizontal and Vertical Distribution •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 19 6. Statistics on Structural Changes with Vertical Distribution ••••••••••••••••••• 21 7. Feeding Rates ofF. barbadensis ••••••••••••• 63 8. pB of Digestive Tract ofF. barbadensis ••••• 64 Resulta of the Eazyme Tests ••••••••••••••••• 10. Distribution of Gonad Stages •••••••••••••••• 101 Ti LIS~ OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Map of Barbadoa Showiag Aaaual Wia4 Directioa aad Deaait7 of Fiaaurella Populatioaa at 12 atatioaa ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 22 2. Six Mea•a Bay Collectiag Area at Heaa Low Water Spriaga ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 23 Balf Mooa Fort Col1ectiag Area at Meaa Low Water Spriaga ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 23 4. »eep Water Harbour C.llectiag Area at Meu. Low Water Spriaga ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 24 5. Oiatiaa Collectias Area at Heu. Low Water Spriaga ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 24 6. Bathaheba Collectiag Area at Meu. Low Water Spriaga ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 25 The Leagtà of Iadiridual F. barbadeaaia froa Jul7 1964 to Jul7 1965 •••••••••••••••••••• 26 a. Specifie Growth Batea of Iadividual r. bar­ iadeaaia froa Wharf aad Aquariua •••••••••• 27 Leagth Diatributioa of Populatioaa of l• barbadeaaia froa Meathl7 Traaaecta, Juae 1964 to Juae 1965 •••••••••••••••••••• 28 10. Size Frequeac7 Diatributioa of Populatioaa of F. bar~adeaaia froa Moat&l7 Traaaecta, Juae 1964 to Juae 1965 •••••••••••••••••••• 29 11. Câaage ia the Relative Beigàt of Shel1a wità Growth ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 30 12. CJaaage ia tàe Basal Sllape of Sll.ella w1 th Growth •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 31 13. The Relatioa Betweea Relative Beight aad Bize of Shella from Differeat Borizoatal Locatioaa ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 32 't'ii List of Illustrations continued Figure Page 14. The Relation Between Basal Shape and Size of Shells from Different Horizontal Locations ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 33 The Relation Between Relative Height and Size in High and Low Level Shells from Six Men's Ba7 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 16. The Relation Between Basal Shape and Size in High and Low Level Shells from Six Men's Bay • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 35 17. The Relation Between Relative Height and Size in High and Low Level Shells from Ralf Moon Fort •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 36 18. The Relation Between Basal Shape and Size in High and Low Level Shells from Ralf Moon Fort •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 37 19. The Relation Between Relative Height and Size in High and Low Level Shells from Deep Water Harbour ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 38 20. The Relation Between Basal Shape and Size in High and Low Level Shells from Deep Water Harbour ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 39 21. The Relation Between Relative Height and Size in High and Low Level Shells from Oistins ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4o 22. The Relation Between Basal Shape and Size in High and Low Level Shells from Oistins ••••••••••• 41 The Relation Between the Shell Weight and the Wet Weight of Soft Parts in High and Low Level Shells from Six Men's Bay ••••••••••••••••••• 42 24. The Relation Between the Shell Weight and the Wet Weight of Soft Parts in High and Low Level Shells from Oistins ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 25. The Relation Between the Volume Under the Shell and the Wet Weight of Soft Parts in High and Low Level Shells from Six Men's Bay • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 44 viii List of Illustrations continued Figure Page ~. The Relation Between the Volume Under the Shell and the Wet Weight of Soft Parts in High and Low Level Shells from Oistins •••••••••••• 45 The Relation Between the Extra-visceral Space and the Wet Weight of Soft Parts in High and Low Level Shells from Six Men 1 s Bay •••••••••••••• 28. The Relation Between the Extra-visceral Space and the Wet Weight of Soft Parts in High and Low Level Shells from Oistina •••••••••••••••••••• 47 29. The Relation Between Shell Thickness and Shell Length in High and Low Level Shells from Six Men's Bay •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 48 30. The Relation Between Shell Thickneas and Shell Length in High and Low Level Shells from Oistins •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 49 31. Longitudinal Section Through the Dorsal Wall of the Buccal Cavity •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 82 32. Cross Section Through the Buccal Region •••••••••• 82 33.
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