Atmospheric Circulation and Hurricanes

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Unit 9 Review – Atmospheric Circulation and Hurricanes Vocabulary List convection polar cell eye convection cell polar easterlies eye wall angle of incidence (of the sun) prevailing westerlies hurricane season Coriolis effect trade winds inter-tropical convergence zone Hadley cell horse latitudes storm surge Ferrel cell doldrums Saffir-Simpson scale Review Questions 1. Air masses circulate in the northern and southern hemisphere primarily through which form of heat transfer? _________________ 2. Convection currents move in air (and water) because of differences in ______________ 3. Wind always blows from area of ________________________ to areas of _______________________ 4. Why is the equator hotter than the poles? 5. What is the Coriolis effect? 6. Which direction (left or right) does the Coriolis effect cause air masses to deflect in the northern hemisphere? ________ in the southern hemisphere? ___________ 7. Which direction will a missile fired from the north pole to the equator deflect relative to its target? ___________ 8. Between what latitudes is the Hadley cell? _____________ the Ferrel cell _____________ the polar cell __________ 9. Hot air rising from the equator and drifting at high altitudes toward the horse latitudes forms part of which cell? _________________ 10. Where are the trade winds located? _______________________ in which direction do they blow_____________ they can also be called (pick one) easterlies/westerlies. 11. In the figure label the Hadley cells, Ferrel cells, polar cells, doldrums, horse latitudes, trade winds, prevailing westerlies, polar easterlies. 12. Which direction to hurricanes rotate in the northern hemisphere?_________________ in the southern hemisphere?_________________ 13. How long do hurricanes generally last? _______________ 14. The strongest winds in a hurricane are located at __________ 15. When is the Atlantic hurricane season and when does it peak? 16. Hurricanes that strike the Texas coast may form in which three locations? 17. List the categories of storms and hurricanes on the Saffir-Simpson scale from tropical depression to category 5 and identify the wind speeds associated with each category. 18. What 5 conditions are necessary for the formation of a hurricane? 19. Most damage from hurricanes is due to what? 20. Was most of the damage to New Orleans from Hurricane Katrina due to winds or flooding? 21. In the northern hemisphere, storm surge is greatest on which side of the hurricane? 22. What causes storm surge? 23. What was the deadliest hurricane in American history?_____________________ and the costliest in American history? _______________________ (from the student powerpoints) 24. How would the tides (high or low) affect storm surge? .

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11 General Circulation
Copyright © 2017 by Roland Stull. Practical Meteorology: An Algebra-based Survey of Atmospheric Science. v1.02 “Practical Meteorology: An Algebra-based Survey of Atmospheric Science” by Roland Stull is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. View this license at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- nc-sa/4.0/ . This work is available at https://www.eoas.ubc.ca/books/Practical_Meteorology/ 11 GENERAL CIRCULATION Contents A spatial imbalance between radiative inputs and outputs exists for the earth-ocean-atmosphere 11.1. Key Terms 330 system. The earth loses energy at all latitudes due 11.2. A Simple Description of the Global Circulation 330 to outgoing infrared (IR) radiation. Near the trop- 11.2.1. Near the Surface 330 ics, more solar radiation enters than IR leaves, hence 11.2.2. Upper-troposphere 331 there is a net input of radiative energy. Near Earth’s 11.2.3. Vertical Circulations 332 poles, incoming solar radiation is too weak to totally 11.2.4. Monsoonal Circulations 333 offset the IR cooling, allowing a net loss of energy. 11.3. Radiative Differential Heating 334 The result is differential heating, creating warm 11.3.1. North-South Temperature Gradient 335 equatorial air and cold polar air (Fig. 11.1a). 11.3.2. Global Radiation Budgets 336 This imbalance drives the global-scale general 11.3.3. Radiative Forcing by Latitude Belt 338 circulation of winds. Such a circulation is a fluid- 11.3.4. General Circulation Heat Transport 338 dynamical analogy to Le Chatelier’s Principle of 11.4.
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Horse Latitudes
HORSE LATITUDES Introduction The Horse Latitudes are located between latitude 30 and latitude 35 north and south of the equator. The region lies in an area where there is a ridge of high pressure that circles the Earth. The ridge of high pressure is also called a subtropical high. Wind currents on Earth, USGS Sailing ships in these latitudes The area between these latitudes has little precipitation. It has variable winds. Sailing ships sometimes while traveling to distant shores would have the winds die down and the area would be calm for days before the winds increased. Desert formation on Earth These warm dry conditions lead to many well known deserts. In the Northern Hemisphere deserts that lie in this subtropical high included the Sahara Desert in Africa and the southwestern deserts of the United States and Mexico. The Atacama Desert, the Kalahari Desert and the Australian Desert are all located in the southern Horse Latitudes. Two explanations for the name There are two explanations of how these areas were named. This first explanation is well documented. Sailors would receive an advance in pay before they stated on a long voyage which was spent quickly leaving the sailors without money for several months while aboard ship. Sailors work off debt When the sailors had worked long enough to again earn enough to be paid they would parade around the deck with a straw-stuffed effigy of a horse. After the parade the sailors would throw the straw horse overboard. Second explanation about horses The second explanation is not well documented.
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Weather and Climate Science 4-H-1024-W
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Ch. 11-13 I. Atmosphere - layer of gas that surrounds the Earth. A. Composition 1. 78% - N2 2. 21% - O2 3. 0%-4% - water vapor 4. 1% - other gases 5. Ozone - O3 - protects us from UV radiation. B. Smog - smoke and fog mixing with sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide 1. From the burning of coal, gasoline, and other fossil fuels C. solids (dust and ice) and liquids (water). II. Layers - divided according to major changes in temperature A. Troposphere - the lowest layer we live here weather occurs here 1. 75% of all atmosphere gases 2. ↓ temp. with ↑ altitude 3. Tropopause - boundary between troposphere and the next layer B. Stratosphere - 2nd layer 1. Jet stream - strong west wind. 2. Ozone (O3) - is found here. 3. ↑ temp. with ↑ altitude. 4. Stratopause - boundary between stratosphere and mesosphere. C. Mesosphere - area where meteors burn up ↓ temp. with ↑ altitude Mesopause - boundary between mesosphere and thermosphere D. Thermosphere - means "heat sphere" 1. Very thin air (1/10,000,000) of the earth's surface 2. High temperature - N2 and O2 absorb U.V. light and turn it into heat 3. Cannot measure with thermometer D1. Ionosphere - lower part of thermosphere 1. Layer of ions 2. Used for radio waves 3. When particles from the sun strike the ionosphere it causes: Auroras - northern and southern lights D2. Exosphere - layer that extends into outer space 1. Satellites orbit here III. Air pressure - the pressure that air molecules force upon an object. A. Decreases with altitude. B. Barometer - instrument that measures atmospheric pressure. (Altimeter?) C. Warm air is less dense than cold air.
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Chapter 7 – Atmospheric Circulations (Pp
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050 00 00 00 - Meteorology)
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Wind-Driven Circulation
WindWind--DrivenDriven OceanOcean CirculationCirculation WhatWhat DrivesDrives CirculationCirculation ofof UpperUpper Ocean?Ocean? ShortShort answer:answer: EnergyEnergy fromfrom thethe SunSun andand Earth’sEarth’s rotationrotation AtmosphericAtmospheric circulationcirculation onon anan idealizedidealized nonnon--rotatingrotating EarthEarth Hadley cell H EnergyEnergy fromfrom SunSun w causescauses differentialdifferential lo f e c heating of ocean a heating of ocean f r u S andand atmosphereatmosphere Equator L L L H Hadley cell CoriolisCoriolis EffectEffect Maximum apparent rotation 60o 30o ArisesArises fromfrom motionmotion onon aa 830 km/h rotatingrotating earthearth 1450 o 0 km/h 1670 DependsDepends onon observer’sobserver’s km/h Equator frameframe ofof referencereference 1450 30o km/h CoriolisCoriolis ForceForce From space, we see that it arises from the conservation of momentum as the earth rotates under a moving object a= initial north or south wind a= initial north or south wind velocity velocity of poleward moving air moving toward the equator b= initial eastward velocity minus the b= initial eastward velocity minus the eastward velocity of the earth at a eastward velocity of the earth at a lower higher latitude latitude c= resultant velocity of the wind c= resultant velocity of the wind CoriolisCoriolis ForceForce Magnitude:Magnitude: F/mF/m == 22Ω sinsin∅ vv Where:Where: 22 Ω isis earth’searth’s rotationalrotational velocityvelocity (constant)(constant) ∅ isis latitude,latitude, andand vv isis velocityvelocity ofof thethe object.object.
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Principal Weather Systems in Subtropical and Tropical Zones - I
ENVIRONMENTAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION: CLIMATE SYSTEM – Vol. I - Principal Weather Systems in Subtropical and Tropical Zones - I. G. Sitnikov PRINCIPAL WEATHER SYSTEMS IN SUBTROPICAL AND TROPICAL ZONES I. G. Sitnikov The Hydrometeorological Research Center of Russia, Moscow, Russia Keywords: Cloud cluster, depression, easterly, general circulation, hurricane, interaction with extratropics, intertropical convergence zone, mesoconvective system, monsoon, numerical modeling, quasi-biennial oscillation, squall line, subtropical highs, tornado, trade winds, monsoons, tropical cyclone, tropical disturbances, typhoon, waves Contents 1. Introduction 2. The general circulation: tropics and subtropics 2.1. Main Elements 2.2. Trade Winds 2.3. The Intertropical Convergence Zone 2.4. Monsoons 3. Main perturbation systems in tropical and subtropical zones 3.1. Tropical Cyclones 3.2. Waves in the Tropical Atmosphere 3.2.1. Easterly Waves 3.2.2. Other Waves in the Tropical and Equatorial Zone 3.3. Monsoon Depressions and Monsoon Lows 3.4. Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) 3.5. Quasi-biennial Oscillation (QBO) 3.6. Mesoscale Rain and Convective Systems 3.7. Cloud Clusters and Squall Lines 3.8. Tornadoes 4. Conclusion Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch SummaryUNESCO – EOLSS The principal weatherSAMPLE systems in the subtropi calCHAPTERS and tropical zones may be divided into two classes: 1) those comprising immutable links of the general atmospheric circulation (subtropical Highs as centers of action of the atmosphere, trade winds, the Intertropical convergence zone, monsoons) and 2) main perturbation systems in the tropics and subtropics (tropical cyclones, easterly and some other waves, monsoon depressions and Lows, the quasi-biennial oscillation and Madden-Julian oscillation, mesoscale rain and convective systems, cloud clusters and squall lines, small-scale vortices like tornadoes etc.).
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Turn in Only This Answer Sheet. Keep the Homework Problem Sheets
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Chapter 9 Cyclones
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