DOCSLIB.ORG

Linux-FAQ.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Linux-FAQ.Pdf The Linux FAQ David C. Merrill david −AT− lupercalia.net 2003−09−19 Revision History Revision 1.20 2001−12−04 Revised by: rk Revision 2.0 2002−04−25 Revised by: dcm Some reorganization and markup changes. Revision 2.1 2003−05−19 Revised by: dcm Fairly complete reorganization and conversion to WikiText. Revision 2.1.1 2003−09−19 Revised by: dcm Minor corrections. Revision 2.1.2 2004−02−28 Revised by: dcm Minor corrections. This is the list of Frequently Asked Questions for Linux, the Free/Open Source UNIX−like operating system kernel that runs on many modern computer systems. The Linux FAQ Table of Contents 1. Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................1 1.1. About the FAQ..................................................................................................................................1 1.2. Asking Questions and Sending Comments.......................................................................................1 1.3. Authorship and Acknowledgments...................................................................................................1 1.4. Copyright and License......................................................................................................................2 1.5. Disclaimer.........................................................................................................................................2 2. General Information.......................................................................................................................................3 3. The Linux Kernel............................................................................................................................................6 4. Disk Drives.....................................................................................................................................................12 5. Partitions And Filesystems...........................................................................................................................14 6. System Libraries...........................................................................................................................................19 7. Linux Distributions.......................................................................................................................................21 8. Booting the OS...............................................................................................................................................27 9. Application Software Management.............................................................................................................31 10. Directory And File Management...............................................................................................................35 11. Connecting To A Network..........................................................................................................................36 12. Troubleshooting..........................................................................................................................................40 13. Software Development................................................................................................................................49 14. Solutions to Common Problems................................................................................................................55 15. Tips And Tricks...........................................................................................................................................57 16. The X Window System...............................................................................................................................62 17. Frequently Encountered Error Messages.................................................................................................65 18. Online Resources.........................................................................................................................................73 19. How To Get Further Assistance................................................................................................................81 19.1. If this Document Still Hasn't Answered Your Question...............................................................81 19.2. What to Put in a Request for Help................................................................................................82 19.3. How To Email Someone about Your Problem.............................................................................83 i The Linux FAQ Table of Contents A. GNU Free Documentation License.............................................................................................................84 A.1. 0. PREAMBLE..........................................................................................................................................85 A.2. 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS............................................................................................86 A.3. 2. VERBATIM COPYING.......................................................................................................................87 A.4. 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY..................................................................................................................88 A.5. 4. MODIFICATIONS...............................................................................................................................89 A.6. 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS.............................................................................................................91 A.7. 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS..................................................................................................92 A.8. 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS.......................................................................93 A.9. 8. TRANSLATION...................................................................................................................................94 A.10. 9. TERMINATION.................................................................................................................................95 A.11. 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE..................................................................................96 A.12. Addendum................................................................................................................................................97 ii 1. Introduction 1.1. About the FAQ This document contains a collection of the answers to the most common questions people ask about Linux. It is available as WikiText source, DocBook XML, an ASCII text file, an HTML World Wide Web page, Postscript, PDF, Plucker, and as a USENET news posting. DocBook XML is generated from WikiText source using wt2db. HTML is generated from the XML using the LDP's XSL customization layer on top of Norm Walsh's standard DocBook XSL stylesheets. Text is generated from the HTML using lynx. Most of these programs are found in most Linux distributions. The Usenet version is posted regularly to news:news.answers, news:comp.answers, and news:comp.os.linux.misc. It is archived at ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet−by−hierarchy/comp/os/linux/misc. The latest versions are available from the Linux Documentation Project. 1.2. Asking Questions and Sending Comments If you have any comments, or if you have a question about Linux that was not answered here, feel free to send it to the maintainer: david −AT− lupercalia.net. Place the letters FAQ in the subject of your message. I won't guarantee to answer all questions, but I'll answer as many as I can. Questions that I receive repeatedly will be added to the FAQ. If you wish to refer to a question in the FAQ, please include the title of the question in your email. If you have an addition to the FAQ, by all means send it. Contributions may be in any format, but I prefer comments in English to patch files. Context diff is not my first language. 1.3. Authorship and Acknowledgments This FAQ is currently compiled and maintained by David Merrill, with assistance and comments from Linux users all over the world. Over the years it has passed through several hands, and I'd like to recognize all the folks who have worked on it. In addition to those of us who have been official maintainers, the FAQ is full of individual contributions. The name of the contributor is listed along with the contribution. The FAQ was maintained by Robert Kiesling until January, 2002 Freddy Contreras, [email protected], designed and GPL'd the Linux Frequently Asked Questions logos. Special thanks are due to Matt Welsh, who moderated news:comp.os.linux.announce and news:comp.os.linux.answers, coordinated the HOWTO's and wrote substantial portions of many of them, Greg Hankins the former Linux Documentation Project HOWTO maintainer, Lars Wirzenius and Mikko Rauhala, the former and current moderators of news:comp.os.linux.announce, Marc−Michel Corsini, who 1. Introduction 1 The Linux FAQ wrote the original Linux FAQ, and Ian Jackson, the previous FAQ maintainer. Thanks also to Roman Maurer for his many updates and additions, especially with European Web sites, translations, and general miscellany. Other contributors include: • Doug Jensen [email protected] Last but not least, thanks to Linus Torvalds and the other contributors to Linux for giving us something to talk about! 1.4. Copyright and License Copyright (c) 2001 Robert Kiesling. Copyright
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Digital Technical Journal, Number 3, September 1986: Networking
    Netwo;king Products Digital TechnicalJournal Digital Equipment Corporation Number 3 September I 986 Contents 8 Foreword William R. Johnson, Jr. New Products 10 Digital Network Architecture Overview Anthony G. Lauck, David R. Oran, and Radia J. Perlman 2 5 PerformanceAn alysis andModeling of Digital's Networking Architecture Raj Jain and William R. Hawe 35 The DECnetjSNA Gateway Product-A Case Study in Cross Vendor Networking John P:.. �orency, David Poner, Richard P. Pitkin, and David R. Oran ._ 54 The Extended Local Area Network Architecture and LANBridge 100 William R. Hawe, Mark F. Kempf, and Alan). Kirby 7 3 Terminal Servers on Ethernet Local Area Networks Bruce E. Mann, Colin Strutt, and Mark F. Kempf 88 The DECnet-VAXProduct -A n IntegratedAp proach to Networking Paul R. Beck and James A. Krycka 100 The DECnet-ULTRIXSoftware John Forecast, James L. Jackson, and Jeffrey A. Schriesheim 108 The DECnet-DOS System Peter 0. Mierswa, David). Mitton, and Ma�ha L. Spence 117 The Evolution of Network Management Products Nancy R. La Pelle, Mark). Seger, and Mark W. Sylor 129 The NMCCjDECnet Monitor Design Mark W. Sylor 1 Editor's Introduction The paper by Bill Hawe, Mark Kempf, and AI Kirby reports how studies of potential new broad­ band products led to the development of the Extended LAN Architecture. The design of the LANBridge 100, the first product incorporating that architecture, is described, along with the trade-offs made to achieve high performance. The speed of communication between terminals and systems depends on how they are connected. Bruce Mann, Colin Strutt, and Mark Kempf explain how they developed the LAT protocol to connect terminals to hosts on an Ethernet.
    [Show full text]
  • MORF: a Framework for Predictive Modeling and Replication at Scale with Privacy-Restricted MOOC Data
    MORF: A Framework for Predictive Modeling and Replication At Scale With Privacy-Restricted MOOC Data Josh Gardner, Christopher Brooks Juan Miguel Andres, Ryan S. Baker School of Information Graduate School of Education The University of Michigan The University of Pennsylvania Ann Arbor, USA Philadelphia, USA fjpgard, [email protected] [email protected], [email protected] Abstract—Big data repositories from online learning plat- ing. For example, several works have explored prediction forms such as Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) rep- of various student outcomes using behavioral, linguistic, resent an unprecedented opportunity to advance research and assignment data from MOOCs to evaluate and predict on education at scale and impact a global population of learners. To date, such research has been hindered by poor various student outcomes including course completion [1], reproducibility and a lack of replication, largely due to three [2], [3], assignment grades [4], Correct on First Attempt types of barriers: experimental, inferential, and data. We (CFA) submissions [5], student confusion [6], and changes present a novel system for large-scale computational research, in behavior over time [7]. A key area of research has been the MOOC Replication Framework (MORF), to jointly address methods for feature engineering, or extracting structured these barriers. We discuss MORF’s architecture, an open- source platform-as-a-service (PaaS) which includes a simple, information from raw data (i.e. clickstream server logs, flexible software API providing for multiple modes of research natural language in discussion posts) [8]. (predictive modeling or production rule analysis) integrated with a high-performance computing environment. All experi- B.
    [Show full text]
  • Ubuntu Kung Fu
    Prepared exclusively for Alison Tyler Download at Boykma.Com What readers are saying about Ubuntu Kung Fu Ubuntu Kung Fu is excellent. The tips are fun and the hope of discov- ering hidden gems makes it a worthwhile task. John Southern Former editor of Linux Magazine I enjoyed Ubuntu Kung Fu and learned some new things. I would rec- ommend this book—nice tips and a lot of fun to be had. Carthik Sharma Creator of the Ubuntu Blog (http://ubuntu.wordpress.com) Wow! There are some great tips here! I have used Ubuntu since April 2005, starting with version 5.04. I found much in this book to inspire me and to teach me, and it answered lingering questions I didn’t know I had. The book is a good resource that I will gladly recommend to both newcomers and veteran users. Matthew Helmke Administrator, Ubuntu Forums Ubuntu Kung Fu is a fantastic compendium of useful, uncommon Ubuntu knowledge. Eric Hewitt Consultant, LiveLogic, LLC Prepared exclusively for Alison Tyler Download at Boykma.Com Ubuntu Kung Fu Tips, Tricks, Hints, and Hacks Keir Thomas The Pragmatic Bookshelf Raleigh, North Carolina Dallas, Texas Prepared exclusively for Alison Tyler Download at Boykma.Com Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their prod- ucts are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and The Pragmatic Programmers, LLC was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial capital letters or in all capitals. The Pragmatic Starter Kit, The Pragmatic Programmer, Pragmatic Programming, Pragmatic Bookshelf and the linking g device are trademarks of The Pragmatic Programmers, LLC.
    [Show full text]
  • Linux on the Road
    Linux on the Road Linux with Laptops, Notebooks, PDAs, Mobile Phones and Other Portable Devices Werner Heuser <wehe[AT]tuxmobil.org> Linux Mobile Edition Edition Version 3.22 TuxMobil Berlin Copyright © 2000-2011 Werner Heuser 2011-12-12 Revision History Revision 3.22 2011-12-12 Revised by: wh The address of the opensuse-mobile mailing list has been added, a section power management for graphics cards has been added, a short description of Intel's LinuxPowerTop project has been added, all references to Suspend2 have been changed to TuxOnIce, links to OpenSync and Funambol syncronization packages have been added, some notes about SSDs have been added, many URLs have been checked and some minor improvements have been made. Revision 3.21 2005-11-14 Revised by: wh Some more typos have been fixed. Revision 3.20 2005-11-14 Revised by: wh Some typos have been fixed. Revision 3.19 2005-11-14 Revised by: wh A link to keytouch has been added, minor changes have been made. Revision 3.18 2005-10-10 Revised by: wh Some URLs have been updated, spelling has been corrected, minor changes have been made. Revision 3.17.1 2005-09-28 Revised by: sh A technical and a language review have been performed by Sebastian Henschel. Numerous bugs have been fixed and many URLs have been updated. Revision 3.17 2005-08-28 Revised by: wh Some more tools added to external monitor/projector section, link to Zaurus Development with Damn Small Linux added to cross-compile section, some additions about acoustic management for hard disks added, references to X.org added to X11 sections, link to laptop-mode-tools added, some URLs updated, spelling cleaned, minor changes.
    [Show full text]
  • Studying the Real World Today's Topics
    Studying the real world Today's topics Free and open source software (FOSS) What is it, who uses it, history Making the most of other people's software Learning from, using, and contributing Learning about your own system Using tools to understand software without source Free and open source software Access to source code Free = freedom to use, modify, copy Some potential benefits Can build for different platforms and needs Development driven by community Different perspectives and ideas More people looking at the code for bugs/security issues Structure Volunteers, sponsored by companies Generally anyone can propose ideas and submit code Different structures in charge of what features/code gets in Free and open source software Tons of FOSS out there Nearly everything on myth Desktop applications (Firefox, Chromium, LibreOffice) Programming tools (compilers, libraries, IDEs) Servers (Apache web server, MySQL) Many companies contribute to FOSS Android core Apple Darwin Microsoft .NET A brief history of FOSS 1960s: Software distributed with hardware Source included, users could fix bugs 1970s: Start of software licensing 1974: Software is copyrightable 1975: First license for UNIX sold 1980s: Popularity of closed-source software Software valued independent of hardware Richard Stallman Started the free software movement (1983) The GNU project GNU = GNU's Not Unix An operating system with unix-like interface GNU General Public License Free software: users have access to source, can modify and redistribute Must share modifications under same
    [Show full text]
  • Ebook - Informations About Operating Systems Version: August 15, 2006 | Download
    eBook - Informations about Operating Systems Version: August 15, 2006 | Download: www.operating-system.org AIX Internet: AIX AmigaOS Internet: AmigaOS AtheOS Internet: AtheOS BeIA Internet: BeIA BeOS Internet: BeOS BSDi Internet: BSDi CP/M Internet: CP/M Darwin Internet: Darwin EPOC Internet: EPOC FreeBSD Internet: FreeBSD HP-UX Internet: HP-UX Hurd Internet: Hurd Inferno Internet: Inferno IRIX Internet: IRIX JavaOS Internet: JavaOS LFS Internet: LFS Linspire Internet: Linspire Linux Internet: Linux MacOS Internet: MacOS Minix Internet: Minix MorphOS Internet: MorphOS MS-DOS Internet: MS-DOS MVS Internet: MVS NetBSD Internet: NetBSD NetWare Internet: NetWare Newdeal Internet: Newdeal NEXTSTEP Internet: NEXTSTEP OpenBSD Internet: OpenBSD OS/2 Internet: OS/2 Further operating systems Internet: Further operating systems PalmOS Internet: PalmOS Plan9 Internet: Plan9 QNX Internet: QNX RiscOS Internet: RiscOS Solaris Internet: Solaris SuSE Linux Internet: SuSE Linux Unicos Internet: Unicos Unix Internet: Unix Unixware Internet: Unixware Windows 2000 Internet: Windows 2000 Windows 3.11 Internet: Windows 3.11 Windows 95 Internet: Windows 95 Windows 98 Internet: Windows 98 Windows CE Internet: Windows CE Windows Family Internet: Windows Family Windows ME Internet: Windows ME Seite 1 von 138 eBook - Informations about Operating Systems Version: August 15, 2006 | Download: www.operating-system.org Windows NT 3.1 Internet: Windows NT 3.1 Windows NT 4.0 Internet: Windows NT 4.0 Windows Server 2003 Internet: Windows Server 2003 Windows Vista Internet: Windows Vista Windows XP Internet: Windows XP Apple - Company Internet: Apple - Company AT&T - Company Internet: AT&T - Company Be Inc. - Company Internet: Be Inc. - Company BSD Family Internet: BSD Family Cray Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Yutaka Oiwa. "Implementation of a Fail-Safe ANSI C Compiler"
    Implementation of a Fail-Safe ANSI C Compiler 安全な ANSI C コンパイラの実装手法 Doctoral Dissertation 博士論文 Yutaka Oiwa 大岩 寛 Submitted to Department of Computer Science, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo on December 16, 2004 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Abstract Programs written in the C language often suffer from nasty errors due to dangling pointers and buffer overflow. Such errors in Internet server programs are often ex- ploited by malicious attackers to “crack” an entire system, and this has become a problem affecting society as a whole. The root of these errors is usually corruption of on-memory data structures caused by out-of-bound array accesses. The C lan- guage does not provide any protection against such out-of-bound access, although recent languages such as Java, C#, Lisp and ML provide such protection. Never- theless, the C language itself should not be blamed for this shortcoming—it was designed to provide a replacement for assembly languages (i.e., to provide flexible direct memory access through a light-weight high-level language). In other words, lack of array boundary protection is “by design.” In addition, the C language was designed more than thirty years ago when there was not enough computer power to perform a memory boundary check for every memory access. The real prob- lem is the use of the C language for current casual programming, which does not usually require such direct memory accesses. We cannot realistically discard the C language right away, though, because there are many legacy programs written in the C language and many legacy programmers accustomed to the C language and its programming style.
    [Show full text]
  • Name Description Files Notes See Also Colophon
    PTS(4) Linux Programmer’sManual PTS(4) NAME ptmx, pts − pseudoterminal master and slave DESCRIPTION The file /dev/ptmx is a character file with major number 5 and minor number 2, usually with mode 0666 and ownership root:root. It is used to create a pseudoterminal master and slave pair. When a process opens /dev/ptmx,itgets a file descriptor for a pseudoterminal master (PTM), and a pseu- doterminal slave (PTS) device is created in the /dev/pts directory.Each file descriptor obtained by opening /dev/ptmx is an independent PTM with its own associated PTS, whose path can be found by passing the file descriptor to ptsname(3). Before opening the pseudoterminal slave,you must pass the master’sfile descriptor to grantpt(3) and un- lockpt(3). Once both the pseudoterminal master and slave are open, the slave provides processes with an interface that is identical to that of a real terminal. Data written to the slave ispresented on the master file descriptor as input. Data written to the master is presented to the slave asinput. In practice, pseudoterminals are used for implementing terminal emulators such as xterm(1), in which data read from the pseudoterminal master is interpreted by the application in the same way a real terminal would interpret the data, and for implementing remote-login programs such as sshd(8), in which data read from the pseudoterminal master is sent across the network to a client program that is connected to a terminal or terminal emulator. Pseudoterminals can also be used to send input to programs that normally refuse to read input from pipes (such as su(1), and passwd(1)).
    [Show full text]
  • How to Create a Custom Live CD for Secure Remote Incident Handling in the Enterprise
    How to Create a Custom Live CD for Secure Remote Incident Handling in the Enterprise Abstract This paper will document a process to create a custom Live CD for secure remote incident handling on Windows and Linux systems. The process will include how to configure SSH for remote access to the Live CD even when running behind a NAT device. The combination of customization and secure remote access will make this process valuable to incident handlers working in enterprise environments with limited remote IT support. Bert Hayes, [email protected] How to Create a Custom Live CD for Remote Incident Handling 2 Table of Contents Abstract ...........................................................................................................................................1 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................5 2. Making Your Own Customized Debian GNU/Linux Based System........................................7 2.1. The Development Environment ......................................................................................7 2.2. Making Your Dream Incident Handling System...............................................................9 2.3. Hardening the Base Install.............................................................................................11 2.3.1. Managing Root Access with Sudo..........................................................................11 2.4. Randomizing the Handler Password at Boot Time ........................................................12
    [Show full text]
  • WWW-Based Collaboration Environments with Distributed Tool Services
    WWWbased Collab oration Environments with Distributed To ol Services Gail E Kaiser Stephen E Dossick Wenyu Jiang Jack Jingshuang Yang SonnyXiYe Columbia University Department of Computer Science Amsterdam Avenue Mail Co de New York NY UNITED STATES fax kaisercscolumbiaedu CUCS February Abstract Wehave develop ed an architecture and realization of a framework for hyp ermedia collab oration environments that supp ort purp oseful work by orchestrated teams The hyp ermedia represents all plausible multimedia artifacts concerned with the collab orative tasks at hand that can b e placed or generated online from applicationsp ecic materials eg source co de chip layouts blueprints to formal do cumentation to digital library resources to informal email and chat transcripts The environment capabilities include b oth internal hyp ertext and external link server links among these artifacts which can b e added incrementally as useful connections are discovered pro jectsp ecic hyp ermedia search and browsing automated construction of artifacts and hyp erlinks according to the semantics of the group and individual tasks and the overall pro cess workow application of to ols to the artifacts and collab orativework for geographically disp ersed teams We present a general architecture for what wecallhyp ermedia subwebs and imp osition of groupspace services op erating on shared subwebs based on World Wide Web technology which could b e applied over the Internet andor within an organizational intranet We describ e our realization in OzWeb which
    [Show full text]
  • GNU Octave Beginner's Guide
    GNU Octave Beginner's Guide Become a profcient Octave user by learning this high-level scientfc numerical tool from the ground up Jesper Schmidt Hansen BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI GNU Octave Beginner's Guide Copyright © 2011 Packt Publishing All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmited in any form or by any means, without the prior writen permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotatons embedded in critcal artcles or reviews. Every efort has been made in the preparaton of this book to ensure the accuracy of the informaton presented. However, the informaton contained in this book is sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the author, nor Packt Publishing, its dealers, and distributors will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by this book. Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark informaton about all of the companies and products mentoned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals. However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this informaton. First published: June 2011 Producton Reference: 2150611 Published by Packt Publishing Ltd. 32 Lincoln Road Olton Birmingham, B27 6PA, UK. ISBN 978-1-849513-32-6 www.packtpub.com Cover Image by John Quick ([email protected]) Credits Author Project Coordinator Jesper Schmidt Hansen Joel Goveya Reviewers Proofreaders Piotr Gawron Lesley Harrison Kenneth Geisshirt Clyde Jenkins Jordi Gutérrez Hermoso Lynda Sliwoski Acquisiton Editor Indexers Usha Iyer Hemangini Bari Tejal Daruwale Development Editor Monica Ajmera Mehta Roger D'souza Graphics Technical Editor Nilesh R.
    [Show full text]
  • Storix Sbadmin User Guide V8.2
    SBAdmin User Guide Version 8.2 Trademarks and Copyrights © Copyright Storix, Inc. 1999-2016 USA Storix is a registered trademark of Storix, Inc. in the USA SBAdmin is a trademark of Storix, Inc in the USA and other countries Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds. Intel, Pentium, IA32, Itanium, Celeron and IA64 are registered trademarks of Intel Corporation. AMD, Opteron, and Athlon are registered trademarks of Advanced Micro Devices. HP Integrity servers are registered trademarks of Hewlett-Packard Development Company IBM, RS6000, AIX, Tivoli, AIX, pSeries, Micro Channel and RS/6000 Scalable POWERParallel Systems are registered trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation. Sun Microsystems and the Solaris™ operating system is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc. SPARC is a trademark of SPARC International, Inc. Xwindows is a trademark of Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Microsoft and Windows are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Macintosh and Mac OS X are registered trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. All other company/product names and service marks may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies. Publicly Available Software This product either includes or is developed using source code that is publicly available: AESCrypt* Rijndael and Cipher Block Feedback Copyright 1999, 2000 Enhanced Software Technologies Inc. mode (CFB-128) encryption/decryption http://aescrypt.sourceforge.net/ algorithms BusyBox Single executable containing tiny Copyright 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. versions of common UNIX utilities http://busybox.net/cgi-bin/cvsweb/busybox/ LILO LInux boot Loader Copyright 1999-2003 John Coffman. Copyright 1992-1998 Werner Almesberger. http://freshmeat.net/projects/lilo/ Tcl Open source scripting language Copyright Regents of the University of California, Sun Microsystems, Inc.
    [Show full text]