"Los Papeles No Trabajan": the Papers Don't Do the Work

LOS PAPELES NO TRABAJAN The Papers Don’t Do the Work Photo by Michelle Yang Donald Hones & Persida Cifuentes Photo by Dalinda Melo Guzman Photo by Dalinda Melo Guzman Ellos tienen papeles, yo no. Pero los papeles would have used up their water supply by of these children have crossed the border no trabajan. / They have papers, not me. the time they reached this pass, and they themselves. For teachers and other educa- But the papers don’t do the work. would still have two-to-four days of walk- tors, the Supreme Court decision of Plyler —Mario Jimenez, deported to Agua Prieta, Sonora (August, 2010) ing in the desert in front of them. v. Doe (1982) has set the precedent that all Lying on the ground, amidst the children in the United States are entitled In the Desert jumble of empty bottles and bits of cast-off to a public education, regardless of their clothing, was a black backpack in good con- immigration status. It was just a few hours after sunrise dition. Inside were the usual folded black Nevertheless, undocumented immi- in the Sonora Desert, but the day was al- garbage bag and a toothbrush—nothing gration remains a highly polarizing issue, ready promising to be a hot one. Bernardo, more. We called out: and the struggles of immigrant children Jessica, and I (Donald Hones) had been and their families often takes a back seat to Fernando! Jose nos mando! Tenemos agua, following the migrant trail along a dry y comida, y medicina. Si necesitas algo, nos political posturing. It is an act of both cour- watercourse for about an hour, climbing avise! / Fernando! Jose sent us! We have age and solidarity for teachers to provide steadily up into the hills, searching for any water, food, and medicine. If you need support for undocumented children and signs of Fernando. My two companions had anything, let us know! their families. But it is also a moral duty been here the previous afternoon, but we supported by international human rights There was no answer, save the wind whis- wanted to go further now, all the way to agreements signed by the United States. tling through the rocks. the top of the pass described to us by Jose, The following research study does not Fernando may have met up with an- another migrant, the spot where Fernando suggest specific ways to teach English to other group, and made his way out of the had been left behind by his coyote. non-native speakers. What it does is raise desert. He may have been picked up by the Bernardo, a recently retired police- questions about how we serve and support border patrol and taken back to Mexico. Or man, had taken down the explicit details the children and families who arrive in our he may have been claimed by the desert, of the terrain and description of Fernando: schools and communities with or without leaving behind his bones like thousands a 62-year-old man, balding with some papeles, “papers,” documentation of their of men, women, and children who have white hair, black shirt, blue jeans, black legal entry into the country; about how much attempted this crossing in recent years. backpack. We reached the top of the pass, we will tolerate the abuse, neglect, and death As volunteers with the humanitarian and looked south across a long valley to the of men, women, and children who attempt group, No More Deaths, we would probably mountains on the Mexican border, perhaps to cross our border with Mexico; and about seven miles away. Many border crossers never know. We only knew that we needed to put out more water along the trails, in the hopes that those who were thirsty The photographs accompanying this article were Donald Hones is a professor would find it. taken by Dalina Melo Guzman and Michelle in the College of Education and Human Services Yang along the Mexico-Arizona border. The at the University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, Entitled to Public Education photographs show the landscape of that region, Oshkosh, Wisconsin. participants at the No More Deaths camp near Persida Cifuentes is an educational assistant Schools across the United States serve Arivaca, Arizona, and several artistic expressions at Friends School of Minnesota, children from families that have crossed on the Mexican side of the border wall. Minneapolis, Minnesota. the U.S. border without documents. Some MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION 2 LOS PAPELES NO TRABAJAN The Papers Don’t Do the Work Donald Hones & Persida Cifuentes Photo by Dalinda Melo Guzman The Border, Human Rights, & Lessons for Teachers of Immigrant Students how we will see ourselves as Americans, an the other author is an immigrant from time, many other Mexicans journeyed oft-called “nation of immigrants,” in an era Guatemala, now a citizen of the United north to the United States to find work where immigrants are so readily demonized States, who works as a teaching assistant in the growing economy of places such as by politicians and media. These are ques- and is on the board of directors of a Latino California, Arizona, and elsewhere. After tions that teachers, and all members of a Community organization in the Minnesota 1929, the onset of an economic depres- community, need to address. Twin Cities. sion, coupled with anti-Mexican hysteria, This study describes our involvement We gathered, edited, and now pres- resulted in hundreds of thousands of with a humanitarian organization on the ent these stories about the humanitarian Mexicans being forcibly deported, some of Arizona border with Mexico, and what crisis on the Arizona border. Following the whom were actually American citizens. we learned from our conversations with stories, we suggest ways in which educa- Then the Bracero Program brought ranchers, border patrol agents, Mexican tors and others can utilize border studies thousands of guest workers to the United officials, and the migrants themselves. to engage their students and colleagues, to States during and after World War Two. In We begin with a brief history of the border better inform themselves, and to begin to 1986 the Immigration Reform and Control area, an area that has witnessed a tremen- ask fundamental questions about who we Act allowed for three million undocument- dous flow of undocumented immigrants want to be as a nation and how we propose ed immigrants to regularize their status through the Sonora Desert in Arizona. to get there. and pursue citizenship, while also expand- Next, we chronicle the work of organi- ing the Border Patrol, an organization that zations working to face this humanitarian A Brief Border History had its origins in the Texas Rangers. crisis, groups such as No More Deaths, In 1994, shortly after the passage of that have developed the concept of civil People have lived in the U.S.-Mexi- the North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement initiative—the responsibility to assist vic- can border region for thousands of years. (NAFTA) between the United States, tims of human rights violations when the Many native peoples, such as the Tohono Mexico, and Canada, the United States government itself is the violator. Civil O’odham, still inhabit both sides of the bor- began Operation Gatekeeper, which, along initiative includes placing water along der in the Sonora Desert region. The pres- with Operation Hold-the-Line, effectively trails, providing medical assistance, and ence of today’s security fences, high-tech shut down popular border crossing points documenting abuses at border stations for watchtowers, and fleets of border patrol in California and Texas. As the 1990s came returned migrants. vehicles is the latest physical manifesta- to a close, and as undocumented immigra- Using methods of narrative in- tion of a political boundary established tion increased due to a worsening economic quiry (Clandinin, Davies, Huber, Rose, & in 1848. In that year, through the Treaty situation in much of Mexico, the border has Whelan, 2001; Hones, 1998; Polkinghorne, of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the United States been increasingly sealed off by fences and 1995), we present immigrant stories from expanded greatly its western territory at patrolled by armed agents of the Border the border area, with all names changed the conclusion of a war against Mexico. Patrol (Nevins, 2002). to protect confidentiality. We recognize our Together with the Gadsden Treaty of 1853, The main gap in this border control own perspectives influence this research: this established the current boundary remains in southern Arizona, where One author is a teacher educator, born in between the United States and Mexico. the Sonora Desert provides what many the United States, who has worked exten- Through these treaties, over 100,000 thought would be a natural barrier to sively with refugee and immigrant groups; Mexican citizens found themselves within undocumented immigration. Yet, despite the boundaries of the United States. Over FALL 2012 3 Bird Camp Located about one-half hour from the town of Arivaca, Bird Camp sits close to some established migrant trails which follow routes from Sasabe, on the border, to Highway 19 and Tucson. Volunteers typically go on a morning and afternoon patrol each day. Trucks are loaded with water, and members of each patrol bring a GPS, a cell phone, maps of the area, and a medical kit. Each patrol member car- ries extra water and food packets for any migrants who may be encountered. Participants must be physically fit and capable of walking eight-to-10 miles daily in temperatures that can reach 110 degrees Fahrenheit. The camp is equipped with a medical tent and supplies, in order to provide first aid to migrants. Medical Photo by Dalinda Melo Guzman conditions seen at the camp typically range from large blisters on feet, to insect and the desert and the mountains and the high Civil Initiative animal bites, to diarrhea, dehydration, and cost of the journey (up to $3,000 per person On arrival in Tucson, volunteers with heat exhaustion.

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