3'ournal ofNeurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 1993;56:599-604 599

REVIEW J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.56.6.599 on 1 June 1993. Downloaded from

The neurological founding fathers of the National Society for Epilepsy and of the Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy

J W A S Sander, J Barclay, S D Shorvon

Abstract agricultural colony where people with epilepsy The National Society for Epilepsy is the could live and work, hence the origin of the largest epilepsy charity in the United Chalfont Centre. The roads and houses at the Kingdom, and administers the Chalfont Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy are named after Centre for Epilepsy. The Society was several British philanthropists from the late founded in London in 1892 and its first 1800s, who were generally perceived as the task was to establish an agricultural Society's founding fathers. Our researches of colony where people with epilepsy could the early history of the Society show, how- live and work; and this was the origin of ever, that neurologists from the National the Chalfont Centre. Recently, details of Hospital, Queen Square, were instrumental in the early history ofthe Society have come its foundation and early running; indeed, it to light showing that neurologists from was their impetus which interested others in the National Hospital, Queen Square setting up the Society. After several years, were instrumental in its foundation. The however, differing opinions on whether meeting in which the society was consti- epilepsy should be viewed as a medical condi- tuted was held in the house of Thomas tion or a social problem led to the premature Buzzard, chaired by David Ferrier, and rupture of the relations between the neurolo- its first resolution was proposed by John gists and lay persons on the executive com- Hughlings-Jackson. Other neurologists mittee, and the resignation of the former. associated with its early history include Only in the last two decades have neurologists William Gowers, Victor Horsley, Howard regained influence in the running and plan- Tooth, and W Aldren Turner. In this ning of the Society's activities so that medi- paper we review the society's history and cine and research flourished. the light it throws on the attitudes to epilepsy and neurology in London in this http://jnnp.bmj.com/ exciting late Victorian period. The National Hospital The National Hospital for the Paralysed and (7 Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993;56:599-604) Epileptics (now the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery), the first spe- cialist neurological hospital in the world, was The National Society for Epilepsy (NSE) is opened at Queen Square in 1860. True to its

the largest epilepsy charity in the United title, the hospital accepted patients from all on September 27, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. Kingdom, and administers the Chalfont over the country, the majority of them with Centre for Epilepsy, a specialised epilepsy epilepsy. Its establishment was a great step centre on the outskirts of London. The forward for the sufferers of epilepsy; in the Epilepsy Research Society was founded in the spring of 1892 in 1870s as many of 50% of the inpatients and Group, Institute of Neurology, National London as the National Society for the an even higher proportion of the outpatients Hospital for Employment of Epileptics and it is therefore had epilepsy, and its consumption of brom- Neurology and also one of the oldest epilepsy societies in the ides, then the only effective drug for epilepsy, Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London world. In this paper we review the early histo- was 2-5 tons annually.' John Hughlings WClN 3BG ry of the Society with special emphasis on its Jackson24 was on the staff from 1862 and J W A S Sander connection with the neurological establish- among his colleagues were Thomas Buz- S D Shorvon ment at the National Hospital, Queen zard,56 William Gowers,78 David Ferrier,90 Chalfont Centre for Square, basing our review on historical and Howard Tooth." Epilepsy, Gerrards largely Cross, Bucks SL9 ORJ and archival documents, including a series of These were heady years for the scientific J W A S Sander books of minutes of the Society that were un- study of epilepsy. In the 1870s Ferrier J Barclay covered during the preparations for the Soci- demonstrated that activation of areas S D Shorvon specific Correspondence to: ety's first centenary. This original material of the cortex of animals could induce seizures Dr J W A S Sander, National throws new light on the evolution of epilepsy in corresponding parts of the body. 12 Hospital, Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Gerrards societies in late nineteenth century Britain. Hughlings Jackson, whose interest in epilepsy Cross, Bucks SL9 ORJ We have also included as an appendix brief may have been triggered by the fact that his Received 16 June 1992 bibliographical sketches of the neurologists wife had what is now called "Jacksonian and in revised form 25 August 1992. involved in the foundation of the Society. epilepsy,3 made original observations on many Accepted 4 September 1992 The Society's first task was to establish an aspects of the condition. In 1873 he presented 600 Sander, Barclay, Shorvon

his definition of epileptic seizures "occasional an institution to be modelled on the establish- J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.56.6.599 on 1 June 1993. Downloaded from sudden excessive, rapid and local discharges of ment in Bielefeld in Germany, visited by grey matter","3 a definition still commonly David Ferrier in the previous year. People in used. Queen Square became the "Mecca of attendance represented three different bodies. neurology"; epilepsy was the condition which The first were the medical staff from the aroused most scientific interest at the hospi- National Hospital represented by Thomas tal, and the large number of patients with Buzzard, John Hughlings Jackson, Howard epilepsy formed the base of Ferrier's, Tooth, William Gowers, Joseph Ormerod,'9 Jackson's, and Gower's great works on the Walter Colman,20 and David Ferrier. The subject. second was the Ladies' Samaritans Society of the National Hospital, Queen Square, which was formed in 1861; some members were the The perception of epilepsy wives of Queen Square physicians (as then, Clinical interest in epilepsy was accompanied the Ladies' Samaritans still do sterling work). by the realisation that people with epilepsy This Society raised money to provide food, also experienced social and economic prob- clothes, seaside holidays, and other comforts lems. Some of these problems were no differ- for poor patients from the National Hospital, ent from those faced by all poor people in Queen Square; employed lady almoners; ran those times, although most arose from pre- a convalescent home at Finchley (now the vailing attitudes to epilepsy. Epilepsy was still National Hospital Rehabilitation Unit); and widely regarded as a demoniac disease, one started a pension scheme for incurable both contagious and hereditary; people with patients. The third was the Charity epilepsy were ostracised and their marriage Organisation Society which had been set up frowned upon.'4 Not only were they often in 1869 by a group of philanthropists, many consigned to poorhouses, asylums, houses of of whom had connections with the Jewish correction, or gaols but words like degen- Board of Guardians, to prevent begging and erate, lunatic, imbecile, idiot, feckless, and the abuse of charity. Its members prided feeble-minded were used almost interchange- themselves on their scientific rather than sen- ably with epileptic.'5 The perceived and timental approach to poverty and both the actual link between epilepsy and lunacy was paid officials and voluntary members strongly particularly important; an association which upheld the work ethic and approved schemes had always overshadowed the life of people that encouraged people to be self-supporting. with epilepsy continued even towards the end The Charity Organisation Society was against of the century when the "sane epileptics" state intervention in social affairs, believing became recognised as a special group for that it would lead to less accountability and whom, in the opinion of many, asylums and expenditure on unproductive schemes for gaols were not appropriate.'6 17 feckless people.21 At this meeting the NSE To a greater extent than with many other was constituted, and its first resolution, pro- diseases, at the end of the nineteenth century, posed by Hughlings Jackson, to create "a those with epilepsy were considered very defi- home for such epileptic persons as are capable of nitely a class apart. The Victorian answer to work but unable to obtain regular employment on problem groups (even if "sane") was to segre- account of their liability to fits" was unanimous- http://jnnp.bmj.com/ gate them and pressure grew for institutions ly accepted (fig 1). The second resolution for epilepsy to provide care and control for proposed by David Ferrier and seconded by life. These should be situated in the country Howard Tooth and also approved unani- away from the bustle of towns; by utilising mously was "that it is expedient to establish in the inmates' work, they might become self- England an industrial colony for epileptics supporting. Enforced idleness and anxiety capable of work, on the same lines, so far as

were thought to increase epileptic seizures in circumstances should render advisable, as the on September 27, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. this feckless subclass and work was seen as a colony near Bielefeld in Germany". panacea.18 The Society was quickly established and by the end of May 1892 the provisional commit- tee (later the executive committee), which The Society included all Queen Square's physicians (fig 2) A number of meetings and other activities present at the inaugural meeting, also co- were held during the late 1880s to discuss the opted into the Society a number of influential needs of people with epilepsy and other hand- medical people. These included Victor icaps. In July 1890 the Charities Organisation Horsley,22-24 William Broadbent,25 John Society appointed a commission, which Burdon Sanderson,'6 James Crichton- included Thomas Buzzard and David Ferrier, Browne,'7 Joseph Lister, James Paget, "to consider and report upon the public and char- Andrew Clark,28 Henry Bastian,'9 and Charles itable provisions madefor the care and training of Beevor.Y Some of these doctors had joined feeble-minded, epileptic, deformed and crzppled the Society with a special interest, social or persons"; this commission eventually lead to professional, in the fate of people with epi- the foundation of the NSE.'8 lepsy and others, like James Crichton-Browne In April 1892, a meeting was held at the a "keen eugenicist", joined because such house of Thomas Buzzard in 74 Grosvenor colonies helped prevent epileptics marrying.27 Street in London's West End, with the specif- Further meetings of the Society were held ic aim of founding a society which would pro- at the house of David Ferrier or at the vide employment for patients with epilepsy in National Hospital, Queen Square until a The neurologicalfoundingfathers ofthe National Society for Epilepsy and ofthe Chalfont Centrefor Epilepsy 601

Figure 1 Page one ofthe an to J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.56.6.599 on 1 June 1993. Downloaded from first book ofminutes ofthe launch appeal raise money and the sec- society, dated 11 April, ond to find a suitable farm. A suitable farm 1892, in which the !-/tr-s2...Xtc.. A Me, AI was deemed to "be within an hour and a half of establishment ofthe which was in a had a Chalfont Centre was London, healthy situation, proposed by Drs Hughlings commodious farmhouse, 100 acres of available JYackson and David /kn ,.8 land, mixed soil and a good water supply". Ferrier. The appeal subcommittee organised a series of events. The highlight of these, a meeting in January 1893 at the Mansion .4~ ~ ~ ,'.- H i /asit to House, the official residence of the Lord LSqur) pledged Mayor of London, was well attended, and lookafte patentsfro allove th fnatio. was reported in the medical and lay press.31-35 David Ferrier, one of the speakers, stated that 4 '}~&~ 44.+';fAfs provision would be made for all classes of the ,_ ._ ~ ~ A.-'.4- detW/17 A community, not only the poor; the Society '/1 /+ t***A room was specilly hred<-fo thi purpos.fe, at _-;3/did not expect to be self-supporting, but expenses would be defrayed by payment from Roa Soit of Meicne at Hanove the patients, either from their own resources Squr (i London Wess. t End){t. I nJul 1892f or as a product of their labour. Thomas Buzzard, another speaker, stressed that they EpLetc (hrenedo NSE in 197 Th were not planning a hospital for epilepsy-the National Hospital successfully carried out that role, but rather were making provisions for a of com- The fr/sttas wasto-g_e ras particular type patient. He Socety's m''.oney/t<. about Sqae (in Lodo'zf Wes En)fJulytIn 1892 plained the outrageous incarceration of epileptics in institutions for the incurable, and emphasised that patients referred for admis- the Medico-Chirc nOcit (latterly the sion to the colony would require a mental and theoocitRsoaocitetwas oofficiallyMedcie)asrnamedthisproe,aat Hanover physical examination, as the colony would not provide for the insane. Monies were raised from various sources, National Society for the Employment of including families and individuals well known Epileptics (shortened to NSE in 1907). The for their charitable works-Mr Passmore- society was termed National (as was the Edwards, the Rothchilds, the Burdon Hospital in Queen Square), as it pledged to Sandersons, and the Monteflores. The farm look after patients from all over the nation. subcommittee had visited several farms The Society's first task was to raise money around London and eventually in November to buy a farm where its "epileptic colony" 1893 chose and bought Skippings Farm, on could be established. In October 1892 two Chalfont Common, 21 miles northwest from subcommittees were created; the first to London. A year later, the colony was officially opened amid the habitual Buckinghamshire downpour of rain and howling wind and in http://jnnp.bmj.com/ the presence of a number of guests. The

.11 .1-7 ". opening address was delivered by Thomas ^- .- 7.41'I I Buzzard. .9 I." 9 t A committee of the Honoary Medical Staff . to the Society, which included many of the p4 senior staff at Queen Square, was set up in

June of 1893. Their brief was to look into all on September 27, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. 29'. medical issues that might arise at the colony. :V4 41.,.t The arrangements for the medical cover were finalised in a meeting at the house of Thomas . 44 Buzzard in October 1893. It was established .Z'. that emergencies would be covered by the local general practitioner, Dr Charles Brooks, and that a neurologist would pay a monthly A Wf visit to the colony. The two junior neurolo- A'9 - *~ gists at Queen Square at the time, William Aldren Turner36 and Walter Colman (a Ay ---l,;-10 I;.:, 5! founding member of the Society), were nomi- :i:,. nated as visiting physicians, and would take .e_ '. 4 cWx-9)L turns for the monthly visits. It was also decid- i..r ed that the medical staff should determine the s suitability of any candidate for admission to the colony, and was empowered to discharge Figure 2 The minute book entiy (11 April 1892) listing thefirst provisional committee any "colonist" on medical or other grounds. (later the executive committee) of the Society; in the left hand corner there are the medical The medical staff would also be responsible men (Drs HughlingsJackson, Buzzard, Ferrier, Gowers, Ormerod, Tooth, and Colman), for all dietary requirements and medical in the right the lay members (Lieut Col Montefiore, Mr Gaskell, Mr Pearman, the Lady treat- Taunton, Mrs Buzzard, Mrs Femier, Mrs SelfLennard, Mrs Paget, Miss Parker, Mrs ment. These arrangements persisted until Raddiffe, and Mrs Silva). 1910, although Walter Colman (who had 602 Sander, Barclay, Shorvon

resigned from Queen Square) was later new houses, including a children's home. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.56.6.599 on 1 June 1993. Downloaded from replaced by Farquhar Buzzard.37 38 In the They carried the vote by five to two, the dis- interim W Aldren Turner carried out the role senting voices being those of the Ferriers. of visiting physician alone. The issue was not resolved and in early 1910, W Aldren Turner was responsible for the the Honorary Medical Staff committee once first clinical research carried out at the more demanded the appointment of a "a resi- Chalfont Colony. He published a series of dent medical superintendent with complete and papers of his findings,3- culminating in entire control over every department, both medical 1907 with the publication of an authoritative and administrative of the Colony, including con- book entitled Epilepsy-a study of the idiopath- trol of the farm operations." The executive ic disease.46 Turner gave the Morison lectures committee, assembled in June 1910, voted to the Royal College of Physicians of against this suggestion. Furthermore, it Edinburgh, a considerable honour, on epi- accepted a proposal from Mr Micholls, the lepsy; these were based partly on his experi- chairman of the committee, that the local ence at Chalfont.47 Turner also carried out general practitioner be contracted to visit the the first "clinical trial" at Chalfont, on the colony three times a week (and when neces- influence of salt deprivation on seizure con- sary), and be given the title of Medical trol (30% effectiveness!). After Turner's Officer to the Colony. After the result of the publications there was a lull of over 50 years vote was announced, W Aldren Turner ten- before another research paper was published dered the resignation of the entire Honorary from the Chalfont colony.49 Medical Staff. Shortly after this, Thomas David Ferrier, who served on the executive Buzzard and James Crichton Browne (who committee and the honorary medical staff had earlier retired from the executive com- committee, had strong connections with the mittee) resigned in protest from the Council, colony. Dr Ferrier and his wife were instru- the consultative body of the Society. It is pos- mental in finding and choosing the site for sible that Hughlings Jackson, Ferrier, and the colony, near their own country house. He Crichton Browne saw Chalfont as potentially visited the colony very often, and in 1897 no less fertile ground for scientific work than started to build his new country home in the West Riding Asylum in Wakefield where Horn Hill, less than one mile away. This all three originally met, and which for a short house, High Trees, which featured in the period in the history of neurology was a architectural press at the time of its inaugura- centre of original thought and ideas. tion in 1904,50 was built by the labour of the A compromise might have been found had "colonists" in one of their first external enter- the parties not become too polarised. The prises. The house, designed by the Ferrier's medical men were anxious to ensure good architect son, Claude, who also designed treatment of the patients; it could not be most of the Colony buildings, is currently the denied that having a hospital, a mortuary, headquarters of the British Naturist and above all a resident medical superinten- Association. Mrs Ferrier, who also served on dent in charge of all aspects of the colony life, the executive committee, took a keen interest would have been a terrific boost to medical in the running of the colony, a relationship research and influence within the Society. For which soured slightly because of her practice the non-medical members of the Society, on http://jnnp.bmj.com/ of commandeering colony nurses to perform the other hand, the expense of a resident massages at High Trees. physician was not justified. For them running a colony was like running a very large house- hold, in which everyone's place was deter- The schism mined. Adding strength to this view was the Soon after the inauguration of the colony, lack of urgency about a cure given the poor tensions arose between employment prospects outside, the need lay members of the to on September 27, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. executive committee, most with connections segregate the "unfit", and finally the need of with the Charity Organisation Society, and middle class people to feel in control of the the medical members. The central issue was colonists who came mainly from the working whether the patients should be treated as class. Perhaps if a compromise had been "sick" or as "welfare cases". This debate epit- reached, Chalfont would have a Buzzard omises the question that has dogged the his- House, a Hughlings Jackson Avenue, and a tory of epilepsy-do people with epilepsy Ferrier Lane, as well as a Tate House, a primarily constitute a health or social prob- Micholls Avenue, and a Penn-Gaskell Lane. lem, should medical or welfare support take It is also interesting to speculate on how the priority? In 1908 a large donation was made medical and research potential of the colony to the Society by the estate of Mr CA Tate might have been exploited in the exciting (the sugar baron and a son of the founder of middle decades of the twentieth century, the Tate Gallery, London) and when the best when great advances were being made in the use of this money was debated, the Honorary medical treatment of epilepsy. Medical Staff committee called for the con- struction of a hospital building, a mortuary, and the appointment of a resident medical The Society now superintendent in charge of all administrative The wheel has now turned full circle. The as well as clinical affairs. This was strongly Society plays a leading role in United opposed by the lay members of the executive Kingdom clinical epilepsy research; a very committee who favoured the construction of successful NHS unit is now run jointly with The neurologicalfoundingfathers ofthe National Societyfor Epilepsy and of the Chalfont Centrefor Epilepsy 603

the National Hospital for Neurology and fied at St Bartholomew's Hospital in J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.56.6.599 on 1 June 1993. Downloaded from Neurosurgery, and as it enters its second cen- 1880. He became an assistant physician tury, medical and administrative relations are at the National Hospital, Queen Square, extremely cordial even to the extent of in 1887 and staff physician in 1907. He appointing a distinguished professor of was also an army doctor, having served in neurology as chairman of the board of gover- South Africa during the Boer War. He nors. was a talented musician, an accomplished worker in metal and wood, and a keen Appendix cyclist." 1 John Hughlings Jackson (1835-1911), 6 Joseph Arderne Ormerod (1848-1925), born in Yorkshire, attended the York born in Norfolk, attended Oxford, quali- Medical School and qualified at St fying at St Bartholomew's Hospital in Bartholomew's Hospital in 1856. 1871. Became an assistant physician to Appointed assistant physician to the the National Hospital, Queen Square in National Hospital, Queen Square in 1880, and a staff physician in 1890. He 1862, becoming full physician in 1867; he was registrar to the Royal College of shed light on several aspects of neurology, Physicians from 1908 to 1925.19 becoming known as the "father of English 7 Walter Stacy Colman (1864-1934), born neurology".2A Epilepsy became his essen- in Norfolk, attended Edinburgh tial interest and his work in this subject is University, qualifying at University still enormously influential. Early papers College, London in 1886. He became a were those published from the West resident medical officer at the National Riding Asylum in Wakefield. A quiet and Hospital in 1888, an assistant physician withdrawn man who married his cousin, in 1896 resigning in 1898 to become a he had no known hobbies. lecturer at St Thomas's Hospital. In his 2 Thomas Buzzard (1831-1919), born in leisure time he was a keen archaeologist London, attended and qualified at King's and freemason.20 College School of Medicine in 1857. A 8 Sir Victor Horsley (1857-1916), born in man of many occupations, he was present London, qualified at University College at the siege of Sebastopol, as army doctor in 1880. He became surgeon at the and war correspondent for the Daily National Hospital, Queen Square, in News. After working as general practition- 1886 and was an outstanding figure in the er and as a journalist for the Lancet for six development of neurosurgery. He carried years, he became a consultant at the out the first neurosurgical operation for National Hospital, Queen Square, in epilepsy in 1886, on James B, a case of 1867. He was a keen water colour post-traumatic epilepsy. The patient was painter, with many friends among the shown at a meeting in Brighton later in leading artists of his day.56 the year, at which Hughlings Jackson and 3 Sir William Richard Gowers (1845- Charcot were present, and both congratu- 1915), born in London, attended Oxford lated Horsley on his skill.22 At a concert at and qualified at University College in the Albert Hall a few years later, 1862. He became registrar at the Horsley's son had a first epileptic seizure http://jnnp.bmj.com/ National Hospital, Queen Square, in and was subsequently operated on by his 1870, assistant physician in 1873, and father. Horsley then suddenly abandoned physician in 1880. He wrote extensively his work at the National Hospial and on many aspects of neurology, including a became an active political militant and textbook of neurology (known as "the organiser, an antivivisectionist, a support- Bible" to generations of subsequent er of women's suffrage, and a fanatical

British neurologists), seminal works on crusader against alcohol.2324 He died dur- on September 27, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. epilepsy, ophthalmoscopy, and spinal ing the First World War in Mesopotamia cord. His chief hobbies were etching (he having volunteered for the Tigris cam- illustrated many of his books and papers paign. and exhibited at the Royal Academy), the 9 Sir James Crichton-Browne (1840-1938) study of mosses, and shorthand.78 qualified in Edinburgh with David 4 Sir David Ferrier (1843-1928), born in Ferrier. In 1866, he was appointed super- Aberdeen, qualified at Edinburgh in intendent of the West Riding Asylum, 1868. He went into general practice in which Hughlings Jackson and Ferrier also East Anglia, but after a few years joined attended, and a series of important papers Middlesex Hospital as a lecturer in physi- were published in the journal, Reports of ology. He became a staff physician at the the West Riding Lunatic Asylum. In 1878, National Hospital, Queen Square, in he founded Brain with David Ferrier and 1880. His experimental work opened a John Hughlings Jackson. He was a new era for the understanding of brain founder member of the Eugenics function and he was instrumental in Education Society.27 localising cases for early brain surgery. He 10 Henry Charlton Bastian (1837-1915), was present at Victor Horsley's first surgi- born in Truro, qualified at University cal case. He was a lover of classic litera- College, London, in 1863. He became ture and the sea.9 10 assistant physician at the National 5 Howard Henry Tooth (1856-1925) born Hospital, Queen Square in 1868 and a in Howe, attended Cambridge and quali- staff physician in 1887. He was made a 604 Sander, Barclay, Shorvon

13 Jackson JH. On the anatomical, physiological and patho- fellow of the Royal Society at the age of J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.56.6.599 on 1 June 1993. Downloaded from logical investigation of epileptics. Rep West Riding 31 for his work on parasitology. His Lunatic Asylum 1873;3:315-39. major contribution to neurology was his 14 Temkin 0. The falling sickness: a history of epilepsy from the Greeks to the beginning of modern neurology. Baltimore: research into speech disorders.29 Johns Hopkins Press, 1971. 11 Charles Edward Beevor (1854-1908), 15 Berrios GE. Epilepsy and insanity during the 19th cen- tury-a conceptual history. Arch Neurol 1984;41: born in London, qualified at University 978-81. College, London in, 1878. He became 16 Russel JSR. The management and education of idiots and epileptics at the Bicetre Hospital in Paris. BMJ 1891; assistant physician at the National i:1247. Hospital, Queen Square in 1880 and a 17 Rhodes JM. The treatment of imbeciles and epileptics. The North Midlands District Poor Law Conferences 1898; staff physician in 1883. He worked with 318-9. Victor on of cerebral 18 The Special Committee on Epileptics of the Charity Horsley problems Organisation Society. The epileptic and crippled child and localisation but his major contribution to adult. London: Swan Sonnerschein, 1893. neurology was his research into the pre- 19 Brown GH. Munk's roUlof the Royal College ofPhysicians of London. Volume IV. 1826-1925. London: RCPL, 1955: cise morphology and distribution of the 304-5. arteries of the brain.30 20 Brown GH. Munk's roll of the Royal College ofPhysicians of London. Volume IV. 1826-1925. London: RCPL, 12 William Aldren Turner (1864-1945) was 1955:393. born in where he in 21 Webb B. My apprenticeship. London: Longman & Green, Edinburgh, qualified 1938:177. 1887. He became an assistant physician 22 Horsley V. Brain surgery. BMJ 1886;ii:670-5. at the National in 1892 and a 23 Chartered Society of Queen Square. Queen Square and the Hospital National Hospital; 1860-1960. London: Edward Arnold, full physician in 1900. He was an army 1960:84-5. doctor in France the First 24 Taylor DC. One hundred years of epilepsy surgery: Sir serving during Victor Horsley's contribution. J Neurol Neurosurg World War. He had an extensive know- Psychiatry 1986;49:485-8. ledge of British and continental spas, he 25 Brown GH. Munk's roll of the Royal College ofPhysicians of London. Volume IV. 1826-1925. London: RCPL, 1955: was also interested in antiques, and 169-70. owned a fine collection of old 26 Brown GH. Munk's roll of the Royal College ofPhysicians of prints.36 London. Volume IV. 1826-1925. London: RCPL, 1955: 13 Sir Edward Farquhar Buzzard 137-8. born in the son of 27 Farrall LA. The origin and growth of the English Eugenic (1871-1945), London, Movement. PhD Thesis, Indiana University, 1970:214. Thomas Buzzard, attended Oxford and 28 Brown GH. Munk's roll of the Royal College ofPhysicians of at St Thomas's in 1898. He London. Volume IV. 1826-1925. London: RCPL, 1955: qualified 93-4. became a resident medical officer at the 29 Brown GH. Munk's roll of the Royal College ofPhysicians of in London. Volume IV. 1826-1925. London: RCPL, 1955: National Hospital, Queen Square, 174. 1900 and a full physician in 1905. A 30 Brown GH. Munk's roll of the Royal College ofPhysicians of in the medical London. Volume IV. 1826-1925. London: RCPL, 1955: colonel army corps during 325-6. the First World War, he became physi- 31 Anon. The National Society for the Employment of cian to the in 1924 and Epileptics. Lancet 1893;i:39. Royal Family 32 Anon. The National Society for the Employment of regius professor of medicine at Oxford in Epileptics. Lancet 1893;i:165. 33 Anon. Employment of epileptics. Lancet 1893;i:217. 1928.3738 34 Anon. National Society for the Employment of Epileptics. 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