Carole Levin and Charles Beem This Series Brings Together Monographs

QUEENSHIP AND POWER

Series Editors: Carole Levin and Charles Beem

This series brings together monographs, edited volumes, and textbooks from scholars specializing in gender analysis, women’s studies, literary interpretation, and cultural, political, constitutional, and diplomatic history. It aims to broaden our understanding of the strategies that queens—both consorts and regnants, as well as female regents— pursued in order to wield political power within the structures of male-dominant soci- eties. In addition to works describing European queenship, it also includes books on queenship as it appeared in other parts of the world, such as East Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Islamic civilization.

Editorial Board

Linda Darling, University of Arizona (Ottoman Empire) Theresa Earenfight, Seattle University (Spain) Dorothy Ko, Barnard College (China) Nancy Kollman, Stanford University (Russia) John Thornton, Boston University (Africa and the Atlantic World) John Watkins (France and Italy)

Published by Palgrave Macmillan

The Lioness Roared: The Problems of Female Rule in English History By Charles Beem

Elizabeth of York By Arlene Naylor Okerlund

Learned Queen: The Image of Elizabeth I in Politics and Poetry By Linda Shenk

“High and Mighty Queens” of Early Modern England: Realities and Representations Edited by Carole Levin, Jo Eldridge Carney, and Debra Barrett-Graves

The Monstrous Regiment of Women: Female Rulers in Early Modern Europe By Sharon L. Jansen

The Face of Queenship: Early Modern Representations of Elizabeth I By Anna Riehl

Elizabeth I: The Voice of a Monarch By Ilona Bell

Tudor Queenship: The Reigns of Mary and Elizabeth Edited by Alice Hunt and Anna Whitelock

The Death of Elizabeth I: Remembering and Reconstructing the Virgin Queen By Catherine Loomis

Queenship and Voice in Medieval Northern Europe By William Layher

The Foreign Relations of Elizabeth I Edited by Charles Beem The French Queen’s Letters: Mary Tudor Brandon and the Politics of Marriage in Sixteenth- Century Europe By Erin A. Sadlack

Wicked Women of Tudor England: Queens, Aristocrats, Commoners By Retha M. Warnicke

A Monarchy of Letters: Royal Correspondence and English Diplomacy in the Reign of Elizabeth I By Rayne Allinson

Three Medieval Queens: Queenship and the Crown in Fourteenth-Century England By Lisa Benz St. John

Mary I: Gender, Power, and Ceremony in the Reign of England’s First Queen By Sarah Duncan

The Last Plantagenet Consorts: Gender, Genre, and Historiography, 1440–1627 By Kavita Mudan Finn

Fairy Tale Queens: Representations of Early Modern Queenship By Jo Eldridge Carney

Mother Queens and Princely Sons: Rogue Madonnas in the Age of Shakespeare By Sid Ray

The Name of a Queen: William Fleetwood’s Itinerarium ad Windsor Edited by Charles Beem and Dennis Moore

The Emblematic Queen: Extra-Literary Representations of Early Modern Queenship Edited by Debra Barrett-Graves

The Queens Regnant of Navarre: Succession, Politics, and Partnership, 1274–1512 By Elena Woodacre

Queenship in the Mediterranean: Negotiating the Role of the Queen in the Medieval and Early Modern Eras Edited by Elena Woodacre

The Queen’s Mercy: Gender and Judgment in Representations of Elizabeth I By Mary Villeponteaux

Titled Elizabethans: A Directory of Elizabethan Court, State, and Church Officers, 1558–1603 Edited by Arthur F. Kinney and Jane A. Lawson

Elizabeth I’s Foreign Correspondence: Letters, Rhetoric, and Politics Edited by Carlo M. Bajetta, Guillaume Coatalen, and Jonathan Gibson

The Man behind the Queen: Male Consorts in History Edited by Charles Beem and Miles Taylor THE MAN BEHIND THE QUEEN

MALE CONSORTS IN HISTORY

Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2014 978-1-137-44834-7

All rights reserved. First published in 2014 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States— a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-49642-6 ISBN 978-1-137-44835-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137448354 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The man behind the queen : male consorts in history / Charles Beem and Miles Taylor, editors. pages cm.—(Queenship and power)

1. Queens—Family relationships—Europe—History. 2. Royal couples—Europe—History. 3. Kings and rulers— Europe—History. 4. Princes—Europe—History. 5. Monarchy—Europe—History. 6. Sex role—Europe—History. 7. Man-woman relationships—Europe—History. 8. Power (Social sciences)—Europe—History. 9. Europe—Kings and rulers—History. 10. Europe—Social conditions. I. Beem, Charles. II. Taylor, Miles. D110.M26 2014 940.09Ј9—dc23 2014026010 A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Knowledge Works (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: December 2014 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Other Titles By Charles Beem The Name of a Queen: William Fleetwood’s Itinerarium ad Windsor (2013) (coedited with Dennis Moore) The Foreign Relations of Elizabeth I (2011) The Royal Minorities of Medieval and Early Modern England (2008) The Lioness Roared: The Problems of Female Rule in English History (2006)

Other Titles By Miles Taylor The Decline of British Radicalism, 1847–1860 (1995) Ernest Jones, Chartism and the Romance of Politics, 1819–69 (2003) (coedited with Michael Wolff) The Victorians since 1901: Histories, Representations and Revisions (2004) The Victorian Empire and Britain’s Maritime World: The Sea and Global History, 1837–1901 (2013) (ed.) The Age of Asa: Lord Briggs, Public Life and History in Britain since 1945 (Palgrave, 2014) (ed.)

CONTENTS

Acknowledgments ix List of Contributors xi

Introduction: The Man behind the Queen 1 Charles Beem and Miles Taylor 1. The Kings Consort of Navarre: 1284–1512 11 Elena Crislyn Woodacre 2. Ferdinand the Catholic: King and Consort 33 David Abulafia 3. “He to Be Intituled Kinge”: King Philip of England and the Anglo-Spanish Court 55 Sarah Duncan 4. Why Prince George of Denmark Did Not Become a King of England 81 Charles Beem 5. From Ruler in the Shadows to Shadow King: Frederick I of Sweden 93 Fabian Persson 6. Count Ernst Johann Bühren and the Russian Court of Anna Ioannovna 103 Michael Bitter 7. Francis Stephen of Lorraine (Emperor Francis I, 1745–65), Consort of Maria Theresa, Ruler of the Austrian Monarchy from 1740 125 Derek Beales 8. Prince Albert: The Creative Consort 145 Karina Urbach 9. Commemorating the Consort in Colonial Bombay 157 Simin Patel 10. Ferdinand II of Portugal: A Conciliatory King in an Age of Turmoil 163 Daniel Alves viii Contents

11. Gaston d’Orléans, Comte d’Eu: Prince Consort to Princess Isabel of Brazil 177 Roderick Barman 12. The Rise and Fall of Siddiq Hasan, Male Consort of Shah Jahan of Bhopal 185 Caroline Keen 13. Royalty, Rank, and Masculinity: Three Dutch Princes Consort in the Twentieth Century 205 Maria Grever and Jeroen van Zanten 14. Prince Philip: Sportsman and Youth Leader 223 Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska 15. The Prince Who Would Be King: Henrik of Denmark’s Struggle for Recognition 241 Trond Norén Isaksen

Index 261 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The editors wish to thank the staff of the Institute of Historical Research in London, who helped make the original conference in 2011 possible, especially Manjeet Sambi and Elaine Walters; Clarissa Campbell Orr, Janet Dickinson, and Karina Urbach, who advised on the conference program; and the Society for Court Studies for cohosting the event. We would also like to thank Luc Duerloo and Hugo Vickers, who spoke at the conference, and all of our contributors, who kindly donated their time and expertise for the essays included in this volume. Finally, we are grate- ful for the assistance shown by our editorial team at Palgrave USA; Chris Chappell, Mike Aperauch, and Brigitte Shull.

CONTRIBUTORS

David Abulafia is Professor of Mediterranean History at Cambridge University and a Fellow of Gonville and Caius College. He is a Fellow of the British Academy and Member of the Academia Europaea. His interests embrace the economic, social, and political history of the Mediterranean lands in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, especially southern Italy, the Italian ‘despotisms’ and the Italian islands (viewing Italian history from an unconventionally southern perspective); and also the trade and society of the Spanish lands of the Crown of Aragon. More generally, he is interested in the interaction of the three religions in medieval Spain and Sicily. A major interest is the opening of the eastern and western Atlantic in the fifteenth and early sixteenth century, with particular emphasis on the encounter of Europeans with native people, the subject of his book The Discovery of Mankind (2008). He has now written a history of the Mediterranean from 22,000 BC to AD 2010 for Penguin Books, entitled The Great Sea (2011).

Daniel Alves is Auxiliary Professor at the History Department in Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, and researcher in the Institute of Contemporary History (IHC). He has a PhD in Economic and Social Contemporary History, and MA degree in nineteenth-century history. He collaborated in several research projects funded by the Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation and by ESF, and has a special interest in the study of the lower middle classes, between 1870 and 1914, Urban History, Historical GIS, and Biography. He published a few articles in Portuguese and international peer reviewed journals, namely a recent one in the Journal of Interdisciplinary History regarding railways and population distribution in Portugal between the nineteenth and twentieth century (2011). He also collaborated in the Portuguese Parliamentary Biographical Dictionary (2004), elaborating nearly 60 biographies, and has published a small biography of an important Lisbon merchant from early nineteenth century (2008).

Roderick Barman is a leading expert in the history of Brazil during the nineteenth century. A graduate of King’s College, Cambridge and the University of California at Berkeley, he has published widely, including three books: Brazil: The Forging of a Nation, 1798–1852; Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891; and Princess Isabel of Brazil: Gender and xii Contributors

Power in the Nineteenth Century. He is currently writing Brazil: The Burdens of Nationhood, 1852–1910. He is Professor Emeritus of the Department of History, University of British Columbia.

Derek Beales has been a Fellow of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge since 1955. He was elected Professor of Modern History in 1980 (Emeritus since 1997). He is a Fellow of the British Academy and was its representative on the Humanities Committee of the European Science Foundation in the 1980s. He has published England and Italy, 1859–60 (1961); From Castlereagh to Gladstone (1969); The Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy (1971, 2nd edition with E.F. Biagini, 2001); Prosperity and Plunder: European Monasteries in the Age of Revolution (2003); Enlightenment and Reform in Eighteenth-Century Europe (2005); and a biography of Joseph II in two volumes (1987, 2009).

Charles Beem is Professor of History at the University of North Carolina, Pembroke. With Carole Levin he is the coeditor of Palgrave Macmillan’s “Queenship and Power” series, and the author of The Lioness Roared: The Problems of Female Rule in English History (2006); and the editor of The Royal Minorities of Medieval and Early Modern England (2008); The Foreign Relations of Elizabeth I (2011); and The Name of a Queen: William Fleetwood’s Itinerarium ad Windsor (2013). He is currently at work on a monograph entitled Queenship in Early Modern Europe.

Michael Bitter is Associate Professor of History at the University of Hawaii at Hilo, where he teaches European and World History. His research focuses on Anglo-Russian relations and interactions during the 1730s, an important period of consolidation of the westernizing reforms of Peter the Great in Russia. He has written on several aspects of Russia, the Russian court, and St. Petersburg during this period. He is currently working on a history of the diplomatic mission of George, Lord Forbes, to St. Petersburg as Envoy and Minister Plenipotentiary of George II of Great Britain

Sarah Duncan is an Associate Professor of History at Spring Hill College, Mobile, Alabama. Her book Mary I: Gender, Power and Ceremony in the Reign of England’s First Queen (2012) appears in the “Queenship and Power” series. Her essays on queenship in the reigns of Mary I and Elizabeth I have appeared in Queens and Power in Medieval and Early Modern England, (2009); Elizabeth I and the “Sovereign Arts”: Essays in Literature, History, and Culture (2011); and The Name of a Queen: William Fleetwood’s Itinerarium ad Windsor (2013).

Maria Grever is Professor of Theory and Methodology of History, and director of the Centre for Historical Culture at Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands (www.eshcc.eur.nl/chc). She has been a Contributors xiii research leader in several projects, such as Paradoxes of De-Canonization; New Forms of Cultural Transmission in History, funded by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO); and is currently program leader of the NWO program Heritage Education, Plurality of Narratives, and Shared Historical Knowledge. She has published widely on the con- struction and canonization of historical knowledge; collective memory, heritage, and plural identities; monarchy and gender.

Trond Norén Isaksen is a historian and author with an MA degree from the University of Oslo, which he obtained with a dissertation about the Bernadottes and the Norwegian succession issue c. 1850–1905. His first book was a dual biography of King Olav V and Crown Princess Märtha of Norway, followed by a biography of their daughter, Princess Astrid, Norway’s former first lady. He is currently writing a history of Norwegian coronations. He is also the coauthor of a book on the Norwegian Royal Collections, has published more than 100 articles in several countries and has commented on royal ceremonial events on Norwegian state television.

Caroline Keen holds a PhD from the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. Her thesis involved a detailed analysis of British policy towards the Indian states during the period 1870–1909 and she has since published Princely India and the British: Political Development and the Operation of Empire (2012), dealing with the late nineteenth-century period of transition for Indian rulers from traditional to modern rule, during which British ideological motives for westernization and civilization, coupled with the need to curb costs and promote efficient government, resulted in a significant loss of princely power. Moving from a wide cover- age of the subject to an individual example of British involvement in the Indian princely states, she is currently finalising an account of an anti- British revolt which occurred in 1891 in the small northeastern state of Manipur.

Simin Patel is a PhD candidate at Balliol College, University of Oxford. Her thesis traces the role the Parsi community played in the shaping of the public, particularly social sphere of colonial Bombay from the 1860s, a decade of significant change in city structure and fortune to 1918, the end of the First World War and the onset of Gandhian nationalism. While the community’s long history as commercial interlocutors is well acknowl- edged, her interest is in the Parsis’ later and informal role as cultural inter- mediaries. She holds MA degrees from the Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi and the School of Oriental and African Studies, London. At Oxford she is a recipient of the Clarendon Fund Scholarship and the Hilla Ginwala Scholarship. xiv Contributors

Fabian Persson is a Senior Lecturer in History at Linnaeus University in Sweden. His expertise lies in the history of the seventeenth and early eighteenth-century Swedish court, both domestically and internationally. His publications in English include contributions to the Court Historian and to John Adamson (ed.), The Princely Courts of Europe (1999).

Miles Taylor has been the Director of the Institute of Historical Research, University of London since 2008. Amongst his books are The Decline of British Radicalism, 1847–60 (Oxford, 1995); Ernest Jones, Chartism and the Romance of Chartism, 1819–69 (Oxford, 2003); The Victorians since 1901: Histories, Representations and Revisions (co-edited with Michael Wolff, Manchester, 2004); and (ed.) The Victorian Empire and Britain’s Maritime World: The Sea and Global History (Basingstoke, 2013). He is currently com- pleting a study of Queen Victoria and India.

Karina Urbach read Modern European History at the University of Munich. As a Kurt Hahn scholar at the University of Cambridge, she took an MPhil in International Relations and a PhD in history (later published as “Bismarck’s Favourite Englishman. Lord Odo Russell’s Mission to Berlin”). She was an Assistant Professor of History at the University of Bayreuth (1996–2001), won the Habilitationsprize of the Bavarian Ministry of Culture (2001–2004) and became a Research Fellow at the German Historical Institute London (2004–2009). Since 2009 she has been a Senior Research Fellow at the Institute of Historical Research, University of London. In July 2009, she was awarded a second doctorate (Habilitation) for her monograph: “Go-Betweens. German Aristocratic Families in Europe 1900 to 1939.” In 2011 her biography of Queen Victoria was published for the German Publishing House C. H. Beck and went into a second edition within a year. Dr. Urbach has organised several international conferences covering subjects from family networks to espionage. She has reviewed regularly on German and British history for the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung and has participated in history docu- mentaries for the BBC and the German TV channel ZDF.

Jeroen van Zanten earned his PhD from the university of Leiden in 2004. Since 2006, he lectures on Modern European History at the University of Amsterdam. Zanten has written articles and books on parliamentary history, monarchy, revolution, and political culture in Europe during “the long nineteenth century,” 1789–1914. In 2013, he published a biography of the Dutch king William II (1792–1849). Currently he is working on a book on “Waterloo and its Nachleben.”

Elena Crislyn Woodacre is a specialist in medieval and early modern queenship and a Lecturer in Early Modern European History at the University of Winchester (UK). Her doctoral research was based on the Contributors xv queens regnant of Navarre in the late medieval period, focusing particularly on issues of female succession, matrimonial diplomacy, and the power sharing dynamic between the queens and their kings consort and has recently published a monograph derived from this research (The Queens Regnant of Navarre; Succession, Politics and Partnership; 2013). In addition to presenting her research at a number of international conferences, Elena is the primary organizer of the ‘Kings and Queens’ conference series and is currently developing an open-access academic journal on Royal Studies. She is also the founder of the Royal Studies Network (www.royalstudies- network.org), a resource which aims to bring together scholars who work on monarchical topics to enable them to collaborate and share informa- tion on their research.

Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska is Professor of modern British history in the Department of History, University of Illinois, Chicago. Her research focuses on the relationship between the state and society in the twentieth century and, specifically, the interplay between politics, gender, and consumption. Austerity in Britain: Rationing, Controls and Consumption, 1939–1955 (Oxford University Press) was published in 2000 and she has published several edited collections including The Conservatives and British Society, 1880–1990 (University of Wales Press: Cardiff, 1996); Women in Twentieth Century Britain (Pearson Education: Harlow, 2001); and Food and War in Twentieth Century Europe (Ashgate: Farnham, 2011). Her latest monograph, Managing the Body: Beauty, Health and Fitness in Britain, 1880s– 1939 was published by Oxford University Press in 2010. She is currently working on a study entitled, The Monarchy, Youth and Fitness in Twentieth- Century Britain.