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Heme Oxygenase 1 Is Required for Mammalian Iron Reutilization

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Heme Oxygenase 1 Is Required for Mammalian Iron Reutilization Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 94, pp. 10919–10924, September 1997 Medical Sciences Heme oxygenase 1 is required for mammalian iron reutilization KENNETH D. POSS* AND SUSUMU TONEGAWA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Center for Learning and Memory, Center for Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 Contributed by Susumu Tonegawa, July 16, 1997 ABSTRACT The majority of iron for essential mamma- recently accumulated suggesting that carbon monoxide gen- lian biological activities such as erythropoiesis is thought to erated by Hmox2 may be a physiological signaling molecule be reutilized from cellular hemoproteins. Here, we generated (5–8). On the other hand, the Hmox1 isoform is thought to mice lacking functional heme oxygenase 1 (Hmox1; EC provide an antioxidant defense mechanism, on the basis of its 1.14.99.3), which catabolizes heme to biliverdin, carbon mon- marked up-regulation in stressed cells (9–12). Both Hmox oxide, and free iron, to assess its participation in iron isoforms might be largely responsible for the recycling of iron homeostasis. Hmox1-deficient adult mice developed an ane- by its liberation from heme and hemoproteins, although their mia associated with abnormally low serum iron levels, yet contribution to total iron homeostasis has not been carefully accumulated hepatic and renal iron that contributed to examined. macromolecular oxidative damage, tissue injury, and chronic Here, to study the extent to which Hmox1 participates in iron inflammation. Our results indicate that Hmox1 has an im- homeostasis, we generated mice with targeted Hmox1 null portant recycling role by facilitating the release of iron from mutations and analyzed parameters of iron metabolism. We hepatic and renal cells, and describe a mouse model of human discovered that adult Hmox1-deficient animals develop both iron metabolic disorders. serum iron deficiency and pathological iron-loading, indicating that Hmox1 is crucial for the expulsion of iron from tissue Iron is a crucial ligand in virtually all cell types for a vast stores. number of cellular processes, including ATP generation, ox- ygen transport, and detoxification. It has catalytic function MATERIALS AND METHODS within heme or iron–sulfur clusters, or directly bound to proteins. Iron metabolism disorders are quite common in the Hmox1 Targeting Vector. The published murine Hmox1 human population. For instance, dietary iron deficiency results cDNA sequence was utilized for synthesis of primers toward in millions of cases of anemia yearly, while functional hypo- generating a DNA probe by PCR amplification of genomic ferremia contributes to the anemia that is frequently observed DNA (13). This probe had sequence contained in exon 5 of the in chronic inflammatory diseases (1). While these conditions murine Hmox1 gene and was used to screen a lEMBL3 library result from iron insufficiency, other human disorders are containing 129ySv strain genomic fragments, from which the caused by excessive iron storage. Notably, free iron is a potent Hmox1 gene was obtained. A 4.4-kb HindIII–XhoI fragment oxidant that damages cellular macromolecules, presumably and a 4.0-kb HindIII fragment were used as 59 and 39 arms of through reaction with hydrogen peroxide to form the delete- the contruct, surrounding a 1.8-kb pgk-neo fragment in pBlue- rious hydroxyl radical (2). Frequent blood transfusions often script KS (1). The construct was designed to remove a 3.7-kb result in iron overloading and related symptoms, requiring iron XhoI–HindIII fragment of murine DNA with intron sequence chelation therapy. In addition, hereditary hemochromatosis, a and coding sequence for the final 226 amino acids. disorder of increased iron absorption and storage yielding Targeting Experiments and Generation of Hmox12/2 Mice. multiorgan pathology, affects approximately 1 in 200 individ- D3 embryonic stem (ES) cells were utilized for transfection as uals within the Caucasian population (3). Therefore, it is previously described (14). Genomic DNA for KpnI restriction important to understand iron metabolism not only at the digests was isolated from 240 colonies grown in 24-well plates. molecular and cellular levels but also at the level of the whole Southern blotting and hybridization with the 59 160-bp external organism. probe or the 39 250-bp internal probe revealed that approxi- Normally in humans, about 1 mg of iron is absorbed by the mately 25% of the colonies were homologous recombinants. intestine daily, and at the same time an approximately equal Three of these positive clones were used for injection into amount is eliminated from the body. Remarkably, this dietary C57BLy6 blastocysts. Chimeric mice were generated as de- iron accounts for only 1–3% of the iron that is supplied daily scribed (15). Hmox11/2 mice were obtained by mating male to the blood. Most of the iron requirement is provided through chimeras with C57BLy6 females; these Hmox11/2 animals reutilization from existing total body stores of 3–4 g, of which were intercrossed to produce Hmox12/2 mice. Genotypes of about 70% is maintained within hemoglobin (4). From these mice were determined by Southern analysis of progeny tail facts, it is clear that dissociation of iron from heme moieties DNA as described above. In vitro fertilization with sperm from and subsequent cellular release constitute a major component Hmox12/2 mice and eggs from Hmox11/2 animals was per- of iron homeostasis. Nevertheless, the mechanisms and regu- formed as described (16). Pseudopregnant (C57BLy6 3 DBAy lation of heme iron reutilization are poorly understood. 2)F1 or Swiss Webster females were used as two-cell embryo Mammalian heme oxygenase (Hmox, also known as HO; EC recipients. 1.14.99.3), which catabolizes cellular heme to biliverdin, car- Serum Iron Parameters. Mice were bled retroorbitally, and bon monoxide, and free iron, is represented by two isoforms, 200 ml of serum from each animal was used for analysis of iron Hmox1 and Hmox2, encoded by separate genes. Evidence has and total iron-binding capacity by using a kit from Sigma, and ferritin was measured by using an immunoassay kit from The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked ‘‘advertisement’’ in Abbreviations: Hmox, heme oxygenase; ES, embryonic stem. accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact. *To whom reprint requests should be addressed at: Center for Cancer © 1997 by The National Academy of Sciences 0027-8424y97y9410919-6$2.00y0 Research, E17–346, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Mas- PNAS is available online at http:yywww.pnas.org. sachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139. e-mail: [email protected]. 10919 Downloaded by guest on September 25, 2021 10920 Medical Sciences: Poss and Tonegawa Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94 (1997) FIG. 2. Wasting, anemia, and serum iron deficiency in Hmox12/2 FIG. 1. Targeted disruption of the Hmox1 gene. (a) Hmox1 mice. (a) Hmox12/2 mice were consistently slightly smaller than genomic locus and targeting vector. A 3.7-kb region including exons 3, Hmox11/2 littermates, but weight loss between 20 and 40 weeks of age 4, and a portion of 5 (e3–e5) was replaced with a pgk-neo cassette. The was clearly indicative of wasting. Data are shown mean 6 SEM. One 59 and 39 probes used for screening ES cell clones and genotyping mice and 3 weeks, 9 Hmox12y2 and 19 Hmox11y2 males and females were are shown. The 59 probe hybridizes to an 11-kb KpnI fragment of the analyzed; 6 weeks, 12 Hmox12y2 and 24 Hmox11y2 males only; 20 native Hmox1 gene and a 6.5-kb fragment from the disrupted gene. D, weeks, 9 Hmox12y2 and 11 Hmox12y2 males; and 40 weeks, 13 HindIII site; K, KpnI; X, XhoI; Xb, XbaI. (b) Southern blot analysis of Hmox12y2 and 15 Hmox11y2 males. Significant differences (P , 0.05) KpnI-digested tail DNA from ES cell-derived mice. The blot was were observed between Hmox12/2 and Hmox11/2 masses at all ages. hybridized with the 59 Hmox1 probe. Genotypes of one Hmox1 In a–d, h, Hmox11/2 mean values; ■, Hmox12/2 mean values. (b) Red homozygous mutant mouse (2 2), two wild-type mice (1 1), and y y blood cell counts (RBC), packed cell volume (hematocrit, Hct), blood two heterozygous mice (1 2) are indicated. (c) Northern blot analysis y hemoglobin concentration (Hb), and mean cell volume (MCV) ana- of total splenic RNA from a wild-type mouse (1 1), a heterozygous y lyzed in 7–11 male and female Hmox12/2 and Hmox11/2 littermates mouse (1 2), and a homozygous mutant mouse (2 2). The blot was y y at 6, approximately 20, and approximately 50 weeks of age. Significant hybridized with a rat Hmox1 cDNA probe (13), which recognizes a differences (P , 0.05) were observed for each parameter at all ages major mRNA band of approximately 1.5 kb. The Hmox1 probe except for 6-week RBC and Hb values. (c) Serum iron (Fe), total recognized an aberrantly sized mRNA from Hmox12/2 mice that was iron-binding capacity (TIBC), and iron saturation analyzed in 5 barely detectable even in an overloaded lane. Hmox11/2 and 5 Hmox12/2 male mice of each age group. Significant differences (P , 0.05) were observed in each parameter except for Microgenics (Concord, CA). All assays were performed by 6-week serum iron values. Iron saturation percentage is equal to Genox (Baltimore), using a Cobas Fara II chemical analyzer. 100(serum ironyTIBC). (d) Serum ferritin values analyzed in mice Blood Cell Counts and Histology. Blood was obtained by from c. Significant differences (P , 0.05) were observed at each age retroorbital sampling, and blood cell counts were determined examined. by using a Coulter automatic cell counter (performed by Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Compara- mixture of ethanolyethyl acetate and was dissolved in 1 ml of tive Medicine Laboratories).
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