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COVID-19: Perspective, Patterns and Evolving Strategies
COVID-19: Perspective, Patterns and Evolving strategies Subject Category: Clinical Virology Vinod Nikhra* Department of Medicine, Hindu Rao Hospital & NDMC Medical College, New Delhi, India Submitted: 02 June 2020 | Approved: 06 July 2020 | Published: 09 July 2020 Copyright: © 2020 Nikhra V. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.29328/ebook1003 ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0859-5232 *Corresponding author: Dr. Vinod Nikhra, M.D. Consultant and Faculty, Department of Medicine, Hindu Rao Hospital & NDMC Medical College, New Delhi, India, Tel: 91-9810874937; Email: [email protected]; drvinodnikhra@rediff mail.com Open Access COVID-19: Perspective, Patterns and Evolving strategies Table of Contents - 7 Chapters Sl No Chapters Title Pages The Trans-Zoonotic Virome Interface: Measures to 1 Chapter 1 003-011 Balance, Control and Treat Epidemics Exploring Pathophysiology of COVID-19 Infection: Faux 2 Chapter 2 012-020 Espoir and Dormant Therapeutic Options The Agent and Host Factors in COVID-19: Exploring 3 Chapter 3 021-036 Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Implications Adverse Outcomes for Elderly in COVID-19: Annihilation 4 Chapter 4 037-047 of the Longevity Dream Identifying Patterns in COVID-19: Morbidity, Recovery, 5 Chapter 5 048-058 and the Aftermath The New Revelations: Little-known Facts about COVID-19 6 Chapter 6 059-068 and their Implications Fear, Reaction and Rational Behaviour to COVID-19 in 7 Chapter 7 069-076 Public, Health Professionals and Policy Planners La Confusion: Caring for COVID-19 patients 8 Postscript 077-079 and the raging, engulfi ng and debilitating pandemic 9 Acknowledgement 080-080 *Corresponding HTTPS://WWW.HEIGHPUBS.ORG author: Dr. -
The Non-Human Reservoirs of Ross River Virus: a Systematic Review of the Evidence Eloise B
Stephenson et al. Parasites & Vectors (2018) 11:188 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-2733-8 REVIEW Open Access The non-human reservoirs of Ross River virus: a systematic review of the evidence Eloise B. Stephenson1*, Alison J. Peel1, Simon A. Reid2, Cassie C. Jansen3,4 and Hamish McCallum1 Abstract: Understanding the non-human reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens is critical for effective disease control, but identifying the relative contributions of the various reservoirs of multi-host pathogens is challenging. For Ross River virus (RRV), knowledge of the transmission dynamics, in particular the role of non-human species, is important. In Australia, RRV accounts for the highest number of human mosquito-borne virus infections. The long held dogma that marsupials are better reservoirs than placental mammals, which are better reservoirs than birds, deserves critical review. We present a review of 50 years of evidence on non-human reservoirs of RRV, which includes experimental infection studies, virus isolation studies and serosurveys. We find that whilst marsupials are competent reservoirs of RRV, there is potential for placental mammals and birds to contribute to transmission dynamics. However, the role of these animals as reservoirs of RRV remains unclear due to fragmented evidence and sampling bias. Future investigations of RRV reservoirs should focus on quantifying complex transmission dynamics across environments. Keywords: Amplifier, Experimental infection, Serology, Virus isolation, Host, Vector-borne disease, Arbovirus Background transmission dynamics among arboviruses has resulted in Vertebrate reservoir hosts multiple definitions for the key term “reservoir” [9]. Given Globally, most pathogens of medical and veterinary im- the diversity of virus-vector-vertebrate host interactions, portance can infect multiple host species [1]. -
Assembling Evidence for Identifying Reservoirs of Infection
TREE-1806; No. of Pages 10 Review Assembling evidence for identifying reservoirs of infection 1 1,2 1,3 1 4 Mafalda Viana , Rebecca Mancy , Roman Biek , Sarah Cleaveland , Paul C. Cross , 3,5 1 James O. Lloyd-Smith , and Daniel T. Haydon 1 Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK 2 School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK 3 Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA 4 US Geological Survey, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center 2327, University Way, Suite 2, Bozeman, MT 59715, USA 5 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA Many pathogens persist in multihost systems, making patterns of incidence and prevalence (see Glossary) that the identification of infection reservoirs crucial for result from the connectivity between source and target devising effective interventions. Here, we present a con- populations (black arrows in Figure I in Box 1). We then ceptual framework for classifying patterns of incidence review methods that allow us to identify maintenance or and prevalence, and review recent scientific advances nonmaintenance populations (squares or circles in Figure that allow us to study and manage reservoirs simulta- I, Box 1), how they are connected (arrows in Figure I, Box neously. We argue that interventions can have a crucial 1), and the role that each of these populations has in role in enriching our mechanistic understanding of how maintaining the pathogen (i.e., reservoir capacity). -
Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis Amoebic Meningoencephalitis Is Primary Ś
PØEHLEDOVÉ PRÁCE PØEHLEDOVÉ JE NEGLERIÓZA VEREJNO-ZDRAVOTNÍCKYM PROBLÉMOM? IS PRIMARY AMOEBIC MENINGOENCEPHALITIS (NAEGLERIASIS) A PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM? KATARÍNA TRNKOVÁ, LUCIA MAĎAROVÁ, CYRIL KLEMENT Regionálny úrad verejného zdravotníctva so sídlom v Banskej Bystrici, odbor lekárskej mikrobiológie SOUHRN Neglerióza alebo primárna amébová meningoencefalitída (PAM) je zriedkavé ochorenie CNS, pôvodcom ktorého je vo¾ne žijúca meòavka Naegleria fowleri. Medzi stovkami vo¾ne žijúcich meòaviek sú známe i ïalšie rody, ktorých zástupcovia sú schopní infikovaś èloveka a vyvolaś u neho ochorenie. Za patogény sú považovaní zástupcovia rodov Acanthamoeba a Naegleria a druhy Balamuthia mandrillaris a Sappi- nia diploidea. Infekcie spôsobené týmito organizmami vyvolávajú u ¾udí syndrómy v rozsahu od akútnych fatálnych ochorení po chronické, tkanivá napadajúce infekcie s granulomatóznymi prejavmi. Epidemiológia, imunológia, patológia a klinické prejavy týchto infekcií sa vzájomne ve¾mi líšia. Príspevok podáva preh¾ad o pôvodcovi ochorenia PAM, o jeho morfológii, životnom cykle, ekológii ako aj o patogenéze, symptomatike a spôsoboch laboratórnej diagnostiky negleriózy. K¾úèové slová: neglerióza, primárna amébová meningoencefalitída, epidemiológia, laboratórna diagnostika Naegleria fowleri SUMMARY Naegleriasis or primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) is invariably an acute, often fulminant infection of CNS caused by Naegleria fowleri, a small, free-living amoeba. Pathogenic free-living amoebae can cause serious illnesses in humans. The amoe- HYGIENA bae belonging to the genus Naegleria, Acanthamoeba and Balamuthia mandrillaris and Sappinia diploidea produce syndromes in man ranging from acute fatal disease to chronic tissue invasion with granulomatous manifestation. The purpose of this report is to describe the clinical history, treatment, pathology and methods of laboratory diagnostic of naegleriasis. Key words: primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, naegleriasis, epidemiology, laboratory diagnostics of Naegleria fowleri ÈÍSLO 2 Úvod Obr. -
WHO | World Health Organization
WHO/CDS/CSR/99.1 Report of the meeting of the Ad Hoc Committee on Orthopoxvirus Infections. Geneva, Switzerland, 14-15 January 1999 World Health Organization Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response This document has been downloaded from the WHO/CSR Web site. The original cover pages and lists of participants are not included. See http://www.who.int/emc for more information. © World Health Organization This document is not a formal publication of the World Health Organization (WHO), and all rights are reserved by the Organization. The document may, however, be freely reviewed, abstracted, reproduced and translated, in part or in whole, but not for sale nor for use in conjunction with commercial purposes. The views expressed in documents by named authors are solely the responsibility of those authors. The mention of specific companies or specific manufacturers' products does no imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Contents Introduction 1 Recent monkeypox outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of Congo 1 Review of the report of the 1994 Ad Hoc Committee on Orthopoxvirus Infections 2 Work in WHO Collaborating Centres 3 Analysis and sequencing of variola virus genomes 3 Biosecurity and physical security of WHO collaborating laboratories 4 Smallpox vaccine stocks and production 4 Deliberate release of smallpox virus 4 Survey of WHO Member States latest position on destruction of variola virus 4 Recommendations 5 List of Participants 6 Page i REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE AD HOC COMMITTEE ON ORTHOPOXVIRUS INFECTIONS Geneva, Switzerland 14-15 January 1999 Introduction Dr Lindsay Martinez, Director, Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response (CSR), welcomed participants and opened the meeting on behalf of the Director-General of WHO, Dr G.H. -
SNF Mobility Model: ICD-10 HCC Crosswalk, V. 3.0.1
The mapping below corresponds to NQF #2634 and NQF #2636. HCC # ICD-10 Code ICD-10 Code Category This is a filter ceThis is a filter cellThis is a filter cell 3 A0101 Typhoid meningitis 3 A0221 Salmonella meningitis 3 A066 Amebic brain abscess 3 A170 Tuberculous meningitis 3 A171 Meningeal tuberculoma 3 A1781 Tuberculoma of brain and spinal cord 3 A1782 Tuberculous meningoencephalitis 3 A1783 Tuberculous neuritis 3 A1789 Other tuberculosis of nervous system 3 A179 Tuberculosis of nervous system, unspecified 3 A203 Plague meningitis 3 A2781 Aseptic meningitis in leptospirosis 3 A3211 Listerial meningitis 3 A3212 Listerial meningoencephalitis 3 A34 Obstetrical tetanus 3 A35 Other tetanus 3 A390 Meningococcal meningitis 3 A3981 Meningococcal encephalitis 3 A4281 Actinomycotic meningitis 3 A4282 Actinomycotic encephalitis 3 A5040 Late congenital neurosyphilis, unspecified 3 A5041 Late congenital syphilitic meningitis 3 A5042 Late congenital syphilitic encephalitis 3 A5043 Late congenital syphilitic polyneuropathy 3 A5044 Late congenital syphilitic optic nerve atrophy 3 A5045 Juvenile general paresis 3 A5049 Other late congenital neurosyphilis 3 A5141 Secondary syphilitic meningitis 3 A5210 Symptomatic neurosyphilis, unspecified 3 A5211 Tabes dorsalis 3 A5212 Other cerebrospinal syphilis 3 A5213 Late syphilitic meningitis 3 A5214 Late syphilitic encephalitis 3 A5215 Late syphilitic neuropathy 3 A5216 Charcot's arthropathy (tabetic) 3 A5217 General paresis 3 A5219 Other symptomatic neurosyphilis 3 A522 Asymptomatic neurosyphilis 3 A523 Neurosyphilis, -
Variation in Antimicrobial Susceptibility Among Borrelia Burgdorferi Strains? Emir Hodzic*
BOSNIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES REVIEW WWW.BJBMS.ORG Lyme Borreliosis: is there a preexisting (natural) variation in antimicrobial susceptibility among Borrelia burgdorferi strains? Emir Hodzic* Real-Time PCR Research and Diagnostic Core Facility, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, California, United States of America ABSTRACT The development of antibiotics changed the world of medicine and has saved countless human and animal lives. Bacterial resistance/tolerance to antibiotics have spread silently across the world and has emerged as a major public health concern. The recent emergence of pan-resistant bacteria can overcome virtually any antibiotic and poses a major problem for their successful control. Selection for antibiotic resistance may take place where an antibiotic is present: in the skin, gut, and other tissues of humans and animals and in the environment. Borrelia burgdorferi, the etiological agents of Lyme borreliosis, evades host immunity and establishes persistent infections in its mammalian hosts. The persistent infection poses a challenge to the effective antibiotic treatment, as demonstrated in various animal models. An increasingly heterogeneous sub- population of replicatively attenuated spirochetes arises following treatment, and these persistent antimicrobial tolerant/resistant spirochetes are non-cultivable. The non-cultivable spirochetes resurge in multiple tissues at 12 months after treatment, withB. burgdorferi-specific DNA copy levels nearly equivalent to those found in shame-treated experimental animals. These attenuated spirochetes remain viable, but divide slowly, thereby being tolerant to antibiotics. Despite the continued non-cultivable state, RNA transcription of multiple B. burgdorferi genes was detected in host tissues, spirochetes were acquired by xenodiagnostic ticks, and spirochetal forms could be visualized within ticks and mouse tissues. -
A Tale of Two Viruses: Coinfections of Monkeypox and Varicella Zoster Virus in the Democratic Republic of Congo
Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 104(2), 2021, pp. 604–611 doi:10.4269/ajtmh.20-0589 Copyright © 2021 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene A Tale of Two Viruses: Coinfections of Monkeypox and Varicella Zoster Virus in the Democratic Republic of Congo Christine M. Hughes,1* Lindy Liu,2,3 Whitni B. Davidson,1 Kay W. Radford,4 Kimberly Wilkins,1 Benjamin Monroe,1 Maureen G. Metcalfe,3 Toutou Likafi,5 Robert Shongo Lushima,6 Joelle Kabamba,7 Beatrice Nguete,5 Jean Malekani,8 Elisabeth Pukuta,9 Stomy Karhemere,9 Jean-Jacques Muyembe Tamfum,9 Emile Okitolonda Wemakoy,5 Mary G. Reynolds,1 D. Scott Schmid,4 and Andrea M. McCollum1 1Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; 2Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; 3Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; 4Viral Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; 5Kinshasa School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo; 6Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo; 7U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo; 8Department of Biology, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo; 9Institut National de Recherche Biomedicale, ´ Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo Abstract. -
This Report Considers the Development of a National Pest Manag
Exclusion and Control of Exotic Mosquitoes of Public Health Significance .............................................................................................................. Report to the Minister for Biosecurity Published by Public Health Group, Ministry of Health, Manatü Hauora Wellington, New Zealand June 1997 (Revised September 1997) ISBN 0-478-20853-7 (Booklet) ISBN 0-478 20854-5 (Internet) Summary of Key Issues Potentially the most significant mosquito-borne diseases to New Zealand are the arboviral diseases Ross River Fever (Epidemic Polyarthritis), Dengue Fever, Barmah Forest virus and Japanese Encephalitis. The establishment and maintenance of a nationally co-ordinated approach to exclude and control exotic mosquitoes of public health significance is crucial to protect the public health. There are number of species of mosquitoes that should be of concern to New Zealand. The species of greatest concern is Aedes albopictus, the Asian Tiger Mosquito, a competent vector for Ross River Virus and Dengue. The risk of an outbreak of an arboviral disease or malaria in New Zealand is real and is likely to increase with time. In terms of potential entry of exotic mosquitoes, North Island port cities, such as those in Auckland and Northland, are more important than cities without either major international airports or shipping. The likely consequences of a major outbreak of arboviral disease are so serious that all reasonable steps should be taken to prevent such an occurrence. Enhancements are required to existing border control, -
Impact of Babesia Microti Infection on the Initiation and Course Of
Tołkacz et al. Parasites Vectors (2021) 14:132 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04638-0 Parasites & Vectors RESEARCH Open Access Impact of Babesia microti infection on the initiation and course of pregnancy in BALB/c mice Katarzyna Tołkacz1,2*, Anna Rodo3, Agnieszka Wdowiarska4, Anna Bajer1† and Małgorzata Bednarska5† Abstract Background: Protozoa in the genus Babesia are transmitted to humans through tick bites and cause babesiosis, a malaria-like illness. Vertical transmission of Babesia spp. has been reported in mammals; however, the exact timing and mechanisms involved are not currently known. The aims of this study were to evaluate the success of vertical transmission of B. microti in female mice infected before pregnancy (mated during the acute or chronic phases of Babesia infection) and that of pregnant mice infected during early and advanced pregnancy; to evaluate the pos- sible infuence of pregnancy on the course of parasite infections (parasitaemia); and to assess pathological changes induced by parasitic infection. Methods: The frst set of experiments involved two groups of female mice infected with B. microti before mating, and inseminated on the 7th day and after the 40th day post infection. A second set of experiments involved female mice infected with B. microti during pregnancy, on the 4th and 12th days of pregnancy. Blood smears and PCR targeting the 559 bp 18S rRNA gene fragment were used for the detection of B. microti. Pathology was assessed histologically. Results: Successful development of pregnancy was recorded only in females mated during the chronic phase of infection. The success of vertical transmission of B. -
MODELING the SPREAD of the 1918 INFLUENZA PANDEMIC in a NEWFOUNDLAND COMMUNITY a Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Gr
MODELING THE SPREAD OF THE 1918 INFLUENZA PANDEMIC IN A NEWFOUNDLAND COMMUNITY A Dissertation presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School at the University of Missouri In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy By JESSICA LEA DIMKA Dr. Lisa Sattenspiel, Dissertation Supervisor MAY 2015 The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled MODELING THE SPREAD OF THE 1918 INFLUENZA PANDEMIC IN A NEWFOUNDLAND COMMUNITY Presented by Jessica Lea Dimka A candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy And hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. Professor Lisa Sattenspiel Professor Gregory Blomquist Professor Mary Shenk Professor Enid Schatz ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research could not have been completed without the support and guidance of many people who deserve recognition. Dr. Lisa Sattenspiel provided the largest amount of assistance and insight into this project, from initial development through model creation and data analysis to the composition of this manuscript. She has been an excellent mentor over the last seven years. I would also like to extend my gratitude to my committee members – Dr. Greg Blomquist, Dr. Mary Shenk, and Dr. Enid Schatz – for their advice, comments, patience and time. I also would like to thank Dr. Craig Palmer for his insight and support on this project. Additionally, I am grateful to Dr. Allison Kabel, who has provided me with valuable experience, advice and support in my research and education activities while at MU. Many thanks go to the librarians and staff of the Provincial Archives of Newfoundland and Labrador and the Centre for Newfoundland Studies at Memorial University of Newfoundland. -
Issues of the Presence of Parasitic Protozoa in Surface Waters
E3S Web of Conferences 30, 01010 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183001010 Water, Wastewater and Energy in Smart Cities Issues of the presence of parasitic protozoa in surface waters Eliza Hawrylik1* 1 Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E Street, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland Abstract. Parasitic protozoa are very numerous organisms in the environment that play an important role in the spread of water-borne diseases. Water-borne epidemics caused by parasitic protozoa are noted throughout the world. Within these organisms, intestinal protozoa of the genera Cryptosporidium and Giardia are ones of the most serious health hazards for humans. This paper focuses on the problem of the presence of parasitic protozoa in surface waters. Characteristics of the most frequently recognized pathogens responsible for water-borne outbreaks were described, as well as sources of contamination and surface waters contamination due to protozoa of the genus Cryptosporidium and Giardia were presented. The methods of destroying the cysts and oocysts of parasitic protozoa used nowadays in the world were also presented in a review. 1 Occurrence of parasitic protozoa in surface water Parasitic protozoa are unicellular animal organisms that are very numerously isolated from natural waters, soils, food and media contaminated with animal manure and diseased humans. They are cosmopolitans, and are found in all countries of the world. They play an important role in the spread of water-borne diseases [1,2]. Water is the most common source of infection with protozoa, such as Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis, Cryptosporidium sp., Cyclospora cayetanensis, Toxoplasma gondii.