’ American Kitefliers Association
KITES IN THE CLASSROOM
REVISED EDITION
by Wayne Hosking Copyright 0 1992 Wayne E. Hosking 5300 Stony Creek Midland, MI 48640
Editorial assistance from Jon Burkhardt and David Gomberg. Graphics by Wayne Hosking, Alvin Belflower, Jon Burkhardt, and Peter Loop. Production by Peter Loop and Rick Talbott.
published by American Kitefliers Association 352 Hungerford Drive Rockville, MD 20850-4117 IN MEMORY OF DOMINA JALBERT (1904-1991) CONTENTS:CONTENTS: PREFACE...... 1
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION...... 3 HISTORY - KITE TRADITIONS - WHAT IS A KITE - HOW A KITE FLIES - FLIGHT CONTROL - KITE MATERIALS
CHAPTER 2PARTS OF A KITE...... 13 TAILS -- BRIDLE - TOW POINT - FLYING LINE -- KNOTS - LINE WINDERS
CHAPTER 3KITES TO MAKE AND FLY...... 19 1 BUMBLE BEE...... 19 2 TADPOLE ...... 20 3CUB...... 21 4DINGBAT ...... 22 5LADY BUG...... 23 6PICNIC PLATE KITE...... 24 7SLED...... 25 8 GROCERY SACK KITE...... 26 9JAPANESE CHILDREN’SKITE...... 27 10NEWSPAPER DIAMOND...... 28 11FIGHTER...... 29 12S .E.ASIAN CHILDREN’SKITE...... 30 13HEXAGON...... 31 14BOX KITE...... 32 15STUNTER...... 33
CHAPTER 4 FLYING A KITE...... 34 WHEN TO FLY A KITE - WHERE TO FLY A KITE - HOW TO FLY A KITE - PROBLEM PREVENTION - PROBLEM SOLVING - SAFETY CODE
CHAPTER 5 KITE WORKSHOPS...... 38 HOW TO RUN A WORKSHOP - WORK AREA - GROUP SIZE - WHAT TO MAKE - KITE CONTEST
APPENDICES...... 41 RESOURCES...... 41 BIBLIOGRAPHY...... 42 GLOSSARY...... 43 MEASUREMENT CONVERSION...... 44 OTHER AKA PUBLICATIONS ...... 45 PREFACE:
Children of my. generation often made playthings from recycled materials. For example, kites were made from the brown paper and string that was used to wrap most store purchases. The brown paper was heavy but much stronger than the alternative, newspaper. We glued the paper sail to a framing of split bamboo with home-made flour paste. For a tail I used my mother’s old stockings and strips of rag. Like most children I did not bother to read books on kite-making because everyone knew a kite was a “kite.” “It had to be this long and this wide with the sticks crossing this far down.” Not surprising most of those early creations were not very successful. They tended to be so heavy that they required a “monsoon” to fly.Still, my fondest memories were of building the kites, and if they flew, it was extra special. When I rekindled my interest in kiting in the early seventies I went straight to a local library for a book on the subject. It was very frustrating to find books that were misleading, and almost useless. Instead of giving up, I used the basic kite shapes and developed my own designs. After many’hours of trial and error I learned how to make kites that really flew! It was then I discovered that trash bags make excellent (and cheap) kite sails. Today, we are fortunate that over the last two decades there has been renewed interest in kiting. The results have included greater understanding of aerodynamics, more practical designs, and inexpensive but easy to work kite materials. Even so, I find it very disturbing that many people still buy into the myth that they just can not fly a kite. More often the fault lies in the kite’s design, materials, or a misguided interpretation of the written instructions. One of my earliest observations in the classroom was that kites are not just “kids’ toys” but a very valuable learning tool. In fact, most students are too busy having fun with their kites to realize that they are learning. I also found that kiting can be a fun or frustrating experience depending on the initial approach. In other words, it is very important is that the process be kept simple. To help eliminate potential problems, I advise teachers to make and fly several kites before conducting a class. This is very important if there are designs that they have not yet experienced. Remember, you are never to old to learn to make and fly a kite. Most of all, I have found many rewards in teaching kite-making. Apart from seeing the excitement of a child successfully making and flying a kite for the first time, I have been able to travel overseas and share my knowledge with other cultures. Rites are “magic” in the way they can catch the imagination of children and adults alike. My hope is that you will share some of this “magic” and that more people will learn to fly high in their minds as well as the sky.
W.E.H. CLASSROOM PROJECTS
Design and build HISTORY Origin of the kite and History offli ght and own kite - - - world migration kites in science Draw a kite - Decorating aki te - Build a flying DRAWING printing sculpture. How a kite flies Create a class to scale - painting e.g. box kite book on kiies. - - collage e.g. poems, stories and drawings -ARTC I Materials - Posters - MUSIC - Music for kite flying Materials and Build a simple kite - RECREATION - Stunt flying Kite making decorations - - SOCIAL STUDIES- Knes of other - Kite festivals countries KITE KITES IN THE - LANGUAGE ARTS Poetry - Kite - Write about kite- MAKING CLASSROOM- stories related experiences Correspondwi th Write instructions how to - build kite. i overseas clubs a e.g. to fly Decorate a class- on solar winds. room with kites or . drawings -- - MA TH - How high is a - Weighttoarea -Aspect -Force kite flying ratio ratio How, When and Kiie Flying Safety - . Where to fly - code a kite I - SCIENCE - Flight How other aircraft Wind and - weather aerodynamics- fly Wind Chart results - COMPUTER SCIENCE- Programming Problem solving - INDUSTRIAL SCIENCE- Designkit e Kite materials fittings - and construction Class project or READING Read kite Build kite from scientific experiment - - - stories written instructions
Kite contest - OTHER SUBJECTS
l Hosklng, W., FLIGHTS OF IMAGINATION, 1987, NSTA
l Fun and Science Kite Series, Gayla Industries. CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
HISTORY:
In the history of flight, the first lighter-than-air balloon (1783) and first powered aircraft (1903) are very recent when compared with the age of kites. Though the exact origin of the kite is not known, it is known that they were flown in China and the Malay Archipelago between two to three thousand years ago. The earliest written accounts of kite flying were the exploits of the Chinese general Han Hsin, Han Dynasty (206 B.C.-220 A.D.). On one military campaign, the general was said to have had a kite flown above a besieged town to calculate the distance his army would have to tunnel. Knowing the exact measurement, his troops surprised their enemy and were victorious. The popularity of kite flying spread from China along trade routes to Korea, India and Japan, They arrived in Korea in the period of the Three Kingdoms (4-645 AD). During the Silla dynasty (595-673 A.D.), General Gim Yu-sin was ordered to subdue a revolt. However, his troops refused to fight after a large shooting star appeared to have fallen from the sky. It was believed that this was a bad omen. To regain control, the next night the general had a kite carry a fire ball into the sky where it disintegrated. His troops, seeing the shooting star returning to the sky, rallied and routed the rebels. Kites were brought to Japan around the 7th century, by Buddhist monks. They were used as talismans to avert evil spirits and as invocations for a rich harvest. In the Edo Period (1603-1868), kite flying became very popular when for the first time Japanese people below the samurai class could fly kites. The Edo (now Tokyo) government tried, unsuccessfully, to discourage this pastime because “too many people became unmindful of their work.” In 1712, a thief named Kakinoki Kinsuke is said to have used a large kite to carry himself to the top of Nagoya Castle. There, under the cover of darkness, Kinsuke stole the scales from a pair of golden dolphin. The luckless Kinsuke boasted of exploits and was captured and boiled in oil. The earliest evidence of Indian kite flying comes from miniature paintings from the Mogul Period (1483-1530). A favorite theme was of a young lover skillfully dropping his message-bearing kite onto a roof top and into the hands of his waiting love. The receiving maiden was held in strict seclusion from the outside world. We know from early accounts that the people of Micronesia had known about kite fishing for centuries. A leaf kite allowed a bait, made from a thick loop of spider’s web, to be placed on the surface of the water where the gar-fish fed. A fish was snared when its long snout became entrapped by the loop. The Polynesians also have a long kite history. One of their myths tells of two brother gods, Tan and Rango, who introduced kites to man when they challenged each other to a kite duel. The bout was short lived because young Tan’s kite became entangled in a tree while Rango's flew free and high. In celebration of the event, the person whose kite flies the highest is honored by having his kite dedicated to Rango The earliest Malay reference to kite flying comes from the 15th century Malay Annals. Rajah Ahmad, the eldest son of Malacca’s Sultan Mahmud, once cut all the kites from the sky with a large kite, flown from strong fishing twine. The next day the Rajah went through the same process until he found Hang Isa Pantas’ smaller kite. Unknown to the Rajah, Hang had applied jungle gum and powdered glass to his twine. When the two lines crossed, the Rajah’s parted and his kite tumbled to the ground.
3 Around the end of the 13th century, stories of kites reached Europe via Marco Polo. European illustrations of the period show dragon or pennon-shaped kites based on non-flying, three dimensional, Roman military banners. Later, in the 16th and 17th century Europeans, most prominently the Dutch, found a sea route around the Cape of Good Hope and began trading throughout the East Indies. It was through their contacts with the Malay Peninsula that the fore-runner of today’s diamond kite was introduced to the west. Because they were regarded as curiosities, kites at first had little impact on European culture. In the 18th and 19th centuries, kites were used as vehicles for discovery. Men like Ben Franklin and Alexander Wilson applied their knowledge of kite flying to gain a greater understanding of the elements. Others, such as Sir George Cayley, Samuel Langley, Lawrence Hargrave, the Wright Brothers, and Alexander Graham Bell experimented with kites and contributed to the evolution of the airplane. The U.S. Weather Bureau flew kites designed by William Eddy and Lawrence Hargrave to raise meteorological instruments. One of the strangest uses of kite power was developed by a schoolmaster, George Pocock, in 1822. Pocock’s creation was a carriage pulled by a pair of arch top kites. His “char-volant” was capable of speeds of up to 20 miles per hour. The kites were flown in tandem and steered by four independent lines. This horseless rig was so unusual that it was ruled exempt from road tolls because no animals were used. After years of research and experimentation, including using kites, the Wright Brothers flew the first manned flying-machine (airplane) in 1903. As the airplane became firmly established there is little to show that kites were used other than for recreational flying. The main styles of kites flown for the next fifty years were the 3-stick Barn Door, the Diamond, and the Box kite. The doldrums in kite development were broken for short periods by World War I (1914-18) and World War II (1939-45). World War I created a practical use for trains of man-lifting kites. The British, French, Italian, and Russian armies all had kite units for enemy observations and signal corps. The introduction of military airplanes quickly made these units obsolete. The German Navy also used man-lifting box kites to increase their viewing range from surface cruising submarines. In World War II the U.S. Navy found uses for such kites as Harry Saul’s Barrage Kite (anti-aircraft), the Gibson-Girl Box Kite (air rescue), and Paul Garber’s Target Kite (target practice and aircraft recognition). As in WW I, the German Navy sent observers aloft from surfaced submarines, but this time they used highly maneuverable rotating wing, gyroplane kites. Since World War II there has been renewed interest in kiting. For example, two of this century’s greatest kite innovations, Rogallo’s flexi-wing (1948) and Jalbert’s parafoil(1964) kites, helped develop the modem hang-gliders and sports parachutes respectively. In 1972 an Englishman, Peter Powell, made popular the dual line Stunter. This has lead to the public’s awareness that kiting could be a “sport” and not just “child’s play.” With the “kites are for kids” stigma removed, many adults (and children) are again enjoying this healthy pastime. The renaissance in the west has led a number of Asian countries to revive their own kiting heritage.
4 HISTORIC KITE EVENTS:
1749 - Alexander Wilson flew a kite train to record air temperatures at different altitudes
1752 - Ben Franklin proved there was electricity in lightning.
1 804 - George Cayley developed the concept of heavier-than-air flight. His glider was a modified arch top kite.
827 - George Pocock used kites to pull a horseless carriage.
847 - A kite flown by Homan Walsh, age 10, aided in the construction of a suspension bridge across the Niagara River.
1 893 - The Eddy Diamond and the Hargraves Box raised scientific instruments for weather research.
1899 - The Wright Brothers used kites to test their theories for the first flying machine (airplane).
1901 - Guglielmo Marconi used a kite to lift an aerial to make his historical radio link between North America and Europe.
1902 - The French Military (Conyne) Kite raised military observers.
1903 - The Wright Brothers flew the first manned flying machine. A kite train towed S.F.Cody across the English Channel.
1906 - Kites carried a camera aloft to take aerial photographs of the damage caused by the San Francisco earthquake.
1907 - Dr. Alexander Graham Bell flew a man carrying kite made up of over 3,000 tetrahedral cells.
1919 - A German flew a kite train to an altitude of 3 1,955 feet.
1939 - The Gibson Girl Box, Garber’s Target Kite and Saul’s Barrage Kite were all used in World War II. 1945
1948 - Francis Rogallo patented his Flexi-wing kite. It was the forerunner of the hang glider and delta kite.
1964 - Domina Jalbert designed the parafoil. His concepts have been adapted for parachutes and kites.
1972 - Peter Powell introduced his dual line stunt kite.
1978 - Kuzuhiko Asaba flew 4,128 kites on a single line.
1989 - Kite flying becomes a sport with the establishment of a National stunt kite circuit. The “California Swept Wing” Stunt Kite has had the greatest influence on stunt flying.
5 KITE TRADITIONS:
CHINA - The traditional Chinese “Kite Day”is the ninth day of the ninth month. It is said to have originated with Haun Ching. One day Haun was told by a fortune teller that on that day a calamity would befall his household. To secure his family’s safety he was advised to take them to the hills on that day, to drink chrysanthemum wine and to fly kites. Having done what he was told, he returned home to find all the domestic animals dead. As an annual celebration of Haun’s good fortune, people travel to the mountains on the ninth day of the ninth month to fly kites.
KOREA - The Korean traditional kite flying season (including kite fighting) starts on the first day of the lunar calendar. On the fifteenth day kites with the words “Bad luck away and good luck stay” are flown to ward off evil. The kite is flown as high as the line will allow and released. The freed lclte carries away the owner’s bad luck. It is said that if a kite is found it should be discarded in case it still possesses another’s bad luck.
JAPAN - Traditionally on New Years Day and Children’s Day (May 5th) parents give kites painted with special characters to their children in hope that they grow as healthy and courageous as their folk heros. One of the most popular heroes is Kintaro. He was born and raised in the Ashigara Mountain, Kanagawa Prefecture. Young Kintaro enjoyed the animals as his only playmates. He is often depicted on kites wrestling with a bear or carp. In celebration of Children’s Day, Japanese families also fly large carp wind-socks, called “koinobori,” from bamboo poles.
BERMUDA - In Bermuda children and parents gather on Good Friday for a serving of Hot Cross Buns and drinks and flying kites. No one really knows how this special Holiday also became “kite day.” One story relates that a minister used a kite to explain Christ’s Ascension to his island parishioners.
KITE FIGHTING - Asianshave been flying their kites in aerial combat for centuries. Most kite fighting is a one-on-one event where participants maneuver their kites into a position to cut the line of an opponent’s kite. This is accomplished when the specially prepared, glass-impregnated lines cross. (They do not use razor blades!) The spoils becomes the property of the victor or who ever can snag the loose kite. Asian countries known for kite fighting include the Philippines, Thailand, China, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, India and Pakistan. Not all kite fighting is destructive. In Thailand traditional kite flying is more like a “battle of the sexes.” The combatants are the larger, dominant and aggressive “male” (Chula) and the flighty and clever “female” (Pakpao). The Pakpao tries to lure the male into an awkward position and then darts across his path, ensnaring him with her tail or loop. Neither kite tries to destroy the other; he tries to abduct her, she tries to capture him. It is this intricate game that makes an exciting sport for the fliers and spectators.
GUATEMALA - On the first day of November people of Santiago de Secatepequez celebrate “All Saints Day” (Toto Santos) by flying large circular kites called “barroletas.” These multi-colored, tissue- paper kites are flown over the graves of the departed, to release their souls. After being flown, a kite’s sail is ripped from its frame and burnt on the grave of the loved one. The bamboo frame is saved for next year’s festival.
6 WHAT IS A KITE: A kite is a tethered, heavier-than-air object (aerodyne) that is flown by the lift created by air in motion (“The wind”). There are many possible kite shapes. A kite’s shape and how it uses aerodynamic features (either built in or added on) will determine if or how it flies. In the classroom I often use a inflatable kite and a balloon to illustrate the point that a kite has to have an aerodynamic shape to fly. I also explain that a hang glider is an aircraft that can glide about on up-drafts. When a line (tether) is attached at the correct tow point the glider becomes a kite. The key words that I look for when quizzing a class are - WIND, AERODYNAMIC SHAPE, AND LINE (TETHER)
Drawing by Alvin Belfower HOW A KITE FLIES:
Unlike an airplane that relies on thrust from its engines, a kite needs moving air to fly. The air movement can come from the wind or by running with the kite. When I work with young children, I have them imagine that the wind is like a hand pushing a kite up into the sky and holding it there. If the hand is removed the kite will fall.
Turbulence
Airplane Wing (Airfoil)
Kite (Flat Plate)
Aerodynamically, a kite is a FLAT PLATE that creates LIFT by deflecting wind along its front surface. For a kite to fly, there has to be enough LIFT to overcome GRAVITY. DRAG is created by wind resistance of the kite’s surface (and tail) and the turbulence behind the kite. GRAVITY (WEIGHT) is the downward force on a kite. Because a kite is tethered by its flying line, it is held captive to the wind thus creating THRUST. While a kite is in flight, the main forces (LIFT, DRAG, GRAVITY and THRUST) all act at a single point of balance, called the CENTER OF PRESSURE. If a kite is flying in a stable position, LIFT and GRAVITY will be exerting equal and opposite forces, and so will DRAG and THRUST. If the wind then blows harder, creating more lift, the kite will climb until it reaches a new point of equilibrium. If at some point, DRAG and GRAVITY become greater than the effect of LIFT, the kite will lose forward speed and stop (STALL).
.nd DIHEDRAL-In geometry, an angle formed by two planes is called "dihedral" - the dihedral is given as the angle measured between the two planes. In aircraft or kites it is customary to measure a dihedral by the angle each wing makes to the lateral axis. When an kite with its wings set in a dihedral dips to one side, the wind exerts greater force on that side and returns the plane to equilibrium (roll stability).
Dihedral Angle Dip l&g Equilibrium --___A_
ttt ttt tttt WIND Greater Less Force Force
ANGLE OF ATTACK - A kite is set at the correct ANGLE OF ATTACK by adjusting the TOW POINT. A kite rises in an arc, changing its ANGLE OF ATTACK until it STALLS.
Dihedral Angle -7- I
*_.. "Stall"- Low Angle of I .-\ / /a;. Attack %-- I / '\\ Angle of Attack I / '\\ /-q\ .Y \ \ I- \ I I I --_ -- -
Kite rise in Launch- High Angle of a Curve. Attack
9 FLIGHT CONTROL:
A tail (of varying type or length), a bridle, or even the location of the tow point will affect the STABILITY of a kite in the VERTICAL (YAW), LATERAL (PITCH) and LONGITUDINAL (ROLL) axes.
YAWis the rotating action about a kite’s VERTICAL AXIS. This is the axis that goes from the ground up though the kite into the sky. The kite turns to the right or the left, just like an airplane turns to the right or left as you watch it from the ground. If the tow point is too far forward, a kite can start a “snaking” or side to side rotating (yaw) motion. The same results may also be caused by the kite being off balance. To correct the problem, try the following: (a) Move the tow point back. (b) Check the kite’s symmetry by holding the kite by the tow point and correct balance. (c) Add side tails.
PITCH is the rotating action about a kite’s LATERAL AXIS. On an airplane, you can think of the wings as the lateral axis. The nose of the kite goes up and down, like the motion of a plane’s nose going up and down. A kite with an inadequate bridle or spine can be distorted by the wind resulting in a “butterfly” or flapping (pitching) motion. To correct the problem try the following: (a) Add one or more bridle legs (b) Use a thicker spine or strut.
ROLL is the rotating action about a kite’s LONGITUDINAL AXIS. The airplane’s body or fuselage is a longitudinal axis. When an airplane or a kite rolls, one wing lifts and the other is lowered. A flat kite is inherently unstable and will tend to favor or dip to one side to release wind. To correct the problem try the following: (a) Move the tow point forward. (b) Add more tail to the kite. (c) Bow the cross strut to create a dihedral.
10 KITE MATERIALS:
Along with a large choice of kite designs, there are many material types to consider. Most things will fly if there is enough wind to support their weight. There is an old saying that even a barn door can fly in a hurricane. As a rule-of-thumb, if the kite is so strong that it will not break then it is most likely too heavy to fly. Thankfully modem materials allow us to make light, durable kites for a small investment in time and money. For older children, I prefer “trash bag” kites as an introduction to kite making. Plastic does not have to be reinforced like paper and makes an excellent kite sail, (In some areas trash bags are available in various colors). For young children, paper fold kites are the simplest to make. These small kites can be flown from short lengths of thread attached to a dowel or balloon straw. (Make sure that you use bond rather than heavy construction paper for best results). Paper can also be a problem in regions of high humidity. In Houston I have found that on occasion tissue kites tend to “melt” as they soak up moisture. This is the main reason that Malaysian kite-makers use a glazed (water resistant) tissue. The kites in this book are mainly made from “every day” materials and cost less than a dollar each. Just keep in mind the wind and weather conditions in your area and what materials will best suit these conditions. Also, you should consider that materials heavier than those recommended will affect a kite’s balance. You might notice that a number of kites in this book have match-stick bamboo sticks (struts). I have found the best source for this material are match-stick blinds available at many import specialty stores. Try and find the type with the bamboo skin intact because they are the strongest. You will find enough bamboo in a blind to make scores of kites. One-eighth inch dowel can be used in place of the bamboo, but the difference in weight and flexibility may cause the kite to be less stable. This can generally be solved by adding extra tails.
FLYING LINE -
20 lb. dacron or nylon (not monofilament) Kite Suppliers Button hole thread or dental floss Supermarket #20 crochet thread Various
STRUTS -
Dowel (1/8" or 3/1 6”) Hardware, Hobby Stores, and Kite Suppliers Bamboo (match-stick blinds) Import Specialty Stores Drinking Straws Various Rattan Hobby Shops
JOINERS -
3/ 16” inside diameter soft plastic tubing Hardware Store
11 SAIL -
Trash Bags (without side gussets) Supermarket - 30” x 36” or 24” x 30” - Color trash bags (Bland Co, Michigan) See RESOURCES Foam plates (approx. 9”) Supermarket Paper sack (grocery) Supermarket Paper (all types) - Tissue Various - Glazed Tissue (waxed) Art Supplies - Newspaper Various - Crepe paper (use only as tails) Various - Bond (typing) paper Stationers - Kraft Paper Art Supplies - Wrapping paper (light brown or gift) Various
TOOLS -
Small saw or Hacksaw Blade (tape handle end) - for sawing dowels Block of wood - sawing surface Pencil (Marker Pen if working with plastic) Yard-stick or ruler Sharp scissors Nail or blunt needle - punch holes for bridle Nail Plastic Foam block - store nails or needle Tape (use filament packaging tape on plastic) Tails (can be made by rolling a trash bag and cutting strips) White Glue - paper kites
Wrap Handle
FIRST AID KIT FOR THE FLYING FIELD -
Scissors (folding type) Pocket knife Tape (packaging) Spare struts and tail Band aids
1122 CHAPTER 2. PARTS OF A KITE
TAILS - The main purpose of a tail is to add drag (horizontal force) and not weight (vertical force). The drag factor of a tail can be increased or reduced by changing the tail length or material. Some materials have more drag than others. Too much tail will induce excessive drag with the result of pulling to one side or refusing to fly. A rule-of-thumb is to start with a tail seven times the length of the kite. I usually carry a roll of surveyor’s flagging (available at Survey Suppliers and some Kite Stores) in case my kite needs more tail. Japanese kite flyers use long lengths of line or rope to stabilize their kites. It is tied the same way as a regular tail but acts to dampen the kite’s movement rather than adding drag.
Bows Pony Tail Streamer
Tails can be made by rolling a trash bag and cutting strips.
1" ,
Roll @!F! I Cut Strips
Open End
13 BRIDLE- The bridle (made from flying line) connects the flying line to the kite, at the tow point. This sets the angle of attack that is the kite’s angle to the wind. The bridle legs are attached to the kite at the bridle points. A kite can have multiple legs, a single tow point, or a solid bridle (called a keel).
Multi Legs Single Tow Point
A bridle should only bend or distort the struts on a kite when it adds stability. If struts are excessively distorted, either relocate the bridle points or add more legs.
Bridle Points too far apart (a) and (b) will correct distortions
A long bridle is more tolerant than a short one when setting the angle of attack. A bridle should be from 1.5 to 5 times the length of the kite.
Long Bridles are More Bridle too short Tolerant
14 TOW POINT - A tow point set at a HIGH angle allows most of the wind to pass. Set too high, it can cause the kite to spin, dive or not lift (fluttering in the wind). - A tow point set at a LOW angle allows most of the wind to be caught (and deflected) by the kite. If a tow point is too low the kite will refuse to fly or will pull to one side.
Low High
T 1 Yq1 4- - -Allows wind to pass -Catches wind -Low angle of attack -High angle of attack
A rule-of-thumb in locating the tow point is to hold the kite at a given angle to a flat, horizontal plane (like a table or the floor). To accomplish this, hold the kite by the bridle and move your fingers until the spine is at 15 to 20 degrees to the floor. To test, give the bridle a sharp upward pull. If the kite does not want to move forward, relocate the tow point and try again. To test the tow point on a small kite, hold the bridle and move the kite in a figure eight motion in front of you. If the kite follows along, the tow point is correct. An even simpler way is to take the kite outside and see if it will lift in a wind while holding the tow point. NOTE: Use a fisherman’s snap swivel as a tow ring at the tow point. The swivel will help remove line twists and simplifies removing the flying line.
A15O Template
- Kite moves
1155 FLYING LINE - The flying line holds the kite captive to the wind and should not add excessive weight or drag. Select a line that is related to the pull of the kite: a light line can snap while a heavy line will add weight (e.g., small kites can be flown on button hole thread or dental floss). A “rule-of-thumb” to calculate what line to use is to multiply the area of the kite (square feet) by three. For example, a square kite 3 feet X 3 feet has an area of 9 square feet and can be safely flown on 30 lb. test line (9 x 3 = 27). NOTE: I strongly recommend against using clear monofilament fishing line because it is difficult to see and a danger on the flying field. A “fuzzy” line such as woolen yam will cause drag and tends to pull the kite off balance and is also not recommended. - Knots and tangles weaken flying line by up to 30%.
KNOTS
Loop Figure Eight Square Knot
Highwayman’s Hitch Fisherman’s Knot
Bridle
Adjustable Hitch (Lark’s Head)
16 LINE WINDER -There is no “best” winder. Many people have a preference, while others have their choice dictated by resources. Cardboard from a box can be used in the classroom but there is the risk that the board will collapse, creating one large tangle.
a-J8"~&n Dowel
Plastic Pipe or Cardboard Tube
Magazine
K-7 Winder _ dEx-Owel Drink Can r-F?&" Plywood
l/8" Artboard Drawing by Alvin Belfower
1188 CHAPTER 3.KITES TO MAKE AND FLY
BUMBLE BEE (Schaeffer) (Beginner)
WIND: Light to Gentle LINE: Sewing Thread SAIL: 1 - 8 l/2” x 11" Bond Paper BRIDLE: Single tow point TAILLESS: ACCESSORY: Stapler
METHOD:
1. Fold paper in half. Mark points A and B. 2.Fold top corners to point A and staple. DO NOT FOLD FLAT. 3. Punch a hole at B and attach flying line.
si_aphZ Fold corners ,$ Staple at pomt A.
line. ’
1199 TADPOLE (Hosking) (Beginner)
WIND: Light to Gentle LINE: Sewing Thread SAIL: 1 - 8 l/2” x 11” Bond Paper BRIDLE: 36” flying line TALL: 1 - 1 l/4” x 6 feet x 2 mil. plastic strips 1 - 12” flying line (tail line) TAPE:
METHOD:
1. Fold paper in half lengthwise. 2. Fold flaps in half in the opposite direction. 3. Fold top and bottom corners back and cut off flaps. Repeat on the other side. 4. Tape bridle line to keels A and B. Tie a loop in the center of bridle for the tow point. 5. Cut three 1” wide strips and tape together. Tape tail line to tail and to kite at C.
20 CUB (Hosking) (Beginner)
WIND: Light to Gentle LINE: Sewing Thread SAIL: 1 - 8 l/2” x 11” Bond Paper STRUT: 1 - drinking straw ALTERNATIVE: use 1/8" dowel or match-stick bamboo BRIDLE: Single tow point TALL: 3 - 1 1/4" x 6 feet x 2 mil. plastic strips TAPE:
METHOD:
1. Fold paper in half lengthwise (a). 2. Fold along a line 1 - 1/2" from the crease, in both directions. Punch a hole 3-l/4” from the front, along the keel (b). 3. Tape the drinking straw 3/4” from the front and bend up corners. Tie the tails together at one end and tape to back of kite (c). Attach the flying line to the tow point (d).
a
Tow point
b
21 DINGBAT (Zachary) (Beginner)
WIND: Light to Gentle LINE: Sewing Thread SAIL: I - 8 l/2” x 11” Bond Paper BRIDLE: 1 - 18” flying line TAIL:2 - 1 l/4” x 6 feet x 2 mil. plastic strips 1 - 12” flying line (tail line)
METHOD:
1. Fold along fold 1 and cut off overlap to make a square. 2. Fold along folds 2 to 5. 3. Punch holes at A, B and C. 4. Tie 18" bridle line ends at A and B and tie a small loop in center of bridle. Tie 12” tail line to C and to tail.
Fold 4 & 5 Fold cut off Over Lap
Punch holes on Both Sides and to Bridle Tie Loop in Center of A Bridle 6 E4 Tie Tail to 7 Tail line /
22 LADYBUG (Japan) (Beginner)
WIND: Light to Gentle LINE: Button hole thread SAIL: 1 - 10" x 12” tissue paper STRUTS: 1 - 12” match-stick bamboo (spine) 1 - 11” match-stick bamboo (cross strut) 2 - 3” bamboo slivers (optional-supports) TAIL: 3 - 3/4" x 7 feet crepe paper strips TAPE:
METHOD:
1. Fold paper in half, widthwise (a). 2.Divide the paper into thirds by folding lengthwise at 4” (b). 3.Draw kite outline and cut out. Cut a small "v" at tow point (c). 4. Tape spine, cross strut and optional supports to sail (d). 5.Tape tail to sail, bow cross strut, and tie flying line to kite at tow point (e).
a
23 PICNIC PLATE KITE (Beginner)
WIND: Light to Moderate LINE: Button hole thread SAIL: 9” Foam Plate NOTE: Not all plates are the same shape or size. It is best to test the kite before giving a class. TAIL: 18 feet x 2” plastic strips (trash bag) TAPE:
METHOD:
1.Turn plate upside down. Draw a line down the center of the plate. NOTE: I use a folded sheet of 8 1/2" x 11" paper to find the plate’s center. 2. Punch a hole 3 1/2" from the top, along the line. Push one end of flying line through hole and tape to inside of plate. 3.Tape tail to bottom of kite, on the drawn line.
Tape to Back of Plate
Sheet Folded
Flying Line
24 SLED (Allison) (Beginner)
WIND: Light to Moderate LINE:Crochet or Button hole thread SAIL: 1 - 24” x 30” trash bag (kitchen size) STRUTS:2 - 16” x 1/8" dowels ALTERNATIVE: Use match-stick bamboo BRIDLE: 48” flying line TAPE:
METHOD:
1. Draw half of the kite on edge of plastic bag and cut out (a). 2. Tape struts to sail (b). 3. Attach 48” bridle to sail. Find center of bridle by placing keels together and tie a loop (c). Tie flying line to loop. 4. OPTIONAL: Roll remaining bag and cut 1-1/2" wide tails. Tape to bottom at each strut (d).
x 5” le .nt Tape -F- 11”
L -Q 6 I Rove1 (_ TovGiint a b I-tJ' Tape
Keel Tape Tails
C B1pd
25 GROCERY SACK KITE (Beginner)
WIND: Moderate to Strong LINE:Crochet or Button hole thread SAIL: 1 - Brown-paper grocery sack STRUT: 1 - 12” x 1/8" dowel or bamboo skewer. TAPE:
METHOD:
1.Cut along three edges of the bottom of the sack (a) and fold bottom (flap) inside sack. 2.Find the center of flap and punch a hole 1 1/2" from the edge, on center (b). 3. Pass the flying line through the hole, into the bag. Tie it to the dowel. Tape dowel to bag 1 1/2" from edge (across hole) (c).
a
26 NEWSPAPERDIAMOND (Beginner)
WIND: Gentle to Moderate LINE: 20 lb test SAIL: 1 - sheet newspaper STRUTS:2 - 24” x 3/16” dowels FRAMING LINE: Flying line TAIL:30 feet x 2” plastic streamers GLUE:
METHOD:
1. Groove strut ends with a small saw. Tie struts together and attach framing line. (Check 90 degree angle at cross.) 2. Lay frame on newspaper and trace kite outline. Cut out sail with extra l/2” to 1" flap for gluing. 3. Attach flying line to spine 1” below the cross point. Tape or tie tail to spine.
Newspaper
FQCut Strut End
Tie or use a Rubber Band
Framing Line
27 FIGHTER (Beginner)
WIND: Light to Moderate LINE: Button hole thread. SAIL: 1 - 15" square plastic sheet (e.g. trash bag) STRUTS: 1 - 21" x 1/8" dowel or match-stick bamboo (bow) 1 - 24 x 1/8" dowel or match-stick bamboo (spine) BRIDLE: 1 - 22” flying line TAIL - SIDE: plastic strips TAPE:
METHOD:
1. Tape along leading edge. Fold sail in half. Fold and snip 1/8" at comers for bridle points. 2. Reinforce strut. Tape spine and strut to sail. 3.Attach bridle. To find tow point hold the bridle with kite flat. Tie a loop 1/2" above this point. 4. Tape plastic strips to sides.
28 S.E. ASIAN CHILDREN’S KITE (S.E. Asia) (Beginner) - a.k.a. VIETNAMESE CHILDREN’S KITE
WIND: Light to Moderate LINE: Button hole thread SAIL: 1 - 12” square newspaper STRUTS: 1 - 15” match stick bamboo (spine) 1 - 21 1/2" match stick bamboo (bow) BRIDLE: 29” flying line TALL: 4 - 1” x 7 feet crepe paper strips GLUE AND SCRAP PAPER PATCHES
METHOD:
1,Fold sail in half and cut a small "v" at the bridle points. 2. Unfold and mark flaps. Fold flaps and crease. 3. Glue spine to kite. 4. Glue one side of bow to kite. Carefully bend the bow and other side to kite. You may have to hold the bow for a short time while the glue take hold. Adjust bow’s symmetry with paper patches. 5.Glue tail to kite and attach bridle.
If bow is not symmetrical Push down the high side until both sides are equal Paste patch to hold in place.
\ ‘, 4 /’ =r; \ v/ f Fold5 pasta
29 JAPANESE CHILDREN’S KITES (Japan) (Beginner)
WIND: Light to Moderate LINE: Button hole thread SAIL: 1 - 12” x 16 l/2” wrapping paper (light weight or tissue) STRUTS: 1 - 16” match-stick bamboo (spine) 1 - 13” match-stick bamboo (strut) 2 - 20 1/2" match-stick bamboo (cross struts) BRIDLE: 1 - 35” flying line (upper leg) 1 - 18” flying line (lower leg) TAIL:4 - 3/4” x 7 feet crepe paper strips GLUE AND 1” SQUARE PAPER PATCHES
METHOD:
Fold sail in half widthwise to find center. Snip a small "v" at center of fold (center bridle point). Unfold sail. Fold 1/2" flap and glue strut to sail, under flap. Glue spine and cross struts to sail. Glue tail to kite, bow strut and attach bridle.
V Fdd $ glw lz”mzr lap
30 HEXAGON (Intermediate)
WIND: Gentle to Moderate LINE: 30 lb. test SAIL:3 - 20” x 24” sheets tissue paper STRUTS:3 - 36” x 3/16” dowel TAIL:4 - 1" x 15 ft surveyor’s flagging or crepe paper streamers BRIDLE: 1 - 66” flying line (two upper legs) 1 - 32” flying line (lower leg) FRAMING LINE: Flying line BOW STRING: Flying line GLUE:
METHOD:
1.Mark center of struts and slit strut ends (a). 2.Cross struts and tie together (a rubber band can be used). Tie framing line around kite (b). 3.Cut out sail pieces allowing for glue flap all round (c). 4.Glue sail pieces in sequence to frame in sequence (d). 5.Tie bridle to struts by threading line, with a needle, through kite cover (e). 6.Tie tail to kite (f).
b d
Bow line c P
e BOX KITE (Intermediate)
WIND: Moderate to Strong LINE: 20 lb. test SAIL: 1 - 24” x 30” trash bag (kitchen size) STRUTS:4 - 24” x 3/16” dowels (side struts) 4 - 16 l/2” x 3/16” dowels TUBING: 8 - 1 l/2” x 3/16" I.D. soft plastic BRIDLE: Single tow point TARE:
METHOD:
1.Cut off closed bottom of bag (a). 2.Fold bag in half lengthwise. Mark or snip each comer (b). 3. Fold bag in half(c). 4.Fold bag again and cut off comer 4” x 4” at closed end (d & e). 5.Fold tubing and cut off one comer on each piece of tubing (f). Slide tubing onto struts (g). 6.Tape side struts to inside of kite at comers (h). 7. Fit cross spars into tubing on side struts (i &j). 8.Tie flying line to tow point 4” from top of kite (k). I I I I Told 4 I__-_------I
C f
--_----- ;:_:____IF0.d -e
d
b T&L- dov.c\ +oi%.ide I P I j
32 STUNTER - DUAL LINE EDDY (Intermediate)
WIND: Light to Moderate LINE:2 - 150 feet lengths 20 lb. test Dacron SAIL: 1 - 30” x 36” trash bag STRUTS:3 - 18” x l/4” dowels (spreader and struts) 1 - 36” x l/4” dowel (spine) TUBING:3 - 1 l/2” x l/4” I.D. pieces of soft plastic tubing BRIDLE:2 - 42” lengths of flying line TOW RINGS:2 - Fishing swivels or small key rings TAPE: 3/4” Strapping tape
METHOD:
1. Draw half kite on bag and cut out. Punch or cut holes at bridle points A, B & C (a & e). 2. Cut two corners off one piece of tubing and slide onto spine (b). Cut off comers (one each) on remaining tubing and slide onto side struts 8” from end (b). 3. Fit side struts into tubing on spine to create frame (c). Tape frame to kite sail. Fit spreader (d). 4. Turn kite over and tie bridle to points A, B & C (e). Tie tow rings to bridle. Cut 2” plastic strips and tape together (up to 60 feet) for a tail and tie it to the spine (e).
Frame
cut tail
II c_ 2Pinc. / I r / Tape under sail and fold onto dowel.
a
Slide dowel through hole and out end of tubing.
than dowel Slide dowel through holes in tubing. b e
33 CHAPTER 4. FLYING A KITE
WHEN TO FLY A KITE:
Traditionally kites are flown in the spring, but the wind can be too strong and gusty for many kites at this time of year. If conditions are right, kites can be flown at any time of the year. It is recommended that you observe the wind range before trying to fly your kite. If the birds are not flying for fun, do not fly your kite. Flying in strong or gusty winds will often result in a damaged kite.
NOTE: DO NOT FLY A KITE WHEN A STORM IS PRESENT OR APPROACHING.
SIMPLE BEAUFORT SCALE:
BEAUFORT Km/H KNOTS M.P.H. CHARACTERISTICS NAME NUMBER
2-5 l-3 l-3 SMOKE DRIFTS CALM 1 6-l 1 4-6 4-7 LEAVES RUSTLE LIGHT 2 12-19 7-10 8-12 LEAVES DANCE GENTLE 3 20-29 11-16 13-18 TREES TOSS, DUST FLIES MODERATE 4 30-39 17-21 19-24 SMALL TREES SWAY FRESH 5 40-50 22-27 25-3 1 LARGE BRANCHES SWAY STRONG 6
GENERAL RANGES: (Rules of thumb)
MATERIALS M.P.H. KITE TYPE M.P.H.
Light paper 4-12 Sled 4-18 Light plastic 4-18 Diamond 4-18 Heavy plastic 13-3 1 Delta 4-12 Light cloth 4-3 1 Box 10-31 Sturdy cloth 13-31 Fighter 4-12
34 WHERE TO FLY A KITE:
Parks and beaches are the best places to fly a kite, but any open area away from power lines, trees, buildings and roadways will do. Fly your kite where it will not cause a hazard to yourself or others. - Trees, buildings and hills cause turbulence that makes flying a kite difficult. - Watch out for power lines and “kite-eating” trees! - Rocks and gravel can tear kites when they land - watch out!
HOW TO FLY A KITE:
LAUNCHING A KITE ALONE - With your back to the wind, let out some line and offer the kite upwards. Make sure that you hold the kite away from you so as not to block the wind. When the wind catches the kite, slowly release line, stopping now and then to pull the kite up. This is called “pumping”. Do not pull hard since this will often cause the kite to dive. Keep pumping and feeding out line until the kite reaches the desired altitude. WARNING - Do not let the line run through your fingers rapidly or you may receive a bum or cut.
YOU SHOULD NEVER HAVE TO RUN! If the kite refuses to fly, read “problem solving” before giving up.
LAUNCHING A KITE WITH A HELPER (also called a “HIGH LAUNCH”) - Have your helper hold the kite 50-100 feet downwind. (Make sure that the kite’s face is facing the wind.) On a given signal, have the kite released into the wind, with a slight upward push. As the kite rises, pump and release further line. NOTE: A poorly balanced kite will spin and dive after launching. If this happens, quickly release tension on the line so that the kite can land safely,If you pull on the line it will only increase the speed of the dive. Read “problem solving” to see what you can do to correct the problem. Sometimes the ground level winds are light, while up higher they are stronger.Observe smoke rising, flags, or tall trees to indicate this situation. Another problem might be that the lower winds are turbulent because of local trees and buildings. In these cases, it is best to have an assistant help with a “high launch.”
FLYING A DUAL LINE KITE:
LAUNCHING - Have an assistant help with the launch. If the kite turns, keep it traveling upwards by pulling slightly on the opposite line. Keep your hands comfortably at a chest height. To get the feel of how it flies, slowly move the kite back and forward across the sky.
STEERING - Pulling on the left line will cause the kite to turn left; pulling on the right hand line will turn the kite right.
LOOPS - Pull one line back and hold until the stunter has completed one or more loops. Try to keep note on how many times you loop your kite in one direction. You simply remove the line twists by looping the same number of times in the opposite direction.
LANDING - Fly your kite into the wind, on either side, until it hovers and guide it to the ground.
35 PROBLEM PREVENTION: l USE THE CORRECT FLYING LINE. - Too heavy a line will weigh on a kite. - Too light a line might snap. - DO NOT use mono-filament (fishing) line. It is hard to see and can be very dangerous. l Keep a flying line clear of KNOTS, TANGLES AND NICKS. - A knot, tangle, or nick will weaken a line. - If flying lines cross, one will cut or nick the other. l DO NOT use different DIAMETER DOWELS than recommended. - Weight from thicker dowels might cause a kite to spin. - Thinner dowels might cause the kite to “buck” or even break. l It is easier to find the correct TOW POINT on a LONG BRIDLE than a shorter one. l ALWAYS keep some line on the ground or on the winder in case a sudden wind gust causes the kite to dive. Releasing tension on the line will help the kite to recover from the dive. Pulling on the line will only increase the speed of the dive. 0CARRY a roll of tape for repairs.
PROBLEM SOLVING: l IF YOUR KITE SPINS AND THE WIND IS NOT TOO STRONG:
l ADD TAIL. - Too short a tail can cause a kite to spin.
l CORRECT STRUTS OR KITE DIMENSIONS. - Check to see if the struts are correctly fitted or that both sides of the kite are equal.
l RELOCATE TOW POINT BACK. - A tow point located forward on a bridle allows a kite to be flown in strong winds; too far forward causes spinning. l IF THE KITE FAILS TO LAUNCH BUT THE WIND IS STRONG ENOUGH TO SUPPORT THE KITE’S WEIGHT:
l REPLACE OR REMOVE PART OF TAIL. - If a tail is too long or heavy the kite will not fly.
l RELOCATE TOW POINT FORWARD. - A tow point located back allows a kite to be flown in light wind conditions or to stop kite from spuming; too far back and the kite will refuse to fly.
l IF A KITE PULLS TO ONE SIDE:
l RELOCATE TOW POINT FORWARD. - A kite usually pulls to one side to release wind.
l TAPE A PIECE OF TAIL TO THE OPPOSITE SIDE. - There might be wind conditions that cause the kite to pull to one side.
36 SAFETY CODE:
1. NEVER FLY YOUR RITE NEAR POWER LINES. If by accident a kitebecomes tangled in power lines, LEAVE IT THERE. Notify your local utility company of the situation.
2. Rites should be flown in flat, open areas away from buildings and roadways (e.g., beaches and parks). FLY ONLY WHERE THE RITE WILL NOT CREATE A HAZARD.
3. Never fly a kite during an approaching storm or in rain as WET LINE WILL CONDUCT ELECTRICITY. LIGHTNING RILLS!
4. DO NOT USE WIRE AS FLYING LINE (even if it is plastic covered).
5. Always observe local air safety regulations. Avoid flying in air traffic patterns close to airports.
6. Large kites can be dangerous and require extra care. Wear gloves when flying large kites.
7. Do not let children fly kites that are too big for them to handle.
8. Do not let line run through the fingers at a fast rate as this will result in a bum or cut.
9. Do not use blades or pointed objects on a kite or line.
10 Do not throw heavy objects at an entrapped kite. Cut the line and try to have the kite fly itself free.
11. Never leave a kite tethered and unattended.
GOLDEN RULES:
- Remember that everyone has the same right to the sky. Try to keep a safe distance from other fliers.
- Remember you are an “ambassador” for kites and your actions may affect the chances of others to enjoy this sport and pastime.
37 CHAPTER 5. KITE WORKSHOPS
HOW TO RUN A WORKSHOP:
Try to have enough tools and materials for everyone in the class - at least have enough so as not to waste time. Tools do not have to be expensive, only functional. For example, I use hacksaw blades with taped handles as wood saws and large nails as hole punches. If working with plastic, cut only with sharp scissors by sliding them along to give a clean, cut edges. Craft scissors, mainly used to cut paper, are often too blunt to cut plastic well. The flying line can be purchased in bulk or in individual lengths. The “bulk-line” option (available at balloon supply and craft stores) is the cheapest but it will take time while the children wind their share on a winder. I like to use a “relay” method where the child takes the line and runs around 100 feet. While the last student is winding line another is taking his/her place. I do not recommend asking children to bring line unless you specify the line type. Experience has‘shown me that you will find most of the line is too heavy for the kite. Also I strongly recommend not using mono-filament (clear fishing) line. It is difficult to see on the flying field and can be very dangerous. (It is also difficult to knot.) Bridles can be made in bulk by winding flying line around a piece of cardboard, half the bridle’s length, and cutting the line at one point. Also I like to use permanent-stick labels as tape. (Talk to your local commercial label distributor.) Another way to handle tape is to pre-cut pieces and attach them lightly to the edge of each desk or a laminated board. 1 like to schedule my workshops for one to two hours and start by showing a short video and passing around different kites. This helps set the atmosphere for the lesson. You might consider inviting a guest to give a short talk. (Contact the American Kitefliers Association or a club in your area.) A sled kite normally takes twenty minutes to make; a diamond kite is more complicated and takes about thirty to forty minutes. Start the workshop by showing the finished kite before moving through the process on how to make the kite. The children will have a better grasp on what they will be making. If possible use a blackboard or have the children follow along with printed instructions. After answering any questions the class can make their kites. If anyone finishes ahead of the class ask them to help someone else. (The helper should not make the kite for the other person but assists in difficult areas.) Have the whole class complete their kites at the same time to create a good working atmosphere. Children love to test their kites as soon as they are made. If there is a storm in the area or the wind is too strong it is best to leave this to another day. Finally, have the children mark their names on their kites (I carry a box of marker pens for this purpose) and “clean up.” I do not allow anyone to leave the class until the area is clear of scraps.
WORK AREA:
Locate the work area where the wind does not blow the materials about and there is room to work. When space is a problem have two or more students work on one kite at a time. If desks prove too small you can always spread out onto the floor.
38 GROUP SIZE:
A teacher can usually handle 15 to 30 children depending on the students’ skill levels. Assistance will most likely be required for larger groups or special children. I once conducted a workshop with blind children where there was a one-to-one ratio of children and assistants. If the group is large, with too few tools, materials can be pre-cut to speed up the proceedings. My wife and I used to run two-hour workshops where we would help around three hundred peoplemake kites. In this situation all the materials, including tape, have to be pre-cut. With large groups it is also wise to make printed instructions available to the students.
WHAT KITE TO MAKE:
One of the most universally popular workshop kites is the sled - it is simple to make and fly. For small children you might consider making paper fold kites (e.g., Bumble Bee). They can be flown on two feet of thread attached to a balloon straw or dowel. For older children I recommend something more challenging like a box, fighter or stunt kite. For most teachers, the biggest factor to consider when choosing a kite to make will be the cost. Hopefully they will also consider that a kite has to fly to be a “kite.” A small budget should not hinder a successful workshop. I once had a class of thirty children for a complete semester on a budget of ten dollars. We studied aerodynamics by making paper fold kites until the last lesson. On their final day the children divided up into groups of five to design and make six foot kites from donated materials (sheets of plastic and bamboo). The teachers were amazed at the results. We have all have heard of stories about people who can not fly a kite. For years I have been frustrated when seeing children trying to fly a “shape” on the end of a piece of twine. Most of their creations do not fly and are quickly discarded. It is sad to realize that with the same amount of effort the children could be flying a “real” kite. That is to say, with a little planning everyone can make a kite that will really fly. Transportation and storage can be a real problem with kites. My preference is that all three- dimensional kites, especially those over 24” long, should be made to be able to be partially disassembled and rolled up for storage.
39 KITE CONTEST:
You do not have to have a kite contest to enjoy flying a kite but it can add extra interest. Remember that kites can be flown anytime of the year and will depend on conditions in your area.
JUDGES:
I recommend using at least three judges (e.g., local official, media or sports celebrity, parents or school staff).
FLYING FIELD:
You will need an area at least the size of a football field. Physically look at the flying area, taking note of prevailing winds. Look for a space clear of any obstructions such as power lines and trees. If there are tall buildings or trees at the perimeter of the flying area they may create turbulence that will make flying a kite difficult. Also observe the flying area for hazards such as holes, ditches, and low fences. Avoid air traffic patterns and flying over roadways.
CONTEST:
The following are a few categories where prizes or ribbons might be awarded;
1. Prettiest Rite 2. Most Unique 3. Most Efficient Flier (highest flight angle) 4. Highest Flier (2 to 5 minutes) 5. Steadiest Flier (with or without tail) 6. Best Overall Rite 7. Lead Balloon Award (non-flier) 8. Never Say Die Award (best try) 9. Charley Brown Award (something to do with a tree!) 10. Challenge Award (e.g., Class with the most kites on a single line or largest kite).
JUDGING:
Judges can enter points for design, craftsmanship, beauty, launch, control, and retrieval. The final judging is on flying and if the kite cannot stay airborne for more than ten minutes it should be eliminated from the competition.
40 APPENDICES
RESOURCES:
USA KITE ORGANIZATION:
American Kitefliers Association Bi-monthly Kiting Journal 352 Hungerford Drive, Rockville, MD 20850 Phone: (800) 252-2550 (408) 647-8483
LOCAL KITE GROUPS
- There may be a local club near you. Contact AKA for information..
INTERNATIONAL KITE ASSOCIATIONS:
Australian Kite Association Weifang Kitefliers Association c/o Helen Bushel1 42 Shenglis Street 10 Elm Grove Weifang City North Kew 3 102 Shandong Province VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
Japanese Kite Association Cerf-Volant Club de France c/o Masaaki Modegi Boite Postal 186 Taimeiken F-75623, Paris Nihonbashi l-12-10 FRANCE Chuo-Ku Tokyo 103 JAPAN
British Kite Flying Association New Zealand Kitefliers Association Post Office Box 35 9 Kenef Road Hemel, Hempstead Paremata, Wellington Hertfordshire, HP2 4SS NEW ZEALAND ENGLAND
KITE MAGAZINES:
Kite Lines, Quarterly Magazine P.O. Box 466 Randallstown, MD 21133-0466
American Kite, Quarterly Magazine P.O. Box 699 Cedar Ridge, CA 95924
41 KITE MAKING SUPPLIES:
- A list of kites stores and suppliers is available in AKA’s newsletter or the other kite magazines.
S & S Wood Specialty (800) 242-9663 P.O. Box 1188 Bulk Dowel ($50 Min) Westbrook, ME 04098
Bland Co. (800) 527-7189 4265 Corporate Dr. Trash bags - Ask for a kite Mt. Pleasant, MI 48858 selection (100 box - 4 colors)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
H BRUMMITT, Wyatt, KITES, 1971, New York, Golden Press lZl GREGER, Margaret, KITES FOR EVERYONE, 1984, Richland WA, Self Published lZl HART, Clive, KITES: AN HISTORICAL SURVEY, 1982, Mt Vernon, NY, Paul Appel lZl HIROI, Tsutomu, KITES, SCULPTURING THE SKY, 1978, New York, Pantheon Books lZl HOSKING, Wayne, KITES: AUSSIE STYLE, 1982 (OUT OF PRINT), Houston TX, Self Published q HOSKING, Wayne, KITEWORKS 1: PAPER FOLD KITES, 1986, Houston,Self Published 0 HOSKING, Wayne, FLIGHTS OF IMAGINATION, 1987, Washington, National Science Teachers Association lZl HOSKING, Wayne, STUDENTS’ KITE PROJECT GUIDE, 1987, Houston, Gayla Industries HOSKING, Wayne, KITES IN THE CLASSROOM, 1987, Rockville, MD, American Kitefliers Association lZl HOSKING, Wayne, WIL BEAR’S KITE BOOK, 1988 (OUT OF PRINT), Houston, Self Published @I HOSKING, Wayne, KITES OF MALAYSIA, 1990, Malaysia, Malaysian Airline System lZl IT0 and KAMURA, KITES, 1979, Tokyo, Japan lZl MOULTON, Ron and LLOYD, Pat, KITES: A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK, 1992, London, Argus Books MOUVIER, Jean-Paul, KITES, 1974, Paris, Collins lZl PELHAM, David, KITES, 1976, New York, Penguin lZl STREETER, Tal, THE ART OF THE JAPANESE KITE, 1974, New York,Weatherhill lZl TOY, Leland, KITE PATTERNS, 1984, San Francisco, Sky High Press 0 YOLEN, Will, THE COMPLETE BOOK OF KITES AND KITE FLYING, 1976, New York, Simon and Schuster
lZl Reference book. q Kite book for classroom use.
42 GLOSSARY:
AERODYNAMICS: the study of the motion of the air and its physical effects on bodies moving through it. AIRCRAFT: any flying machine: an airplane, airship, glider, kite, or helicopter. AIRFOIL: a body that has a special shape that converts moving air to lift (e.g., an airplane wing). ANGLE OF ATTACK: the angle the cord of the wing makes with its flight path through the air. AXES OF ROTATION: the three imaginary lines that pass through a kite’s center of gravity at right angles to each other. All movements a kite makes can be can be defined in terms of these lines. (See PITCH, YAW, and ROLL). BACK: the rear surface of a kite. BRIDLE: a bridle connects the flying line to the kite, at the TOW POINT, and sets the angle of the kite to the wind called the ANGLE OF ATTACK. A bridle can have two or more LEGS. Some kites have a single tow point and no bridle. BOTTOM (END): the bottom end of a kite. CELL: an enclosed area as on a box kite. CHORD: an imaginary line joining the trailing and leading edges of an airfoil section. DIHEDRAL ANGLE:an angle between an airfoil and the horizon. DRAG: the total air resistance to the flight of an aircraft. The rougher the surface of an airfoil, the more drag; the more streamlined an airfoil, the less drag. The effect of turbulence at the rear of the aircraft is called PARASITE DRAG. DROGUE: a tapered tube that is open at both ends. It is attached to the bottom of the kite with a long line and is used to create drag to stabilize a kite. FACE: the front surface of a kite. FLAT PLATE: an airfoil that is flat rather than curved (e.g. a kite). FRAME (BONES): the combination of the struts and spine. Not all kites have a rigid frame (e.g., Parafoil). GRAVITY (WEIGHT): the downward pull on a kite. KEEL: a solid bridle (see BRIDLE). LEADING EDGE: the forward edge of an airfoil as it moves forward. LIFT: the upward force acting against a kite as the result of it deflecting the wind. The force of lift opposes the forces of drag and gravity. NOSE (TOP): the top end of a kite.
PITCH : to rotate about the lateral axis; to tip up or down.
43 ROLL: to rotate about the longitudinal axis; to rock sideways. SAIL (SKIN): the kite covering. SPINE: the back bone or central strut of a kite. STABILITY: the ability to return to a state of equilibrium or normal flight path after being deflected therefrom. STALL: occurs when a kite loses forward speed and the kite becomes stationary in the air. STRUTS: the side and cross sticks that are used to structure or give shape to the kite. TAIL: something that attaches to the bottom of a kite to add stability by creating drag (NOT WEIGHT). THRUST: comes from an energy source (e.g., wind). There has to be enough thrust to overcome gravity and drag for an aircraft to fly. TRAILING EDGE: therear edge of an airfoil as it moves forward. TRAIN: is a series of kites flown on a common line or lines. VENT: is an opening for the passage of wind and aids stability. WINDER (REEL): carries the flying line.
WING : is an extended airfoil that provides lift. YAW: to rotate about the vertical axis; to turn to the right or left.
MEASUREMENT CONVERSION
Inches (in) 1 in = 25.4 mm = 2.54 cm Feet (ft) 1 ft = 30.5 cm Centimeter (cm) 1 cm = 0.394 in. Meter 1 m = 39.37 in. Miles per hour (m.p.h.) 1 m.p.h. = 1.61 km/h Kilometers per hour (km/h) 1 km/h = 0.621 m.p.h.
44 OTHER AKA PUBLICATIONS -Available from the American Kitefliers Association, 352 Hungerford Drive, Rockville, MD 20852 or AKA Store, (312) 283-6446 phone, (312) 283-6842 fax.
How to Fly a Kite: A Kiteflier’s Manual by Robert Ingraham and Miller S. Makey. A compact pruner on kites and kite flying.
AKA Manual On Kite Workshops by H.B. Alexander and Ellen Rubenstein Chehnis. A guide for organizers of kite-making workshops. (Publication target: Fall 1993)
AKA Manual Otl Kiting Events by H.B. Alexander and Ellen Rubenstein Chelmis, This manual is designed to help you design, organize, and run a kite-flying event,
Kite Club Organizer’s Hand book by Victor Walton. A compilation of ideas from kite clubs across North America.
AKA Rules & Guidelines for Comprehensive Kite-making Competitions AKA Rules for the comprehensive judging of hand-made kites.
International Sport Kite Competition Rules The international rule book for stunt kite competition. Required reading for the competitive stunt flier. Includes 25 pages of diagrams of individual and team figures to be flown.
AKA Fighter Kite & Rokkaku Competition Rules A companion to the AKA Sport Kite and Comprehensive Competition Manuals.
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