Energy and Mining

Figure 50. Mining and Industry in the SAL Region

Southern Landscapes: MEETING THE CHALLENGES AHEAD79 STATE OF THE LANDSCAPE REPORT Forestry

Approximately 16% of the SAL region is clas- CURRENT STATUS sified as forest, including the closed forests of The total volume of timber harvested from public land in Alberta increased the foothills and mountains, in depressions, from four million m3 in 1970 to 20.3 million m3 in 1995.1 This does not include on steep, north-facing slopes, and along the additional harvest from private lands, which totalled more than three mil- stream courses in the plains portion of the lion m3 in 1995.The total area harvested increased from 176 km2 in 1970 to study area and in the Cypress Hills. an estimated 560 km2 in 1996, approximately 0.25% of the productive forest- ed land base.The increase in harvest in recent years is due largely to the har- HISTORY vest of hardwoods, such as aspen, to manufacture wood pulp, paper and Management of the forests in southern Alberta evolved during the 20th cen- strandboard products. Despite the increase, the level of harvest from public tury. Key events include: owned lands remains below the current provincial Annual Allowable Cut of 22.1 million m3.2 • In 1930 the ‘Transfer of Resources Act’ established the Forests Division within the Department of Lands and Mines. A relatively small proportion • In 1948 the Eastern Rockies Forest Conservation Board was established, (16%) of the SAL landscape is ensuring watershed protection in the Crowsnest, Bow River and forested, and of that, only 48% Clearwater Forests. is actively managed for timber. • The “Green Area”, where most of the Eastern Slopes lies, was also estab- The provincial government, lished in 1948, giving policy direction for Eastern Slopes management. through Public Lands, Provincial • The Alberta Forest Service was established in 1953 to manage the Parks and Special Areas, man- province’s forests. ages most of this land produc- • In 1955, North Western Pulp and Power Ltd. started Alberta’s first pulp tion (see Figure 51). This mill in Hinton. includes management of the • The quota tenure system was established in Alberta in 1966, via the Forests majority of the pine and Act. A quota allocation is a legislated commitment of a percentage of the Figure 51. Forested Land Jurisdictions spruce-fir forests. The federal Annual Allowable Cut within a particular Forest Management Unit. government manages the • During the late 1980s,through the 1990s and into 2001,a number of Forest largest proportion of white Management Agreements were established throughout the province. spruce, in . Within Alberta, there are currently 20 Forest Management Agreements. Freehold landowners manage significant portions of the remaining land base, • From the 1970s through the 1990s, the Eastern Slopes Policy and including the greatest portions of cottonwood/riparian complexes and hard- Integrated Resource Planning were implemented. Allocation of forested wood forests. land through a zoning system recognized activities sharing the same land base. This resulted in the separation, or exclusion, of land uses in areas The remainder of the forested area is in parks, prime protection zone 13,or of highest conflict (e.g., Prime Protection), and recognized that some- is withdrawn from the active land base because of proximity to water bod- times single or no use is appropriate. ies, steep slopes and other limiting conditions.

1 Source: Canadian Forest Service 1997a 2 Source: Alberta’s State of the Environment Report:Terrestrial Ecosystems 3 Zone 1 is the Prime Protection Zone of the Eastern Slopes. It contains high-elevation forests and steep rocky slopes.

Southern Alberta Landscapes: MEETING THE CHALLENGES AHEAD80 STATE OF THE LANDSCAPE REPORT Forestry

Within the SAL project boundary there are: 2 Forest Management Agreements, 2 Community Timber Programs, and 4 Coniferous Timber Quotas.

As well, there are two primary forest product manufacturing facilities (sawmills) - Spray Lakes Sawmills Ltd. and its subsidiary, Crowsnest Forest Products Ltd. - and numerous smaller manufacturing facilities, including sawmills, round-wood processing facilities, log home manufacturers, and remanufacture plants. CURRENT IMPACTS ON THE FOREST LANDSCAPE Pressures and demands on the forest landscape are expected to grow as pop- ulations increase, and with them the demands for recreation and natural resources. Other impacts on the forest landscape include:

• Mountain Pine Beetle – current populations are on the increase in the Bow Corridor area. The last major epidemic was in the Crowsnest area in the early 1980’s. • Diseases – such as dwarf mistletoe, are prevalent in fire-origin lodgepole pine stands within the region. • Access Management – off-highway vehicle use is steadily increasing and concomitant issues relating to watershed protection, vegetation and soil conservation, wildlife protection and user-conflicts are also increasing. • Random Camping – garbage disposal, human waste disposal, fire preven- GRAZING DISPOSITIONS tion and protection (abandoned camp fires), rowdy behaviour, public Grazing dispositions occur on more than six million acres of public land in safety, watershed protection, wildlife protection, and vegetation damage Alberta. An additional 8100 km2 of land in the Rocky Mountains Forest are among the issues that are less controlled in random camping than in Reserve is designated for grazing use through allotments. Public land provides designated camping sites. over 1.6 million Animal Unit Months (see Glossary) of forage each summer to • Community Protection – protection of forest communities and adjacent about 14% of all Alberta's beef cattle. Grazing leases, which account for most developments from the threat of wildfires. More housing developments of the public land grazing, are long-term authorizations to individuals, corpo- are being built within forest environments, where wildland/urban inter- rations or associations. Lease size ranges from an average of less than a sec- face fires are a threat. tion 2.6km2 in central Alberta to almost three sections 7.8km2 in the south- • Cattle grazing and riparian management. ern Alberta grasslands. Grazing allotments are large areas of forested range in • Landbase maintenance – including losses and fragmentation due to other the central and southern foothills of the Rocky Mountains.They have minimal developments, such as oil and gas. fencing, are defined by natural barriers such as rivers and mountain ranges, and • Wildlife habitat maintenance. cattle only graze a small portion in any given summer.4

4 Source:Alberta Sustainable Resource Development http://www3.gov.ab.ca/srd/land/APL_Grazing_Stats.html

Southern Alberta Landscapes: MEETING THE CHALLENGES AHEAD81 STATE OF THE LANDSCAPE REPORT Tourism, Parks and Recreation

Alberta is legendary for its natural wonders, including the Canadian Rockies, pristine rivers, , world-renowned dinosaur digs, abundant wildlife, gold- PARKS AND PROTECTED AREAS en prairies, grassy foothills, rugged wilderness, and a unique aboriginal heritage. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT Southern Alberta is the birthplace of Canada’s system of National Parks. Alberta is Canada's fourth most popular tourist destination and is interna- Banff,Alberta was Canada’s first national park, established in 1885. Waterton tionally recognized for its diverse, high quality tourism products, resorts and Lakes was designated Canada’s fourth national park in 1895. experiences. Four of Canada’s 13 UNESCO World Heritage Sites – the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks (including Banff National Park) Dinosaur The earliest provincial parks were established by Order-In-Council in 1932. Provincial Park, the Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump complex, and Waterton- Although Cypress Hills was not formally established as a provincial park until Glacier International Peace Park - are in the SAL area. Tourism revenues are 1951, Elkwater Lake in the Cypress Hills area was included in the capital evenly distributed throughout the province with Edmonton and area, Calgary budget for parks in 1929. and area, Canadian Rockies and the remainder of the province each repre- senting about one quarter of the total revenues.1 Early parks in the SAL region were small recreation sites. These provided local residents with nearby scenic spots to swim and picnic. Similar recreation This section looks at Parks and Protected Areas in the SAL region, and the sites were developed by other agencies. Wayside campsites were built along tourism and recreation facilities both within and outside those areas. the highways to serve the motoring public. Most of these have been closed and replaced by municipal parks.

Recreation areas were often created in response to environmental concerns. Forest recreation areas were constructed in the mountains and foothills to control litter, localize impacts and minimize the risk of forest fires created by random camping. Campsites and picnic areas built on the irrigation reservoirs provided recreational access to the water and helped control shoreline erosion.

Other sites were preserved for their archaeological significance. Writing-On- Stone was reserved for park purposes in 1935, in recognition of the petroglyphs and pictographs for which it is now famous. , first opened to the public in 1959, was recognized as a World Heritage Site in 1979, the first site under a provincial level of jurisdiction to receive this international designation.

Kananaskis Country, established in 1977, was the first initiative in the province to integrate preservation, outdoor recreation, heritage appreciation and tourism, the four goals of the parks and protected areas program.

1 Source: Strategic Tourism Marketing Council http://www.industry.travelalberta.com/strategicplan/overview/index.cfm

Southern Alberta Landscapes: MEETING THE CHALLENGES AHEAD82 STATE OF THE LANDSCAPE REPORT Tourism, Parks and Recreation

CURRENT STATUS Park, and in . Similar programs are provided in Banff and Waterton Lakes National Parks. Midland Provincial Park at is the Today, the parks and protected places network in southern Alberta includes site of the Royal Tyrell Museum of Palaeontology, regarded by many as the a spectrum of areas ranging from intensively developed recreation sites to best dinosaur museum in the world. pure wilderness. These areas preserve natural landscapes, ecological process- es and associated biological diversity. As well, they provide opportunities for Figure 52 shows the parks and protected areas in the SAL region, including heritage appreciation, outdoor recreation and heritage tourism. the Eastern Slopes Integrated Planning Zone 1: Prime Protection Area, south of the Bow Corridor.

Figure 53 shows the number of sites in each type of park and protected area in the SAL region and the area (in km2) they occupy.

Parks and protected areas account for 7.2% of the land base, or 10,011 km2 of the SAL region, compared with 12.4% for Alberta as a whole. Almost seven Figure 53. SAL Region Parks and Protected Areas million visitors come to the 206 parks and protected areas in the SAL region annually. About 80% of visitation to the provincial network is to sites in southern Alberta, and 40% of total provincial park visitation is to Kananaskis Country, with 36% to Fish Creek, Aspen Beach, Sylvan Lake, Jarvis Bay, Cypress Hills, Midland, and Dinosaur Provincial Parks.

Major tourism programs are offered in Cypress Hills Provincial Park, Dinosaur Provincial Park, and Peter Lougheed Provincial Park. There are staffed interpretive programs in Beauvais Lakes Provincial Park, Bow Valley Provincial Park, Chain Lakes Provincial Park, Writing-On-Stone Provincial

Southern Alberta Landscapes: MEETING THE CHALLENGES AHEAD83 STATE OF THE LANDSCAPE REPORT Tourism, Parks and Recreation

Figure 52. Parks and Protected Areas SAL Region

Southern Alberta Landscapes: MEETING THE CHALLENGES AHEAD84 STATE OF THE LANDSCAPE REPORT Tourism, Parks and Recreation TOURISM AND OUTDOOR RECREATION FACILITIES Figure 54 shows the locations of ski areas, golf courses and campgrounds in the SAL region.

Figure 55 shows the number of campsite nights occupied in each of the Parkland, Prairie and Southern East Slopes geographical areas of the SAL region (excluding the national parks), for the years 1987 through 2000. Not surprisingly, the number of campsite nights is significantly higher in the Southern East Slopes, as this is foothills and mountain country and a popular area for campers. It is interesting to note how stable the numbers have remained during the years since 1987-88.

Figure 55. SAL Occupied Provincial Campsite Nights

Southern Alberta Landscapes: MEETING THE CHALLENGES AHEAD85 STATE OF THE LANDSCAPE REPORT Tourism, Parks and Recreation

Figure 54. SAL Region Recreational Operations

Southern Alberta Landscapes: MEETING THE CHALLENGES AHEAD86 STATE OF THE LANDSCAPE REPORT Tourism, Parks and Recreation

Figure 56 shows the number of parties using provincial recreational facilities in the SAL region during the day. Again, numbers in the Southern East Slopes region are significantly higher than in the Parkland and Prairie regions, and in this case show a significant increase in numbers of parties, from about 310,000 in 1987/88 to about 850,000 by 1998/99. # of campsites

Figure 56. SAL Day Use Party Visits

Figure 57. Campsite Ownership in SAL Region

Figure 57 compares campsite ownership in the SAL region. In total, there are 182 campgrounds and 16,000 campsites, covering an area of 4,830 km2.

Skiing is a growing industry in the SAL region due to easy access to the Rocky Mountains and the Eastern Slopes. There are 12 major ski areas – Fortress Mountain, Nakiska, Canyon, Drumheller, Hidden Valley, Pass Powderkeg, Wintergreen, Canada Olympic Park, Castle Mountain, Sunshine Village, Lake Louise, and Mount Norquay – with a total of 4012 hectares on which people can ski.

Golf is another tourism growth industry in the SAL region, with 91 golf courses currently operating. Together they offer 1,250 holes and cover an area of approximately 4,400 hectares.

Southern Alberta Landscapes: MEETING THE CHALLENGES AHEAD87 STATE OF THE LANDSCAPE REPORT Summary

The anthropogenic and natural features of the southern Alberta landscape are intricately connected to form a jigsaw puzzle of many overlapping pieces and layers.

The natural landscape of Grasslands, Parkland, Foothills, Rocky Mountains, On the other and Boreal Forest, once home to relatively small populations of First Nations hand, tourists from people and vast populations of bison and other plants and animals, now show around the world are the footprint of farming and ranching, oil and gas development, rural settle- attracted to the parks and pro- ments and urban cities, tourism and forestry. tected areas in the SAL region, both provincial and national, The waterways of the South Saskatchewan, Battle and Milk River Basins, fed because of their scenic beauty and by glaciers, snow and rainfall, were carved from the landscape during thou- the natural assets of the region. sands of years. Today, water from the rivers serves multiple purposes: irriga- Four of Canada’s 13 UNESCO World tion agriculture, mining, industry, and human consumption, not to mention Heritage Sites are in the SAL region, preservation of the riparian ecosystem. Dams and diversions on southern and people come to hike, camp, golf Alberta rivers have made it possible to achieve a high standard of living in the and ski. Access roads and railways region, yet with 80% of the province’s population having access to just 20% of make these places readily accessible. the water, southern Albertans are recognizing that this precious resource has its limits. Forestry is a relatively small industry in the SAL region, with only about 16% of the region classified as forest. But forests also attract people, and there is While the SAL region has a relatively small human population – about 1.5 mil- significant population growth occurring on the Eastern Slopes of the Rockies, lion persons, or on average 13 people per km2 – the impacts on the land- particularly just west of Calgary. Calgary itself is growing by about 17,000 scape of that population and their endeavours are having a significant impact people a year, and the other four cities in the region, Red Deer, Airdrie, on native plants and animals. The SAL region landscape is currently about Lethbridge, and Medicine Hat, show continuing growth that is not expected equally split between natural landscapes and cropland. Roads, railways, oil and to stop any time soon. gas activity, agriculture and urban growth all have an effect on wildlife. Birds such as burrowing owls, loggerhead shrikes, piping plovers and Sprague’s pip- Southern Alberta's landscapes have provided its people with beauty, its have been designated species at risk due to the effects of pesticides, culti- resources and opportunities to have a high standard of living while protect- vation, and loss of food sources and habitat. Grizzly bears, which require huge ing these environmental gifts. With the cumulative effects of increasing devel- tracts of land for their range, are dwindling in numbers, and swift foxes have opment on these landscapes, it will be up to southern Albertans to work been all but eradicated in southern Alberta. The northern leopard frog has together to determine the strategic, regional outcomes we want for the pres- been affected by the introduction of invasive plants and animals and the ent and future of this richly diverse part of the world, and the means by which prairie rattlesnake populations are known to have declined in recent years. we will achieve them.

Southern Alberta Landscapes: MEETING THE CHALLENGES AHEAD88 STATE OF THE LANDSCAPE REPORT Glossary Glossary of Terms as Used in the State of the Landscape Report

Anthropogenic: Caused or influenced lion acre-feet (a rare occurrence), but the relationship varies according to A by human activities. Alberta may pass less than one-half density and product. One US barrel is of the apportionable flow to considered the equivalent of 0.15899 Airshed: 8 A geographic area that, Saskatchewan. If at any time during a cubic metres (1 m3 = approximately because of emissions, topography and Anthropogenic Edge: The boundary year Alberta wants to divert, store or 6.29 barrels.) meteorology, typically experiences simi- between disturbed or developed land consume more than half the apportion- lar air quality. and natural habitat.The juxtaposition of the human landscape affects the natural able flow, a flow rate of 1500 cubic feet Basin: 1 A geographic area drained by a environment for some distance from per second (cfs) must be maintained at single major river, including its tributar- Allocation (water): 2 The volume, rate the Saskatchewan border, unless the ies, lakes and other water bodies. Same and timing of a diversion of water. the edge. The resultant edge can alter natural flow is less than 3000 cfs, in as watershed. (Also see river basin.) When water is redirected for a use the temperature, light intensity, plant which case half the natural flow must be other than for household purposes (use and animal migration patterns and other passed. There is no policy in Alberta by an owner of property adjacent to a aspects of the natural ecosystem. BAC / Basin Advisory Committee: concerning the amount of water each 2 A group established in river basins and water body or from an aquifer), it is sub-basin of the South Saskatchewan sub-basins to provide advice for water referred to as an allocation. All water Anthropogenic Footprint: A measure- River Basin must contribute to the management planning. Members of users (except for household users) ment of the land physically influenced by Saskatchewan apportionment. the BACs represent all sectors interest- apply to Alberta Environment for a people; associated primarily with ed in water management in the licence to use a set allocation of water. emerging transportation networks, cities and towns, rural residences and Approval: 1 A permit issued to operate sub-basin. Typical sectors represented in cropland, recreational developments municipal facilities and industries. a BAC include irrigation agriculture, non- Animal Units: Calculating livestock irrigation agriculture, ecosystem protec- production on the basis of animal units and acreages, well sites, pipelines, and Aquatic Environment: 2 tion/environmental, First Nations, indus- (AU) rather than numbers of animals acreages. (As defined in Alberta’s Water Act) The components try, municipal, and recreation. allows better comparisons in terms of of the earth related to, living in or locat- feed and grazing land needed and Apportionment, Master Agreement: 2 ed in or on water or the beds or shores Best Management Practices (BMPs): manure production. One AU is defined Schedule A of the 1969 Master of a water body, including but not limit- 8 Management practices or techniques as a 1000 lb. (450 kg) beef cow, with or Agreement on Apportionment for the ed to all organic and inorganic matter, recognized to be the most effective and without a nursing calf. A mature bull is South Saskatchewan River between and living organisms and their habitat, practical means for meeting goals, while the equivalent of 1.3 AU; a yearling steer Alberta and Saskatchewan allows including fish habitat, and their interact- minimizing adverse environmental and or heifer is 0.67 AU and a weaned calf is Alberta to “divert, store or consume” ing natural systems. other effects. Also called Beneficial 0.5 AU.An AU is calculated by multiply- from the river system each year, a vol- Management Practices. ing the number of animals by the appro- ume of water equal to one-half of the priate AU factor for the specific type apportionable flow of the South 1 of animal. Saskatchewan River at the Alberta- Biodiversity: Variety of life forms and Saskatchewan boundary. The remaining B processes (including species, communi- volume of flow must be allowed to pass ties and gene pools) in an environment. Animal Unit Months (AUMs): The Barrel: Crude petroleum and the (Or the number of different types of liv- amount of forage required by one ani- downstream into Saskatchewan. The refined products made from crude oil ing organisms, including bacteria, animals mal unit (AU) for one month.An AUM is exception to this general rule is that are measured either by volume, in cubic and plants, within an ecosystem.) calculated by multiplying the AU for a Alberta is entitled to divert, store or metres, gallons or US barrels, or by particular animal by the number of days consume a minimum of 2.1 million acre- weight, in tonnes or tons. The loose in the month. feet in any year. The effect of this excep- rule of thumb for conversion is that a tion is that during years when the vol- barrel a day is roughly 50 tonnes a year, ume of natural flow is less than 4.2 mil-

Southern Alberta Landscapes: MEETING THE CHALLENGES AHEAD89 STATE OF THE LANDSCAPE REPORT Glossary Glossary of Terms as Used in the State of the Landscape Report

Climate Change: 1 A long-term change Edge Effects: See Anthropogenic Edge Ethane: A colourless, odourless gas C in the average weather of a region. (C2H6) produced chiefly from natural 1 Carbon Dioxide Sequestration (Carbon Effluent: Wastewater discharged to a gas and as a byproduct of petroleum refining. Its chief use is as petrochemical Sequestration): Carbon dioxide seques- Conservation: The careful utilization of stream, usually from a pipe. tration is a process by which carbon a natural resource in order to prevent feedstock for ethylene production. Most dioxide is removed from the atmosphere depletion. Endangered Species: A species in dan- ethane production is to exact industry and stored indefinitely, in order to ger of extinction from its entire natural specifications, (to differentiate it from 1 reduce the build-up of this principal Contaminant: A substance in water,air range. butane and propane,) hence is called greenhouse gas in the atmosphere and or soils that is not normally present. specification ethane. 1 slow down the process of global warm- Usually used for substances of concern Environmental Effects: Harmful ing. This may be done by increasing bio- for aquatic or human health, although it effects on the environment from human Extirpated Species: A species that no mass (planting trees and grasses), by may include naturally occurring sub- activities. longer exists in a given part of its natu- changing farming practices, by injecting it stances. ral range, but still exists in other areas. 8 underground, or by increasing phyto- Environmental Goods and Services: plankton growth in the oceans. (i) Goods and services that are used, or can potentially be used, to measure, pre- Census Division: 5 A group of neigh- D vent, limit or correct environmental F bouring municipalities joined together damage (both natural or by human Footprint: A measure of how much for the purposes of regional planning activity) to water, air, soil, as well as land and water an individual, city, region, and managing common services (such as E problems related to waste, noise and or humanity as a whole requires to pro- police or ambulance services). These ecosystems. This includes technologies duce the resources it uses and to Ecological Footprint: 8 An indicator of groupings are established under laws in used to reduce resource use, energy, absorb all the waste it generates, using the magnitude, duration, frequency and effect in certain provinces and territo- emissions and waste. Critical to the def- prevailing technologies. distribution of environmental stressors ries of Canada. inition is the end-use of the goods and and natural resource consumption asso- services for environmental purposes. ciated with an activity. Fragmentation: The process of reduc- Climate: 1 A combination of all elements ing the size and connectivity of an ecore- that characterize the atmosphere, espe- (ii) Those products, often called public gion or habitat. The resulting reduction Ecology: 1 The study of the inter-rela- cially those related to weather; a gener- goods, which have environmental bene- in the total habitat area, the isolation of tionships among living things and their alized statement or average of prevailing fits but have no value in the traditional patches of habitat from each other and environment. weather conditions. marketplace. Therefore they provide no the increase in edge effects can affect the direct economic return for producers. ability of organisms to maintain healthy Ecoregion: 1 A contiguous geographic Examples include clean air, clean water, populations and to survive. area with similar environmental condi- water supply, carbon storage, biodiversi- tions and therefore, similar plants and ty, healthy soils and scenic vistas. animals. Environmental Quality: 8 A measure of 1 G Ecosystem: A community of animals, the status of the environment, overall or plants and bacteria and their interac- in relation to a medium such as air, Green Area: 3 The unsettled portion of tions with each other and with their water, or land, or to the needs of its the province, primarily forest lands not chemical and physical environment. inhabitants. available for agricultural development other than grazing.

Southern Alberta Landscapes: MEETING THE CHALLENGES AHEAD90 STATE OF THE LANDSCAPE REPORT Glossary Glossary of Terms as Used in the State of the Landscape Report

Greenhouse Gas Emissions: 4 The become invasive when they establish Multiple Use: Management of a land concerning the river reaches (e.g. evapo- release of greenhouse gases from the and spread in the new environment and area to support integrated use including ration, channel losses, etc.) and water combustion of fossil fuels used for ener- threaten the native species, the environ- timber and non-timber interests such as diversions. This is also known as “recon- gy production. These emissions can ment, the economy, or some aspect of water, grazing, industrial development, structed flow” and “naturalized flow”. affect climate and introduce pollutants society.Alien species are also known as recreation and wildlife. that impact on air quality. exotics, non-indigenous species, non- native species, or foreign species. They Greenhouse Gases: Gases, such as car- are sometimes called weeds or pests. bon dioxide or methane, which can con- N tribute to climate change. Irrigation District: 2 An organization Natural Capital: 8 The value and utility that owns and manages a water delivery of natural assets that is critical to our system for irrigation for a given region. economic prosperity and quality of life. In Alberta, there are 13 irrigation dis- Like other forms of capital, natural tricts, all within the SAL region. Some Natural Region: 6 H assets require careful stewardship and A group of contigu- irrigation districts convey water for ous landscapes that contain similar land- Habitat: The sum of the environmental investment for their value to grow and other purposes, such as municipal use forms, hydrology, geology, soils, climate, conditions in which an organism lives, or pay dividends over the long-term. and stockwatering. plants and wildlife. the physical and biological environment that provides essential food, water and Natural capital consists Non-point Source: shelter for an organism. of three components: A diffuse source of • Natural resource capital – stocks water pollution that does not discharge J, K of renewable and non-renewable through a pipe or other specific source; resources (e.g., minerals and as contrasted with a point source. I energy, forests, water, fisheries) 1 • Ecosystems or environmental Nutrient: A substance essential for the Instream Flow: 2 The rate of flow in a capital – systems that provide growth of living organisms. In water, it river, without reference to its purpose. L essential environmental goods usually refers to nitrogen and phospho- Land: 4 Land refers to soil, surface and services such as our rus, the same chemicals used to make a Instream Flow Needs (IFN): 2 This is water,groundwater and natural habitats. atmosphere and the waste garden grow. the scientifically determined water Impacts to land include the adverse assimilation provided by quantity or level, flow rate, and water effects on the environment that may wetlands; and quality required in a river or other body occur from construction activities, agri- • Land – the space in which human of water to sustain a healthy aquatic cultural activities, development of the activities take place. O environment and to meet human needs urban environment, and contamination. Oil Sands: such as recreation, navigation, waste Deposits of bitumen, a Natural Flow: 2 Natural flow is the flow molasses-like oil that is extracted assimilation or aesthetics. M in rivers that would have occurred in the through drilling and the use of steam absence of any man-made effects or reg- heat. They are contained in sand Invasive (and Alien) Species: Alien Model: 1 A computer program used to ulation of flow. For purposes of water deposits beneath 140,800 km2 of species are defined as species of plants, describe and make predictions about management, natural flow is a calculated northeast Alberta. Less than 3% of the animals and micro-organisms intro- natural events. value based on the recorded flows of initial established resource has been duced outside their natural past or contributing rivers, a number of factors extracted to date. present distribution. Alien species

Southern Alberta Landscapes: MEETING THE CHALLENGES AHEAD91 STATE OF THE LANDSCAPE REPORT Glossary Glossary of Terms as Used in the State of the Landscape Report

Protected Areas: Areas such as provin- Resources, Renewable: Natural sub- Runoff: 1 Water that moves across land P cial parks, federal parks, wilderness stances that are depleted at a rate slow- or through soils during snowmelt or areas, ecological reserves, and some er than the rate at which they regener- rainstorms. Partner: 8 An individual or organization that shares the costs, risks, benefits, recreation areas that have protected ate. Renewable resources include oxy- power, and/or resources necessary to designations according to federal and gen, fresh water, and timber. However, achieve a common objective. Partners provincial statutes. Protected areas are even these resources can become non- resolve problems through mutual agree- land and freshwater or marine areas set renewable if used at a greater rate that S aside to protect diverse natural and cul- the environment's capacity to replenish ment. Sediments: 1 Soil particles that have tural heritage. them. For example, groundwater may be been transported from their original removed from an aquifer at a rate Partnership: 8 A relationship in which location by wind or water. They may be 8 greater than the sustainable recharge. individuals or organizations share Public Awareness: This refers to in suspension or have settled to the resources and responsibility to achieve a information sessions, web postings for bottom of a stream, lake or delta. common objective, as well as share any information, social marketing, advertis- ing and promotion of information, atti- resulting rewards or recognition. It South Saskatchewan River Basin tudes, values and behaviours to create a often includes a formal contract, new (SSRB): 2 The SSRB includes the climate conducive to social and behav- resources and shared risks and rewards. sub-basins of the , Bow ioural change. The structure includes a central body of River, and Oldman River (including the decision-makers whose roles are South Saskatchewan). defined. The links are formalized. Communication is frequent, the leader- Species at Risk: 7 Plants or animals ship is autonomous and the focus is on R being extirpated, endangered, threat- Riparian Area: 2 The area along specific issues. There is group decision- Reclamation: 1 The process of convert- ened, or of special concern. streams, lakes, and wetlands where making in central and task groups. ing disturbed land to its former uses and water and land interact. These areas Partnerships are a form of collaboration. productivity. Similar to restoration, Stream: A natural, flowing body of support plants and animals, and protect which is a more general term defining surface water, such as a river or creek, aquatic ecosystems by filtering out sed- Pesticides: Chemical compounds used the process of returning any site to a of any size, seasonal, temporary or iments and nutrients originating from to destroy unwanted species, including prior condition. permanent. Sometimes used as a syn- upland areas. herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, and onym for creek or brook. rodenticides. Resources: 4 Anything that is of use to River Basin: 2 An area of land drained humankind. Stocking Rate: The number of animals by a river and its associated streams or Petajoule: A measure of energy equiv- that can graze an area of pasture while tributaries. Alberta’s Water Act identi- alent to 1 million gigajoules Resources, Non-renewable: 4 Substances maintaining the health of soil, plants, fies seven major river basins within the (1,000,000,000,000,000 joules) or which have built up over geological time wildlife and livestock. province: approximately 30 million kilowatt and can only be replaced over geologi- • Peace/Slave River Basin hours. cal time. Non-renewable resources can Sub-basin: 2 A part of a river basin • Athabasca River Basin be managed sustainably if the use rate drained by a tributary or having charac- • North Saskatchewan River Basin Pollution: 1 The contribution of sub- does not exceed the rate at which they teristics that are significantly different • South Saskatchewan River Basin stances from human activities that may can be substituted with comparable from other areas in the basin. • Milk River Basin make the environment less suitable for renewable resources, and if critical nat- • Beaver River Basin desired uses. ural capital is not eroded. • Hay River Basin

Southern Alberta Landscapes: MEETING THE CHALLENGES AHEAD92 STATE OF THE LANDSCAPE REPORT Glossary Glossary of Terms as Used in the State of the Landscape Report

Surface Water: 2 Refers to water bod- ies such as lakes, ponds, wetlands, and W streams. It may also refer to sub-surface water with a direct and immediate Water Quality: 1 The chemical, biologi- hydrological connection to surface cal and physical characteristics of water, water (for example, water in a well usually with respect to its suitability for beside a river). a particular purpose.

Sustainability: 8 The process of manag- Water Quality Guideline: A numerical ing biological resources (e.g., timber, concentration or narrative statement fish) to ensure replacement by regrowth for a substance or characteristic recom- or reproduction before another harvest mended to support or maintain a desig- occurs; a balance between economic nated water use. It is assumed that if growth and environmental and natural the guideline is exceeded, there could resource protection. be risk to aquatic life or other uses.

Sustainable Development: 4 Defined Watershed: 8 All lands enclosed by a by the Brundtland Commission as continuous hydrologic-surface drainage "development that meets the needs of divide and lying upslope from a specified the present, without compromising the point on a stream. ability of future generations to meet their own needs." T, U, V

Sources of glossary definitions include:

1 from the Northern Rivers Ecosystem Initiative – Synthesis Report glossary 2 from Background information for public consultation on the SSRB draft water management plan 3 from The Economic Impact of the Alberta Forest Industry,Alberta Forest Products Assn., 2005 4 from ImagineCalgary,The City of Calgary Environmental Management, Sustainable Calgary and the Canada West Foundation http://www.imaginecalgary.ca/public/reading_room/glossary/index.php 5 from Statistics Canada, http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/Products/Reference/dict/geo008.htm 6 from Alberta Natural Heritage Information Centre 7 from Government of Canada, www.pnr-rpn.ec.gc.ca/nature/endspecies/sar/db08s01.en.html 8 from Sustainable Resource and Environmental Management

Southern Alberta Landscapes: MEETING THE CHALLENGES AHEAD93 STATE OF THE LANDSCAPE REPORT