www.jungsteinSITE.de a community. The significanceof thelong mound cemeteries laynot form to together coming families symbolised which manyelements houses. the Danubian long via and the central Paris basin, long mounds can be shown to imitate Kuja as apart far as areas In anew.issue this consider to us enabled 19 house of the dead has an that ancestry goes back to at least the mid- patterns. settlement contemporary and past both Danubian burial but practices, also in terms of their relationship with and hunter-gatherer of elements combined imaginatively which al ritu burial actual the of terms in and landscape, the in impact tural farmers. Danubian the and hunter-gatherers indigenous the between tacts con cultural intensive of areas the in precisely world, Danubian ing disintegrat the of periphery the on appearance significant highly a them manifest selves in veritable which monumental long barrow cemeteries. These make dead their for abodes permanent creating by surroundings their of transformation remarkable a upon barked Abstract Midgley, Edinburgh S. Magdalena letzten 20 Jahre ermöglich uns, diese Frage erneut zu untersuchen. untersuchen. zu erneut Frage diese uns, ermöglich Jahre 20 letzten der Forschungsergebnisse Die könnte. haben Totengedient die für Haus ein für Prototyp als Lebenden die für Haus ein dass gegangen, Vergangenheit Gegenwart. der lungsmustern damaligen und Sied zu Bezug ihren auf Hinblick in auch sondern Bedeutung, von – verbindet miteinander Elemente donauländische und einheimische Wirkung auf die sowie Landschaft die – Bestattungssitte die offenbar Farmern. donauländischen den und kulturellen Kontakts zwischen den ansässigen Jägern und Sammlern intensiven Raum dem in doch sie liegen Bedeutung, von sind Welt am Diese Gräberfelder Rande der sich auflösenden donauländischen dauerhafte Toten in Behausungen zu Form errichten. vonLanghügeln monumentalen ihre für Nordwesteuropas, und Mittel- schaften Zusammenfassung dead. their for abodes –enduring the –withthosefuture of lages the sphere funerary linked elements of the past – the abandoned vil with architecture intentionalof combiningthe Thus, villages. cestral an entire monumentalising in but houses long the imitating in just The Creation of Monumental Cemeteries Neolithic From Ancestral Village to Monumental Cemetery: th In der Mitte des 5. Jts. v. Jts. 5. des Mitte der In The north-west communities of the mid-5 the of communities north-west The Mindestens seit der Mitte des 19. des Mitte der seit Mindestens nach Überlegung der wird Jhs. Die Plätze sind nicht nur in Hinblick auf ihre visuelle und kulturelle of one – village a of component a merely was house However,a a for prototype a as serving living the of house a of idea The cul and visual their of terms in only not important are sites The century, but the results of the past of two decades research have Chr. beginnen die kulturellen Gemein kulturellen die beginnen Chr. th millennium BC em BC millennium ------December 15th,December 2006 www.jungsteinSITE.de Magdalena S. Midgley Creation of Monumental Neolithic Cemeteries

December 15th, 2006  navia – there continued the traditional, hunting and gathering way gathering and hunting traditional, the continued there – navia vast coastal arc stretching from Atlantic to Brittany Scandi Southern BC. To the and north west of these farming communities – within the 5 the of half first the to mainly belonged groups such west; the in Villeneuve-Saint-Germain to Europe central in Rössen tinct, cultural groups: from Lengyel in the east, neous LBK broke up into a series of related, albeit dis geographically homoge relatively the 2002)(Farruggia crisis serious apparently an 5200/5100Following about byBC. west the in basin Paris and lands Nether the reaching east, the in Hungary from spread to began BC, keramik Cerny and the TRB of cultures. names the under literature archaeological the in known successors Neolithic, the contemporary hunter-gatherer communities, and their cultural termscovers this period thegroups of thevarious Danubian 6 the that and the living which was during for created the dead for signed de architecture the between relationship the of study the to vant Introduction Toten. die für Behausungen dauerhafte Zukunft: der denen mit – lungen sphäre verband Elemente der Vergangenheit – die verlassenen Sied ­ Bestattungs der mit Wohnarchitektur von Kombination bewusste Die pflegen. zu Dorfgemeinschaften vergangene an Erinnerung die sondern imitieren, Lang zu Langhäuser nur, nicht heißt als anzulegen hügel Grabstätten symbolisieren. Gemeinschaft entstehende daraus die und Familien von Zusammenkommen das die menten, donaulän das imitieren. dische Langhaus die nachgewiesen, Langhügel sind Becken Pariser dem und Kujawien wie Gebieten entfernten voneinander weit so In not synchronous, but rather sequential in time. The chronological chronological The time. in sequential rather but synchronous, not festations of the Villeneuve-Saint-Germain in Francenorth-west – are late Lengyel Brześć Kujawski group in Kujavia, and the very late mani andTRB Cerny cultures. cases from certain –These, suchapart as the and funerary architecture of the Danubian world and the subsequent explored. not will be cussion, the late architecture Mesolithic discurrent the of purpose the for but, future the in thissupposition of tecture typical the Cerny and TRB cultures. New research may alter was particularly inspirational to the emergence of the archi funerary possible exception of the Atlantic façade, their domestic architecture the with that, appear not does it ex 2005) (Midgley was important cultures tremely Cerny and TRB the of formation the to gatherers 1997). of middle the the 5 from emerging – west the in culture Cerny the and the – groups cultural new to leading Europe, north-western of whole the into life of way Neolithic the of extension the was life-styles contrasting with nities sequence of contacts and mutual influencesbetween these commu con a Indeed, isolation. in live not did hunter-gatherers north-west life. of In this brief paper I wish to explore some issues which are rele are which issues some explore to wish I paper brief this In Ele vielen von eines – Dorfes eines Teil nur jedoch ist Haus Ein Thus weareThusconsidering thedomestic therelationships between hunter- European north-west the of contribution the Although the and farmers Danubian the discrete, geographically While In general terms the Danubian Neolithic includes the th th millennium BC onwards (Midgley 1992; 2002; Constantin al. et and 5 and culture (LBK) which, from the middle of the 6 the of middle the from which, (LBK) culture th millennia BC in central and north-western Europe. north-western and central in BC millennia Trichterbecherkultur (TRB culture) in the north north the in culture) (TRB Stichbandkeramik th th millennium millennium millennium millennium Linearband­ and 1 In In ­ ------1 this subject. this discussion of all the issues relevant to comprehensive a find will reader ed with 2005 Midgley where an interest This article was written in tandem tandem in written was article This - www.jungsteinSITE.de Magdalena S. Midgley Creation of Monumental Neolithic Cemeteries

December 15th, 2006  The domestic architecture of the Danubian world Danubian the of architecture domestic The further. sion discus this take to appropriate now 1949).is (Glob It forms two the between similarities of example perfect a is houses long bian-style" "Danu of remains the being as peninsula, Djursland the on Barkær, P. by interpretation misguided if original, the 1949,135).(Childe Indeed impact profound a had ki, habita the to approximated barrows long European north the that in 1949, suggestion whose Childe, Gordon influentially most sibility, graves (Nilsson 1868). Since then many havescholars thisraised pos thebetween ground plans of Eskimo houses and of Swedish passage century, when the Swede Sven Nilsson speculated on the similarities mid-19the to least at back goes It ancestry. long a has dead the of which tral operated in past" that ofdistant our prehistory. period for subsequent generations and the possible concepts of the "ances im is fact this of recognition Indeed, exist. to ceased communities these after long acknowledged and understood both was heritage is now ample and not just circumstantial evidence that the Danubian communitiesmight have Danubians,thepreceding thereabout had Cerny and TRB the that knowledge the of details precise the cipher de cannot we While inappropriate. be may itself, in assumption, an across central Europe. However, current evidence that suggests such spreading first was farming when time the recounting tradition lar 5 the of middle the by that, and generations subsequent the by seen be to survived had ment Danubiansettle the however,vestigesof thatnopremise a on rests entirelyto inappropriatebe (Neustupný 2001, 204). Thisassumption, prehistory European of stages two these between comparison the cemeter monumental the and villages Danubian the between gap ism in the use and function of such structures over their vast distribu pits (Fig. 1). This design is in itself suggestive of a very strong symbol lateral the by outside the todemarcated segments the of each with four-aisled building, with up to three linearly arranged segments, and creatinga consistentroof-bearingposts rowsaof threewithdesign, the variation offered by the surviving LBK groundplans, we may note ofthese remainsstructures aspects conjectural. Nevertheless, within functional numerous the of indeed, and, appearance external tion, construc of consideration any Thus plans. ground excavated from dataimaginative theanmanipulation of on based areconstructions interpretationsre ourand allthat and house Danubianlong served themes. general of number a on comment to however, worthwhile is, It 2000). Pavlů 1998; 1988; Coudart Brandt (von monographs numerous in covered been has subject this since houses long of construction the of tails de precise with concernourselves not WeEurope. need north-west examples of the first substantialdomestic architecture in central and with us provide and 1940slate the in houses as re-interpreted were excavations1936),and Haberey's atter Köln-Lindenthal, Buttler they of the 20 beginning the at record archaeological the in appearance first their tions discovered at the late Danubian settlement of Brześć Kujaws­ Brześć of settlement Danubian late the at discovered tions portant for our understanding of the symbolism of Danubian ies of and the Cerny TRB culturesis such that scholars some tion area, from Slovakia in the east to the First of all, we must not forget thatall,notforgetwemustofFirst wehave yettodiscover pre a since archaeologists fascinated naturally,have, houses long The The idea of a house of the living serving as a prototype for a house th century. Initially misinterpreted as the remains of barns (af th millennium BC, there was no vernacu no was there BC, millennium . lb f h to og arw at barrows long two the of Glob V.

Paris basin in the west. consider

villages th ------

www.jungsteinSITE.de Magdalena S. Midgley Creation of Monumental Neolithic Cemeteries

December 15th, 2006  al. 1998), as in the east, for example at Brześć Kujawski and other and Kujawski Brześć at example for east, the in 1998),as al. et (Cassen Normandy in Mée Haut Le at house neuve-Saint-Germain for west, the in much as documented is This trical. asymme slightly appear structures post-LBK many interior, and the featuresvariations, be it in or in structural the of of openness degree regional with shapes, of variety greater a was 2002). There Czerniak 1996; (Last naviform as described better be could structures some ment away from a rectangular to a trapezoidal ground plan, although borský 2002).borský accom dead were The in placed crouched pits, simple (Jeunesse settlement the 1997;outside flatgravea in cemetery Pod appearance. external of assumingagainst ahomogeneity warning sufficient provide should interpretations differing own our criteria, other no are there if Even like. looked havemay house bian long houses, and the each and of every one – while reconstructions based on a many more or less been iden now by have There beast. and man to hazardous equally were they surely latter, the If open? the later houses – were they covered with perishable materials or left of pits distant more somewhat the or houses Danubian early the of pits lateral the to relation in arrangements practical the were What any windows and, if so, were they always located in the same there Were several? or doorway one just there was – interior the toaccess of problem the note may We ones? longer the as same the look houses smaller the Did area. distribution vast their throughout that appearance the of theabove-ground long houses was the same certain be cannot we house long Danubian preserved substantially walls acute atside than amore angle the other. the of one with asymmetry distinct nevertheless slightbut isa there 2002),where Czerniak 1984; (Grygiel Poland central in sites Lengyel tical tical ground plan – offers asomewhat different vision of what a Danu The standard burial practice in the Danubian tradition was with was tradition Danubian the in practice burial standard The However, since we have never discovered or, a preserved at least, Later Danubian house development showed a progressive move example at Ville at example places? ­ ­ - - - ­ - - Abb. 1. Plan der linearbandkeramischen linearbandkeramischen Sie der Plan 1. Abb. Archaeology, Prague) of Institute Archive, By lany of permission (with Bohemia lany, settl LBK the of Plan 1. Fig. d lung in Bylany, in Böhmen. lung . e ment at By at ment - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Magdalena S. Midgley Creation of Monumental Neolithic Cemeteries

December 15th, 2006  turally sound buildings should have been abandoned or, at least, least, was made ato maintaincertain effort after them whylittle at generally or, abandoned been have should buildings sound turally struc Why satisfactory. entirely been has none but villages LBK the 1984). (Grygiel spot the same on less exactly or more rebuilt jawski group, is there any overlap; houses indeed seem to have been Ku Brześć Lengyel the of those as such villages, Danubian late very the of withinsome Only overlandscape. areasthe ly of considerable horizontal spreading were villages earlier LBK the the effect where in spot stood; ­houses the on not and land of plot new a on built were houses new plans: house the between overlap no virtually is there exceptions, rare with that, fact the is villages LBK the of tures dramatic (Midgleyre-interpretation 1997). One of the fascinating fea needs village Danubian early the of image our that point the I made ago years of number A 20). 2002, (Bradley sound still structurally while abandoned frequently were they that but repair, of evidence little showed monumental", too big, "too being from apart houses, 1984). (Grygiel dwelling their of tres west me few a just buried all were 56 number house in lived and beads who worked in the antler,craftsmen example skilled and bone shell- close proximity to the houses they had inhabited during their life: for in buried were dead the Kujawski Brześć At 99).1998, (Orschiedt er selves – at for (Veitexample Zauschwitz 1993, 118) or at Poppenweil them houses the within found also were burials cases rare other In un right them of one with houses the of side southern the to close found were graves ten Menneville At 1997, 47). (Krause Vaihingen at burials)24 least (at burials numerous the 12)2002, or (Podborský Vedrovice at children of burials nine example for pits: lateral ternal es have also come to light. This commonly includes burials in the ex hous Danubian with associated burials of examples years recent in However, substantial. not was clearly and trace no left has marking ly marked on the sincesurface they do not as a rule overlap, but such and flint tools and shellornaments. The graves must havebeen clear panied by a limited set of grave goods which included pottery, stone mounds – models for future burial mounds (Fig. mounds burial 2). future for –models mounds artificial as appeared have may they earth, blown with covered and 21);overgrown plate colour 2005, (Midgley ruins dilapidated come be have would houses abandoned The these. with interspersed be would use future for plots land unoccupied use; in were with that those side by side stood have would houses unoccupied or doned Aban space. ancestral powerful a representing sacred, as regarded intimately dead wasthe – associated it with without or with – house derelict or abandoned an because habitation new a for unsuitable tion, where a long house originally stood, may haveloca been considered a such Indeed altogether. house the abandon to necessary it inhabitant, perhaps a senior member of a household, may have made communal belonging. have continued to be one of the differentways of creating asense of well may individuals many engaging by house new a constructing and the amount of work may have insignificantbeen to the builders; of building an LBK house, however, not to correspond need our own the in involved labour of concept The community. larger the by ly, not onjustof atheeffort, part but, few undoubted family members have must involved – considerable etc. planks and posts for timbers the preparing and transporting down, them cutting trees, right the is period difficultThe to explain. building ofsuch house a selecting – der the wall (Farruggia1996, wall the al. et der 124–128; 1998, al. et Hachem 133). It is not unreasonable to suggest that the death of an important important an of death the that suggest to unreasonable not is It of pattern the for suggested been have explanations Different Danubian the that commented recently has Bradley Richard ------b. . oel e Tasomto eines Hauses der Lebenden in ein Haus der Toten. Transformation der Modell 2. Abb. dead. the of house a into living the of house a of trans formation the for model Theoretical 2. Fig. - www.jungsteinSITE.de Magdalena S. Midgley Creation of Monumental Neolithic Cemeteries

December 15th, 2006  the monumental cemeteries – conglomerations of a dozen or more more or dozen a of conglomerations – cemeteries monumental the however, distribution, this Within France. to Poland southern from and Moravia to Scandinavia South from vast: is Europe continental in barrows long of distribution The doubt. in not simply is barrows, architecture, principally in existence the of form funerary of the long the understanding, better merits still Europe north-west in BC nium discoveriesther chronology. clearer and fur confirmation through requires this idea but tradition, Mesolithic an reflect could which houses Cerny possible as considered been have 1999) Verjux Auneau; or Beaumont Orval, at discovered those as (such structures circular of number a years 1995).recent In 1970;Valais Mordant & (Mordant valley Oise the in Herblay, at and Marolles-sur-Seine at valley, Yonne the in Molinons at found been have– tradition architectural Villeneuve-Saint-Germain the of those unlike not – foundations Trapezoidal buildings. domestic as preted sites, although hardly any display structural traces that could be inter The known Cerny enclosures are interpreted generally as settlement 1985).Nielsen & (Nielsen architecture sophisticated and substantial quite indicate – Grødbygård and Limensgård at – Bornholm of island the on ered discov1992, houses Midgley 335–337)rectangular TRB late the and Wittenwatter; and Flögeln at example (for Germany northern from Scan Southern from known now are structures house hundred a 1992, Midgley Sarnowo; 329)at over and preserved houses tangular rec small the be may known best (the Poland in found been have buildings timber Small interpret. to difficult are structures actual if even permanent, nevertheless but small, havebeen to appear tures cul both of settlements Initially, understood. better be to remains Cerny Cultures and TRB the of architecture funerary Monumental of such locations should not be underestimated. The proximity of of proximity The underestimated. be not should locations such of significance The islands. real least, at temporarily becoming, scape were seasonally cut off byflooding rivers fromthe surrounding land elevations such that suggests meanders river the within cemeteries of location the regions latter the in west; the in valleys river Yonne and Seine the in as east, the in Kujavia in much as demonstrated be can it areas: all of typical boggy, is – environment waterlogged and relatively marshy a within elevations natural – "islands" on eteries the wider, this of phenomenon. European character emphasising boundaries, geographical transcend features certain – regions different in prevalent conditions cultural and natural both reflecting clearly rituals and construction design, of elements with – variety considerable display they while that emphasise to wish I but 4–6) chapters 2005, (Midgley occasion this on necessary not is tradition. funerary Neolithic barrow cemeteries constitute a toprelude of the the monumentality the here and farmers, Danubian the and hunter-gatherers digenous the in the areas intensive between of are precisely culturalcontacts the river valleys of the Yonne and Seine (Midgley 2005, Fig. 19). These Western Pomerania in Poland, in France on the Plaine de Caen, along and Kujavia of regions the in world: Danubian disintegrating periphery the of the on appearance significant highly a make – barrows est became culture TRB the When 2004). (Rowley-Conwy dinavia a The domestic architecture of the TRB and the Cerny cultures still still cultures Cerny the and TRB the of architecture domestic The We may note for example that the location of long mound cem mound long of location the that example for note mayWe cemeteries barrow long the of discussion detailed again, Once 5 the of half second the of architecture domestic While identify. to difficult is culture Cerny the of architecture Domestic blished larger sites appeared. Rectangular houses are known known are houses Rectangular appeared. sites larger blished th millen older older fully fully ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Magdalena S. Midgley Creation of Monumental Neolithic Cemeteries

December 15th, 2006  mound, although as many as six are known from Rybno in Poland in Rybno from known are six as many as although mound, important. been proaching and from departing the long barrow cemeteries may have ing longer and wider than they really are. Impressions created by ap be of impression strong very a give mounds the end, opposite the from seen When end. eastern of broader, the distance from a one-third at roughly "kink" little a displaying start, the from metrically asym out laid deliberately were barrows Kujavianlong the of Many barrows. the sizeindividual of and the shape defined palisades timber and/or segments ditch material, building as stone with endowed well not regions in whereas, common were kerbs stone Plain, European North the on as abundance, in present three main were ways of delimiting a mound: where glacial there were boulders principle In 1997). (Duhamel phenomenon this exam of best ples the of one providing barrows Passy the – size in ation as 20 m to over m, 300 although there is a clear tendency to exagger tangular, trapezoidal to triangular, with lengths ranging from as little regions. inthese the laterof Danubian settlements valley, is reminiscent of the spatial of arrangement houses in villages KujaviaasYonne the and apart far as witnessed pattern, fan-like a in barrows placement of barrowswithin individual theThe cemeteries. example in Lower Saxony and in Denmark) – and the (for arrangement of regions northerly more the in even and France central Poland, from known – being this practice settlements eteries on abandoned the plateaux of above the edges rivers. along working and living those by perspective aerial true a from seen ing be dead" the of "islands these for conditions rare very the provided have may river the by down low sites these of location the Yonne, and Seine the of banks the on cemeteries the of case the In locales. appropriate their within retained were dead the that ensured have might landscapes natural of use a such dead; the of and living the of worlds the between distinguished symbolically have may water pits, ditch segments, timbers – as freestanding posts or in the form form the in or posts freestanding as – timbers segments, ditch pits, of series involvemaypits, this combinations various In elements. ral oc many on made been have mounds burial monumental first very cemeteries barrow long and houses between Comparisons could children hardly have distinguished the themselves lives. in their otherwise short barrow; the in burial afforded were who those of elevation social of sort some confirms and significant particularly is children of presence The individuals. selected for reserved places privileged doubt without were they cemeteries, such within buried was population the of percentage small a only clearly Since graves. barrow long the in buried were – adults to babies newborn ages from – all and sexes both but preserved poorly are remains skeletal Human 16). plate colour and 105 2005, (Midgley interments quent subse permit to time of period sufficient a over accessible clearly valley,Yonne the in Escolives-Sainte-Camille at as some, chambers; planks, thin stone slabs, pits filled withstones or rectangular timber with lined pits construction: of variety remarkable a display centrally placed graves were found (Mordant 1997, Fig. 6). The graves 1936,(Jażdżewski 190–194) barrowseightBalloyatthe of one in and casions. casions. The delineation of the long barrow burial area includes seve The shape of the burial mounds varies in outline from oval, rec oval, from outline in varies mounds burial the of shape The cem of foundation the are features common important Further Formal thecomparisons Danubianbetween long houses and the long individual an within found are graves two or one Usually significant. been have also may perspective of employment The

wooden wooden - - - - - ­ - - - - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Magdalena S. Midgley Creation of Monumental Neolithic Cemeteries

December 15th, 2006  gions where stone rather than timber was used? than rather re timber stone where gions the in only surviving today – menhirs" for "timber prototypes long-destroyed some seek perhaps may we that here it Is dations. the – like up dried in uprights, timber the wind, still the from protruding foun looked have may house long ruined the what of sibility pos dramatic a offers 21)plate colour 2005, (Midgley Chaudardes Cuiry-les- at house destroyed subsequently and reconstructed The similarities. formal of example another provide may – palisade ber the dead. of monuments and living the of houses between similarities logical morpho significant most the of one – houses the delimiting pits al later of presence the in consistently most ancestry, Danubian clear a has indeed, construction, ditchmatch3).(Fig.interrupted tual The concep and dimensional perfect a offering barrows the medium-sized of some with ditches, by delineation and shape their of virtue by houses Danubian individual reminiscent of are barrows the basin natural which, boulders erratic glaciated indeed, or, – palisade a of of a late Danubian settlement (Fig. 4). alateof Danubian settlement At barrows have six least been that for mistaken be easily could cemetery this of plan ground the (Tunia example excellent an provides Poland Little in Słonowice at cemetery barrow long monumental a of discovery The Kujavia. outwith pattern this confirmed have land Po south-eastern in discoveries recent but known, well are Kujavia in cemeteries barrow of number a from patterns spatial The type. ki south the In components. organic than better survived had ly, reminiscent of the late Danubian villages of the local Brześć Kujaws ­ Brześć local the of villages Danubianlate the of reminiscent At the other end of the geographical scale the cemeteries are also The use of – timbers asor posts in freestanding the form of a tim 5 m

2003). Devoid of its caption, caption, its of Devoid 2003). Paris ------agüe (cwr: agas grau: Langhaus; Langhügel). einem (schwarz: und Langhügel Langhaus Ähnlichkeiten einem Morphologische zwischen 3. Abb. barrow). long grey: house; long (black: barrow long a and house long a between similarity Morphological 3. Fig. wice, Kleinpolen (nach Tunia 2003).wice, Kleinpolen Słono­ von Gräberfeldes des Plan 4. Abb. Tunia2003). (after Poland Little Słonowice, at cemetery monumental the of Plan 4. Fig. www.jungsteinSITE.de Magdalena S. Midgley Creation of Monumental Neolithic Cemeteries

December 15th, 2006  were not aware that they were burying them within the dilapidated dilapidated the within them burying were they that aware not were XVI and XV monuments in placed individuals the bury tothose came who that inconceivable is it Indeed, abandoned. been settle had the ment after years 200 some mounds burial the of positioning the guide to surface the on visible still were houses Danubian late the ruined, while that, doubt any beyond demonstrates Balloy from evidence uncovered. thatThe thatthose remained preserved better rows cover the houses precisely and these bar house remains the were much same, the exactly is orientation their houses; earlier the of top on directly placed were these of five least 17At of barrows. tery Villeneuve-Saint-Ger two overlaid (which enclosure causewayed a constructed they rituals: other and burial to devoted centre monial used the same location to create, around BC, 4500–4450 a large cere culture Cerny the of community a while, a for abandoned was lage vil the After 4700 about BC. at inhabited was houses trapezoidal ral Seine valley (Mordant the 1997).in site Here a Balloy late Danubian well-known settlement of now seve the on Europe, of end from other the recounted be can development, different very a in resulting later.ries centu several structure another of superimposition precise the mit this LBK house was still visible on the ground in such a way as to per walls? collapsed clear,the is cumulatedWhatwithin however, thatis ac had which mound earthen an there Was foundations? the from turies: were the timber uprights, dried up in the wind, still protruding cen many so for visible remained house particular this how certain isnot it and isbrief excavation report preliminary The accidental. be hardly can other the within house one of positioning precise such yet and structures, two the separate centuries several Thus BC. um the mid-5 dated hardly can be much before in the region, group Kujawski Brześć Lengyel the of typical house, trapezoidal the ec o mnmna fnrr acietr, h rie Danubi dis this take ruined may we Indeed, role. fundamental a played the villages an architecture, funerary monumental of gence (Fig. houses ancestral of 6).foundations 5). The LBK house is dated to the later 6 later the house to dated is Danubian house LBK The (Fig. late 5). trapezoidal smaller, a was foundations, inal orig the within contained effectively and axis main the along cisely pre aligned them, Within discovered. were wide, m 6.5 to 7.3 and long 43 m house, LBK rectangular classic a of foundations the Here 2005). Midgley 1998; (Czerniak Kujavia in Strzelno near Bożejewice, with Poland, northern at settlement lateDanubian and early thediscoveries of spectacular in dramatically quite demonstrated been now has assumption theoretical a just than more is this That ments. settle LBK on phases different of buildings between overlap of lack the upon mainly relying academic, largely been have houses bian monu the cemeteries. mental for model conceptual a creating in instrumental been have well may – ruins splendid then by – villages Danubian earlier the that suggest to wish I houses, barrows the their of plans the and replicate clearly remembered, be to time in close sufficiently still were villages Danubian late these that suggest to argued be could nearby river. the towards direction that in dip apparently, also and, west the to ly timbers of built palisades of form the in were walls The 120 m. measuring longest the date, to identified main houses) and, to the they north-west, built a monumental ceme in trenches up to 1 m in depth. Some of the barrows converge slight ni rcnl agmns bu te iiiiy f und Danu ruined of visibility the about arguments recently Until valleys Yonne-Seine the and Kujavia from evidence the While I would like to suggest that, far from being irrelevant to the emer and span chronological shorter a of although scenario, similar A c. cm in diameter set with set diameter in 30 cm th millennium BC while while BC millennium th millenni ­ ­ ­ - - - - ­ ------Lengyel Überlage­ LBK durch ein frühen Hauses der eines rung Kujawien. Bożejewice, 5. Abb. 1998) Czerniak (after house LBK earlier an upon house Lengyel a of tion Superimposi Kujavia. Bożejewice, 5. Fig. - Haus (nach Czerniak 1998). (nachHaus Czerniak . - www.jungsteinSITE.de Magdalena S. Midgley Creation of Monumental Neolithic Cemeteries

December 15th, 2006 10 eis te alet ouetl uil tutrs n hi respec their in structures burial monumental earliest the – teries ceme barrow long of significance the Thus community. a create to together coming families symbolised which elements many of one village, a of components the of one just was house a houses, long panying such visits. accom myths and superstitions songs, tales, with occasions, special on visited Moreover,havemaybeen they activities. industrial and al agricultur normal of course the in noted been have would scape, first mythical the of reminder powerful a been have must ruins nificent mag their but memory distant a were villages Danubian early the constructed, were cemeteries barrow long the that time the By use. of out went they in after generations present several there still landscape, "monuments" the first the among been have may ­villages Danubian abandoned the centuries, of terms in measured be now can houses long the of visibility and survival the If further. cussion ancestry but, at the same time, projected them wellinto them the future. time, at projected the same but, ancestry their acknowledged only not which places burial thus privileged were ­given community the of wellbeing the to contributed titude, tant dead. Families which, through social, political and impor economic ap most their for places created they past ancestral their of es imag on elaborating intentionally By conception. in monumental long barrow cemeteries were not just monumental in size; they were Cerny and TRB The invisible afterwards. largely were – kin of nearest nies and these – distinctions while byundoubtedly remembered the bur elaborate afforded been had dead selected certain Danubians the and hunter-gatherers late the among While future. the towards ing think also but ancestry their acknowledging just not were munities cemeteries. barrow the long through bolised sym became that community a of concept that was it and portant whole ancestral community, and not single households, that was im but rather house, in monumentalising the entire ancestral village. It was long the a of idea the replicating in merely not lies – areas tive Moreover, this appears to have been the first time when com when time first the been have to appears this Moreover, and barrows long the between similarities many are there While i al treatment, such practices related to the actual burial ceremo burial actual the to related practices such treatment, al farmers in farmers the new lands. Such clearly locales, visible in the land 20 m ­ ------the demonstrating durch Cerny durch Mordant 1997).Mordant Villeneuve der Überlagerung die sich des zeigt Bereich Gräberfeldes zentralen Im Balloy. 6. Abb. houses 1997). Mordant ­(after Villeneuve-Saint-Germain the upon barrows long and graves Cerny the Fig. 6. Balloy. Central part of the cem - Gräber und Langhügel (nach Langhügel und Gräber - Saint superimposition of of superimposition - Germain Häuser Häuser Germain e tery tery www.jungsteinSITE.de Magdalena S. Midgley Creation of Monumental Neolithic Cemeteries

December 15th, 2006 11 al. 1997: C. Constantin/D. Mordant/D. Simonin (eds.), La Cul La (eds.), Simonin Mordant/D. Constantin/D. 1997:C. al. et Constantin Childe 1949: V. Mar Lannuzel/G. Hinguant/G. Audren/S. Cassen/C. S. 1998: al. et Cassen Midgley 1997:Midgley M. 1992: Midgley M. In: 1996: T.Last – Houses A J. Neolithic perspective. central European Last, P. 1949: Glob ensembles Les Hachem, J.-P.Guichard/L. 1996: Farruggia/Y. al. et Farruggia Krzy L. & Chłodnicki M. In: Farmers. First The Czerniak, L. 1998: Czerniak Farruggia 2002: J.-P. Farruggia, Une crise majeure de la civilisation du Néo du civilisation la de majeure crise Une J.-P. Farruggia, 2002: Farruggia Passy de Cerny monumentale nécropole La Duhamel, P. 1997: Duhamel the on type Kujawski Brześć the of Settlements Czerniak, L. 2002: Czerniak la L'unité et néolithique. société et Architecture Coudart, A. 1998: Coudart Buttler & Haberey 1936: W. Buttler & W. Haberey, Die bandkeramische Ansied Lü Brandt/J. von Boelicke/D. U. In: Häuser. Brandt, von 1988:D. Brandt von York 2002: Bradley Bradley, R. (London/New The Past Societies in Prehistoric References Krause 1997:Krause Un Krause, R. avec rubané village fossé d'enceinte et nécropole Ancien. Néolithique au Funéraires Pratiques Jeunesse, Ch. 1997: Jeunesse Za Polsce w Lejkowatych Puharów Kultura Jażdżewski, 1936: K. Jażdżewski Duboulz/M. Farruggia/J. Guichard/J.-P. Hachem/Y. L. 1998: al. et Hachem unit social fundamental a as cluster household The Grygiel, 1984: R. Grygiel Darvill & J. & Darvill Nemours 1994]. Mém. Mus. Préhist d'Île-de-France 6 (Nemours 1997). 6(Nemours d'Île-de-France Préhist 1994]. Mus. Mém. Nemours ture de Cerny. Nouvelle économie, nouvelle société au [Coll. Néolithique 23, 1949,Antiquity 129–135. 95/1, Française Préhist. 41–75. Soc. Bull. Ille-et-Vilaine). en-Coglès, (Saint-Étienne- Haut-Mée du L'habitat chand, Villeneuve-Saint-Germain Forsch. 11 Röm.-Germ. lung Köln-Lindenthal. bei (Berlin/Leipzig 1936). 3/1 Platte (Köln1988) Aldenhovener 36–289. Besiedlung Beitr. Neolith. Siedlungsplatz Ausgr.28/1= Rhein. Düren. Kreis Aldenhoven, bandkeramische Gemeinde 8, Langweiler Der Zimmermann, Stehli/A. ning/P. 2002). al Cosmology Society 11, Society Cosmology al 1997, 117–123. Tradition the of Yearbook The Cosmos. World. Neolithic the of Vision A 1992). (Edinburgh Plain ropean 1996)(Oxford 27–40. Studies 1 Group Papers Seminar Neolithic beyond. = Monogr. Oxbow 57 1997) 45–56. 1995]. Arch. Rech. Alsace, Promotion 3 Suppl. (Strasbourg Assoc. Cahiers et danubien ses lithique marges entre Rhin et [22. Seine Coll. Strasbourg Néo Le (ed.), Jeunesse Ch. In: Ludwigsburg. Kr. Vaihingen/Enz, de près 1997).(Paris 2(Poznań 1936). Prehist. Bibl. iŚrodkowej. chodniej 1998) (Glasgow Europe Western 127–140. North- of Neolithic the (eds.),Understanding Richards C. & Edmonds M. 31, iEtnogr. Łodź Arch. Muz. i Mat. Prace 1984,lands. 43–270. Low Polish the in Culture Lengyel the of group Kujawski Brześć the of Arbejd 14 1996) (Dijôn 119–174. Frontière?ou [18. Carrefour sien: 1991]. Dijôn Coll. Suppl. Rev. l'Est, Arch. Pari et Rhodanien Rhénan, Bassins les entre Bourgogne (ed.),La hamel (Aisne). P. In: Village» le Du «Derrière Menneville, de rubanés funéraires 2002, 44–98. lithique Danubien des années 5100 avant notre ère. Arch. 54/1,Rozhledy 1997) 6(Nemours 397–448. d'Île-de-France Préhist. Mus. 1994].Mém. Nemours [Coll. Néolithique au société nouvelle économie, C. Cerny. de Nouvelle Culture (eds.), La Simonin In: Mordant/D. Constantin/D. d'interprétation. problèmes et d'ensemble description (Yonne): 54/1, Rozhledy 2002, Arch. 9–22. Lowlands. Polish (Poznań 1998) 23–36. (eds.),żaniak Treasures of Pipeline Archaeological [Cat. 1998]Strasbourg 67 Française 1998). (Paris Arch. Doc. danubienne. maison la de variance Sépultures et nécropoles des sociétés danubiennes (5500–4900 av. dessociétés(5500–4900 danubiennes etnécropoles Sépultures Valley. In: Aisne the of Neolithic Earliest the in Burial and Enclosure ­Illet, s mark, 1949,mark, 5–16. V. Glob, Barkær. Danmarks ældste landsby. Nationalmus. Nationalmus. landsby. ældste Danmarks Barkær. Glob, V. S. Thomas (eds.), Neolithic Houses in Northwest Europe and and Europe Northwest in Houses Neolithic (eds.), Thomas S. G. Childe, The Origin of Neolithic Culture in Northern Europe. Europe. Culture of G. Childe, in The Origin Neolithic Northern S. Midgley, The Earthen Long Barrows of Northern Europe: Europe: of Northern Barrows Long Earthen Midgley, S. The S. Midgley, TRB Culture. The First Farmers of the North Eu North the of Farmers First The Culture. TRB Midgley, S.

J.-C.) J.-C.) C. C. ------­ ­ www.jungsteinSITE.de Magdalena S. Midgley Creation of Monumental Neolithic Cemeteries

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