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War Is Over! John and Yoko's Christmas Eve Happening, Tokyo

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War Is Over! John and Yoko's Christmas Eve Happening, Tokyo Kevin Concannon, "War Is Over! John and Yoko’s Christmas Eve Happening, Tokyo, 1969," Review of Japanese Culture and Society 17 (December 2005): 72-85. Figure 6 Yokoo Tadanori, War Is Over!: A Christmas Party for Love and Peace Called for by John and Yoko Lennon, 1969. Poster, approx. 48.5 x 34 cm. Courtesy Yokoo Tadanori 72 REVIEW OF JAPANESE CULTURE AND SOCIETY DECEMBER 2005 War Is Over!: John and Yoko’s Christmas Eve Happening, Tokyo, 1969 Kevin Concannon On December 15, 1969, news organizations around the globe announced that John Lennon and Yoko Ono had “purchased billboard space in 11 major cities of the world to display their Christmas message for peace.”1 In the language of each city, the billboards (as well as posters, print advertisements, and postcards) read: “War Is Over! If You Want It. Happy Christmas from John & Yoko” (Figs. 7–8).2 Reports listed the cities as London, New York, Los Angeles, Montreal, Toronto, Paris, Rome, West Berlin, Amsterdam, Athens, and Tokyo. In a New York Times report the following day, however, Tokyo was conspicu- ously absent from the list, although all other cities were duly mentioned.3 In the thirty-six years since, no documentation has emerged to suggest that the omission of Tokyo was an oversight of the New York Times. Indeed, no War Is Over! billboard appeared in Tokyo that Christmas.4 Nonetheless, the War Is Over! campaign reached the city, as a major demonstration and poster campaign. This article will explore the Tokyo manifestation of War Is Over! in the context of Lennon and Ono’s broader Peace Campaign as well as the international antiwar movement of which it was an important part. *** Lennon and Ono’s Christmas 1969 billboard and poster campaign was only one compo- nent of the couple’s ambitious Peace Campaign of 1969–70, launched immediately after their March 1969 wedding with a very public honeymoon in Amsterdam (March 25–31, 1969)—the first of two Bed-Ins for Peace. At each Bed-In, the couple invited the world press to join them in their honeymoon suite for conversation. Many reporters expected scandalous photo opportunities and gossipy copy. But Lennon and Ono were serious about talking peace. Their celebrity status guaranteed an audience, and a hungry press complied. The idea for the War Is Over! advertising campaign seems to have emerged at DECEMBER 2005 REVIEW OF JAPANESE CULTURE AND SOCIETY 73 Kevin Concannon the second Bed-In, in Montreal (May 26–June 1, 1969). On that occasion, Ono told the newly inaugurated Pent- house magazine: “Many other people who are rich are using their money for something they want. They pro- mote soap, use advertising propaganda, what have you. We intend to do the same. We’re using our money to advertise our ideas so that peace has equal power with the meanies who spend their money to promote war.”5 For Ono, who had been using advertising media to make Con- ceptual Art for several years, this type of campaign, though much larger in scale, was hardly new. As Lennon himself acknowledged, “The poster idea was Yoko’s.”6 The War Is Over! campaign was officially launched in London on December 15. Lennon performed with Ono and several other musicians as The Plastic Figure 7 Ono Supergroup at the Peace for Christmas concert at John Lennon and Yoko Ono, War Is the Lyceum Ballroom in a benefit for UNICEF, the Over!, 1969. Poster (original English United Nations children’s charity. War Is Over! banners version), 55 x 34 cm. Courtesy Lenono Photo Archive and posters were prominently displayed on and around the stage. Billboards were secured and posters sent around the world. A full-page advertisement appeared in the New York Times on December 21. On December 17 the couple flew to Toronto to announce a much more ambitious summer Concert for Peace. The Los Angeles Times reported “As they arrived [in Toronto], another plane was climbing high in the skies over the city spewing out block-long letters of smoke. In the streets below, scores of kids were passing out small, printed placards. The messages, in smoke and ink, all read the same: WAR IS OVER! IF YOU WANT IT. Happy Christmas from John and Yoko.”7 Lennon informed reporters greeting the plane that he planned to send the $72,000 bill for the campaign to President Nixon. “[The billboards and posters] cost less than the life of one man and I am sending the bill for printing to President Richard Nixon,” Lennon said as he arrived at the International Figure 8 8 John Lennon and Yoko Ono, War Is Airport in Toronto with Ono. The press conference, called Over!, 1969. Poster (French version), to announce the ill-fated summer Peace Concert (plans 117 x 76 cm. Courtesy Lenono Photo for which would fall apart by March),9 soon turned into a Archive press conference for the War Is Over! campaign. 74 REVIEW OF JAPANESE CULTURE AND SOCIETY DECEMBER 2005 Kevin Concannon With Lennon and Ono its most visible stars, the campaign nonetheless depended on the involvement of many other people: Lennon told a reporter for the Dutch television program Televizier Magazine: “In Amsterdam, a friend of ours is doing it. In Paris and those places—Europe—it’s a firm, a publicity firm. In Montreal it’s a friend of ours. In Toronto it’s a friend of ours. In New York, it’s a firm—our firm—so it will probably be the worst. In Tokyo it’s a friend. In each place, there are approximately 2,000 posters and, where we could, we got billboards.”10 In Tokyo, the campaign began when Lennon and Ono sent journalist Yano Jun’ichi 50 copies of the War Is Over! poster, according to Hamada Tetsuo, the then president of the Beatles Cine Club in Japan (“cine” being a shorthand of the imported word, cinema). Along with posters, the couple sent a tape-recorded greeting intended to be played at a Christmas Eve antiwar demonstration organized as a Christmas party under the name of Lennon and Ono. As Hamada recalls, Ono had contacted Yano, a personal friend of hers who worked at Asahi Journal, requesting his assistance in organizing the poster campaign in Tokyo.11 Yano in turn contacted Hamada about the poster campaign, and the latter proposed the idea of an assembly at the Hibiya Outdoor Concert Hall (Hibiya Yagai Daiongakud∂) and candle- light march afterwards.12 Yano then contacted Yokoo Tadanori, a graphic designer especially popular in the world of underground culture, who quickly designed a new variation of the poster printed on newsprint stock (Fig. 6).13 Departing from his familiar illustrational style, Yokoo arranged four black-and-white photographs of the couple in a two-by-two grid formation, with each photo randomly orientated, over which he super- imposed the original image (i.e., English text) of Lennon and Ono’s poster, rendered in red. All other texts, in Japanese, also appeared in red, with the translation of their slogan prominently visible in a narrow horizontal space between the two tiers of photographs. The copy announcing the event as “John + Yoko Lennon Call for a Christmas Party for Love and Peace” appears above the photos, while the time and venue of the event (“At 4:30 p.m., on December 24 [Wednesday], at the Hibiya Outdoor Concert Hall”) is placed below. The names of the celebrity participants are printed vertically on either side of the photos. Hamada recalls that the new poster was specifically created for the event; he also recalls that around 3,000 to 5,000 copies were printed and they were given to the audience members, who were asked to put them up around the city. In his autobiography, Yokoo describes the proceedings as “part of a worldwide simultaneous event organized by John Lennon and Yoko Ono, titled ‘War Is Over If You Want It!,’” and reiterates “the organizers were John Lennon and Yoko Ono.”14 Yokoo notes, however, that more than twenty people collaborated in their efforts, a group consisting of “intellectuals who seemed usually unrelated to John Lennon.”15 Among those named are writers, artists, and filmmakers. Key members of Beheiren (Citizens’ Federation for Peace in Vietnam) figured prominently in the event. Antiwar songs by Folk Guerrilla, an informal group of music-minded Beheiren members, were also featured.16 Yokoo characterizes Konaka Y∂tar∂ (a Beheiren member, writer, and DECEMBER 2005 REVIEW OF JAPANESE CULTURE AND SOCIETY 75 Kevin Concannon more recently president of the Christian Conference of Asia) as presiding over the event, and the local daily Tokyo shinbun reported on the following day that “Beheiren and others” held the event in response to Lennon and Ono’s antiwar posters.17 The newspaper report names the organizers as Oda Makato (the Beheiren leader and well-known anti- war writer), Konaka, Nada Inada (writer and psychoanalyst), and Iwasaka Akira (the Marxist film critic who had been arrested during World War II for his opposition to the Wartime Cinema Act). Characterizing the crowd as a mix of young Beheiren members and hippies, the report also describes a program that included underground theater skits, poetry readings, song-singing, and messages from antiwar American deserters and secret antiwar organizations within the U.S. military in Japan. Hamada recalls that the socialist anthem “The Internationale” was sung and that the participants also included Communists (including sympathizers of the Chinese Communists) and labor activists. The event was also reported in the major daily Asahi shinbun but, strangely, no mention of Lennon or Ono was made.
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