1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 10381 and for other purposes; to the Committee on Interstate and The Chief Clerk called the roll, and the following Senators Foreign Commerce. answered to their names: By Mr. STEAGALL: Adams Ellender Lodge Schwellenbach Andrews Frazier Lundeen Sheppard H. R. ·10361'. A bill to provide for increasing the lending Ashurst George McCarran Shipstead authority of the Export-Import Bank of Washington, and Austin Gerry McKellar Smathers for other purposes; to the Committee on Banking and Barbour Gibson McNary Smith Barkley Gillette Maloney Stewart Currency. Bone Glass Mead Taft Bridges Green Miller Thomas, Idaho Brown Guffey Minton Thomas, Okla. PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS Bulow Gurney Murray Thomas, Utah Burke Hale Neely Tobey Under clause 1 of rule XXII, private bills and resolutions Byrd Harrison Norris Townsend were introduced and severally referred as follows: Byrnes Hatch Nye Truman By Mr. McLEOD: Capper Hayden O'Mahoney Tydings Chandler Herring Overton Vandenberg H. R.10362. A bill for the relief of Fred W. Melle; to the Chavez Hill Pepper Van Nuys Committee on Claims. Clark, Idaho Holman Pittman Wagner Clark, Mo. Holt Radcliffe Walsh By Mr. BARRY: _ Connally Johnson, Calif. Reed Wheeler H. Res. 569 (by request). Resolution to provide for an in­ Danaher Johnson, Colo. Reynolds White Donahey King Russell Wiley vestigation of the proceedings of the Court of Inquiry of the Downey Lee Schwartz United States Army in the case of Capt. William R. F. Bleak­ ney; to the Committee on Military Affairs. Mr. MINTON. I announce that the Senator from North Carolina [Mr. BAILEY], the Senator from Alabama [Mr. BANKHEAD], the Senator from Mississippi [Mr. BILBO], the PETITIONS, ETC. Senator from Arkansas [Mrs. CARAWAY], the Senator from Delaware [Mr. HUGHES], and the Senator from Illinois [Mr. Under clause 1 of rule XXII, petitions and papers were SLATTERY] are necessarily absent from the Senate. -laid on the Clerk's desk and referred as follows: The Senator from Illinois [Mr. LucAs] is in camp with 9171. By Mr. CARTER: Resolution of Bayshore Local No. the Illinois National Guard, and is, therefore, unavoidably 255, International Brotherhood of Pulp Sulphite and Paper detained. Mill Workers, American Federation of Labor, urging the Mr. AUSTIN. I announce that the Senator from Pennsyl­ enactment of proper legislation for the control of the "fifth vania [Mr. DAVIS] is absent on public business. column" operating in our country; to the Committee on Im­ The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Eighty-seven Senators migration and Naturalization. haVing answered to their names, a quorum is present. 9172. Also, resolution of the Central Labor Council of Ala­ EDITORIAL POLICY OF WALLACE'S FARMER AND IOWA HOMESTEAD-­ meda County, Oakland, Calif., urging that Congress legislate PERSONAL STATEMENT curbing subversive elements in our country; to the Committee Mr. GILLETTE. Mr. President, day before yesterday I on Immigration and Naturalization. asked unanimous consent, which was granted, to have in­ 9173. By Mr. REES of Kansas: Petition of the Lions Club, serted in the RECORD an editorial from the current issue of district 17 of Kansas; to the Committee on Military Affairs. Wallace's Farmer and Iowa Homestead, which is published 9174. By Mr. THOMAS of Texas: Letter of Louis Garland in my State, at Des Moines, Iowa. Several Senators have Bailey July 29, 1940, of Houston, Tex., on compulsory mili­ inquired whether the editorial in any way reflected the views tary-tfaining law; to the Committee on Military Affairs. of the candidate for Vice President on the Democratic ticket, 9175. By Mr. VAN ZANDT: Petition of the Junior Order the present Secretary of Agriculture, or whether he has any­ of Mechanics, Warren G. Harding Camp, No. 372, Altoona, thing to do with the editorial columns of the publication. Pa., expressing opposition to the compulsory military-train­ In fairness to him, I wish to state publicly that he has noth­ ing bill; to the Committee on Military Affairs. ing to do with the editorial policy of that publication, and I 9176. By the SPEAKER: Petition of Morris Ivry, of Brook­ am sure that the editorial statement which I placed in lyn, N.Y., and others, petitioning consideration of their reso­ the RECORD does not reflect the views of the Secretary of lution with reference to naval ships and destroyers; to the Agriculture. Committee on Naval Affairs. DISPOSITION OF EXECUTIVE PAPERS The PRESIDENT pro tempore laid before the Senate letters from the Archivist of the United States, transmitting, pur­ SENATE suant to law, lists of papers and documents on the files of the Departments of the Interior, of Agriculture, the United States THURSDAY, AUGUST 15, 1940 Civil Service Commission, the Federal Works Agency, Work Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Mr. DOWNEY. I yield first to the Senator from Nevada. and Nevada. Mr. McCARRAN. I wish only to add a word from my study There sits on my extreme left here the able junior Senator of the subject to the explanation made by the able Senator from Nevada [Mr. McCARRAN]. Presiding with dignity and from Arizona, who has always been solicitous of the metal fairness over the Senate at this moment is the senior Senator miners of America. from Nevada [Mr. PITTMAN]. How do they like the idea of Mr. ASHURST. I thank the Senator. the importation of manganese with many manganese mines in their States that can produce high-grade ore? Mr. ·McCARRAN. For the last 6 years we have been try­ To continue the list, manganese is also produced in New ing to encourage manganese mining in the United States. Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, My colleague, the able President pro tempore of the Senate, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, and Tennessee. who presides over the Senate at this moment,· joined me and Manganese is found in Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, the Representative from Nevada in making frequent calls Washington, and Wyoming. upon those in authority with the purpose of seeing if we, might Mr. President, a vast deal of misinformation and erroneous preserve the right of American miners to work in the manga­ propaganda have been sent forth alleging that there is very nese industry. But we have been confronted with the same little low-grade manganese ore in the United States and that statement that was repeated by the Senator from Arizona­ there is even a still smaller quantity of high.:.grade manga­ that we did not have manganese deposits, or that our manga­ nese deposits were of too low a grade. We were confronted nese ore in the United States; thus the impression has been with that statement during the argument over the reduction created in some quarters that our steel manufacturers would of the tariff on manganese. The tariff on manganese was dwindle and would probably disappear if the steel interests reduced 50 percent, but Brazil was not the beneficiary. The depended upon the United States for their manganese, but the ·argument was made that the tariff should be reduced under very reverse is true, to wit, there is an abundance of man­ the good-neighbor policy for the benefit of Brazil, but there­ ganese ore, both of the high grade and the low grade, in the sult was that, under the most-favored-nation clause, Russia, United States. being able to produce manganese much cheaper than it could Within the past few years chemistry and metallurgical be produced in Brazil, was able to export manganese to this methods for beneficiating these manganese ores have made country, which put the Brazil industry out of business so far enormous progress. Indeed, these discoveries and advances as the United States was concerned. American manganese in chemistry, geophysics, metallurgy, and chemical engineer­ miners, who could be working for a decent wage and main­ ing within the past 20 years are so dazzling that they almost taining American standards of living, have been put out of rival the old dream of the Alembic, and when we invoice and business. catalog the recent great discoveries in science we feel that Aladdin's Lamp and the Purse of Fortunatus in comparison I am grateful to the Senator from California for yielding. are tame and prosaic. To this generation has been given Mr. DOWNEY. I yield now to the Senator from South the keys to the kingdom of the material world. Dakota. No well-informed man would attempt to delimit the bound­ Mr. GURNEY. Mr. President, I desire to bring to the at­ aries of chemical science or deny that the quiet laboratory tention of the Senator from Arizona and the Senate the fact may signify more agencies for national defense and more that in 1929 a survey of manganese production in South potentialities for the victories of peace than a whole regiment, Dakota showed resources of approximately a hundred million and that sometimes a timid and bespectacled chemist is as tons, and that we were using about a million tons a year: important in bringing about victory in war or in advancing A recent survey conducted by our own colleges in South peaceful pursuits and mobilizing the resources of civilization Dakota, to some extent backed by the Bureau of Mines, shows as are bankers, parliamentarians, and government execu­ a higher grade ore than developed bY the survey made some tives. Just so, within the past two decades, scientific chem­ 10 or 11 years ago. In fact, we in South Dakota now believe istry now beneficiates manganese ores, and these manganese­ that that ore is of sufficiently high enough grade so that it ore deposits of our o.wn country are ample to supply the needs can be mined economically. and requirements of our industries. A few years ago, at about the time the reciprocal-trade Therefore, when we are told in lugubrious jeremiads that treaty with Brazil went into effect, the tariff was lowered there is not a sufficient quantity of manganese in the United to a point which caused development to be stopped in our States for our industries, we reply to such a plea of pessimism State. A company had started production, or started sur­ and defeatism that the prospector and miner, that science veys, took options, and spent ·about $400,000. Af that par­ and chemistry, refute such doleful assertions. Science and ticular moment the tariff was reduced to $5.60 a ton, thereby her wizardries may with confidence be depended upon to making it impossible to continue with that de-velopment in beneficiate our manganese ores. · the State of South Dakota, where there is a supply sufficient Mr. MILLER. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? for 100 years, and therefore that company's investment was Mr. ASHURST. I am ashamed to trespass further on the lost. I thank the Senator from California for yielding to me patience of the Senator from California. · so I could make that statement. 10386_ CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE AUGUST 15 Mr. ASHURST. Mr. President, I thank the Senator from Location of manganese deposits-Continued California for being so generous in allowing me to speak in his time. District County ExHIBIT A Location of manganese deposits CALIFORNU.-continued Wolf Creek.------Nevada. District County Bear River------Do. Yankee Jim ______------Placer. Quincy, Crescent Mills, Taylorsville, and Greenville ______Plumas. ALABAMA Ironwood. ______~ ______------_ Riverside. Woodstock ______------Bibb. Maria Mountains------Do. Rock Run-Borden Springs ______Cherokee-Cleburne. Elsinore ___ ------Do. Shinbone Valley_------Clay. 18 to 23 miles east of Tres Pinos______San Benito. Walnut Grove ______------Etowah-Blount. 31 miles southeast of Tres Pinos------Do. Etowah. 13 miles northeast of Hollister______Do. Keener------43 miles north of Parker ______San Bernardino. .ARfZONA 10 miles north of Drennan------Do. Tombstone __ ------_------Cochise. Newberry ___ ------Do. Warren (Bisbee) ______------Do Ludlow------Do. Pine district, 56 miles southwest of Winslow_------Coconino. Needles______Do. 15 miles northeast of Canyon Diablo ______Do. Owl Holes._------Do. Globe ____ ------Gila. Boulevard ___ ------__ ------San Diego. Fort Thomas __ ------­ Graham. Corral Hollow __ ------San Joaquin. MorencL __------Greenlee. San Simeon------San Luis Obispo. Ash Peak ______------Do. San Luis and Los Osos ------~------Do. Big Horn Mountains ___ ------Maricopa. Arroyo Grande ______------Do. 2 miles east of Bosque.------Do. Atascadero and Cambria------Do. 18 miles southwest of SentineL------Do. Santa Barbara ______------Santa Barbara. 12 miles southeast of Columbia·------­ Do. Red Mountain and Milpitas______Santa Clara. Owens (Williams River), 45 to 53 miles west of Congress Mohave. 24 to 34 miles south of Livermore______Do. Junction. Madrone ______------Do. 33 miles west of Congress Junction_------­ Do. Harrison Gulch ___ ------__ . Shasta. Colorado River, 42 miles north of Parker------~-- Do. Heroult ______------·------__ Do. 16 miles east of Searchlight, Nev __------Do. Yreka and Fort Jones------Siskiyou. Topock district, 9 miles south of Topock ______Do. Klamathon ___ ------Do. Florence district, 12 miles southeast of Florence ______Pinal. Callahan Gulch ______------__ Do. Superior ______------______------Do. Pinefiat______------_____ ------Sonoma. Old Hat district, 12 to 16 miles south of Winkelman ______Do. 20 miles northeast of Geyservme_ ------Do. Table Mountain district, 10 miles east of Mammoth ______Do. 9 miles west of Geyserville_------Do. Patagonia district, 12 miles south of Patagonia ______Santa Cruz. 2 miles northwest of Mark West Springs______Do. Mayer district, 12 miles southeast of Mayer ______.Yaeapai. Ingraham and Hospital Canyon ______Stanislaus. Aguila district, 9 miles northwest of Aguila __ ------Do. Paskenta. ______------Tehama. 23 miles northeast of Hot Springs Junction ______Do. Brushy Mountain_------Trinity. Bouse district, 6 miles east of Bouse ______Yuma. Ellsworth, 32 miles southwest of Salome_------Do. ~~pdh.!,~~J~~~==:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: gg: Do. Milo______Tulare. 122 miles miles east northwest of Ligurta of Midway_------______Do. Lindsay ___ ------Do. Chinese CamP------Tuolumne. ARKANSAS Sonora.------______------Do. Cushman. __ ------Independence. Glenwood ____ ------Pike. COLORADO Brushy, Brooks, and Hogpen Mountain ______Do. Statehouse, Sugar Tree, and Leader Mountain ______Do. Salida district, 10 miles north of Salida______Chaffee. Hanna Range and Shadow Rock Mountain ______Polk. Silver Cliff ______------Custer. Red Cliff ____ ------______------Eagle. CALIFORNIA ' Wellsville district, 2 miles east of Wellsville ______Fremont. Ohio City __ ------______------Gunnison. Livermore-Tesla district, 8 to 12 miles southeast of Liver- Alameda. Cebolla Valley, 2 miles south of Powderhorn post office ~ -- - Do. more. Sapinero ______Do. Defender ______------_ Amador. Steuben Valley_------Do. Pioo Grove, Volcano, and Oleta ______:__ Do. Spring Creek_------Do. Mountain Springs ___ ------Do. White Pine ___ ------__ ------Do. Clipper Mills and Lumpkin __ ------Butte. Capital City___ ------Hinsdale. Murphy's, Collierville, and Sheep Ranch ______Calaveras. Pearl ______------Jackson. Copperopolis, Keystone, and Gopher Ridge ______Do. Leadville ______------__ Lake. San Andreas ______------__ Do. 15 miles east of Moffat_------Saguache. Diamond Springs and Placerville ______Eldorado. Klondyke district, 50 miles west of Plarerville ______San Miguel. Squaw Valley ______------___ _ Fresno. Cripple Creek ___ ------Teller. Watts Valley and Sycamore __ ------Do. 6 miles northwest of Stonyford------Glenn. GEORGIA 3Fort miles Seward north ___ of ______Arcata------______Humboldt. Cartersville ______Bartow. Do. Rid~e Blue and Cherrylog ______Fannin and Gilmer. Charles Mountain district, 20 miles northeast of Fort Humboldt. 1 Seward. Cave Sprmgs ______------Floyd and Polk Fort Baker district 25 to 30 miles east of Carlotta______Do. Fnion Point and Robinson------Greene and Taliaferro Chocolate Mountams,1 29 to 33 miles northeast of Glamis __ _ Imperial. . Mount Airy __------·------Hahersbam . Wiley Well ______Do. ' Draketown __ ------___ ------Haralson and Pauld· State Range district, 10 miles north of Trona______Inyo. ing . . . Bowersville ______·------Hart and Franklin. 32 miles west of Zabriskie_ ------Do. Lincolnton ______----______-----__ -----_ Randsburg ______------______Kern. Lincoln. Blue Lakes and Witter Springs ______Doogan Mountain ______- ~ ------___ _ Murray. Lake. Whitfield and Catoosa. 10 miles north of Upper Lake------Do. Cohutta a::1d Tunnel HilL __ ·------13 miles east of Pieta ______Do. Cobb Mountain, Geyser, and other districts, 25 to 30 miles Do. IDAHO northeast of Calistoga. 1 mile north of Soda Springs __ ------Bannock. Arabella and other districts, 40 to 46 miles north of Calistoga_ Do. 2 to 3 mile!' southeast of Sturgill, Oreg______Wa;:;hington: 18 miles west of Rumsey------Do. Do. ¥!~lg~~-~~~~~~======:::::::::::::=::::::::::::::::: Los Angeles. MAINE Sierra Pelona __ ------Do. Blue HilL ______: ______: __ ------__ Hancock. OneaL ______-----______Madera. Coarse Gold ______------Do. MARYLAND 8 miles north of San RafaeL------Marin. Coulterville______------Mariposa. Dargan ______-----__ ------_____ ---- Washington. Do. Sweetwater ______------~------lliCHIGAN Calpella and Redwood------Mendocino. Sanhedrin Mountains and Willetts ______Do. Stambaugh______Iron. 22 and 35 miles east of Dos Rios ______Do. Spy Rock------­ Do. ){INNEgOTA. Do. Longvale. __ ------Cuynna Range------Crow Wing. Mina ______------Do. Bland Cove _____ ------~ Do. ~~~~~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: St. ~~ Largo ______------Do. 8 miles north of Cloverdale.. ------Do. :MISSISSil'PI Covelo, Woodman, and Dos Rios ______Do. Winborn______.;______Benton. 26 miles east of Tres Pinos __ ------Merced. Dogtown. ______------_ Mono. San Carpojoro Creek ______------___ _ Monterey. )(ISSOURI Monticello ______------_------______Napa. Calistoga _____ ------_ Do. Pilot Knob and Iron. Rutherford ______------Do. ComwalL------Arcadia------Madison. 1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 10387"

Location of manganese deposits-Continued Location of manganese deposits-Continued

District County District County

TENNESSEE-continued MONTANA Stony Creek ______------Carter. Hampton ______~ ______4 miles west of Melrose------Beaverhead. Do. Ne ibart ______------_---- _-- ___ ----_----- Cascade. DNewpoel Riort--- ______------_ Cocke. Bozeman, Elk Creek._------__ Gallatin. Do. Philipsburg------Granite. WashRutledge burn ______------__ ------_ Grainger. 7 miles southwest of HalL------Do. Do. Wickes. ______------Jefferson. Hayesville ____ ------______------___ _ Greene. Wigwam Creek, 42 miles south of Norris------Madison, JBoatmanefferson ______Ridge------_ Hamblen. 7 miles southeast of Norris_------­ Do. Jefferson. Point of Rocks, 3 miles south of Renova __ ------Do. Shady Valley ______------___ ------_ Johnson. Do. Mountain City_------Do. Varney ____ ------~------Butler ______------______------: ______Castle ____ _------Meagher. Knoxville ______._-______Do. 1 mile north of Bonita------Missoula. Knox. Butte. ___ ------Silver Bow. Do. i~~~~~~-~~ ~ ~ ~ ======·======Loudon. NEVADA AthensFork Creek ______Knobs------______Do. McMinn. 15 to 18 miles southeast of Las Vegas------Clark. McMinn ______~ ______12 miles southeast of Shafter ______Do. Elko. Sweetwater------­ Monroe. 16 miles south of Jasper Siding ______Do. 5 to 7 miles south of Goldfield ______Tellico Plains------Do. Esmerelda. Sevier. EurekaGolconda ______------______------______,: ______Eureka. ~~~J~~ ~ -_ ~ ~ ======·======Unicoi. Humboldt. Bumpass Cove ______------____ _ Do. 20 miles south of Mill City------·--- Do. 22 miles southwest of Stonehouse ______Do. TEXAS Austin12 miles ______southwest of Golconda_------_ Do. 5 miles north of Llano ______Llano. :Pioche ______Lander. 12 miles northeast of Mason______Mason. Lincoln. 11 miles southeast of Langtry_------Valverde. Jack Rabbit district, 14 miles north of Pioche ______Do. 24 miles east of Vigo ______Do. UTAH 1 mile southwest of Sodaville ______Mineral. Do. 12 miles south of Green River ______128 miles miles east northeast of Rand of ----Schurz------______Emery. Do. Little. Grande district, 6 to 12 miles southwest of Floy ------Grand . . 70 miles northeast of Tonopah------~ ------Nye. · 16 miles south of FloY------Do. 3 miles south of Carson City------·------Ormsby. Modena · ·. Iron. Ely ___ ------White Pine. . Detroit Cifstl-ict,-26 -to 28-illfies -Iicirth-west -or Lucerne~~======Juab. SiegeL ______------_____ --______--___ ----_------Do. Manning Creek, near Marysvale ______Piute. Durkee district, 8 miles southeast of Elsinore ______Do. NEW 1ERSEY 8 miles northwest of Mount Pleasant ______Sanpete. Annandale______Hun terdon. Alta ______------______------_------Salt Lake. Franklin Furnace ______------__ : ------Sussex. Summit. ~~Iii2! ~=~ ~ _-_-_-_-_ ~ ~ ~ ======Tooele. West Tintic or Erickson district, 31 to 33 miles north of Do. NEW MEXICO Lucerne. Rincon _____ ------Dona Ana. 70 miles south of Green River, Wyo ______Uinta. 8 miles northwest of Rincon ______Do. 10 miles southwest of LehL ______Utah. Fierro ______-___ -_------_------Grant. Tintic . ____ --_------Do. Silver City ______------__ ------_____ ------Do. 6 miles south of Huntsvi1le ______Weber. Cap Rock Mountain ______------_-----__ ------_ Do. Florida Mountains------·------Luna. VERMONT Cooks Range __ ------Do. South Wallingford ___ ------Rutland. 4 miles northeast of Santa Fe ______Santa Fe. New Placers district, 18 miles northwest of Stanley ______Do. Hillsboro ______: ______Covington. ______. ______VIRGINIA _ Sierra. Alleghany. Kingston district. ·28 miles northwest, of Lake Valley ______Do. Crimora______------= ____ ------______Augusta. Lake Valley_------Do. Lyndhurst ______~ _____ --___ ---__ - __ ------~------Do. Hot Springs district, 18 miles southwest of Engle______Do. Suiter ______------______------___ ------____ _ Bland. Derry ______Do. Do. Socorro Mountains ______------______Socorro. ~~t~n~n~~=====~=~~~~======~~======Botetourt. San Lorenzo ___ ------______: ______-----_ Do. Lynchburg __----- ______------__ Campbrll. Magdalena ____ ------_ Do. Otter River_------______------____ _ Do. Luis Lopez ___ ------Do. N ewcastJe ______------______------______Craig. Scott~ville ______------____ ------Fluvanna. NORTH CAROLINA Star Tannery_------______------______------Frederick. Jefferson------Ashe. Flat Top ______------_--- ~ ------___ ------Giles. Shooting Creek ______------__ ------___ _ Cherokee. Louisa. ___ • ______---·- _____ ------_------___ ------___ _ Louisa. Kings Mountain___ ------______Cleveland. Warminster------Nelson. Hot Springs ______------_------__ ------Madison. Stanley ______------______------__ Page. Surry. Pulaski ______! _____ ·------~ BrevardMount Airy ____ -- ______------•------" ______·.:: ______"--- _ Pulaski. Transylvania. ElktonMidvale ______: ______------__ _------___ ------_ Rock bridge. Rockingham. OKLAHOMA Powells Fort ___ ------___ ------______------__ _ Shenandoah. Bromide. ______·______------__ Johnston. Bonnet Hill ____ ------______Do. West He Mountain------McCurtain. · Rye Valley __ ~- .: ------: ______Smythe. Pine Springs------~------· Do. Tip Top_. ______------__-----~------_------___ _ Tazewell. Hochatown ___ ------__ Do. Tannersville------Do. Front Royal_ ------______: ______------_ Warren. OREGON Cripple Creek .. ______------_------_ Wythe. Durkce.and Pleasant Valley_------Baker. WASHINGTON 12 miles northeast of Rogue River ______Jackson. Grays Harbor. 4 miles east of Rogue River __ ------Do. ~~Je~u~~t or "QUilcene~ ======~======Jefferson. Lake Creek district, 11 to 18 miles east of Eagle Point ______Do. 2 miles notthwest of Hoodsport_------·--- Mason. ' Wagner ______Do. 3 miles northwest of Omak ______Okanogan. Watkins district, 43 miles southwest of Grants Pass ______Josephine. 6 miles south of .Anacortes ------~ ------Skagit.

Iron ton ______PENNSYLVANIA______----______Lehigh. WYOMING 38 miles northeast of Medicine Bow ______.______Albany. SOUTH CAROLINA 10 miles north of Sundance______Crook. Abbeville______A bbeYille. McCormick ___ ------Do. Mr; DOWNEY. Mr. President, I wish to congratulate the SOUTH DAKOTA distinguished Senator from Arizona on raising the question Hellgate Canyon, 13 miles southwest of Custer______Custer. Lead ____ -----_--__ ------____ --___ --______Lawrence. of strategic war materials. It is my own opinion that in this question are involved more vital issues than even in the TENNESSEE . preparation of our military forces, and I hope that the dis-. Copper Ridge ______-----____ ------_ Anderson. Green back ______Blount. tinguished Senator from Arizona [Mr. AsHURST] will carrY: Chilhowee Mountain ___ :______Do. on the discussion at greater length, as it is of vital impor­ Louisvillec______------=------Do. 'l'uckaleeche Cove __ ------Do. tance to. us all. . . Charleston ______-----______----______Bradley. Mr. President, I have pending an amendment to the pro..; Cleveland. ______------~ ~------___ _ Do. Whiteoak Mountain------~---'-- Do. posed measure 'for compulsory military training,· wh:.ch, in , 10388 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE AUGUST 15 brief, provides that the President of the United States shall It has been argued by certain of the proponents of the begin construction of ·superhighway systems in the United measure that it is a democratic proposal because it wiH draft States, under the supervision of the military, to the fullest from all classes without regard to their status. Able argu­ extent necessary to eliminate all unemployment, provision ments have been made pointing out the injury to an employed being made that any young men who are given military train­ man who may be taken away from his work for a period of a ing shall be given preferential right of employment in such year; but it is my opinion that we should realistically face the highway construction work upon their leaving the camps. fact that the way the measure will work out, whether it be I now request that the clerk read the amendment so that for good or evil, will be to select 75 or 80 percent of the the Senate may be advised more particularly about what I trainees from among our unemployed, and at the end of their am speaking. service will return them to a jobless world, their condition The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The clerk will read. more desperate and unhappy than even before. The CHIEF CLERK. On page 30, at the end of section 12, it Why do I make the statement that the bill, if it should be­ is proposed to insert the following new section: come a law, would probably take an overwhelming proportion SEc. 13. (a) In order to provi.de additional facilities for the na­ from among the unemployed? In the first place, Mr. Presi­ tional defense, improve the instrumentalities of interstate commerce, dent, there is a far greater proportion of our unemployed promote the public safety, stimulate business recovery and the na­ tional income, develop outlets for our national savings, increase among the young men of the Nation who have come out into the public revenues, and eliminate unemployment, the President. is the industrial world since 1929 than among any other group authorized to provide for the construction, maintenance, and ad­ of our citizens. The most conservative figures in relation to ministration of an integrated system of supersafety highways the frustrated, jobless youth of our country are so discourag­ throughout the United States, together with such air fields and military bases as he may deem advisable. The plans and specifica­ ing and appalling that we no longer have the courage to state tions for such highway system, which shall include at least three and face the facts. transcontinental supersafety highways running east and west and I wish to read a statement showing the number of unem­ at least three such highways running north and south, shall be. pre­ ployed among our young people, not from any liberal, com­ pared under the direction of the President by such agency or agen­ cies as he may designate after consultation and agreements with munistic, or visionary organization. What I am about to representatives of the appropriate authorities of the various States read comes from Fortune magazine, a publication which re­ with respect to the location, building, and maintenance of such tails to the successful of the world at a dollar a copy, The highways. All such plans and specifications shall be submitted to the President for final approval. The construction of any highways authority for the statement in Fortune is an organization for which the plans and specifications are so approved shall be under endowed by Rockefeller money. So the figures I shall give the direction and supervision of the Secretary of War and the Chief are not my figures or those of any radical group but proceed of Engineers of the Army, and the amount of such construction to from a conservative authority. This is what appears in be undertaken during each of the 10 fiscal years, commencing with the fiscal year 1941, shall be determined by the President with a view Fortune magazine for May 1940: to restoring full employment to the people of the United States at Statistics tell a gloomy enough tale of youth, no matter what the earliest practicable date. In selecting persons for employment in the agency that gathers them. According to D. L. Harley, of the connection with highway construction, under this section prefer­ American Youth Commission, there were in November 1937 some ence shall be given to the persons inducted for training and service 3,900,000 young people in the 15-24 age group who were out of as provided for in this act who have satisfactorily complerted the school, actively seeking work and, save for a half million in emer­ required period of such training and service and who have received gency employment, entirely without jobs. certificates under section 8 (a.) of this act. · This figure, which accounts for a third to a half of our total (b) In order to provide the necessary funds for the construction unemployment, is bad enough, but it does not include what Mr. of such integrated highway system the Reconstruction Finance Cor­ Harley estimates as one and a half millfon youths employed in poration is authorized and directed to make available to the Secre­ part-time jobs, or a half million presumably anxious to be doing tary of War such sums as the President may from time to time re­ something but not actively on the labor market. quest for such purpose, and the aggregate amount of notes, bonds, debentures, and other such obligations which the Corporation is Mr. TAFT. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? authol'ized to issue and have outstanding at any one time under the Mr. DOWNEY. I yield. provisions of law in force on the date of enactment of this act is Mr. TAFT. I obtained figures from Mr. Hanna, chief of hereby increased by an amount sufficient to carry out the provisions of this section: Provided, That any such obligations issued by the editorial research of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, which Corporation for the purposes of this subsection may mature not seem to contradict or are very different from those presented more than 60 years from their respective dates of issue. by the Senator. Roughly speaking, of the 11,300,000 between (c) The Secretary of the Treasury is authorized and directed to pay to the Reconstruction Finance Corporation from time to time, the ages of 21 and 31, who are to be registered, these figures upon request of the board of directors of the Corporation and with show that the number fully employed is about 8,700,000, and the approval of the Federal Loan Administrator, such sums as may that the total entirely unemployed is only 1,600,000. There be necessary for payment by the Corporation of the principal of are about 1,000,000 in part-time employment. Those figures and interest on any obligations issued by the Corporation for the purposes of subsection (b) of this section; and there are hereby do not seem to be in accord with the figures presented by the authorized to be appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury not Senator from California. . otherwise appropriated, such sums as may be necessary for making Mr. DOWNEY. No; and I may say that I am sure that the such payments. . (d) The Secretary of the Treasury and the Reconstruction Finance figures the Senator has given, which I heard him recite yes­ Corporation shall submit to the Congress in January of each year terday, are totally erroneous and out of line with any authority their recommendations with respect to the most appropriate method I know of. of providing the funds for making the payments required by sub­ section (c) of this section. Mr. TAFT. I obtained them from the Bureau of Labor (e) The President is authorized to make such rules and regUla­ Statistics. They are based on the Biggers unemployment tions as may be necessary to ca,rry out the provisions of this section. census, which was taken 2 years ago, and which I think is (f) The President is further authorized, with the consent and co­ generally accepted as the best census of unemployment in the operation of the Governments of Mexico and the other republics in North America, to provide for the construction of such highways in United States. Mexico and such other republics as will aid in the defense of the Mr. DOWNEY. I will say to the distinguished Senator Panama Canal and North America. from Ohio that I was not by any implication criticizing him. On page 30, line 13, after the word "act", it is proposed to I have had no opportunity to examine that authority. I know insert "except the provisions of section 13." nothing about those figures. I have personally polled many On page 30, line 9, it is proposed to change "13" to "14", and high-school graduating classes; and the condition of large in line 17, to change "14" to "15." numbers of high-school graduates out in the world for 2, 3, 4, Mr. DOWNEY. Mr. President, it seems to me that the or 5 years is literally appalling. arguments which have been presented in the Senate . and Mr. TAFT. I do not mean to say that the situation is not before committees, and likewise in newspaper editorials, have serious. It is; but I do not think unemployment among the proceeded upon somewhat of a misconception, on the assump­ younger group, under the age of 30, is any worse than it is in tion that the pending measure, if it shall become a law, will the group over 30, or that the percentage is any higher. I say operate to a great extent among the employed young men of that the figures of the unemployment census and of the Bu­ the Nation. reau of Labor Statistics are infinitely better authority than 1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 10389 Fortune magazine and that there can be no comparison Mr. DOWNEY. I yield to the Senator from Montana. between the two. Mr. WHEELER. I have heretofore quoted from the testi­ Mr. DOWNEY. Let me say to the distinguished Senator mony of General Shedd. -General Shedd said that what the that I can present other authorities to the same effect, show­ Army wanted to do was to take the unimportant man, and ing even a more desperate condition. I feel confident that the that it would, of course, not take the important man. Then statement the Senator has read is an understatement. Mr. I referred to the fact that in the last draft the boards were President, I am confident that there is a very heavy percent­ instructed to take the farm worker, the jobless, and the man age of id.}eness among the men who came into industry since who lived on his wife and who habitually beat up his wife­ the depr-ession. I think the distinguished Senator from Ohio perhaps that is not accurate-but, at any rate, they were should realize that that would have to be true. We have taking them exactly from that class. been in a critical condition since 1929. Should we not expect I should like, if the Senator will permit me, to read a the older men who are beginning to lose their efficiency and statement which appeared in the newspaper last night. It the younger men who entered work after the depression be­ reads: gan to be the principal ones to feel the ravages of unem­ College students of the Nation were advised by President Roose­ ployment? I can produce several authorities to verify that velt yesterday to continue their studies as a patriotic duty rather than enlist prematurely in the armed services or find work in the statement for the distinguished Senator from Ohio if he so defense industries. desires. The President-'s views were made public at the White House Mr. TAFT. One complaint is that men over 40 have great yesterday in the form of a reply to a memorandum from Paul V. difficulty in obtaining employment. I think the Senator will McNutt in which the Federal Security Administrator reported that find from the figures that perhaps the percentage of unem­ universities faced a serious problem· because students were drop­ ployment among boys during the first year out of high school ping out for patriotic reasons. "Young people should be advised," Mr. Roosevelt wrote "that it is high; but after that it is approximately the same among is their patriotic duty to continue the normal course' of their the young and the older age groups. education unless and until they are called so that they will be Mr. DOWNEY. Mr. President, regardless of which_set of well prepared for greatest usefulness to their country. "They will be promptly notified if they are needed for other figures is accurate, I now desire to point out to the· Senate patriotic services." the fact that necessarily there is a close correlation between unemployment and lack of dependents. A man who is em­ In other words, it seems to me that the President by this ployed, of course, is much more likely to have a wife and statement, basing it upon what Mr. McNutt told him, is saying children to support than is the young man who has ·never to the young man who has money enough to go to college, been able to get a job. Consequently, I think we may safely "Do not enlist; go to college." What will the young man who assume that a large proportion of the men who will be ex­ has not enough money to go to college say? And if the boy who empted because they have dependents will be employed men, has enough money to go to college, or whose parents have and that the men who are unemployed will not have depend­ enough money to send him to college, is to be exempted, what ents and therefore will not be exempted. will the young man say who has not money enough? He will Mr. President, regardless of the two prior facts, I ask Sena­ say, "I am going to be taken; I am going to have to go in the tors to put themselves in the position of the draft boards Army for $21 a month, but the boy whose father has enough which will be sitting in thousands of cities and towns of this money to send him to college is going to be exempted because Nation, where they will have the right to select from an eligi­ it is his patriotic duty to go to college." If that is what it is ble list those who shall be exempted and those who shall go intended to do, then the bill ought to exempt not only all into the training corps. Let us assume that the draft board college students but -those who are about to enter college. in a town of 5,000 has 100 names of young men of that com­ Mr. DOWNEY. I agree entirely with the statement of fact munity presented to it. Let us assume that one-half of tho~e and the conclusion of opinion of the Senator from Montana. are unemployed and one-half employed. Is there any doubt I think the way this proposed law is expected to work out by as to what that draft board will do in making exemptions? those who will administer it is that boys in the universities Will not the draft board say, "Why should we take this man will not be disturbed in their college careers. I am very out of a utility or from a farm or factory for a year when he certain such assurance has already been given to the educa­ is already engaged in work, when we have another young man tional leaders of this Nation. who has no work at all, and who will be able to receive train­ Let me say that I can see a degree of reasonableness in such ing and wages if he goes into the training camp?" a plan. I can understand in the case of a large group of Mr. President, do we not know what many employers of young men who have no work, who are earning no money, who young men in that town would say to the draft board? are dependent upon relatives, that someone could reasonably Would they not say, "We have spent a year or 5 years in say, "Well, we are merely helping them by giving them a year training this young man; exempt him; take the young man of training with some small wages besides. Why let them who is unemployed, who may be dependent upon his parents, continue jobless while we disrupt the life of the employed who may be a burden upon someone." person?" I can see the logic of that; but, Mr. President, h~t Mr. President, we should realistically face the fact that the us examine the other side of the shield. pending measure would select an overwhelming proportion We here in America are using the words "freedom and from among the unemployed men of the Nation. I venture democracy" very loosely. We love to substitute noble plati­ to prophesy that, if the bill becomes a law and goes into tudes for realism. Let us not talk about freedom and democ­ effect, a year from now the figures will indubitably show that racy, splendid as those words are, for the moment; let us talk 75 or 80 percent of the men selected and placed in the train­ about jobs and security and the right of a young man to have ing camps were selected from the jobless class or from the the opportunity of a marriage and a home. partially employed. It is my opinion that most of the young men who are now Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. Mr. President­ jobless, however many there are-and I believe there are mil­ Mr. DOWNEY. I yield. lions of them-have honestly and energetically sought to find Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. Is that not exactly what the work. I have come in contact with hundreds of them begging bill attempts to do? That is as I understand it. only the right to an honest, decent job. Oh, I know, Mr. Pres­ Mr. DOWNEY. Yes. I regret that the Senator from ident, they are not our sons; they are not the sons of our Nebraska [Mr. BURKE], the chief proponent of this measure, friends. That group can find jobs all right; and that is one is not present. He and other advocates of the measure ad­ reason why so many officials here in Washington, insulated mitted to me that the proposed measure would work out not against the realism of this desperate world, do not know the to disrupt employment or to devastate the lives of the boys bitterness and the frustration of the young man who ieaves and men who have jobs, but to assist the unemployed to find high school or college honestly wanting the right to work, but employment by selecting them for the training camps. is denied the simple right to toil with his hands or with his Mr. WHEELER. Mr. President- head. 10390 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE AUGUST 15 Mr. BONE. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? consider what kind of soldiers we will have if we select them Mr. DOWNEY. I yield. from the jobless classes of the Nation? Mr. BONE. On that point I read a story in the newspapers Mr. President, I am firmly of the opinion that a decent, yesterday relating to the testimony, which is not available as persuasive appeal could be made to the unemployed of Amer­ yet for I understand it has not been printed, of Colonel Knox, ica for voluntary enlistment in military training if some against whose confirmation to be Secretary of the Navy I recognition of their problems were made and some hope voted. In testifying before the House committee he said: offered them-not platitudes, but concrete realities. That is The generation which has grown up since the World War- the reason why I have introduced this bill, so that, if enacted, the President of the United States could say to the youug That is, the youngsters of the present day- men who may go into our training camps, "You are a citizen never understood the responsibility that was theirs in a democracy. of this country. We have not dealt very well with you in the Of course, they have had very little opportunity to under­ past, but now we are going to call upon you for a dangerous stand economic responsibility, since millions of them have obligation of citizenship. We are going to begin to prepare had no jobs. Proceeding further, Colonel Knox said that you as a soldier, possibly to fight in desperate defense of your these boys have led "an entirely abnormal life." Nation. One reason for the failure of many democracies has been the "~ut. we guarantee we are assuming a correlative duty or softness of fiber of its youth because they had not been called upon obligatiOn on the part of our sovereign Government. We are for sacrifice. going to ask military service of you, but we are going to I will say to the Senator .from california that I have letters provide you with the guaranteed opportunity to work, so in my office-and I think perhaps it is the common experience that when you come out of a training camp or out of a war of all Senators-not by dozens but by hundreds, from young you will know you will have the chance to work at decent men who have vainly sought for the opportunity to get jobs. wages, create a home, marry, and carve out your own destiny Mr. DOWNEY. I thank the distinguished Senator for his in a constructive living world, instead of living in a world statement, with which I wholeheartedly agree. I proclaim of unemployment, depression, and decay." now that the boys and girls of this generation are just as I am satisfied, Mr. President, that if the Chief Executive fine physical and mental specimens as their fathers and their of the United States should appeal to the unemployed youth grandfathers were. There is only one thing they lack-and of the Nation upon that basis they would respond with that is the opportunity to work at a decent wage under exist­ enthusiasm, loyalty, and courage; and there would pour into ing conditions that will give them security and the right to the ranks of our training camps every month far more men a marriage and a home. than our Army would be able to train and equip. Of course, Mr. President, if Colonel Knox and the others But, Mr. President, my amendment to the pending bill of us permit a world to exist in which men are thrown upon goes far beyond the guaranty of a right to the young man W. P. A. or relief or into the ranks of idleness for years, our who has been given milita:ry training. It would establish people will become softened and broken and devastated. No in this Nation a new and fundamental right for every citizen. man can endure insecurity and break-down of morale for It would write into the basic laws of our country a new obli­ 2 or 3 years, with the frustration that springs from not having gation of society toward its citizens-the duty of society to a place in the world and a job. No man can endure that sort provide the opportunity for work for every American. of thing for any long period-not one within the sound of Yes, Mr. President, in this wealthy, complicated techno­ my voice or anyone else within the United States. logical civilization two new rights must be established-the Of course, thew. P. A. worker may become slack; of course, right of the retired worker to sufficient social dividends to the man on relief ceases to be.a normal citizen; of course, the live in security and peace and the right of the employables boy denied the opportunity to do something and have his place of the Nation to have the opportunity to work at just and becomes, perhaps, lazy and soft; but it is not his fault; it is decent wage. the fault of the leaders of a desperately unhappy civilization Mr. President, I shall later attempt to show, by the opinion who are unwilling to make the effort to open opportunities for of Army experts, that the North American continent, with work and careers for young men. reasonable military defense, is invulnerable to any kind of I should not, perhaps, speak of myself, but when I was a attack from nations 5,000 and 10,000 miles away. I am not boy I found many jobs always open to me. Perhaps they in­ urging that we should not prepare. Of course, we ought to volved hard work and small pay, but they meant security and get the finest air force and Navy and the finest Army that opportunity to have a place in the world. I speak from per~ we need, and get them as rapidly as possible. We should sonal investigation when I say we live in a totally different have started on this program 2 or 3 years ago; but we have world today. started in plenty of time. By this time next year we shall So I say to you, Mr. President, if we are going to take the have 15,000 planes, among the best in the world, and, I think, unemployed youth of the Nation into training camps to make the finest pilots in the world to fiy them; and in the face of them the first line of defense, let us be realistic about it and that power, joined with a reasonable Army and our great examine and face the problem and see what we should do Navy, not a single enemy transport would ever even dare about it. to leave Asiatic or European shores to attempt ·our conquest. In the first place, Mr. President, I wonder what kind of a Not one transport can be landed on the American continent soldier we are going to have when we draft a boy out of idle­ in the face of a superior air force; and by next April, if ness and the frustration and bitterness that must be in his Japan or Germany should be insane enough to send across heart and say to him, "You must take military training for a the Atlantic or the Pacific some great transport armada, it year, and if a war comes your body and your life will be at would be destroyed by our Navy 0r air force before it ever even the command of your military leaders, liable to mutilation and reached our coast line; and when I say that I am saying what destruction." I wonder what that young man is going to every military expert will verify, so far as I know. think. Is he going to believe this society of ours is worth Nevertheless, Mr. President, I am a supreme pessimist. I fighting for? Is he going to make a good soldier? I do not do not think we stand in any. danger of being conquered by know. One person's opinion on these questions is as good as the Mikado or Hitler; but let us proceed for a ·few years another's. But I have said to the General Staff and I have longer increasing public debts without creating correspond­ said to the Military Affairs Committee, "It seems .to me we ing assets, let us wait until this armament boom has ended, ought to reexamine and reappraise this proposition. If we and then, indeed, we shall face an abyss of unemployment are going to go to the· jobless youth of America to find our which should terrify the strongest heart. I say to you with­ Army, what kind of an Army is that type of material going out fear of contradiction that if, for the next 10 years, we to make if war comes, if our soldiers have to risk their safety proceed without any recognition of our fundamental prob­ and their lives to defend this society of ours, with its idleness lems and without any attempt to master them, as we have slums, degradation, and poverty? Should we not carefUlly for the past 10 years, this society, this Government, this 1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 10391 civilization of ours will crash just as surely as we are stand­ of the United States, including General Motors and other ing here today; and doubt it not. manufacturers, in 1 year could produce 100,000 trucks to Is one thought being given by our governmental leaders further motorize our Army. n· may be thought that that to what will happen 2 or 3 or 4 years from now, when we would produce substantial employment. Not so, for it would have sixty or seventy-five or eighty-five or one hundred bil­ not require the building of one factory machine; it would lion dollars of debt, and this crisis is past? Is any considera­ require the employment of only a few thousand more workers tion being given to any domestic problems? I say "No"; in the automobile industry. every concern for our internal welfare is blotted out by the Mr. President, there is one item of manufacture which hysterical fright that some enemy may sweep in here on temporarily will result in the employment of a substantial some "blitzkrieg" from thousands of miles away to devastate number of men, and that is the airplane industry. But the this Nation. experts tell us that when the factories are built the produc­ Mr. President, I wish that I could reassure the American tion of 2,000 airplanes a month will result in the employ­ people by voicing to them what are commonly known facts. ment of approximately 300,000 workers in the airplane in­ Consider that we here· in North America have double the dustry, in the manufacture of both the bodies and the engines, population of Germany. Yes, in Canada, the United States, and perhaps 200,000 more in subsidiary industries. and Mexico there are two persons for every one in Germany. After our munition and airplane factories are once built, And that means if the necessity ever arose that the people and that probably will be accomplished within less than 2 of North America could mobilize twice Germany's military years, I doubt that the production of our military equipment power. And we have far richer factory capacity, far greater will result in the employment of more than a million workers naturaf resources, just as great chemical, technical, and en­ a year. Let us assume we throw into our military forces gineering skill. Yet many o_f our people tremble at the another million and a half American boys beyond what we thought that the Germanic nation may transport military have now. That would mean that, looking ahead 2 years, power 5,000 or 10,000 miles, and construct some sort of a there would be two and a half million of additional man­ base somewhere in this hemisphere and thereafter success­ power employed in military uses. fully invade our territory. Yearly we have 1,250,000 boys, becoming 21 years of age, Mr. President, for years we have been building bases at flowing out into a supersaturated labor market. Probably at the Panama Canal and in the Caribbean. By next April we the height of the armament boom unemployment will not drop will be able to mass there a Navy, airplanes, and an Army, below seven or eight millions. which could devastate any force Germany could ever build We have another factor to consider. In the last 10 years in the New World. For military experts say that when millions of industrial workers have left the great cities, be­ soldiers and material are transported 5,000 miles, a handi­ cause they could not get factory jobs, going back to marginal cap is taken 5 or 10 times over. farm lands, back to rural employment, or to live with the I ·shall not argue that proposition further today because home folks. The Department of Commerce estimates that I have consistently supported adequate military defense. that reservoir of potential idleness comprises millions of men. I shall only pray that our governmental leaders shall realize Perhaps my colleagues have noticed the census reports to the peril of the economic crisis which began in 1929, and is the effect that, outside of New York and Los Angeles and just as severe today as ever, save for a temporary armament Houston, Tex., hardly a great city in the United States gained boom. in population in the last 10 years, and many of them lost Mr. WHEELER. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? substantially. The great cities lost because of the break· Mr. DOWNEY. I yield. down of factory employment, the discharge of millions of Mr. WHEELER: I wish to call the attention of the Senator workers there, and their return to rural regions. Already the to the fact that in 1923 there was the same unemployment in optimistic headlines about armament jobs are luring the men Germany and the same disorganization, except to a greater from the farms back to cities expecting to find jobs in mili­ ·extent, that we have in this country today. They entered tary industries. This flow of men from rural to metropolitan upon an armament program there for the purpose of alleviat­ centers will substantially augment the active idle army. ing the unemployment situation, and that led them to dic­ We now hope to end unemployment by armament manu­ tatorship. They had conscription, they had everything that facture, but our manpower, our wealth, our factory capacity is now proposed here, and they built up a great army, which is so tremendous that to support a great Army and Navy and .Jed them definitely into positive totalitarianism. We are airplane force will absorb only a few million of our youth 'turning away from our home problems. I thoroughly agree and our idle, leaving us with an appalling problem unsolved. with what the Senator says with reference to solving the un­ Mr. BONE. Mr. President-- ·employment question in the United States. I agree with him The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. GURNEY in the chair). entirely that if we do not solve it, if we go on building up mili­ Does ' the Senator from California yield to the Senator from tary armaments, we will go the same way all the other Washington? countries have gone. Mr. DOWNEY. I yield. Mr. DOWNEY. I wholly agree with the Senator from Mr. BONE. I am sure the Senator from California is Montana, save for one qualification: Our wealth and man­ familiar with the writings of Oswald Spengler, concerning power are so tremendous that for us to equal the military whom it is said that he was the greatest philosopher of our might of Germany or to carry out our present plans is not time. He pointed out a number of years ago, I believe in his going to absorb a large part of our manpower or wealth in work Man and Technics, that the supreme and overwhelming a war economy. I grant just what the Senator says, that tragedy of this era was that the labor of human beings was we are now going the self-same way Europe went; but I do not becoming unwanted; that technological change was thrust­ agr.ee that over any extended period we can build enough ing us into an era of such violent, rough change that the battleships or airplanes or munition factories to employ a transition would probably overwhelm us if we were not very ·substantial number of our now idle people. careful. Let us examine some :figures. One of the largest items our I am constrained in some degree to agree entirely with his Army has to acqUire, next to airplanes, is trucks. Perhaps thesis, because today a man, by the aid of labor-saving ma­ for a great Army we might require a hundred thousand addi­ chinery, can produce 50 times what his grandsire could pro­ tional units. Well, it may be thought that building a hun­ duce. The result of all this is merely to complicate his dred thousand trucks would be a heavy burden on our problems and to make his life more tragic for him. economy. Let us see. But speaking of the eastern viewpoint, which comes from General Motors alone has a present production of 200,000 being cloistered and sheltered, I would call the Senate's atten­ trucks a year, and Mr. Sloan has assured us that his com­ tion to "a gem of purest ray serene" appearing today in an pany alone has an unused capacity of 50,000 trucks every editorial published in an ea.Stern newspaper printed in New year beyond that 200,000. Yes; the unused truck capacicy York. It said that if Cang1·ess fooled around with voluntary 10392 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE AUGUST 15 recruiting experiments or "jacked up the Army pay from $21 how large a navy we may build, it will not solve the question to $30, it would be only with the hope of luring a lot of fortune of unemployment. hunters into the Army." · . Mr. President, in 1929 we saw the primary economic crisis Mr. President, I think a statement of that kind is the develop that now engulfs the Nation. About a year ago we supreme tragedy, and certainly an ironical commentary on were thrown into a secondary crisis by this war. Before present-day conditions in beautiful America. The thought we had ever even begun to understand the depression of that would find expression in the editorial of a great news­ 1929, the war threat now frightens and confuses us. paper that boys who saw an opportunity to get the difference Mr. President, I should like to present the possibility of a between $21 and $30 a month would rush into the Army as third crisis that may soon confront us in the hope that Amer­ fortune hunters is about as bad a contemplation of current ican leaders will awaken to the desperate conditions ·which American life as I have ever seen in print. may engulf us in the next 3 or 4 years. I shall read from Mr. WHEELER. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? the New York Times, quoting one of our greatest chemists. Mr. DOWNEY. I yield. I wish to say that, while this article was printed some Mr. WHEELER. That editorial was also published in a 2 months ago, I understand subsequent discoveries show that Washington newspaper, the morning Times-Herald, was it the development indicated in this article is more rapidly not? taking place than suggested in the article. Mr. BONE. It was. I shall read only a short portion of the article, but I ask Mr. WHEELER. Both these newspapers, the Washing­ that the article in full be printed in the RECORD at the con­ ton Times-Herald and the New York newspaper to which the clusion of my speech. Senator referred, in their editorial policies have been very The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so strong advocates of conscription, but when it was sought to ordered. raise the pay in the Army from $21 to $30 they urged that (See exhibit A.) that not be done because "a lot of fortune hunters" would Mr. DOWNEY. I read as follows from this article: want to get into the Army. A natural substance found abundantly in many parts of the Mr. DOWNEY. Mr. President, I was delighted to learn earth, now separated for the first time in pure form, has been found from the statement made by the junior Senator from Ne­ in pioneer experiments at the physics department of Columbia. University to be capable of yielding such energy that 1 pound of it braska [Mr. BuRKE] yesterday that the bill originally em­ is equal in power output to 5,000,000 pounds of coal or 3,000,000 bodied a provision for $5 a month pay, merely as a sort of pounds of gasoline, it became known yesterday. a gesture or joke; I happen to have been on the Senate The discovery was announced in the current issue of the Physical Military Affairs Committee when that question was first Review, official publication of American physicists and one of the leading scientific journals of its kind in the world. discussed, and I expressed my feeling of shock that any Prof. John R. Dunning, Columbia physicist, who headed the civilized society would want to draft men at $5 a month. scientific team whose research led to the experimental proof of the Some of the proponents of the measure I believe went so far vast power in the newly isolated substance, told a colleague, it· was as to intimate that it was a cowardly suggestion that men learned, that improvement in the methods of extraction of the substance was the only step that remained to be solved for its should want money to defend their Nation. I think cer­ introduction as a new source of power. Other leading physicists tain persons even went so far as to intimate that I was agreed with him. guilty of cowardly conduct in suggesting that we ought to A chunk of 5 to 10 pounds of the new substance, a close relative of uranium and known as U-235, would drive an ocean liner or an attempt to pay to our young men going into military service oceangoing submarine for an indefinite period around the oceans somewhat the same wages that would be received for similar of the world without refueling, it was said, for such a chunk would work in civil life. possess the power output of 25,000,000 to 50,000,000 pounds of coal Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. The Senator will recall that or of 15,000,000 to 30,000,000 pounds of gasoline. one of the witnesses who was advocating the $5 a month Mr. President, many of the greatest chemists in the world pay made the statement to the Senator, when he complained now anticipate that within less than 5 years the secret of about the smallness of the wage, "You cannot put a price atomic energy will be ours. Chemists in Germany have prob­ on patriotism." ably gone further than ours in this development. Many of Mr. DOWNEY. Yes; I recall that very distinctly now that their greatest chemists are developing this new form of the Senator from Colorado has mentioned it. I am glad to energy. learn that the proponents of the measure did not intend For the past 50 years scientists have foreseen the .possi­ ultimately to restrict the pay of those who would be con­ bilities of the endless and cheap power which might flow from scripted to that sum of $5 a month, and I am happy indeed atomic energy. Within the past year the final discovery has to have the word of the junior Senator from Nebraska for been made, and if its commercial use becomes an accom­ that fact. plished fact--as conservative scientists of the world now say Mr. President, perhaps some Senators have been consid· it will-we shall see the end of the petroleum industry, the ering that we must not only produce military equipment for coal industry, the utility industry, and many others. We our Army but that we will also have to produce their food, shall again see the face of the earth changed, just as radio, clothing, and shelter. airplanes, and fast transportation have changed it in the past The burden of such support should not alarm us. I can 25 years. assure them that in the State of California we waste or destroy so much farm produce every year that we alone could American businessmen have suggested that any form of provide all the food for all the military forces of the United energy which could be produced so cheaply, and which would states, plus the workers who are producing munitions for destroy great segments of our present businesses, should be them, in addition to what we now market. Yes; and easily suppressed by the Government. But alas, Mr. President, the we could provide the food beyond that for the ten or fifteen chemists of the totalitarian States are working night and day million young people in the United States now destined to to perfect this new form of energy, and if we lag behind them poor teeth and weak bones and invalidism because they sim­ in the development of that great new source of energy the ply do not have enough to. eat. I am not attaching any results to American civilization may be calamitous indeed; particular importance to California when I say that. The So I say, Mr. President, that the governmental leaders in State of Texas and several other States likewise could pro­ America had better lift their vision beyond the immediate duce all the farm products beyond what it now sells to supply emergency of airplanes, navies, and conscription-important all the needs I have mentioned. as they are-to an understanding of what may happen in Clothing, you say? Why, the great factories of New Eng­ this Nation 2 or 3 or 5 years from now. land and the Atlantic Coast States, by speeding up a minor Perhaps some Senators are wondering what the possibility percent of their unused capacity, could produce all the cloth­ of atomic energy has to do with the discussion of the pend­ ing that our military forces will require. ing measure. I answer that question by saying that we had The truth is, However much we may develop a war economy, better speedily initiate the right of universal and total em­ how many boys we may conscript, how many airplanes and ployment before it is too late. In othe;r words, if atomic 1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 10393 energy should destroy certain industries and bring cheap road-construction plants. We find destitute, desperate, hun­ and unlimited power and greater wealth to us, society as a gry families around most of them, many of the workers on whole would have nothing to be distressed about so long as W. P. A., earning $50 or $60 a month and trying to support we provide the opportunity for work for all our citizens. But . families on that meager amount; we find the part-time em.­ 1f we are to continue to operate our industries and farms at _ployee working a quarter or half his time; we find totally about 60 percent of capacity, when we tremendously increase idle men, women, and children, on precarious and desperate the present capacity disaster will indeed lie ahead of us. relief. Mr. President, it seems to me that for the next 10 years Yes, Mr. President; the contractors of the Nation tell me we have one method of satisfactorily, efficiently, and com­ we have plenty of capacity and manpower in our sand, gravel, pletely employing all our otherwise unemployed. and cement plants to begin the reconstruction and rebuilding Mr. ASHURST. Mr. President, will the Senator yield to of the highways of America so that they will be fast, efficient, me for the purpose of suggesting_the absence of a quorum? .commodioUs, and safe, and a great asset to our military au­ Mr. DOWNEY. I yield. . thorities in time of war and to our commerce in time of peace. Mr; ASHURST. I suggest the absence of a quorum. Mr. President, in every State in the Union we have many The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will call. the roll. blueprints of highways already surveyed strategically needed, The Chief Clerk called the roll, and the following Senators which the citizens of every city and state would delight to answered to their names: have. As a matter of fact, if we had the energy and courage Adams Ellender Lodge Schwellenbach to undertake this task, we could begin to let contracts within Andrews Frazier Lundeen Sheppard 90 days. Ashurst George · McCarran Shipstead Austin Gerry McKellar Smathers · I want to pay tribute to the different highway commis­ BarBour Gibson McNary Smith sions of the States of the United States. Most of the Barkley Gillette Maloney Stewart Bone Glass Mead 'raft engineers and men on those commissions are men of the Bridges Green Miller Thomas, Idaho highest ability ·and patriotism. For 30 years now we have Brown Gutfey Minton Thomas, Okla. been learning how to build modern superhighways, and we Bulow Gurney Murray Thomas, Utah B'urke Hale Neely Tobey are now ready to undertake the task of rebuilding the coun­ Byrd Harrison Norris Townsend try's roads. Byrnes Hatch Nye Truman Capper Hayden O'Mahoney Tydings Many of our traffic experts say that investment in roads Chandler Herring Overton Vandenberg is the best investment from a money viewpoint which has Chavez Hill Pepper Van Nuys ever been offered to any people. Clark, Idaho Holman Pittman Wagner Clark, Mo. Holt Radcliffe Walsh The contractors of the Nation with whom I have consulted Connally Johnson, Calif. Reed Wheeler have told me that there are at least 4,000,000 to 5,000,000 un­ Danaher Johnson, Colo. Reynolds White skilled laborers in the United States who, without trenching Donahey King Russell Wiley Downey Lee Schwartz upon our armament program, are ready, able, and willing to start this great job of rebuilding the Nation; and in almost The PRESIDING OFFICER. Eight-seven Senators hav­ every great city there are gigantic road-building machines ing answered to their names, a quorum is present. idle, ready to tear the face of the United States apart along Mr. DOWNEY. Mr. President, governmental statistics in­ . its highways and rebuild those highways in modern, efficient dicated a few months ago that there were approximately ten form. As a matter of fact, I do not know of one alibi or or eleven million unemployed in the Nation. I believe the excuse-not one-that could be offered by an intelligent present information from governmental bureaus is that our people for not undertaking this job. Do we want to continue army of unemployed has dropped down approximately to to kill and maim people? Do we want to continue to make 9,000,000. I have endeavored to show in the preceding part automobile traffic a nightmare? Looking ahead 20 years, do of my address that at the height of the armament boom we want all traffic to break down in our cities? Do we want which is now on its way we will have in the neighborhood to handicap our military authorities in the event of war? of six or seven million unemployed, and that when we have Would we prefer to have these men idle rather than produc­ once built the factories and laid in the vast supply of war ing for us? material which is contemplated, and the war crisis passes, as pass it will sooner or later, we will then have a segment I cannot conceive of a single argument that any rational of our workers unemployed beyond any figures I desire to governmental leader can make against a vast system of suggest. superhighway building. On the other hand, I can give to Mr. President, I say that we have at least one great job the Senate reason after reason which should convince every­ in this Nation that ought to be done, one · great job that one that it is our vital duty to undertake this task. could be made self-liquidating, one great investment to I happen to notice in the gallery of the Senate one of the which none of our -citizens would object, because it would most distinguished judges California has ever had. I only . trespass not at all upon private industry. I refer now to wish this issue could be tried out as I have tried cases before the employment of our idle machines and manpower in the him, before a judge and jury who would intelligently and construction of a great system of superhighways. patiently sit there, consider the facts in the problem, and Mr. President, as we contemplate the spectacle of this then register a verdict. I can express unbounded confidence Nation with dangerous, defective, inefficient highways, upon that in that case the jury would bring in its verdict without which twenty-five or thirty thousand people are needlessly ever even leaving the box. killed every year and a million seriously injured, as we con­ Mr. ASHURST. Mr. President, the able Senator from template the saturation and delay and disadvantages of our California advises us that in the gallery of the Senate Cham­ traffic, with millions upon millions of men begging to do ber there is sitting one of the most distinguished jurists of work, we must wonder whether while we are still an the State of California. Would the Senator object to giving adolescent Nation we have not become old and tired. his name? I have talked with contractors and builders who have Mr. DOWNEY. The Honoral;>le Peter J. Shields, of Sacra­ verified the statistics from the Department of Commerce . mento, before whom I have tried many cases, and who is and my own observation. What are those statistics? In recognized by the bar of our State as one of the distinguished the United States, in the first place, we have literally thou­ and outstanding judges of the West. sands of sand plants, gravel plants, and cement plants, Mr. ASHURST. Mr. President, will the Senator further which generally are working at from 25- to 50-percent yield to me? capacity, I know, from personal investigation, that around Mr. DOWNEY. I yield. many of these plants--and I believe the statement applies Mr. ASHURST. More than 25 years ago I happened to be t-o all of them--are scores or hundreds of families whose at a banquet in San Francisco-and those who know me chief bread winner ts desperately anxious to work in those know how much I love post-prandial oratory, and how often LXXXVI--654 10394' CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE AUGUST 15 I attempt it. Judge Peter Shields, to whom the able Senator The traffic engineers say that we now have about 30,v00,- refers, happened to be one of the speakers that night, and 000 automotive units operating on our highways. It is esti­ his speech so impressed me that after the lapse of 25 years mated that within 20 years those will increase to 40,000,000. I am able to repeat it, but I shall not do so now. We now travel about 250,000,000,000 vehicle miles a year. Mr. DOWNEY. We should be delighted indeed to have the It is estimated that within 20 years we will travel double distinguished Senator from Arizona repeat it. that, at the present rate of increase, or travel 500,000,000,000 Mr. President, we here, operating as a democracy, have tre· miles annually. mendous difficulty in the presentation or consideration of any In certain figures which I will give to the Senate shortly governmental issues, however vital they may be to our people. I have assumed an average vehicular travel for the next 40 I desire to say that at least during the time I have been in years of 400,000,000,000 miles a year. To simplify that, I the Senate of the United States I have yet to seeps earnestly might say it represents 40,000,000 automobiles traveling an and intelligently and realistically face this devastating prob­ average of 10,000 miles a year, because 10,000 times 40,000,- lem of a collapsing economy and our great army of unem­ 000 is 400,000,000,000. ployment; but I predict that the day will not be far distant I have talked with experts in many of the great cities of when we shall address ourselves solemnly to that issue, or it the United States, and while they differ materially as to may well be too late. what they believe to be the average speed of vehicular traf­ Mr. President, I was recently speaking to a group of bankers fic in the United States, they are all pretty well agreed that at No. 1 Wall Street on the question of superhighways. I modern efficient highways would double the average ve­ stated to that group of distinguished American financiers that hicular speed in the United States. the traffic experts estimated that to rebuild the highway sys­ In order to show the tremendous money saving which tems of America in their best form it would take approxi­ would come to our people from efficient highways, I have mately $100,000,000,000. One of the bankers put his hand up prepared the chart I have here on the wall of the Senate. to his head and said, "Oh, Senator, you mean a billion dollars, In this chart I have used the most conservative figures that do you not?" "No; I do not mean a billion dollars." "Well, were offered to me by the traffic experts, those most against you do not mean more than $10,000,000,000?" He was shocked my argument. at the figure of $100,000,000,000. He should not have been. The legend on this chart reads: The peak of railroad building in America was in 1870. At Estimated United States auto traffic. Annual average 1940 to 1980. that time we had only 10 percent of the national income we Four hundred billion vehicle-miles yearly. now have, with about one-fourth of the population. Yet, Present average automobile speed: Twenty miles per hour. nevertheless, a virile and a courageous people invested to ex­ Possible average automobile speed: Forty miles per hour. ceed $30,000,000,000 in our railroads, and the cost of the Modern highways would save 10,000,000,000 vehicle-hours yearly. Annual money saving in time alone by modern highways. money to the railroads over the period of time since they were Ten billion vehicle-hours, at 60 cents per hour, $6,000,000,000 built runs from 6 to 7 percent, while the American Govern­ annually. · ment now could borrow money at 2¥4 percent. In other Mr. President, those are the most conservative figures, -and words, with 10 times the national income that we had in rail­ the traffic experts are generally agreed that the greatest road-building days, we could now rebuild the roads of the · investment ever offered any people is in a modern highway Nation without very much greater burden to ourselves, be­ Q~n , cause of lower interest rates, than that which was carried The great superhighway from Pittsburgh to Harrisburg is when the railroads were built; and yet apparently we are soon to be opened. The saving that will come to trucks and afraid to face this task and undertake it. We let machines automobiles, beyond the toll they will be compelled to pay, lie idle and let men rust in despair rather than utilize their indicates that that investment, from a social viewpoint, will labor to destroy highway death traps and construct modern yield rich returns indeed. roads. I will ask my colleagues to consider the matter themselves. Mr. President, I suppose some of the Senators themselves On a good superhighway system one could travel to the out­ are shocked by the suggestion that we might spend $100,000,- lying districts of this city, 10 miles from this building, in 15 000,000 on our highways. Let me state that the traffic ex­ or 20 minutes, whereas it now takes 35 or 40 minutes. perts estimate that $65,000,000,000 of that amount would be Figure yourselves the value of the time that would be saved spent in the great cities of the United States and $35,000,- and remember over 60 percent of the vehicular traffic of 000,000 in connecting the smaller towns and the great cities America is commercial traffic. The engineers tell me that on superhighways across the Nation. If you go into the satu­ in allowing 60 cents an hour as the value· of vehicular traffic, rated business district of almost any great city in the United that is a most conservative figure indeed. · States you will find traffic problems and traffic snarls which But, Mr. President, let us disregard that for a moment. are devastating to our pocketbooks and to our nerves. In Do Senators know how much money the traffic experts say many of the great cities, in the heavy business districts where will be lost on account of automobile collisions in the next the great traffic of the Nation proceeds, we do not average 40 years? With present highways, it will run to about over 7 or 8 miles an hour. $2,500,000,000 a year. We hardly get as much speed with modern automotive During the last calendar year the money loss because of units on the streets of cities as our grandfathers got with death and injury and destruction of property on highways horse and buggy. I live out in ChevY Chase, 9 miles from through collisions amounted to more than a billion and ·a this Capitol. When I take a bus and am crowded in with half. Over 30,000 people were killed and over a million were tired, hungry, perspiring people, who are packed in like a injured. The money loss arising from those collisions would bunch of sardines, sometimes in a 9-mile trip we do not almost pay the total interest charge upon an investment average 6 miles an hour over the 9 miles. It takes some­ which wo.uld largely make those collisions absolutely impos­ times over an hour and a half to travel that 9 miles from sible. the Capitol to Chevy Chase. To those of my colleagues who may wonder if modern Modern highway builders could construct a superhighway highways would do away with the possibility of collisions, I to every outlying district of Washington so that we could may say that on efficient superhighways already constructed, leave a downtown point and travel with safety out to the accidents are largely reduced because collisions cannot occur. suburbs at the rate of 40 or 50 or even 60 miles an hour Let us see why that is true. without endangering anyone's safety. By removing out of On a good highway there are not two roads crossing over the streets that great flow of traffic which goes to the sub­ each other at grade. About 20 percent of the accidents come urban areas, we could double the speed of traffic, or at least from collisions of two cars traveling at right angles to each materially speed up the traffic in the downtown business other. If one car has to go over or under the other, there section. is no longer . the possibility of that type of accident. 1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 10395 Another very common cause of accident is collision be­ Mr. President, I say that not only can we afford to make tween automobiles traveling in the opposite direction. Under this investment-we cannot afford not to make it. the modern highway system that just cannot occur, because Mr. BYRD. Mr. President- there is a medial line of parking down the center which The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. WILEY in the chair). divides approaching streams of traffic, so that head-on col­ Does the Senator from California yield to the Senator from lisions are not possible. Virginia? Then, under the modern highway system the pedestrian Mr. DOWNEY. I yield. is not allowed to be on the right-hand side of the road, or Mr. BYRD. What would be tlie cost of the Senator's pro­ cars parked there, or any other object or person there with posed highways? which a car can collide. Mr. DOWNEY. I might state to the Senator from Vir­ Mr. President, that leaves just one major kind of accident ginia that the bill is so drawn that we would engage in such possible, and that is a rear-end collis~on, or sideswipe of superhighway construction as would result in the total em­ cars going in the same direction when one is attempting to ployment of all our people. Of course, the amount that pass the other. The great proportion of that kind of acci­ we would spend and the number of years it would take to dents occur on narrow, winding, improperly graded roads, build the highway system would depend upon the number and when two or three broad lanes of traffic are built, that of laborers that would be otherwise employed in industry. type of collision becomes much rarer. To rebuild the whole highway system of America in finest Engineers in California took some of the most dangerous form, according to the traffic experts, would take $100,- places in our highway systems, watched them for 2 or 3 000,000,000. At 10 years' building, that would be $10,- years, and then proceeded to build superhighways, and the 000,000,000 a year. accidents almost passed out of the picture. I do not know whether the distinguished Senator from I desire to say to the distinguished junior Senator from Virginia was present at the time I referred to the subject New York [Mr. MEAD], who does me the honor to listen to or not, but I pointed out that with the national income from what I am saying, that Dr. Miller McClintock, one of the 1850 to 1890 averaging about 10 percent what it does now, noted experts, says that on the modern highways now being we assumed just about as great a burden, considering interest built in New York City, the accident rate has been reduced charges, in building the railroads, as would be involved to a minimum, and anyone who has traveled upon those fine in building the superhighways. new highways realizes how very safe highways may become. I do not know what portion of my argument the distin­ At this point in my address may I divert to express my guished Senator has heard, but I may say to him that our deep obligation to Dr. Miller McClintock for the valued noted traffic experts say that there would be a money return advice and courteous assistance he has rendered me in con­ of very large amount upon the very finest kind of highways nection with superhighway investigation. that we could build. One traffic expert said to me: Mr. BYRD. Did I understand the Senator to say $100,000,- It does not make any difference whether we build these super­ 000,000? ·highways or not; we are going to pay for them anyway, and we are Mr. DOWNEY. One hundred billion dollars; that is cor­ going to pay far more for them if we don't build them than if we do. rect. And I think that statement accurately states the issue. Mr. BYRD. The Senator proposes to rebuild all the high­ I suppose there is no Senator present who can look forward ways, not only the superhighways, but all the public roads with any tranquility to the day when this armament boom in America? has ended and our national debt has increased to sixty-five Mr. DOWNEY. Yes; that is correct. I wish to point out billion or seventy-five billion dollars. Before ever this war that the greater amount of money would be spent in the cities, burden was placed upon us our annual deficit was running such as Washington, D. C., New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, something over $3,000,000,000 a year, largely for unemploy­ and St. Louis, for in our cities 75 to 80 percent of the auto­ ment relief, W. P. A., and similar projects. I suppose every mobile traffic now occurs. Senator present will concede that for the next few years, if Mr. MEAD. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? things continue as they are, the Federal deficits will run Mr. DOWNEY. I yield. billions of dollars beyond that, and that we shall emerge Mr. MEAD. The Senator no doubt has in mind, and is from this crisis with the national solvency imperiled, with motivated by a desire to utilize the Nation's idle manpower our banks and insurance companies loaded with Federal in what might be termed self-liquidating projects? bonds-loaded with bonds which a collapsing economy can­ Mr. DOWNEY. That is correct. not ever hope to repay. Mr. MEAD. And he visualizes a saving in the use of the Mr. President, if we were operating our farms and fac­ new highways over the use of the present highways, together tories at full capacity, almost any burden on our great wealth with an increased efficiency in our Nation's economy, which would be light indeed. But with 10,000,000 persons wholly would offset the cost of this particular investment? unemployed, and as many more partially employed, the day Mr. DOWNEY. That is correct. will come, unless this problem is realistically met, when na­ Mr. MEAD. In view of the fact that the Nation faces what tional credit will fail, and with it will come the collapse of might be termed a defense emergency, and because we have our banks and insurance companies, and what lies beyond been accelerating highway traffic, and traffic by air even to that I have no desire to prophesy. the extent of subsidies on the part of the Government, does Perhaps certain Senators who are present are thinking, not the Senator believe that it would be. beneficial, from the Yes; but you are suggesting a far greater debt to build standpoint of the United States Government, to put the rail­ our highways. Where is· the distinction? I point out to roads of the United States in the very best possible condition, them that in building our highways we are creating an because if the railroads had the latest in railroad equipment, asset worth many times what it costs us, an asset which in if they had the most efficient and most economical service and money returns alone, if you want to put it on a toll-road equipment, and if they had modernized roadbeds, it would not basis, would carry the investment and amortize the debt only be helpful to national defense, but it would take a large itself. volume of traffic off the present highways of the United Assume you ar'e a banker, and a farmer comes to you States? seeking to borrow money to feed his children, or to buy Unless we do something for the railroads, unless we make shotgun shells to shoot at his neighbor, you then would be it less difficult for them to equip the roads with modernized confronted with a difi'erent problem than if the farmer trains, we will divert more and more traffic to the highways, wanted to put in some crop for which he would have a and in that way we will hurt the railroads, injuring our market, and from which he could make the profits that chances for the most efficient possible defense, and we will would pay off the debt. put a heavier burden of cost upon our Nation's highways. 10396 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE AUGUST 15 I believe that in the Senator's plan some thought should be ·added price g'oing to the textile mills of America, to the • given to the modernization of our railroads. They are in bad retail merchants, to the railroads and to other business­ economic and financial straits at present. If they could men and workers. -modernize and improve their equipment, they would lighten Mr. President, it seems to me that it is foolish beyond the load on the highways. But if they continue as at present, description to struggle to find abroad a market for our they will lose constantly the trade that really should be left cotton, which our own people desperately need. wM~~ · Mr. CHAVEZ. · Mr. President, will the Senator yield? Mr. DOWNEY. Mr. President, I am in total agreement Mr. DOWNEY. I yield. with the distinguished Senator from New York when he states Mr. CHAVEZ. In line with the statement of the Senator that in any solution of our transportation problem the rail­ from California, and speaking only from what I know about roads, and the railroad workers, must be taken into account, my State, if the children of the United States, as well as the and that it would only be common sense to use them to the adults, were able tq obtain only the food which nature re­ highest efficiency in order to relieve our transportation. quires, we should have no surplus of wheat and foodstuffs in Let me say to the distinguished Senator that if he will go the United States. I am speaking advisedly, from what I along on this plan to ~nd all unemployment in the United know about New Mexico. Many of the people are not getting States, he will create such a volume of prosperity through the sufficient bread and other foodstuffs actually to keep body and transportation of increased numbers of passengers and soul together. ·freight that the railroads will immediately become highly Mr. DOWNEY. Mr. President, I know that what the Sena­ prosperous. tor from New Mexico says·is true; and I believe distinguished In connection with this I should like .to develop exactly Senators from the South will agree with me when I make the what would happen in the event we should go into a great statement that from 75 to 80 percent of their own people do program of highway building. Probably not more than four not have the cotton products they should have. What a night­ or five million of our unemployed-principally unskilled mare world we live in, with boundless fertility, energetic labor, . workers-wow.ld be required to rebuild the highway system and a devoted people. We struggle, we strive, we plough un­ of America in the next 10 years. However, their wages in der, we subsidize, we waste, and destroy farm products for every community would create such added purchasing power which at least one-third of the American people are hungry. all over the United States that full employment would result. As I recall, one of the distinguished southern Senators told -New workers would give new business to retail merchants. . me a few months ago that the · overwhelming proportion of The farmers would have a larger market. .Dentists and doc­ the people in the South have nowhere near the amount of tors would have increased clientele. The motion-picture cotton products they need and could utilize . . theaters, the hotels, and the railroads would have more Mr. President, I could have better referred to my own customers. State of California where year after· year there has been a Department of Commerce experts have stated to me that waste of farm products and factory capacity that should the employment of four or five million workers on highway cause every American heart to despair. I remember at one projects would probably be sufficient to "prime the pump" so time I was so juvenile and indiscreet as to own some beau.:. that total employment would be attained. At the present tiful orchards producing peaches for canning. Oh, we suc­ . time every cotton-growing Southern State faces supreme dis- cessfully grew a most beautiful and bountiful crop, but year aster, because in all probability the cotton market of the after year, under agreement with the other orchard owners, South, heretofore found in foreign nations, is gone. Ordi­ we knocked one-half the fruit off the trees, and very often narily in a normal market we in the United States have con­ could not successfully market even what was left. I would sumed about 8,000,000 bales of cotton a year. We annually go into the great cities of the United States and find that try to export around four or five or six million bales; and. probably not 20 percent of the people in those cities ever of course, as every Senator knows, we have had tremendous tasted a canned peach except as a matter of special treat difficulty in doing that. Senators· from the South tell me and on rare occasions. that a bleak future faces their people because of the failing So it is all over the United States. In every great rural foreign cotton market. region tremendous problems arise from the production of The distinguished senior Senator from Georgia [Mr. bountiful crops in the fertile soil which nature has given us. GEORGE], who knows much more about the cotton situa­ Those crops we waste and destroy; we make but little real tion than do most of us, has told me that he believes that effort to give the American people a decent buying power so if the national income could be increase.d by 50 percent, that they may enjoy the products of their farms and cotton consumption in the Nation would be increased by the factories. same amount, and that alone would immediately create The economists of this Nation, starting with the assump­ prosperity in the South. We are now consuming 8,000,000 tion that we are now producing about $70,000,000,000 of bales of cotton a year. If the American people could con­ wealth annually, state that, if we had complete employment sume 12,000,000 bales a year, we could immediately lift our and a full market for our farm and factory products we Southern States into security and prosperity. could step up the national income to at least $110,000,- Some Senators probably wonder how that can be done. 000,000 within a few years time. Do not think there would I wonder how we can fail to do it with half our population be any great effort involved in doing that. All that would lacking sufficient bedding, rugs, clothes, and other products be necessary would be to give the farmer and the factory of raw cotton. Of course, we can do it. If we do not do proprietor a market, and from farms now being cultivated, it, heaven help the South in the years to come. from factories now in operation, from railroads now running, I see one of the distinguished Senators from the South, from labor wanting desperately to work that $110,000,000,000 who knows much more about cotton than ·I do. I invite of wealth would flow. his discussion of this particular problem at any time he Mr. GEORGE. Mr. President, Will the Senator from desires. I wish to say to him that the analysis I am now California yield? giving came from the distinguished senior Senator from Mr. DOWNEY. I yield. Georgia [Mr. GEORGE]. When we successfully find a market Mr. GEORGE. I have this thought, which is based on for 4,000,000 bales of cotton abroad, what are the results, practical everyday knowledge: The average family in the as compared with the domestic consumption of that addi­ cotton-growing section of the Southeast-! do not speak of tional amount? cotton-growing sections of the Senator's State of California Well, the article manufactured from the raw cotton is and other States-could use on the basis of the retail mar­ worth from 10 to 20 times as much as the raw cotton ket an additional $100 in value of cotton products per an­ itself. Take a 17-pound cotton rug. At 10 cents a pound, num and would not be oversupplied in any single particular. to make the calculation easy, the cotton in the rug is worth I know that to be true in my State, and I believe it to be $1.70, but the rug may cost at retail $15, $25, or $30. the true in every Southeastern State. 1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 10397 There are in the United States somewhat more than upon boys in the penitentiary, billions in devitalizing and 2,000,000 cotton growers, but, in round numbers, let us say pauperizing persons on relief, but we are not willing to put our there are 2,000,000. I am satisfied that on the basis of the unemployed to work on great social projects such as highway retail prices paid for cotton products every single family unit building, which everybody in America agrees we ought to have. could well use and actually needs an average of at least $100 Mr. President, in a few days this Chamber will ring with additional for their supply of various cotton products which argument over another tax bill, another appropriation bill. must be used in the home. Then we shall begin to figure one of two ways by which we I think the Senator is entirely right also with respect to can get the money to arm ourselves. One way will be to bor­ another matter which seems to me to be fundamental. The row it, and the other will be to tax our citizens more. I doubt real wealth of the Nation is the employed time of the men · if there will be one statement from the White House or one and women who work; it is the time employed in making statement in Congress to the effect that we had better get goods and providing services. After all, that is the real increased Federal receipts from employing our people and wealth of any people; and when any considerable number increasing the income of the Nation. I pray that I am wrong, of people are idle, tremendous actual wealth goes to waste, because increased taxes and increased borrowing with our or, to put it the other way, potential waste that might be present national income will but precipitate us further and avoided by increasing the actual wealth of the country. further along the road to some great abyss. But, Mr. Presi­ It m~y seem to those who do not live in the South and dent, under a capitalistic economy the national income pro­ who are not familiar with the conditions there somewhat of ceeds from the sale of the products of the laborer, the farmer, an overstatement, yet I do not know of a single county in the factory proprietor, the professional, and businessman. my State where the families could not on the average use, Whenever we fully utilize the wealth and labor of this coun­ without being oversupplied but only reasonably supplied, an try we shall increase our Federal receipts to such an extent additional $100 worth of cotton goods and cotton products that we shall not know what to do with the money. We have based on the retail price for such products. lived under this complex of poverty so long that it is beyond Mr. NORRIS. Mr. President, will the Senator from Cali­ our comprehension that we are the wealthiest people of all fornia yield there? time, and all we have to do is to operate our farms and fac­ Mr. DOWNEY. I yield. tories at full capacity, and every governmental agency in the Mr. NORRIS. I am wondering why the Senator from United States will be deluged with an income beyond what it Georgia confines his suggestion merely to cotton-growing can utilize. families in the South? Why does his statement not apply to Mr. President, I have duplicate placards on each side of the whole Nation? the Senate Chamber. Those placards were prepared for me Mr. GEORGE. I think it does. by the Government Printing Office, and I am sure you will Mr. NORRIS. Why is it not true that the same statement admit that they, at least, did a first-class job. The first two the Senator has made in regard to the ordinary cotton-grow­ rows of figures are taken from a Treasury report issued last ing family applies to every other orQ,inary family in the United year, showing the Federal tax receipts which would accrue States? from a national income of $70,000,000,000 and of $90,000,- Mr. GEORGE. In my opinion, it does, but I was speaking 000,000. The $110,000,000,000 is my own extension, which is of the Southeast, because I have such an intimate knowledge undoubtedly too conservative, because I showed only the same of conditions there. All my life I have known families, both increase from ninety to one hundred and ten billion dollars white and colored, living on cotton farms, and I know that that occurred from seventy to ninety billion dollars, while, actual need, on a reasonable basis of comfort, would increase as you will note, the. rate of increase is accelerated. their purchases of cotton· products by $100 a year if they had Mr. President, I do not know a single economist or indus­ the purchasing power with which to secure those products. trialist in the United States who will not admit that with Mr. DOWNEY. Mr. President, I am very grateful for total employment within 3 or 4 years we could produce a the comment of the distinguished Senator from Georgia, national income of $110,000,000,000. Mr. Willkie, who is sup­ who speaks with such authority in this particular problem. posed to be a conservative, recently proclaimed that in 4 I should like at this time to say that he has so often and years he could increase the national income to $150,000,000,- so consistently helped me with advice and counsel that I am 000. I rather think Mr. Willkie was somewhat overoptimistic, under a very great debt of gratitude to him. I likewise am but I am glad he made that statement, anyway, because it very happy to hear the very distinguished Senator from points out how very conservative is my figure of $110,000,- Nebraska make the comment he did. I think that kind of 000,000. comment, coming from him, means a great deal, much more Mr. President, those figures have been submitted to several than if it came from myself. statisticians and economists in Washington, and none of Mr. President, before considering the tremendous increase . them would deny their validity. What do they show? They of Federal receipts that would come if we had full employ­ show that on the tax rates which existed before the last tax ment and a total income in this Nation, I wish to point out bill, and on a national income of $70,000,000,000, our Federal the tremendous waste that comes from unemployment. receipts run to $6,000,000,000; but if we could step up the During the last 10 years the Federal Government has national income to $110,000,000,000 we would have Federal spent at least $3,000,000,000 a year for unemployment relief, tax receipts of $15,200,000,000, or over $9,000,000,000 more and I have no doubt that the States, cities, and counties than our present receipts. Let me likewise point out, Mr. have spent in excess of a billion dollars more every year President, that our States, cities, and counties by that same because of unemployment. flow of wealth coming from general employment would in­ General employment would do away with this corrupting, crease their tax revenues by two or three billion dollars devitalizing, unhappy relief spending. General employment more. It is certain, Mr. President, the Federal Government would thus save our governmental agencies at least $4,000,- . could have plenty of money if we had prosperity in this Nation. 000,000 annually. Mr. President, I suppose everybody will admit that the But we have another tremendous saving both in human reason why we have not developed a great air force and a material and in money that total employment would bring. larger Army up to the present time was that we were going so Do you know where the criminals of out Nation come from? heavily into debt that we did not dare to spend the money, They come chiefly from the unemployed youth of America. All of us knew the war picture in Germany 2 and 3 years Yes, the unemployed boys of America are the principal bene­ ago. Ambassador Bullitt and Ambassador Kennedy told us ficiaries of our penitentiaries today; and, on the most con­ the whole story almost two years ago, and many of the servative figures, the cost of crime springing from the unem­ Senators on the Military Affairs Committee wanted to start ployment of men is at least another $3,000,000,000 a year. right then upon rebuilding and strengthening our Army and Mr. President, sometimes this American picture seems air force. Why did we not do it? We are just too poor. almost like a n..i.ghtmare. We are willing to spend billions With the greatest factories and technicians in the world, able 10398 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE AUGUST 15 physically to pour out endiess streams of munitions, we were Mr. DOWNEY. Mr. President, I am very grateful for the just too poor! question propounded by our distinguished candidate for Mr. President, I have heard the distinguished senior Sen­ Vice President, if I may address him in that way. I regret ator from Massachusetts [Mr. WALSH] state at least twice that I have consumed so much time that I have not had on the floor of the Senate his solemn opinion that our capi­ the opportunity to discuss the question of military highways. talistic economy caimot endure the burden of increasing I think the implications of the question asked by the Senator armament, and that we shall crash within the next few from Oregon can be answered only in the affirmative; that years. I have heard Senator after Senator repeat the same is, that we very vitally need heavy, modern, far-reaching thing in the cloakrooms, that our capitalistic economy is highways for proper military defense. doomed to destruction with this ever-increasing debt and the As I have said in my investigations on highways, I have increasing burden of armament now thrown upon us. I take been aided by the advice of Dr. Miller McClintock, noted it that almost every Senator must look forward with gloomy road engineer and traffic expert. I have several quotations apprehension if we are to have a great army of unemployed here from him, but I will read merely the one regarding the and a continued national income of only $70,000,000,000. need of superhighways for military purposes. This quota­ Ten years ago this Nation was producing a national income tion is from ·a letter written me by Dr. Miller McClintock: greater than we are producing today. There is not an Many critical portions of the trunk highway system of the economist who will not admit our ability, by increasing capi­ Nation and almost all portions of principal routes of travel in tal and invention, to have increased our national income urban areas are now congested. In fact, many of the more fm­ portant routes are quite incapable of carrying normal civilian from three to four billion dollars a year. Over the past 10 traffic with even tolerable efficiency. This is particularly true in years we could have built up our income from the $100,- the dense traffic areas of the Atlantic seaboard. One cannot 000,000,000 we could have· produced 10 years ago to $125,- help but look With the gravest apprehension to the conditions 000,000,000 or $150,000,000,000. But instead of increasing which would exist in the case of the necessity for large-scale evacuation of civilian populations or the necessity to move with from the potential hundred billion of 10 years ago we are rapidity, under. emergency circumstances, large volumes of mili­ now down to about seventy billion. tary traffic. What is going to happen in the next 10 years? Is there In view of .the fact that the essence of the defense program one plan, is there one program, is there one hope for the is the creation of a highly mobile defense mechanism, it would be no~hing short of disastrous to fail to obtain complete assurance American people for what lies beyond this temporary arma­ that such mobility can in fact be achieved. It is noteworthy that ment boom? If so·, I do not know what it is. Germany keyed its military machine very closely to the func­ The :figures now indicate that we are not doing as well as tions of a Nation-Wide [autobahn] system. We have only a few we were doing 10 years ago. We are complacent; we boast miles of comparable roadways in the United States. of what we have done, but the sheer, cold fact is--taking the I hope .that is an answer to the Senator. conservative figures of Brookings Institution-that 10 years Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? ago we had a possible, practical capacity of a hundred bil­ The PRESIDING OFFICER

Mr. McNARY. What is the calendar number? PROPOSED TRANSFER OF DESTROYERS Mr. KING. Two thousand and eight. Mr. LEE. Mr. President, in the interest of our own defense, Mr. McCARRAN. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? I believe we should transfer 50 or more over-age destroyer s Mr. LEE. I yield. to Great Britain. On ditrerent occasions and in· di:trerent Mr. McCARRAN. The bill was .submitted to a subcom­ ways, the people of the United States have expressed them­ mittee of the Committee on the District of Columbia, of selves as favoring the policy of defending America by aiding which subcommittee I had the privilege of being chairman. Great Britain with everything but men. Both political par­ Investigation was made and hearings were held on the bill ties, in their recent conventions, have gone on record as and on the subject. Subsequently the bill was reported with favoring material aid to Great Britain, provided, first, that the amendments suggested by the committee. It has been it is not a violation of law, and second, that it does not on the calendar for some time. weaken our own defenses. Let me quote from the 1940 Re­ Day before yesterday the Senator from Connecticut sub­ publican platform, which was adopted at Philadelphia: mitted certain amendments. I have not had an opportunity We favor the extension to all peoples fighting for liberty, or whose to read them. I have not looked at them. In view of my liberty is threatened, of such aid as shall not be in violation of knowledge of the ability of the able Senator from Connecti­ international law or inconsistent with the requirements of our cut, I t ake it that they are amendments which should be own national defense. considered. So far as I am concerned, I think the whole I quote from the 1940 Democratic platform adopted at matter should now be reconsidered by the committee which Chicago: had the matter in charge, because of the diligent study In self-defense and in good conscience, the world's greatest de­ which was made by the subcommittee of the Committee on mocracy cannot afford heartlessly or in a spirit of appeasement to the District of Columbia, and because of the importance of ignore the peace-loving and liberty-loving peoples wantonly at­ the subject to the District of Columbia. I for one hope that tacked by ruthless aggressors. We pledge to extend to these peoples all the material aid at our the matter will not come up without an opportunity for those command, consistent with law and not inconsistent with the in­ ·of us who are required to give interest to the subject because terests of our own national self-defense-all to the end that peace of our membership on the Committee on the District of and international good faith may yet emerge triumphant. Columbia, to consider the matter. I hope that the bill will Mr. President, the question of whether it would strengthen not be taken up until the committee has had an oppor­ or weaken America's defenses to transfer our over-age de­ tunity again to consider it. I hope I am not mistaken in stroyers to Great Britain has already been passed upon by saying that the full District of Columbia Committee never two authorities best able to speak on that subjeGt. General considered the bill. Pershing, former commander of the American Expeditionary Mr. KING. The Senator is in error; but, in view of the Forces, has advocated· the transfer of 50 destroyers on the Senator's attitude, I withdraw the request. ground that it would increase our own safety. Also, Admiral · Mr. DANAHER. Mr. President, I ask the Senator from Standley, former Chief of Naval Operations, has advocated Oklahoma if he is willing to yield to me for a brief statement the transfer of the destroyers in the interest of America's in connection with the matter referred to by the Senator from defense. Utah? Before such a transfer could be made, the law requires that Mr. LEE. My own statement will not be very long. The the Chief of Naval Operations "shall first certify that such Senator may make his statement after I shall have concluded. material is not essential to the defense of the United States." Mr. DANAHER. Very well. I thank the Senator. Therefore, if the Chief of Naval Operations should so certify, MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE we should then have the opinions of the best qualified men A message from the House of Representatives, by Mr. Chaf­ in the Nation that such a transfer would not only not weaken fee one of its reading clerks, announced that the House had America's defenses, but would ·strengthen them. ag;eed to the amendments of the Senate to the bill invincible fiung liberties ·and her easygoing American way of life, in ·military machine. ·All the economic experts have been tell­ a world like that? · ing us for 5 years that Hitler would crumble economically. The world we knew yesterday has fallen; and yet some of Five years ago they said that he could not last a year. · our people say that everything is all ·right-"Go back to At the end of each year they said· that economically Ger­ sleep; you are safe and secure." When Paul Revere, on his many was a shell. They predicted the collapse and failure horse, charged through the countryside and :flashed the of ·Hitler all along; and yet his predictions for world domi­ . warning, "Arm! Danger is near!". No doubt there were some nation have gone on schedule, and they are still going_ on who said, "He is hysterical. He is a madcap. Do not pay -schedule. · any attention to him." When the sexton in the tower of The argument is made, "If he cannot get across 22 miles the Old North Church :flashed the gleam of danger, telling of the En-glish Channel, how in the world can he cross 3,000 that enemies were coming, there were those who said, "Go miles of ocean?" The channel ·has its advantages as well back to sleep. There is no danger at all." We have them as its disadvantages. In the case of the channel, the attack today. They may ·be sincere, but their sincerity only adds to ·and the defense are concentrated. ·It is easier to defend 50 the effectiveness of the propaganda which they spread. miles than a thousand miles of coast. · · Hitler has never yet invaded a country because he was I used to play football. When we-got on to the signals angry at it. He has invaded it because he wanted it. A of the opposing team, and knew where the attack· was coming, . peculiar thing about Hitler is that he told the world exactly we strengthened the line at that point. That can be done what he was going to do, and up to date he has carried out when the line is not too long. But when we have the Atlantic his plans on schedule. The irony of it is that Hitler has ·coast and the Pacific coast, and do not know where the enemy . never kept a promise which he made as a solemn pledge is to strike, and we have the possibility of Nazi air bases in with respect to the territorial rights of other nations. He Latin American countries. and all the other surprises of which has violated all &uch pledges, but he has kept to the letter Adolf Hitler is capable, do not tell me that we are safe and his intoxicated talk about total war and world domination. secure. The irony of it is that we disregarded his dizzy talk about Mr. Hitler has done the impossible, according to the military world domination, while we believed his solemn pledges with ·experts. They said that Hitler's invasion· of Norway would respect to the rights of others. be the greatest milltary mistake he could possibly make; but · Mr. BONE. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? Hitler did it, and it did not turn out to be a mistake. Military The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. PEPPER in the chair). experts said to the Belgians, "The Albert Canal is your de­ Does the Senator from Oklahoma yield to the Senator from fense. It would be ridiculous for · o_pposing troops to try to Washington? cross it. You could mow them down"; but the Nazis crossed Mr. .LEE. I yield. it, and they were not mowed down. Mr. BONE. I take it· from that appraisal of Mr. Hitler Then the military experts said to France, "Go to sleep. tha·t we are to assume that in one instance he is a liar, and There is your Maginot Line." The Maginot Line stands there in the next instance he is telling the truth. today high and dry. Mr. LEE. That is correct. Then the military experts said, "France has the greatest Mr. BONE. When are we to believe him? He is a black­ army in the world." Only a few months ago I believed that guard, a bulldoser, and a liar. He carries out part of his myself. I did not believe the Germans could cross the statements and disregards his promises. Maginot Line; but they flanked the Maginot Line and de­ Mr. LEE. We are to believe him when he says his plans stroyed the French Army, the greatest army on the face of include America. We are to believe him when he says he the earth-so I thought. intends to make a new Germany in Latin America. The Germans have not yet failed to cross the English Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? Channel. My fear is against my hope and prayer, but my Mr. LEE. I yield. fear is that they have not yet unleashed their drive on Britain. Mr. BARKLEY. As I understand the position of the The British Fleet stands between America and the greatest Senator from Oklahoma, it is that we can rely on Hitler's juggernaut of destruction which has ever been devised. threats, but not on his promises. Hitler has used another thing which no other military Mr. LEE. We can rely on anything that will contribute leader ever used, and that is the "fifth column." Did any to world domination by Hitler, and wsregard anything that other military leader ever use that before? No. Did any will in any way hinder him in his .mad ambition for world other military leader ever use propaganda to the extent that domination. Hitler has used it? For the first time in the history of the Hitler has told us what he would do, and up to date he world this military leader sets up a propaganda machine and has carried it out to the letter. He said to the small nations ·calls it such. I think perhaps America, with a little more of Europe, "My. soldiers will appear suddenly in your capi­ time, might resist and ward o:ff, at least for a while, the mili­ tals. They will be uniformed and armed. No one will stop tary attacks of Hitler; but we cannot stand up against the them." I am reminded of the amazing betrayal of Norway, Nazi "woo." When Nazi "woo" is pitched at America, I fear when the Norway police led the Nazi troops through the that we cannot resist it. capital of Norway, acting, of course, under false orders be­ Would anyone have believed it possible to fool the rest of cause of the confusion. the world with the same trick 8 times? Yet that is what Hitler has violated all orthodox military formulas. Every Hitler has done. He made love to 10 countries, and he time, before an invasion, military experts said, "It cannot be ravaged 1. He made love to 9 countries and raided another. done"; but he did it; and some military experts still deny He has been a master at dividing them and taking them 1 it. Would anyone have believed, 2 years ago, that Hitler at a time, playing both ends against the middle and destroy­ would have done what he has done? Not at all. We laughed ing the one marked for slaughter. He started outside opera­ at his statements as dizzy and ridiculous. It is said today that tions arid inside operations. He made use of propaganda. it is ridiculous to believe that Hitler can threaten the se­ No one has ever used it to the extent to which he has used it. curity of the United States. We are told, "Look at our First he told the world, "All I want is the Sudetenland." oceans!" Mr. President, I sa·y that an ocean may be an He took the Sudetenland, and as soon as he got it he said, avenue of attack as well as an insulation against attack. "All I want now is Czechoslovakia." Would anyone have The same Atlantic Ocean which has been our protection as _thought that he could have worked the same trick twice? ·long as the British fleet rode its waves will be our vulnerable And yet the poor old man with the umbrella and poor old point of attack if that fleet falls into the hands of the Nazi Daladier, who now is a pitiful example of what happens to leader. appeasers, swallowed his story_.:_hook, line, and sinker. When .....

1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 10409 he said, "All I want now is Czechoslovakia/' there were a horrors of war which he was then cooking up in the ovens of million men ready to die at the front; a million men who that Germany for this "blitzkrieg," and we are falling for it again. morning had kissed their wives and babies good-bye, expecting I say, America, are we going to stay asleep and allow this their mutilated· bodies to mark the border line where the fellow to carry out his plans ih South America? They have little country of Czechoslovakia . had once stood;" and yet already been disclosed. Thousands of arms have been un­ Hitler fooled the world again. Then after the Germans in­ earthed down in Argentina, where the Nazis are already pre­ .vaded Poland and blasted it from the face of the earth, paring. They have increased their consularships in America. would you have believed that anybody could be fooled again What for? Is there any need of that·? Is there any justifi­ by this man, who broke every promise to respect the rights cation for it? of others; who blasted Poland and left nothing but charred The F. B. I. tell us that they are flooded with cases of ruins to show where there had once been a thriving and a espionage and inside "fifth column" work in this country. happy republic? Are we going to believe that? But there is Mr. Hitler, who When it worked again, he goes over through his "fifth says, "England is responsible for this war." columns" to Norway and ~en~ark, and he works on them And now they have come out with a last bit of propaganda. inside; and then, when he is ready, he marches into those ·They picture the poor, starving peoples of Europe whom they countries without firing a gun. themselves are starving, and they have always played Amer­ Can it be done again? No; it cannot be done again; but icans for suckers . . They say, "America will feed our victims if just as soon as he strengthens himself in those two countries we· just show a · few pictures of starving babies in the news­ .be goes down into the lowlands. He goes to the Dutch, and papers of America. The big-hearted Americans, .who are he works on them inside and outside, and he starts across charitable and kindly, will feed these victims of ours, and they the lowlands. We hold our breath. We say, "He will be will feel better, and that will strengthen the morale of Ger­ stopped at the Albert Canal." He crossed the Albert Canal many. That will build up the esprit de corps of our Army. on a bridge without the loss of -a man, so I am informed. ~hat will make us strong. That will discourage England. They had dynamite there. They had kept it there for 2 years, · That will make England weak. She has one weapon, that of ready to blow up that bridge; and yet his "fifth columnists," strangulation by her embargo. It will break the backbone of inside workers, got to them,- and the dynamite was never that embargo, and these victims will not feel so badly." But exploded, and the Germans crossed on that bridge. -·- if, on the other hand-and I say it with a breaking heart-if, We said, "Well, he cannot take France"; but he did. He on the other hand, these poor souls who believed Hitler's line worked outside and he worked inside, and he fooled England of appeasement, who were willing to accept his terms of peace, until the eleventh hour. He fooled England with the Nazi crawl up and their starving carcasses lie at the doorstep of "woo." Has he thrown it to the world again? · Germany, where they have a right by every law of man and Thirty days ago I saw Senators here vote billions of dollars God to lie-if they do that, I say that will break the spirit and for defense without batting an eye; and then he commenced the backbone of Germany quicker than anything else that can throwing the Nazi "woo" at America. He commenced throw­ happen. If the buzzards sail over the decomposed bodies of ing over here his appeasement program; and I even under­ starving human beings in Europe, I say that will break the stand that a once great hero of this country got on the radio backbone of Germany. I say it is breaking the people's hearts and said to the people of America, "Close your eyes to the be­ to tl)ink of it. in that way, but I do not know what else to do. trayals of this man. Forget about his ruthless invasion of It is either that or break the stranglellold that England has Poland. Forget all of his broken promises. Forget his de­ on Hitler, break England's only weapon, and then lay the ~struction of France. Forget his plans to put the Gestapo over world at the feet of the greatest monster that has been all humanity. Forget all of his plans of total war and dom­ created. ination, and reach out, America, and take that bloody, slip­ Mr. President, I hope we can transfer these ships to. the pery hand of Adolf Hitler in cooperation with Germany. British. I believe it can be done legally in the interest and Cooperate with Germany," and thereby condone the bloodiest defense of America. What navy we have would not defend butcher who ever walked the face of the earth! us for a great length of time, but by transferring these de­ When Tamerlane finished his pyramid of 75,000 human stroyers to England might turn the tide. It means a pooling skulls, and stood at the gate of Damascus glittering in steel, of strength. It is useless to deceive ourselves. What other it seemed that human butchery had reached its zenith; but enemies are on the horizon today? What other enemies are this human butcher, the beast of Berlin, has outstripped there? Whom are we preparing for? Who was to blame for Tamerlane and all of the others, Attila, the Scourge of God, our voting the billions we have voted but Hitler? If the Nazi and all others; and yet we are told to reach out and take that machine were destroyed today, we could repeal our appropria­ hand, dripping with human blood, and cooperate, and thereby tions for national defense. condone his destruction of human liberty in the world! We could adjourn and go home. Why are our people going I say today democracy and despotism are at death grips; to be taxed? Because of Hitler. Because of Hitler we are and I say ·as little as we can do is to send the few over-age going to have to ask our boys to train and work in the Army. :ships over there to ·aid England. The Germans threw the Who is to blame for all that? There is only one power that Nazi "woo" at America, and what effect has it had? Since is to blame for it, and that is the Nazi power. It is useless then, sonie Senators-! do not challenge their patriotism, but to deceive ourselves; and if the Nazis can be stopped in Etirope, ·I want to show you what effect this propaganda has had­ that is the place to stop them. some Senators who voted billions of dollars for defense are now I love peace. I hate war with every atom and fiber of my saying, "There is no emergency. There is no danger. We are being. I was not in the front-rank trenches in the World :safe and secure, with ·3,000 miles of ocean between us." They War, btit I was right behind them, ready to be ordered up, are saying, "We can defend ourselves. There is no danger." and I remember seeing the boys as they came back with their Is the Nazi "woo" having effect? The same Senators only a mangled bodies. I took a vow in my heart against war. I short time ago voted for appropriations because they were hate it. It is not a choice of war or peace with us. This scared then; they were worried then; but the Nazi "woo"­ ·thing is not a placid lake which we have the choice of getting ·what was it? Why, Mr. Hitler came out, and he drew the cur­ in or staying out of. It is a raging fire that is coming closer tains, and he said to the world, "I ani offering England peace. ·to America all the time. Every time one of the gallant I wanfEngland to accept my peace offer. England, clasp my eagles of England ·falls out of the sky with a broken wing, the hand. It is a little slippery, yes; but clasp it ip a friendly grip war is one man and one plane clo$er to the United States. of peace, and you may have peace-at my price, of course, It is because I want to keep the war away that I plead which means slavery, which means a furtherance of my pro­ that we do what we can legally to stop the war over there. gram. Take my terms of peaee, or else you are responsible for Some of the best legal minds say it can be pone. Let us all of these dead and charred nations." Then the rest of the ·give ourselves the benefit of the doubt and transfer the ships. world began to see Mr. Hitler not as a bloody butcher but as The blood of American youth is so precious, so much more a kind, charitable man who wants to save England from the precious than the material wealth of this country, that I am LXXXVI-655 10410 CONGRESSIJNAL RECORD-SENATE AUGUST 15

willing if necessary to use all of that material wealth in order Iron------Alumina______0.082.00 to prevent war from coming to our shores. I think the pro­ PhosphorUS------0.018 posal to turn these ships to England is a step which will help Zinc------Trac~ to do it, and I plead that we do it. PrrrSBURGH TESTING LABORATORY, I believe that if it had not been for our policy of aiding (Signed) H. H. CRAVER, England by the revision of our neutrality law, England by Manager, Chemical Division. now might have been beaten to her knees and the Nazis might [Pittsburgh testing laboratory, Pittsburgh, Pa. Order No. Pg-23370. by this time be knocking at our very gates. Therefore I Laboratory No. 214767; File No. 16263.3. Report, July 23, 1940] think that through our policy of aiding England we have been -Analysis of ore, marked "No.2," submitted by Newalpitt Fluorspar able thus far to keep war oYt of America. Our only chance Mining Co., 241 Oliver Building, Pittsburgh, Pa.: to escape war is to get ready for Hitler before he gets ready Percent ~nganese------46.94 for us, and taking the step proposed would at least give us Silica------4.40 more time to prepare. I thank the Senate. Iron------1.10 [Manifestations of applause in the galleries.] Alumina------0.63 Phosphorus------o. 026 The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. PEPPER in the chair). ZinC------!------TTace The occupants of the galleries must, under the rules of the PITTSBURGH TESTING LABORATORY, Senate, refrain from manifestations of approval or disap­ (Signed) H. H. CRAVER, proval. Manager, Chemical Division. NATIONAL DEFENSE-RESOLUTIONS OF AMERICAN LEGION OF [Pittsburgh testing laboratory, Pittsburgh, Pa. Order No. Pg-23370. MINNESOTA Laboratory No. 214726; File No. 16263.3. Report, July 23, 1940] Analysis of ore, marked "No.3," submitted by Newalpitt Fluorspar Mr. SHIPSTEAD. Mr. President, I wish to read to the Mining Co., 241 Oliver Building, Pittsburgh, Pa.: Senate an excerpt from resolutions on the question of defense Percent adopted at a recent convention of the American Legion of Manganese------47.90 the State of Minnesota. I read from the Minneapolis Star­ Silica------~------6.80 Iron------~------1.75 Journal of August 13, 1940: Alumina------2.06 Without a word of debate or protest the convention approved Phosphorus------0.023 recommendations of a special national-defense committee, which Zinc------Trace called for a universal selective-service program, but a:dvocated PITTSBURGH TESTING LABORATORY, Congress provide necessary equipment and quarters before con­ (Signed) H. H. CRAVER, scripting the Nation's manpower. The same recommendation demanded official Washington "be Manager, Chemical Division. urged to keep the American public truthfully advised as to the ANALYSIS BY COLORADO FUEL & IRON CO. status of our defense plans for future expansion." Percent The resolution emphasized immediate need of the United States is production of arms and military equipment, after pointing out Iron oxide------~------0.80 that the Government, at the present time, is not prepared to equip Total manganese------49.8 . and maintain such a greatly increased armed force. InsolublePhosphorus------______0.0312.5 Other resolutions adopted with relation to national-defense plans and conscription were: - Black Mask property. Recommending that the Nation build a defense system sufficient to resist invasion. An act (S. 4008) to authorize the Reconstruction Finance Corpora­ Urging Congress to adopt immediately a program to have on tion to make loans for the development of deposits of strategic hand continually a sufficient supply of all r~w and manufactured and critical minerals which in the opinion of the Corporation materials. would be of value to the United States in time of war, and to au­ thorize the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to make more In my opinion, this is a sensible, sound, and patriotic adequate loans for mineral developmental purposes program. Be it enacted, etc., That section 14 of the act entitled "An act MANGANESE relating to direct loans for industrial purposes by Federal Reserve banks, and for other purposes," approved June 19, 1934, as amended, Mr. CHAVEZ. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to is amended to read as follows: insert in the RECORD an extract from questions asked by a "SEc. 14. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation is authorized radio commentator and the answers given by a member of and empowered to make loans upon sufficient security to recognized the National Defense-Advisory Commission, in reference to and established corporations, individuals, and partnerships engaged in the business of mining, milling, or smelting ores. The Recon­ an essential and strategic material-namely, man-ganese. struction Finance Corporation is authorized and empowered alsO I should also like to insert in the RECORD an analysis of to make loans to corporations, individuals, and partnerships en­ some of the ores as they occur in New Mexico, referring gaged in the development of a quartz ledge, or vein, or other ore especially to manganese. body, or placer deposit, containing gold, silver, or tin, or gold and silver, or any strategic or critical_mineral whi~h in the opinion of I also ask leave to insert in the RECORD a copy of Senate the Reconstruction Finance Corporation would be of value to the bill 4008, which has already passed the Senate, and which United States in time of war, when, in the opinion of the Recon­ refers also to manganese. struction Finance Corporation, there is sufficent reason to believe that, through the use of such loan in the development of a lode, The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there objection? ledge, or vein, or mineral deposit, or placer gravel deposit, there will There being no objection, the matters were ordered to be be developed a sufficient quantity of ore, or placer deposits of a printed in the RECORD, as follows: sufficient value to pay a profit upon mining operations: Provided, That not to exceed $20,000 shall be loaned to any corporation, indi­ The following is an extract from questions which were asked vidual, or partnership for such development purposes; except that by radio commentators and answered by members of the National not in excess of $40,000 in the aggregate may be loaned to any Defense Advisory Commission in a broadcast over the four radio corporation, individual, or partnership for such purposes, if such networks from Washington, August 8, 1940, giving remarks of Mr. corporation, individual, or partnership has expended funds previ­ Edward R. Stettinius, Jr., in charge of the Raw Materials Division ously obtained from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation for of the National Defense Commission: such purposes in such manner as to justify an additional loan for "Mr. WARNER. Of course, you must encounter numerous difficul­ such purposes: Provided further, That there shall not be allocated ties, Mr. Stettinius. Could you give us an example? or made available for such development loans a sum in excess of "ANSWER. Yes. A very practical difficulty, for instance, involves $10,000,000." one of our sources of high-grade manganese-an indispensable alloy for the manufacture of. steel. It is in Brazil. Transportation Mr. CHAVEZ. Mr. President, the answers given by the to that source is inadequate, and to get the supplies we need, a rail­ member of the Advisory Defense Commission have reference road in Brazil will have to be rebuilt. That is typical of the kind of problems we face." to manganese and the production of manganese outside the REPRESENTATIVE ANALYSES OF SOME OF THE ORES AS THEY OCCUR IN United States. The statements I have inserted refer to the NEW MEXICO production of manganese in the State of New Mexico. The [Pittsburgh testing laboratory, Pittsburgh, Pa. Order No. Pg-23370. a.nswers given by the member of the Commission refer to the Laboratory No. 214725; File No. 16263.3. Report, July 23, 1940] faCt that a railroad will have to be built to mines outside the Analysis of ore, marked "No. 1", submitted by Newalpitt Fluorspar United States. Mining Co., 241 Oliver Building, Pittsburgh, Pa.: The manganese to which I have referred, the New Mexico Percent ~ganese------·- 47.90 manganese, is in the immediate area traversed by the Atchi­ : Silica------4. 40 son, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad anq the Southern Pacific 1940 c ·oNGRESStONAL RECORD-- -SENATE 104il R-ailroad: Those two railr.oads.have more to do w!th keeping copper, lumber, coal, and everything that New Mexico our public schools running the year around than anything I produces. know of within the State of New Mexico. It appears only Mr. ASHURST. That is a frank statement, and I admire· reasonable that home products should be developed to- the the Senator fr.om New Mexico for it. Others. are not so extent that those who invest their money shall at least have frank. I am not referrmg to Senators. Senators are always protection for their investments. If manganese is developed frank, but. others are not. within the limits of the United States, in the West-New Mr. CHAVEZ. Mr. President, I may add one more thought Mexico, Arizona, Wyoming, and in other states-it will mean along the line suggested by .the Senator from Arizona. Within taking thousands of people off the relief rolls, and they will the past year or two this body and the other House have been get into private employment. good enough to appropriate several million dollars in order Mr. LUNDEEN. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? to provide for the development of electrical energy at the Mr. CHAVEZ. I yield. Elephant Butte Dam of the Rio Grande Irrigation District. Mr. LUNDEEN. I should like to include in the States men­ It is a completed project, which can supply cheap . power in tioned my native State of South Dakota, in which there are developing manganese. It is within 60 miles of one of the large· deposits of manganese. largest manganese-ore areas in the entire State. It is within Mr. CHAVEZ. I am sure there are probably 20 States of 100 miles of another area just as large. We have within the 48 where manganese could be produced. I know it is immediate reach of the source of supply of manganese, enough produced in the State of Arizona. power to utilize the manganese in this hour of need. Mr. ASHURST. Mr. President, will the Senator yield?_ But aside from the fact that we need manganese, and need Mr·. CHAVEZ. I yield. it now, aside from the fact that we can get this essential war Mr. ASHURST. After an investigation which lasted some material now within the United States, is it not reasonable to years, I am able to say with authority that manganese exists, expect that we should all be thinking, also, of trying to get not in 20 States, but in 30 States, and in many, if not most of people off relief and into private employment? Do not the . those States, there is a greater percentage of metallic man- leaders of ·the Nation, industrial, political, and administra­ ganese in the ore than in the Brazilian ores. tive, all wish for the time to come when industry will let The Bureau of Mines in a recent bulletin states that when loose its capital, and invest it in some kind of enterprises · the ore is below 40 percent it is regarded as low grade. which will take men off relief and enable them to regain their Nearly all the Brazilian ores are below 40, and most all the self-respect, so that they may say, "I am creating something American ores are above 48. But manganese is used, not that _is advantageous for my country in its hour of need, and wholly, but largely, in the manufacture of steel. Steel cannot I, by myself, am earning a living without depending on Con­ be made without it. The steel companies-and I make no gress or on those in Washington who may feel sorry for criticism-have preferred to buy manganese where they can me." The average American does not want anyone to feel get it the cheapest. Th~ steel companies have worked for sorry for him. He wants to work out his own salvation. He years to bring about free trade in manganese and a very high wants to save himself if only the opportunity can be given tariff on the products of their mills. That is human selfish­ him. ness. It may be enlightened selfishness; but that is what has Mr. President, I believe it is really bad that in these times happenEd. we should be thinking about getting manganese ore from Rus­ Mr. CHAVEZ. Mr. President, with reference to manganese, sia or elsewhere, so long as we have it within the United it is a fact that it is now essential and that the Government States. We can organize a manganese industry that will desires to have it. It is also a fact that we have it within the help to pay the taxes imposed upon our people. United States. Moreover, if we could only be allowed to I believe that the Senators who today have spoken about develop the manganese industry now, in this hour of need, the manganese industry are on the right track, and that they we would take thousands of people off the relief rolls. So are giving to the country information which is sound. I far as my State· is concerned, there ~re 18,000 people on the think the Government should interest itself more in the pro­ relief rolls. If we meet the mang~nese needs of our country duction of manganese, not only in New Mexico but every­ only, it will mean taking three or four thousand of those where in the United States. people off the relief rolls. It appears to me that, as a matter AUTHORITY TO RECEIVE HOUSE MESSAGE DURING. RECESS of national defense, it would be better to put human beings into private employment, so that the 'money being paid out Mr. LUNDEEN obtained the floor. Mr: BARKLEY. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? for relief could be used for other purposes. Mr. LUNDEEN. I yield. Mr. ASHURST. Mr. President, will the Senator yield Mr. BARKLEY. I understand the Senator from Minne­ further? sota desires to address the Senate for some length of time. Mr. CHAVEZ. I yield. I am compelled to leave the Chamber now. For that reason Mr. ASHURST. I had not expected to refer to the mat­ I ask unanimous consent that the order which I send to the ter, and do so rather reluctantly, but I call attention to the desk may be entered. enormously large deposits of high-grade manganese ore in The PRESIDING OFFICER. The order will be read. Arizona.. It is a fact that in northwestern Arizona, adjacent The legislative clerk read as follows: to Boulder Dam, where enormous quantities of hydroelectric Ordered, That during the recess or adjournment following today's energy are generated, the manganese ores in the mines could session, the Secretary of the Senate be authorized to receive a be what we call "beneficiated," or treated, and the process message from the House of Representatives relative to the joint of beneficiating those ores would employ, if not thousands ·of resolution (S. J. Res. 286) to strengthen the common defense and to authorize the President to order members and units of Reserve idle men, hundreds of idle men, at good wages. components and retired personnel of the Regular Army into active Mr. President, mankind is controlled very largely by habit. military service, and that the joint resolution be printed showing Habit is the strongest thing in the world. Epithets, phrases, the House amendments numbered. also influence mankind, and mankind is not free from delu­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there objection? The sions. One of the most inveterate and deadly delusions Chair hears none, and the order is entered. under which · our country ·has labored for a century and EXECUTIVE SESSION a half is that it- is wise and patriotic to import goods fabri­ cated and manufactured in foreign countries, a·nd that Mr. BARKLEY. I move that the Senate proceed to the thereby we stimulate friendship. Such a policy does not consideration of executive business. stimulate friendship: · Every natiori buys where it can· obtain The motion was. agreed to; and the Senate proceeded to the· required goods the cheapest. To sum it up in ·a phrase the consideration of executive business. that is cynical but true,. nations are free traders after they EXECUTIVE REPORT OF A COMMITTEE have succeeded in protecting their own interests. Mr. -McKELLAR, from the Committee on Post Offices and Mr. CHAVEZ. I am sure the Senator from Arizona is Post Roads, reported favorably the nominations of sundry correct. I am a free trader with respect to everything but postmasters. 10412 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE AUGUST 15

IN THE'ARMY sity for adjourning or recessing for several days to try to Mr. SHEPPARD. Mr. President, from the Committee on accommodate a few Senators who wish to be absent. We Military Affairs, I report favorably sundry Army nominations have been doing that right along. However, it seems to me which were received by the Senate yesterday. Inasmuch as to be uncalled for and unnecessary. As I have said, however, these nominations are entirely of routine character, in order I do not wish to interpose myself as an objector to the request, to save a considerable amount of. printing, I ask unanimous but I wish to let the RECORD show that someone at least pro­ consent for their present consideration and confirmation. tested against it. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there objection? The Mr. McNARY. Mr. President, that statement calls for but Chair hears none, and the nominations are confirmed. a word. We have adjourned on several occasions to meet Mr. SHEPPARD. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent conditions that have arisen. A number of Senators on the that the President be at once advised of the confirmation of Republican side desire to visit Elwood, Ind., and attend the these nominations, and that the list of names of the persons ceremonies on Saturday. In order to accommodate them I confirmed be not again printed in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, asked the able majority leader to request a recess from today but that proper reference be made to the pages on which until Monday, which he has kindly consented to do. I hesi­ their nominations appear. tated to make the request, but I thought it was perfectly The PRESIDING OFFIQER. Without objection, it is so proper. We recessed for the Republican Convention and for ordered; and the President will be notified. the Democratic Convention. In any event, we shall probably If there be no further reports of committees, the clerk will recess over Saturday, and I am asking for only 1 additional state the nominations on the calendar. day. I think the request is reasonable. I hope no one will feel offended by it. I very seldom make a request. I am NAVY DEPARTMENT in attendance every day. I intend to be in Washington for The legislative clerk read the nomination of James V. For­ the remainder of the week, but I make this request out of restal, of New York, to be Under Secretary of the Navy. courtesy and out of consideration for the convenience of Sen­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. -Without objection, the nomi­ ators who wish to be absent. nation is confirmed. I take this opportunity of expressing my appreciation for POSTMASTERS the thoughtful attitude on the part of the able leader, who The legislative clerk proceeded to read sundry nominations is proverbially and instinctively thoughtful. of postmasters. Mr. BARKLEY. I thank the Senator. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, the nomi­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there objection to the re­ nations of :Postmasters are confirmed en bloc. quest of the Senator from Kentucky? The Chair hears none IN THE NAVY and it is so· ordered. ' The legislative clerk proceeded to read sundry nominations FARMER-LABOR PARTY-A POLITICAL PATTERN FOR AMERICA in the Navy. Mr. LUNDEEN. Mr. President, we have listened to Demo­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, the nomi­ cratic and Republican doctrines. We have heard the plat­ nations in the Navy are confirmed en bloc. forms and programs of both parties. The national conven­ IN THE MARINE CORPS tions and the speeches delivered there have found a place in The legislative clerk proceeded to read sundry nominations the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD. Yet unemployment continues. in the Marine Corps. The crisis is ·still with us. It seems to me that at this time The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, the nomi­ a few words about the Farmer-Labor Party of Minnesota are nations in the Marine Corps are confirmed en bloc. timely and proper. That completes the calendar. Let me say in that connection that at the present time I happen to be the only representative of the Farmer-Labor AUTHORIZATION TO REPORT BILLS, ETC., DURING RECESS Party in the United States Senate. I therefore feel that I The Senate resumed the consideration of legislative busi­ should present its creed, its program; and its platform for the ness. information of the Senate and the Nation. Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent HISTORY AND PURPOSES OF THE MINNESOTA POLITI.CAL MOVEMENT OF that during the recess following today's session any com­ WORKERS, FARMERS, AND INDEPENDEN'I' BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL mittee of the Senate may be authorized to submit reports on GROUPS bills, resolutions, and nominations. . The Farmer-Labor Party is the answer of the common The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so people to the challenge of monopoly and special privilege. ordered. Although there are political efforts recorded in the history ORDER FOR RECESS TO MONDAY of this country of movements similar to that which· took Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, I have one more request. place in the Northwest, these were feeble and sporadic, and Because of certain situations to which the Senator from lacked staying powers. But they were straws in the wind Oregon [Mr. McNARY], the minority leader, has called my and pointed toward the formation of a great liberal party, attention, an understanding has been reached that we shall a party destined to see its birth in Minnesota. Our party recess from today until Monday. Therefore I ask unanimous represents the first successful political venture of its kind. consent that at the conclusion of today's business the Senate It is no longer an experiment-it has come of age and stand in recess until 11 o'clock a. m. on Monday next. points the way to the political future of America. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there objection? THE AMERICAN WAY Mr. NORRIS. Mr. President- The Farmer-Labor Party is the-most truly American party The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Ken­ in the political arena today. It combats the forces which tucky yield to the Senat()r from Nebraska? are destroying the American way of life-the way of life as Mr. BARKLEY. I yield. the fathers · expressed it in the Declaration of Independ- . Mr. NORRIS. I do not intend to object, although I am very ence--the right of the people to "life, liberty, and the pur­ sorry that the Senator makes this request .. I know the suit of happiness," and the guaranties contained in the harmony that exists between the Senator from Kentucky Bill of Rights-the way of life as the immortal Lincoln con­ [Mr. BARKLEY] and the Republican leader [Mr. McNARY]. It ceived it, "government of the people, by the people, and is a matter for congratulation. No Senator more than I for the people." would like to accommodate the Senator from Oregon. Yet AMERICAN WAY OF LIFE CHALLENGED it seems to me that long adjournments or recesses, taken at a Only one deliberately blind-one who does not want to time when we ought to proceed with the business before the see the truth-will dispute that the American way of life Senate, are rather out of place. I am getting weary of trying is gravely challenged today, not only by foreign ideologies, to stay here through the hot weather. I do not see the neces- but by powerful force~ within our own land. 1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 10413 The fact that there are more than 10,000,000 able-bodied true facts concerning railway stock watering and land grab­ men and women in America today, anxious and willing to do bing. useful work but unable to obtain employment, is evidence The lasting effect of the Grange agitation was assured when of how serious this challenge is. The fact that those who the Sta~ supreme court rUled, in 1876, that the legislature till the soil and raise the foodstuffs to feed our Nation are had the right to regUlate rates and fares. In this outcome unable to attain even a semblance of economic security is the Grangers could hail a real victory, because the railroads evidence of the same thing. If we seek for further proof, it had defied regulation. is to be found in the lack of opportunities afforded our REASON FOR GRANGE FAILURE youth; in the slow economic strangUlation of the inde­ But because of the rather restricted views of the Grangers pendent merchant in unfair competition with chains and and the uncertain fortunes of their political parties on the monopolies, and in our inability to create a standard of national field, this early farmers' movement faded away, until living even remotely commensurate with the vast wealth there were no locals left. Today the Grange has again found we are able to produce. its place among the rural organizations, but in no way com­ OLD PARTIES HAVE FAILED parable to the early years. Neither of the old political parties has shown either the The chief lessons of the Granger years were that farmers, willingness or the ability to meet this challenge---to tackle combined in their own political organization, could be the the problem in any but a superficial way. This is principally controlling factor in a State, and that they voiced the de~ so because the forces depriving the people of opportunity mands of all the common people against the oppression of exercise positions of power within these parties. Wall Street. There is an old proverb which says, "He who pays the These lessons formed the basis for broad, political action. piper calls the tune." Wall Street has been paying the FARMERS UNITED piper of both the old political parties most of the time, and Thus we find that liberal leaders such as Ignatius Donnelly the tune that Wall Street calls is not sweet music to the wisely refused to let the farmers disperse. More action, more ears of the common people. reforms, more demands for a proper share in the fruits of PROGRESSIVE ASCENDENCY TEMPORARY life, should be the aim, Donnelly insisted. It is true that occasionally the progressive forces in one With new oppressors in the form of grain gamblers funnel­ of the old parties may gain the ascendency, but the control ing off the living of growers, and the great employers resisting they exercise during such periods is neither absolute nor all efforts by workingmen to make .a decent living for their is it over any great period of time. families, it was only natural that the people turned to inde­ The progressive program cannot be carried out in full. pendent politics again. The records of the two major political Compromises with the conservatives and reactionaries in­ parties made it plain enough that nothing was to be gained by variably result. illtimately, the latter gain the upper hand. supporting the politicians in those camps-politicians who It is only when the common people obtain control through were already in the camp of the enemy. a political movement of their own that their aspirations will LABOR JOINS MILITANT FARMERS "be advanced in accordance with the finest traditions and The eighties therefore found the farmers back in the politi­ ·tdeals of our American democracy. Tliat is the mission of cal field, and this time they were joined by the workers in the the Farmer-Labor Party of Minnesota. factory, foundry, mine, forest, and upon the boats and rail­ FARMER AND WORKER TRADITION roads. The farmers organized themselves into the Farmers' The tradition of joint farmer and worker political action­ Alliance. The workers formed great ind1Jstrial unions and the the Minnesota tradition-is of long duration. pioneer national federation of labor, the knights of labor. Ignatius Donnelly-that leader of so many of the people's These two great groups, who produce virtually all our struggles of the last century-persistently urged farmers and wealth, discovered that they were both being ground down by city toilers to join hands in independent political action. identical forces, and that these forces had pretty much to say Though he made his most fiery appeals for joint action in about how the Government should be conducted and for 1893, the tradition of the bond between these two groups of whose special benefit it should be operated. Whether it was the producing classes in Minnesota had already had a digni­ 'the railroad speculators or the grain gamblers who fleeced the fied history, farmers, or the open-shoppers who fought unionism, they were In 1892 James B. Weaver, leading the Peoples' Party, polled part and parcel of the same group who manipulated Govern­ more than 1,000,000 votes for President, there being no woman ment to keep the people down. suffrage and only one-half of our present popUlation. At first the two groups of producers backed whoever pledged himself to the farmer-worker program of change, and in this FIGHT BEGUN BY GRANGE way came to control the legislature of 1891. But so many of This Minnesota tradition goes back to the days of the the legislators thus supported betrayed those who elected them Grange, the great farmers' reform movement of the seventies, that the farmers and workers had to form their own State which was directed against the excessive rates and the un­ party in 1892. regulated piracy of the railroad speculators. This movement THE FARMERS' ALLIANCE was begun by small farmers, eager to reach their markets In those Congressional Districts, mainly rural, the Farmers' without having to turn over their profits to the powerful rail­ Alliance was the chief political factor, in the cities the labor road combination in the form of freight charges. unions became powerfUl forces to reckon with. Thus the The Grange was developed by a Minnesota farmer with a farmers of western Minnesota sent the Norwegian immigrant genius for organization-Oliver H. Kelley, of Elk River. farmer, Kittel Halvorson, to Congress as their own candidate, From his Sherburne County farm Kelley aroused his fellow and the farmers of southwestern Minnesota got behind an­ farmers into taking the lead against the growing monopolies, other Scandinavian tiller of the soil, Haldor Boen, sending of which the railways were the worst offenders against the him to Congress also. · public interest in the West. The Grange farmers demanded In the city districts, many reactionary Republicans were readjustment of the tax burden so that the trusts and cor­ turned out of office and replaced by liberal Democrats. porations would pay their share; regUlation of freight rates, Finally, in 1896, there arose from the ranks of the progres­ and an increase in the currency supply. sives a great liberal, and one of Minnesota's foremost men, ADOPT POLITICAL ACTION John Lind. Lind made the race for the governorship on the The Grange went directly into politics with its own State Democratic ticket, with the support of the People's Party. He party, and was successful in securing the balance of power in lost by a scant handful of votes against the old guard Repub­ the legislatures of the early seventies. These bodies passed lican machine, and sent a thrill of hope throughout the State. the first State laws regulating the railroads, and the debates In 1898 he again made the race and this time carried all on this legislation did much to acquaint the public with the before him. In that election Governor Lind received the 10414 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE .AUGUST 15. enthusiastic support of the veterans of the Spanish-American He might have sat in the White House instead of Woodrow War in whose Army he so ably served.. This was a great Wilson. It was the period of trust busting, and Minnesota victory for the Populist movement, the farmer-labor move­ sent many sons to Washington because they were · anti­ ment of our fathers, and the boys in blue. monopolists. CAMPAIGNS REPRESENTED CAUSES LINDBERGH-SYMBOL OF NEW REVOLT Political campaigns during those years were more than Most prominent of these was the late Congressman, Charles simply contests between personalities. A. Lindbergh, father of the colonel who was to be the first The people were thoroughly aroused to the menace of im­ person to :fiy the Atlantic Ocean alone. A small-town lawyer, mensely wealthy trusts controlled by a few bankers, which, in a Progressive Republican who believed passionately in the turn, controlled the affairs not only of Gities and States but rights of the common man, a thoughtful student and search­ even of the Nation's greatest deliberative bodies, as well as the ing critic of our economic system, an expert in the matters living conditions of millions of Americans. of currency and banking, a whole-hearted peace advocate The Grangers and the People's Party were the true prede­ when most of his fellow-Americans cried hysterically for war1 cessors of the Farmer-Labor Party of our time. They knew Congressman Lindbergh became Minnesota's symbol of th6 that they were fighting a financial machine that threatened new revolt. to gain a stranglehold on the Nation. They were opposed to Another Minnesotan who contributed the best years of his rule by a financial oligarchy; they wanted a different mode of life to the progressive cause was Senator Moses Clapp, a keen life, in which there was employment and security for all. It lawyer, a liberal whom no party clique could dominate, and was the early phase of a struggle that is still continuing today. a friend of the masses. He was one of La Follette's admirers It is surprising that they saw so clearly. and close associates during the days wheri big business was a . WORKED FOR POPULIST CAUSE power which few public men could withstand. But Minne­ Among the prominent Minnesotans who worked to make the sota had faith in these men, because they carried forward the Populist movement an instrument of change were the late cause of the Progressives. Sydney M. Owen, farm journal publisher; the late Thomas TRADE-UNIONS GROW POWERFUL-FARMERS BECOME AROUSED Meighan; Sylvanus A. Stockwell, that grand old man of Min­ At home the workers had rallied from the first great open­ nesota liberalism; and the other veteran of 50 years on the shop campaign and their trade-unions pushed the good work firing line, Victor E. Lawson, Willmar publisher. into many towns and cities in Minnesota. The .railroad The chief objective of the Populist revolt failed, however. workers especially became strong. With their increased The trusts, under the watchful care of the McKinley-Hanna strength they also became progressive and forward-looking. Republican machine, grew even more immense. The turn of The trade-unions possessed a militancy and so.cial vision the century saw the speculators and profiteers :firmly in the which made them a prominent force in the community. saddle, the people's movement crushed. It was crushed by Among the farmers, who had been so completely crushed .fusion with the Democratic Party in 1896 and 1900, and the by the defeat of the Populist uprising, the spirit of insurgency illusion of following a silver tongue into the wilderness of old developed more slowly. Not until the cooperative movement party promises. They were swamped and submerge~, never to had caught its second wind in the late nineties did the farm­ rise again. ers become fully aroused. Then, in Minnesota, appeared cer­ The new attack of the reactionaries was upon the trade­ tain signs that the farmer was once more preparing to go on union movement, which had re-formed into the American the march against big business and its paid politicians. Federation of Labor. MAGNUS JOHNSON, FARM LEADER The big industrialists threw open their immense reserves Several leaders were responsible for reawakening the tillers, to finance a great open-shop campaign, which had for its and among them must first be mentioned Magnus Johnson; object the complete destruction of the trade-unions. They a dirt farmer who also in his youth was a city worker. He had the effrontery to call this the campaign for "the American became interested in both worker and farmer movements, and plan." later was to become one of the founders of the Farmer-Labor NEW CHAMPIONS ARISE IN NATION Party and recipient of the highest honors within the gift of The farmers' organizations were already routed, and nothing the voters of Minnesota-a seat in the United States Senate. seemed to stand between the big financiers and industrialists Although Johnson saw clearly that it was necessary for the and absolute domination of the Nation's life but the labor survival of farmers to elect honest progressives to office, he unions. The arrogance of Wall Street was so great that the also realized that farmers could do much for themselves by people again began to stir angrily. In the West new voices cooperation. Accordingly he spent such time as he could took up the cry for economic freedom. spare from his own farm· to organize cooperatives-cream­ L-eading this new movement was the late great "Fighting eries, elevators, telephone companies, insurance companies, Bob" La Follette, of Wisconsin. As Governor of his State, and shipping associations. He and fellow farmers devel­ La Follette pushed for regulation of railroads and the great oped the first of hundreds of livestock-shipping associations corporations, which was more urgently needed than ever in the Litchfield neighborhood in 1910. before. LOFTUS ~AGES EXCHANGE By the time "Fighting Bob" took his seat in the United Important, also, as a progressive farm leader-although States Senate in 1907 the whole West-and many parts of the he was not a farmer himself but an independent business­ East as well-were again ready to take up arms. It was the man-was the late George S. Loftus, of St. Paul. period of the muckrake writer, exposing malpractices of busi­ In Minnesota before the war there was just one farm or­ ness and politics alike. It was the period of the revolt of the ganization which had in:fiuence. small-business and professional man against his powerful This was the American Society of Equity, which preached competitors. Among the workers it was even more-it was a cooperation for every phase of the farmer's life. Magnus time for seriously considering the doctrines of a new collective Johnson was State president of this pioneer group. It or­ social order. ganized in 1911 the now famous Equity Cooperative Ex­ PROGRESSIVES IN CONTROL IN MINNESOTA change-the first grain-marketing cooperatives to appear in The progressive era in Minnesota was marked by the liberal this country. Its offices were in Minneapolis; but not until administrations of the popular Democrat, John A. Johnson, the farmers hired George Loftus to manage the exchange who was elected for three successive terms for Governor by the did it develop into a formidable rival to the private grain · reform forces. If he had lived, Johnson would almost cer­ concerns. tainly have been the Democratic candidate for President in ATI'EMPT TO DESTROY COOPERATIVES 1912, and most certainly would have been elected. He had the The grain gamblers did everything possible to destroy the enthusiastic support of Grover Cleveland and other powerful farmers' marketing organization. But due chiefly to the political leaders. .energy and intelligence of George Loftus and faithful farm- 1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 10415 ers like Magnus Johnson, A. F. Teigen, Anthony C. Welch, Paul the next year, 1917, and the Minnesota farmers looked Bert Cole, John Bosch, Sr., Mike Foley, Nels Peterson, Ole forward to a similar victory in 1918. Dale, F. 0. Pierce, and others, the Equity Cooperative Ex­ Official league data reveal that league membership in change lived and grew until it was getting 20 percent and Minnesota in June 1917 was only 10,133, while that of North more of the Tw.ln City grain business. Dakota was 43,184. This figure, of course, does not show the Chief among Loftus' assistants were James Manahan and actual league influence in Minnesota. For every farmer, there Benjamin Drake, liberal lawyers, and M. W. Thatcher, auditor. were 10 ardent sympathizers who were prevented by extreme ,The exchange stood as a bulwark for the entire cooperative poverty or by fear from joining the league. movement which was developing so rapidly in Minnesota By June of 1918, however, the Minnesota league had at least and the other States of the Northwest. 42,000 members. It is safe to say that these thousands were TO THE POLITICAL FIELD the most active, courageous, and influential farmers in the It was in these organizations that the farmers rallied for State. a new try at political and economic emancipation. The ORGANIZATION AND PROGRAM workers' movement, while developing independently, retained The first State committee of the league was headed by resi­ its traditional friendship for the farmers. At the same time dent farmers appointed by President Townley and· included the independent small-business and professional people--in Herman F. Sprung, David Paquin, and L. E. Samuelson. whose name the progressives spoke--also felt tied to the George W. Griffith, of North Dakota, was named the first State great producing groups, in their fight against a common manager. He served the league. in this capacity for several enemy. About it all there was an air of crusade. Men and years. As the league swung into full activity the cooperators women acted in the name of a cause which was very real to and farmers of the equity group-including Magnus Johnson, them. James Manahan, Ferdinand Teigen, and others-joined in It is also significant to note that in the election of 1912 the efforts to make the farmers' movement a success. more than 25 percent of the people of Minnesota voted The league plan for Minnesota was slightly different than against both the two conservative parties and for protest that for the other States, and included demands for State­ candidates in the campaign for Governor. In that year the owned packing plants, elevators, and flour mills; State rural Bull Moose Progressives, led by ambition and selfishness, credits, a tonnage tax on iron ore, and State-owned pulp-paper proved abortive and futile. The voters had steadily become mills. This program remained much the same during the life more independent of the two parties during the period of the of the league in Minnesota. insurgency, and now 1 voter in 4 refused to tag along with THE FIRST WORLD WAR either of the two major camps. The time for independent Of the other event of this period, the World War, little can: action was near. be said that is not familiar to everyone who lived through THE NONPARTISAN LEAGUE-HASTENS FARMER-LABOR DEVELOPMENT those days of dreadful hysteria. How the European war be­ Two events at this time hastened the development of the gan in 1914 as a clash of economic rivalries, how .the tension progressive movement in Minnesota which was to "find its was so keyed that when two rivals decided to fight, all the fruition in the Farmer-Labor Party. empires had to fight in order to preserve their fields of ex­ The first of these events was the sudden, almost miraculous ploitation, and how slowly and surely the United States was rise of the farmers' Nonpartisan League in the neighboring drawn into that camp which carried on the most cunning war State of North Dakota during, 1915 and 1916. The other was propaganda. These are now matters of recorded history. the overwhelming blight of everything progressive and decent MINNESOTA LIBERALS FOR PEACE in the war hysteria which culminated in our being dragged In Minnesota, the peace sentiment was so intense that the into the European battlefields in April 1917. These two war howlers soon singled out the State as being one of these events, plus the insurgent spirit of the masses, produced the distinctly favorable to Germany. The more accurate fact is Farmer-Labor Party. that Minnesota early made its stand for peace and neutrality. In North Dakota the wheat farmer had been suffering from The people of that State adhered to the Lindbergh-Lundeen a combination of low, uncertain prices in a speculators' mar­ policy, America first-absolute neutrality. ket, high-debt charges, and adverse weather. By 1915 the The Minnes.ota peace and neutrality societies had many grain farmers of the Northwest were generally in desperate thousands of members, and there were other groups almost straits. Added to his production and marketing problems as influential. The trade-unions and other liberal groups was the oppression of a railroad-dominated political tyranny with whom they were closely allied demanded-through their practiced by the two old parties. Although the North Da­ press, their official spokesmen, by means of rank and file kota farmers had voted overwhelmingly for State-owned ele­ declarations-that America keep free of the quarrels and vators and other measures designed to protect him in a gam­ boundary disputes of Europe and the Old World. blers' and lenders' world, the State had ignored their man­ The Non Partisan League farmers felt the same way. They date. knew that they had nothing to gain from this country becom­ Equity societies and their cooperatives were a strong in­ ing involved in war. Peace sentiment ran strong in Minne­ fluence in North Dakota, and the campaign for State elevators sota, both in the cities and in the country districts. came to a head at a meeting of the State equity farmers in STAND AGAINST WAR HYSTERIA February 1915. The legislators were told that the elevators But the war spirit was fanned to a fever pitch throughout must be built, and in reply these gentlemen told the farmers the Nation, and many liberals, swept o:ti their feet, deserted to "go home and slop your hogs!" to the warmongers. FARMERS FURIOUS AT TREATMENT In the Nation's Capital in Congress, "Fighting Bob" La The farmers were, of course, furious. They were more than Follette, our beloved George Norris, Lane of Oregon, Gronna ready to listen to a young man who drove into their barnyards of North Dakota, Vardaman, and Stone in the United States with a plan for a political league of the farmers and for the Senate and 50 Members of the House of Representatives, in­ farmers. The man was Arthur C. Townley, a native Minne­ cluding Lindbergh, Clapp, and Lundeen of Minnesota, stood sotan who had been ruined as a farmer. Shortly the Non­ out against the rising tide of madness-these few and the Partisan League had thousands of members. In 1916 it swept great, voiceless mass of the people. the elections in North Dakota, electing a dirt farmer as Gov­ WARMONGERING STATE ADMINISTRATION ernor, LYNN J. FRAZIER. Active in the league with Townley In Minnesota the first to take up the cry for war was the was the present Congressman, WILLIAM F. LEMKE. shameful Republican State administration. War was hardly In the summer of 1916, league organizers began to sign up a fact for America in April 1917 when this administration Minnesota farmers, who saw in the new plan a means of was able to wring from the legislature a grant of powers salvation. ~e league national office was established in St. exceeding even those given the President. 10416 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE AUGUST ·15 The notorious Commission of Public Safety was organ­ for railroad and warehouse commissioner; and Herman ized. Its objective was declared to be coordination of war Mueller, a Progressive, for supreme court clerk. Mueller was activities in Minnesota. elected and served 4 years. But what was obvious to everyone was this: The com­ Lindbergh received 150,626 votes; his opponent, J. A. A. mission was much more interested in smashing the militant Burnquist, 199,325. Many reactionary Democrats threw their farmers' movement, the trade-unions, and the peace and weight behind Burnquist in order to stop the farmers. But neutrality advocates than in any other purpose. Union men it can be seen that the league had become a power. At the were forbidden even to wear their union buttons. Farmers time of the election, there were 42;000 Leaguers in the State. were refused protection against mobsters at their rallies. In the teeth of the war mania it had grown to 4 times its Those who denounced the war for what it was--a war to. size of the year before. It further attracted many thousands rescue American dollars in Europe-were stoned and beaten, to vote for its candidates. tarred, and shot at. LABOR BE.COMES POLITICALLY ACTIVE. OUTRAGES ENCOURAGED But with the defeat of Lindbergh and nearly the whole The houses of liberal leaders who had opposed the war slate, what was to be done now? While the farmers debated were painted yellow and even riddled with bullets. The labor their next move, labor took a very significant step forward. mayor of Minneapolis was threatened with impeachment. For the first time since the days of the Knights of Labor, or­ Speakers of the league were stoned and abused. Any pro­ ganized labor deliberately stepped· upon the political stage. gressive who raised his voice for a decent cause-whether Labor had watched the farmers organize with great interest. concerned with the war or not-was harassed, framed, even It was well known that the farmers' administration in North jailed. Dakota had shown its true people's character by passing every Thus men like James Manahan and Charles A. Lindbergh law that labor requested, putting that State far ahead of the emerged from the war years with broken health and haunted others in the matter of pro-labor legislation. Organized labor minds, results o·f their suffering at the hands of the so-called was stronger in Minnesota than it had ever been before. public safety commission. Any man, any group which de­ LABOR STRENGTH AT PEAK nounced the money-mad war profiteers and their political Not including the unions represented in the mining, lake parties met with immediate punishment-all in the name of shipping, and timber cutting industries, the workers had at patriotism. Public decency took a vacation. this time 497 unions located in 52 towns and cities of the The members of that infamous committee were: Charles H. State. In the American Federation of Labor and the railroad March, C. W. Ames, John Lind, John F. McGee, and A. C. brotherhoods alone there were 52,000 workers. With the mili­ Weiss. But old honest John Lind found the committee so · tant and the unorganized workers who were union-minded, bad that he finally resigned in utter disgust. this was a formidable force to throw into the political scales. PROGRESSIVES BROKEN BUT NOT CRUSHED But it must be granted that the terrible campaign of the The war, like a great boulder, had broken the wave of the reactionaries had cowed and silenced many of the workers. mild Progressive era. Beneath this foaming wave there now At the 1918 convention of the American Federation of Labor was seen a determined flood of milita,ncy. The forces of Minnesota unions, two progressive labor figures crystallized finance capital expected by the war to destroy the people's the workers' political sentiments into a plan which would put movement. the unions directly behind their own candidates. It was a The people, on the other hand, saw a chance to strike back startling departure from the traditional nonpartisan attitude with the same weapon. It was they whose hands produced of this important labor group. the weapons of this war and they determined to make their These two men were William Mahoney and Charles Isaac­ power felt. son, both of the St. Paul Printing Pressmen's Union. They What was going on in Minnesota between these two con­ aE.ked for an all-labor conference to put candidates in the tenders repeated itself everywhere in America. The people field for State office. The suggestion was enthusiastically were determined to come into their own, politically and received by a majority of the delegates, and on August 25 of economically. that year (1918) President Ed G. Hall and Secretary George STAGE SET FOR FARMER-LABOR PARTY W. Lawson, of the State federation of labor, convened the The crushing reign of war hysteria and conservatism formed parley. Ninety local unions sent delegates. the immediate background for the birth of the Farmer-Labor WORKER AND FARMER COMMITTEES MEET Party. A committee of seven labor men was named to meet with The farmers, the workers, the peace and neutrality advo­ a like committee of the Farmers' League to select candidates cates, the progressives had no place to go. Their training for the November elections. On this labor committee were: through the years of the Progressive period had been to act William Mahoney, chairman; J. A. Watkins, Fred Kreuger. independently, speaking generally, as voters. They were tied J. J. Robbers, J. L. Tinkham, Clark Greenless, and Henry to no political party. With the approach of the elections of Gassing, representing all parts of the State. Some of these 1918 it. was clear that Minnesota was ripe for a political men were important officers of the State federation of labor. . revolution. Out of their committee conferences grew the endorsement The tactics of the Non-Partisan ·League in other States by labor of three men for State office: The late David H. had been to capture the primaries of the leading party and Evans, of Tracy, for Governor; Tom Davis, of Minneapolis, thus put their own candidates upon the ballot under the very for attorney general; and the late Fred E. Tillquist, of st. noses of their opponents. Paul, for railroad and warehouse commissioner. Dave Evans The primary of 1918 in Minnesota was preceded by a great was a hardware merchant and had been a liberal Democrat. State convention of League farmers, held in St. Paul, March Davis was a veteran labor lawyer. Tillquist was a prominent 18 and 19. From the first the tie between farmer and worker railroad labor official, a member of the Locomotive Firemen was evident. James Clancy, president of the St. Paul Ameri­ and Enginemen Brotherhood. can Federation of Labor, union's central bodY, was the The farmers' committee which helped work out this slate, featured speaker. included: Magnus Johnson, Anthony C. Welch, Karl Knutson, LINDBERGH HEADS STATE SLATE 0 . 0. Teuve, R. ·E. Crane, and Arne Grundysen. Although The slate of candidates offered in the Republican primaries the farmers at first favored Johnson for Governor, they by the farmers was headed by Charles A. Lindbergh for Gov­ willingly accepted Evans as a good choice also. ernor. The rest of the ticket, as agreed upon finally, was: PROFESSIONAL GROUPS BACK MOVE R. E. Crane, a farmer, for Lieutenant Governor; Thomas V. There was a third group behind the efforts of the farmers Sullivan, a Progressive lawyer, for attorney general; S. 0. and workers to form their own independent ticket in 1918- Tjosvold, a farmer, for auditor; Albert H. Fasel, a Progressive, professional men. These men had been active in the cam­ for State treasurer; Fred E. Tillquist, a railroad labor leader, paigns of the progressives of the preceding years, and in the 1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 10417 main had been opposed to the World War and had been hearts of the oppressed and the underprivileged as well as all marked for punishment by the Minnesota public safety mobs who believe in social and economic justice. because of it. These liberals were not organized except in The end of the war found the people all over the world such groups as the Saturday Lunch Club, of Minneapolis­ arising in revolt against former masters. a forum where just such ideas as independent policies had In the United States the tide of insurgent feeling ran high. long been centers of discussion. In many States and cities labor followed the lead which Min­ A committee of the professional men approached the nesota workers had provided. Farmer-labor and labor parties farmers and workers with an urgent plea for a new party sprung up in many places. which would represent peace, progress, and security. This The farmers' Non-Partisan League continued · to grow, group, because of its long training in politics under George reaching out into new States until from Texas to Washington Loftus and the other progressive Republicans, was of real use the sound of the organizer's model T could be heard along the to the people's representatives, most of whom were untrained country roads. Minnesota's league added more members and in the tactics of electioneering. These men were the most proved it could grow. · prominent of the professionals: Attorneys Fred A. Pike, Vince But the reactionaries did not sit unhappily by and do noth­ A. Day, Roy C. Smelker, Thomas L. Fraser, S. A. Stockwell, ing. Now that labor was no longer needed to help steer the Julius J. Reiter, then mayor of Rochester; Drs. William E. war machine, the national administration turned upon it Leonard and Henrik Shipstead; and others such as Carl Lewis, savagely. Liberal and radical organizations were made to Benjamin Drake, Prof. William A. Schaper, and George Siegel; feel the sting of the Federal Government's wrath. Various FARMER AND LABOR TICKET FORMED departments of that administ-ration once thought as liberal The decision was that there should be an independent became the open aids of financial forces in order to crush the ticket in the final. elections of 1918. What to call the new advancing people's movement. ticket? The candidates had to run under some name. The REACTIONARIES MAKE NEW DRIVE-LABOR REPLIES TO ENEMIES progressives' candidates led by Lindbergh in the spring had Organized labor had demonstrated what it could do in the commonly been called the farmer and labor or simply the i;x>litical field in Minnesota, and now hastened to consolidate farmer-labor candidates. There was the name for the inde­ its gains. At the State Federation of Labor convention of pendent ticket. And so, at a final meeting of the conferees 1919 a permanent organization through which the labor at the old Merchant Hotel in St. Paul, it was decided to run unions would express themselves politically was ratified. This Evans, Davis, and Tillquist under the Farmer-Labor banner. was called the Working People's Non-Partisan Political Of course, it was not the intention of everyone to form a League. permanent new party-not then. Many of the farmers were To this new organization could belong not only individuals not convinced that a new party would win their demands for but also entire unions and central bodies. It became the them quicker than their nonpartisan political tactics hith­ counterpart of the farmers' league. The two worked side by erto pursued. The labor officials were somewhat bound to side. The Labor League's first executive board included Wil­ the old nonpartisan principles of "elect your friends, defeat liam Mahoney, chairman; Thomas Van Lear, secretary; and you·r enemies." The professional men, however, saw clearly C. Z. Nelson; Louis Frank; J. A. Watkins; A. E. Smith; and that a return to the old parties would be an admission of E: G. Whitney. All of them were from the Twin Cities. defeat. And there also were many in both the farmer and During 1919 and the early part of 1920 the two leagues the worker camps who had faith in a new party. worked unceasingly to perfect their organizations and prepare the farmers and toilers for the contest of 1920. SENTIMENT ON PERMANENT PARTY DIVIDED The approach of this campaign found the progressives still A victory in the 1918 fall campaign would unquestionably of divided mind concerning a farmer-labor party. Some­ have settled the matter in favor of those who wanted a new such as Henry G. Teigan and William Mahoney-desired to political party. But the Farmer-Labor candidates were not see the two leagues merge into a strong, democratic, mass victorious. Evans polled about 112,000 votes-Lindbergh had party. Townley and several of the Non-Partisan League lead­ received 150,000-in the primaries. It looked as though ers opposed this and urged, instead, that the farmers and many .people were in favor of progressives in office but could workers remain nonpartisan so that they could exercise "a not shake themselves free of their old party ties to help them. balance of power" between the two conservative parties. But it was realized that the campaign had not been a test THE 1920 ELECTION-AGAIN TRY TO CAPTURE G. 0. P. of third-party sentiment among the voters, since it was Thus it was that the leading candidates in 1920 did not file fought in the face of fresh waves of terrorism on the part of as Farmer-Labor. Instead they tried again to capture the the State administration. The Republican machine, en­ Republican primary, and again without success. The fear of hanced by the powers given it at the outbreak of the war, thP, c.andida.tes.w.as that they _CO.l!ldnot.draw_..sunn.ortflr.s_g.wa"'L... .. _~ held -the-state in· the grip or a tyrant, ret'us1nAg dr permlttmg· · from the Republican Party, and the election laws of the time any opposition at will. The league had scheduled 250 meet­ prevented voters from crossing party lines to select whom ings to discuss election problems but was forced by hoodlums they pleased. At the same time the Farmer-Labor Party was and other lawless forces at the beck and call of the notorious kept on the ballot by the filing of a number of candidates Public Safety Commission and its governor, J. A. A. Burnquist, under that banner. to cancel nearly a third of them. It was not safe in those days The leading candidates in 1920 were HENRIK SHIPSTEAD for to engage in politics on a people's ticket. Imaginary flu epi­ Governor, George Mallon for Lieutenant Governor, and demics were used to cancel the meetings of Congressman Thomas V. Sullivan for Attorney General. SHIPSTEAD, who ERNEST LUNDEEN in both Dawson and Madison, Minn. This later was to become United States Senator, was a professional occurred under the direction of Theodore Christianson, the man and a former progressive Republican candidate for Con­ state administrator, and his political associates. gress in 1918 in the Seventh District. He had served .one RISE OF INSURGENCY-BIRTH OF THE FARMER-LABOR PARTY term in the Minnesota Legislature during the war in 1917. Nevertheless, it was in this fall campaign that the Minne­ Mallon, who was politically active among the progressives, sota Farmer-Labor Party was born, 20 years after the Peo­ was a veteran of the World War; had received the Congres­ ple's Party had met the forces of entrenched wealth head-on sional Medal of Honor, and was the only Minnesotan on Gen­ and had been smashed; out of repressions of the war years; eral Pershing's list of One Hundred Heroes of the World War. from the desires of the common people for peace, neutrality, Sullivan, an ardent liberal and excellent platform man, was a and progress, economic and political freedom. The name popular St. Paul attorney, a law partner of James Manahan. "Farmer-Labor," which was placed on the ballot in that elec­ SHIPSTEAD came within a mere handful of votes of capturing tion was destined to appear on the ballots of every Minnesota the Republican nomination. election thereafter. It meant that a new party had arisen Filing on the Farmer-Labor ticket and unopposed in the on the political horizon of America to bring hope in _the primaries were Cyrus King for Governor, Lily Anderson for 10418 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE AUGUST 15 secretary of state, John P. Wagner for treasurer, and Emil attorney general; W. W. Royster for railroad and warehouse C. MacKenzie for railroad and warehouse commissioner. commissioner; and Howard Van Lear for supreme court clerk. FARMER-LABOR PARTY KEPT ALIVE In addition, several congressional candidates had filed in After the primaries King withdrew in behalf of SHIPSTEAD, the State's 10 districts with party endorsement. who, with Mallon and Sullivan, then filed by petition for the The Farmer.:.Labor Party in that campaign advocated work same offices they sought in the Republican primary, but this relief for the unemployed; an increased iron-ore tonnage time as independents with Farmer-Labor endorsement. tax; a State-owned and operated cement plant; and in­ These rather clumsy arrangements were the best that could creased capacity for the State :flour mill which had been in be done while the Progressives were still undecided whether operation for a year. This mill is now in danger of being or not to keep the Farmer-Labor Party alive. The votes for dismantled under the present Republican regime. Opposi­ regular Farmer-Labor candidates who made no campaign tion to the use of the injunction in labor disputes and to a whatever ran close to 200,000 and convinced many that the State constabulary were other demands made by the Farmer­ new party was here to stay. Labor Party. It is interesting to note that much of this The final elections also revealed greatly increased strength. program has subsequently been enacted into law. SHIPSTEAD received 281,000 votes to his Republican-machine LEAGUES WORK AS PERFECT TEAM opponent's 415,000. But the Shipstead vote was more than In this crucial campaign of 1922 the two leagues worked twice Evans' vote of 2 years before. As the Working People's harder and more harmoniously than ever before. Their League secretary, Van ~ar, declared: members sensed that victory was at hand and they set forth The opposition claim we lost. I disagree with them because we every ounce of effort and energy they possessed. The rail­ did not have anything to lose. The fact is we made substantial road brotherhoods continued their splendid support, sending gains. into the State several fine speakers, and providing to a gen­ SAVE THE STATE FROM SOCIALISM erous degree that rarest of all commodities of progressive The false slogan of the Republicans in the 1920 campaign politics-hard cash! "Fighting Bob" La Follette aided the was "Save the State from socialism." This slogan was sup­ campaigners with several speeches before tremendous crowds posed to be potent because of the current "red" scares being in the Twin Cities and several southern cities. conducted all over America in order to discredit the labor When election day arrived it was apparent that Dr. SHIP­ and progressive movements. In Minnesota the Sound Gov­ STEAD had defeated Frank B. Kellogg for United States Sen­ ernment Association was formed, and through this fake outfit ator, while Magnus Johnson's exciting campaign made it the big open-shop industrialists and the bankers poured hun­ appear that he, too, would win. Final results showed that dreds of thousands of dollars in order to defeat the Farmer­ SHIPSTEAD had become America's first Farmer-Labor Sen­ Labor forces. The State was plastered with huge billboards ator, by 80,000 plurality. Johnson came within 15,000 votes screaming confusing and misleading slogans. An expensive of becoming Governor. In addition, Farmer-Labor Knud publication called Minnesota Issues covered the State like a Wefald and 0. J. Kvale went to Congress. blanket of snow in a desperate attempt to smear the popular candidates. TRULY, THE FARMER-LABOR PARTY HAD ARRIVED It was in the face of this that the Progressives made their Nor was this all. The election struggles had resulted in astonishing gains in voter strength. victories in many legislative districts. In 1920, for example, the Farmer-Labor Party could claim successes in 46 districts. WALL STREET ORDERS DEFLATION It must be remembered that the Minnesota Legislature is Between ·the campaigns of 1920 and 1922 the farmers' de­ elected on a non-partisan basis. In 1922 the influence in pression set in--and it has lasted to this very day. Those who the legislature of Farmer-Labor people increased even more. labored on the land from sunrise until sunset were the first to be ground down by the heartless deflation ordered by our MAGNUS JOHNSON GOES TO SENATE captains of industry. The farmer was crushed under a A surprise victory was still in store for the new party. A heavy debt load incurred during a period of inflation-a few months after the elections, word came that Minnesota's debt load which is impossible for him to pay pff even during elder Republican statesman, Senator Knute Nelson, had died. periods of relative normalcy. It was announced that a special election would be held to fill Suddenly there was an organized· contraction of bank out the nearly 2 years' balance of his term. credits, prices began to tumble, the great war boom collapsed. The Farmer-Labor people had found Magnus Johnson an This situation helped the Progressives. It gave the people excellent campaigner and he proved to be the favored candi­ one more great incentive to fight. date in the Farmer-Labor primary held in June 1923. His opponent was the same machine Republican who had squeezed MOVE FOR INDEPENDENT POLITICAL ACTION past him to win the governorship only a few months before. Also between the campaigns of 1920 and 1922 the Farmers But this time the farmers and workers were ready for him. Non-Partisan League underwent important changes. Its They knew their strength and they knew that the people founder, Townley, stepped out. Thus was removed one of were behind their program. the most influential opponents of independent political action Magnus ran on the slogan, "Is a farmer good enough for the of farmers and workers. The way rapidly cleared to get United States Senate?" behind the Farmer-Labor Party and make it the winner. His Republican rivals foolishly countered this with "Send From the first, the workers and farmers displaced the Magnus back to the pasture." It proved to be as foolish as Democratic Party as the leading opposition. Now the farm it sounded. It was resented by the city workers as well as depression, the continued attacks upon workers' wages, and the farmers. The campaign was short and sweet. When it the general distrust in which the people held the corrupt was over, Magnus had won by almost 100,000 votes. Republican Party gave the new party reasons to think in Minnesota thus sent a second Farmer-Labor man to the terms of victory. United States Senate. The Republican wailing wall was now FILE COMPLETE SLATE OF CANDIDATES well established. The liberals filed a complete slate of candidates in the It was in a spirit of .triumph and confidence that the toilers 1922 election under its own banner. It was the final warning looked toward 1924. Meanwhile the agitation had gone on that the Farmer-Labor people were in the field to stay, and for clarification of the status of the Farmers' League, the to be reckoned with. United States Senator Frank B. Kellogg Labor League, and the Farmer-Labor Party itself. A series was up for reelection, and against him the Farmer-Labor of conferences were held throughout the winter and spring Party pitted HENRIK SHIPSTEAD. For Governor that color­ of 1923-24 looking toward the formation of a new organiza­ ful farmer, Magnus Johnson, was selected. Other candidates tion which would combine the two leagues and carry on were: Arthur A. Siegler for Lieutenant Governor; Susie W. the activities of the Farmer-Labor Party between elections. Stageberg for secretary of state; Elizabeth Deming for Many new adherents came when Robert M. La Follette, Sr., auditor; Frank H. Keyes for treasurer; Roy C. Smelker for in 1923 answered that he was through with the old parties 1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 10419 and would enter a new alinement with the forces of progress cooperative banks, and the McNary-Haugen plan of aid to Nation-wide. farmers. · How much of this is now accepted law others may ENTER FARMER-LABOR CLUBS judge. In many parts of the State-especially in the Twin Cities Because of the rapid change to the new basis of the Farmer­ and the Brainerd area-there had developed a new type of Labor Federation, and for the sake of preserving harmony, it political organization. It was called the Farmer-Labor Club. was decided to make no endorsements for office but to allow Unlike the clubs familiar to eastern city politics, the members the primary vote to decide the slate. Whether that choice of these groups paid regular dues, carried on their own edu­ was a wise one or whether injury was done to the party re­ cational campaigns for progressive principles, and in the case mains a question to this day. Some of the candidates turned of the Sixth Congressional District even maintained their their attacks away from the common enemy and directed own newspaper, the Farmer-Labor Record. their fire on their primary rivals. The future must determine The club rooted the new Farmer-Labor Party in the locali­ that question. ties as even the leagues could not do. It was smaller than A NEW LEADER EMERGE8--FLOYD B. OLSON the leagues' units, and hence more mobile .and more sensitive However, from the tangle of primary candidates and the to local needs. To some of the Progressives it appeared to heated primary campaign, there did emerge a man not only be the answer to the problem of how best to conduct the eminently fitted to hold high public office but also with the work of education, organization, and political effort. necessary qualities to become the leader of this new party. LEAGUES MERGE INTO FEDERATION He was a talented young man, tall and graceful, with a In March of 1924 the two leagues met in Minneapolis at winning smile and a persuasive voice; a man who did not the same time and in nearby halls. There were 150 farmer hesitate to take his position on the side of the people, whose delegates from 42 counties. On the labor side were repre­ principles had been forged on the anvil of hard labor in the sentatives of no less than 100,000 workers from every section mine, railroad yard, and harvest field, and whose honesty of the State. These people _had ~!ready founded their own and courage already had been amply demonstrated in public daily newspaper, of which they were very proud, the Minne­ office. sota Daily Star. There remained a strong sentiment among the league farm­ This man was Floyd B. Olson, the son of Norwegian and ers to keep intact their old organization, which, however, ·was Swedish immigrants. He was then county attorney of the suffering depletion in the ranks. But a majority of the State's largest county, Hennepin, and already was recognized farmers preferred entering the proposed Farmer-Labor Fed­ as one of the foremost men holding office in Minnesota. As eration. When word came that the workers' convention had a prosecutor, he showed that he was primarily interested in dissolved their league in favor of the new federation, the the dispensation of elementary justice. He filed as candidate farmers began to debate. It was an exciting moment in for Governor on the Farmer-Labor ticket and won the nomi­ Farmer-Labor history. nation in a spirited campaign. POLITICAL HISTORY MADE Up for relection in 1924 was Senator Magnus Johnson. His progressive record in Washington seemed to assure him a Delegate Carl R. Carlgren, who had been on the labor com­ return to office. The entire slate of candidates which emerged mittee visiting the farmers' convention, returned to the from the primary prepared for victory in the fall, despite the workers' hall finally with word of the results. AB the Farmer­ confusion and ill feeling which had been features of the Labor Advocate reported it- elimination contests. For a moment there was a pause and silence. Then a great shout went up; delegates sprang to their feet; some climbed on chairs NATIONAL AND STATE CAMPAIGNS NOT COORDINATED and tables; hats were thrown in the air; and labor men began to However, another element entered the situation. This was shout, "Hurrah for the farmers!" Scores of men grasped the hands of delegates to whom they had the candidacy on the national scene of the fighting Progres­ never spoken before and congratulated them. All were eager to sives, Senators LA FoLLETTE and WHEELER. To the detriment learn whether ·the leaguers were coming over. Yes; they were of all, the national campaign and the campaigns of the coming. Soon they began to appear by dozens, by half dozens, by Farmer-Labor _candidates did not mesh until very late in the scores; and as they shouldered their way to their seats, the Federa­ ·tionists arose shouting their welcome, extending their hands and year. Had there been a planned campaign of the National vacating seats for the farmers' comfort, while the hubbub was and State Progressives from the start, the ultimate results punctuated every few minutes l:ly fresh outbursts as new groups in all likelihood would have been different. appeared at the crowded doorways and sought their places in the council chamber with the workers. • • • All the time the reactionaries continued their attacks upon FARMER-LABOR FEDERATION BORN the liberals. Workers and businessmen were threatened with Thus was born the Farmer-Labor Federation. Its first dire consequences if they' did not return Coolidge to the White officers were William Mahoney, chairman, representing labor; House. Hard times, panic, riots, bread lines-these terrible Ralph Harmon, secretary, representing the farmers. The things would be the result of taking LA FoLLETTE and WHEELER first executive board included the following district repre­ and the Farmer-Labor people seriously. A subtle change was sentatives: First, J. C. Placek and Walter J. Kennedy; second, coming over large sections of the American people by 1924; John J. Johnson and W. C. Sprague; third, Fred E. Osborne the people were being lulled to sleep by a false prosperity. and A. c. Welch; fourth, Frank Fisher and Frank Starkey; THE G. 0. P. PROSPERITY CAMPAIGN fifth, Robley D. Cramer and J. 0. Johnson; sixth, A. H. Hen­ The Republican newspapers thoroughly dinned into the drickson and P. W. Anderson; seventh, Harold Baker and public ear that good times had arrived forever. They need Hemming Nelson; eighth, George H. Webster and H. W. Dart; do nothing but vote Republican to keep the beautiful picture ninth, Louis Enstrom and J. C. Pratt; tenth, C. R. Hedlund of boundless prosperity hanging on the parlor wall. and Gus Lundberg. Joseph Baldus later replaced Mr. Welch. Because the masses lacked a .voice to match this blare of This central body of authority was composed entirely of dirt publicity, it was difficult to make it known that the farmers farmers, workers who had left lathes or scaffolds to attend still had to labor from sunup to sundown merely to keep the the convention, and progressive business and professional sheriff from seizing their stock and tools; that in many in­ men. dustries wages were slowly declining while hours were going CONVENTION ADOPTS PROGRAM; A FREE PRIMARY WITHOUT ENDORSEMENTS up; that machines were being introduced at a very rapid rate­ The day following these stirring events there was a mass machines which were throwing workingmen permanently out convention of Farmer-Labor adherents in St. Cloud to adopt of their jobs; that women workers were still getting less for a program and select candidates for the coming campaign. the same work that men did; that prosperity was an actuality The program demanded start of the St. Lawrence Waterway, mainly for those with sufficient funds to play the stock mar­ public ownership of all public utilities and natural resources, ket-or for those who could buy stocks and-bonds of the wealthy guaranty of labor's right to organize, adequate·soldiers' bonus, monopolies. 10420 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE AUGUST 15.

FAKE CAMPAIGN SUCCEEDS SHIPSTEAD REELECTED TO SENATE These were disagreeable facts; the fine picture of good times Despite the din of self-praise in the Republican press, Min­ was easier to take. The militancy of the war years, the cru­ nesota's Farmer-Labor Senator, HENRIK SHIPSTEAD, was re­ sading spirit of the progressive era, were being sapped away. elected by a smashing majority. The slate of 1923 was: Until the house of cards would fall the Progressives oould ERNEST LUNDEEN, for Governor; Thomas J. Meighen, for do little but wait for the majority sentiment to return to Lieutenant Governor; Mrs. Susie W. Stageberg, for secretary their side. The 1924 election, which the farmers and workers of state; Peter J. Seberger, for treasurer; C. F. Gaaren­ were convinced they would win, ended in heartbreaking stroom, for attorney general; and J. L. Peterson, for railroad defeat. and warehouse commission. Only Congressman Kvale, in True, the Farmer-Labor candidates ran ahead of the Na­ the southwestern farm district, was returned to Congress with tional Independent p·rogressive ticket. "Fighting Bob" lost Senator SHIPSTEAD. LUNDEEN ran ahead of the State ticket Minnesota by 80,000. Olson lost the governorship by 40,000. to poll 227,000 votes against the Republican rival's 549,000. Worst of all, Magnus Johnson was defeated for reelection, HIGH SUMS FOR CAMPAIGN PURPOSES but only by 8,000 votes in a total vote which approached a million. These were the years of modest, poverty-stricken cam­ THE CREDIT SIDE OF THE LEDGER paigns for the Farmer-Labor candidates. While the Repub­ On the credit side the western farmers returned Congress­ licans continued to collect huge sums for campaign purposes, men Wefald and Kvale to Washington, and a third Farmer­ and to have as well an obedient State machine, the pro­ Laborite, William L: Carss, of Duluth, was also sent to gressives conducted their campaigns with the nickels and dimes of the working people. It is cause for high praise Congress. that the party held its ranks. An outcome of the disastrous 1924 contest was a revamp­ ing of the Farmer-Labor Federation. New conferences ini­ Throughout the 20's the Farmer-Labor Party was the tiated in 1925 by the present Farmer-Labor Congressman, chief opposition party in a Minn.esota saddled with a do­ RICHARD T. BucKLER, resulted in the federation adopting a nothing Republican Party. The Progressives' campaigns were new constitution and a new name. primarily educational in order to acquaint the people with The constitution forbade membership to revolutionists. the facts. In these campaigns the program which the New The new name was the Farmer-Labor Association. This is Deal later ·promised won power and was firmly laid. Social the organizational structure which has housed the Farmer­ security, work for the unemployed, labor protective legisla­ Labor Party to this day. tion, debt relief and cost of production for the farmers, old­ STRUCTURE OF FARMER-LABOR ASSOCIATION age pe~sions, Government power and transportation projects, tax adJustment-these attainments and objectives which are A word about the association. It would be hard to find its counterpart in American political history. It is com­ common coin today were long ago given full discussion in the posed of hundreds of ward and township clubs, some of which clubs and circles of the Farmer-Labor Party of Minnesota. have 400 and more active members. It also consists of trade The best traditions of the early grangers-the People's unions, cooperatives, and farmers' economic organizations. Party, the Progressives, the labor parties-the militants of Until recently It likewise included cultural and language so· the war years, were handed down without a break to the cieties and the units of unemployed organizations. present day. The members of the association pay dues and support a FARMER-LABOR PARTY ANSWERS UNIVERSAL DEMAND newspaper, the Minnesota Leader, probably the most influ. Some of our national historians, born and bred in the East, entia:I weekly in the State. Their club meetings are enlivened have failed to discover in the Minnesota farmer-labor move­ by debates on the issues of the day and on party policy. Once ment the wider lessons with which it is studded. To many a year, conventions are held at which officers are chosen. In of them it was, and still seems to be, a matter of local moment, addition, there is a central committee of 18 chosen by mem­ a passing fancy of the American political scene. bers themselves at district conventions. Nothing could be further from the truth. What the Min­ CONVENTIONS;--MEETINGS OF RANK AND FILE nesota t'armers and wage workers and independent business The 1926 a.."'ld 1928 conventions of th~ association were and professional groups desire, through. independent political actually then meetings of the delegate representatives of the action, is exactly the same as these groups everywhere in party rank and file. At these conventions full slates of can­ America desire. The Farmer-:-Labor Party stands for more didates were endorsed for the primaries. than local discontent. It voices the demands of these great In 1926 this slate was Magnus Johnson, a farmer, for groups of our citizens to keep America free and restore Governor; Emil Holmes, a professional man, for Lieutenant economic opportunity for all. This is a universal demand. Governor; Charles Olson, a Progressive, for secretary of During the glittering years of the stock-market prosperity state; S. 0. Tjosvold, a farmer, for auditor; Thomas J. the Farmer-Labor Party remained the symbol of the largely Meighen, a small-town banker, for treasurer; Frank E. unfulfilled needs of the common man for a better, fuller, freer McAllister, a lawYer, for attorney general; Thomas Vollom, a life. We were determined that our party should live, because farmer, for railroad and warehouse commissioner; and Mrs. it had, and still has, a -destiny to meet. Minnie Cederhplm, a · rural housewife, for supreme court ORGANIZATIONS AND ORGANIZERS clerk. JOHNSON LEADS HIS TICKET And yet, while it is true that this conviction burned like a Johnson received the best support in the finals, winning live coal, it mustoe recognized that by itself it would not have 266,000 votes . to his Republican opponent's 395,000. Re­ kept the party alive. What accomplished this during the elected were Congressmen Carss and Kvale, but Congress­ period of so-called good times

editors, Fay Cravens, of Milaca; Edward Barsness, of Glen­ ARENS ELECTED LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR wood; Charles Coy, of Alexandria; Archie Whaley, of Moor­ Elected with Olson was Henry Arens, Lieutenant Governor. head; former Congressman Francis Shoemaker, then of Red Arens was a vice president of the State's largest cooperative, Wing; certainly the veteran publisher of the Willmar Daily a dirt farmer, and a fighter for both farmer and progressive Tribune, Victor E. Lawson; and many others. causes. Reelected also was Paul J. Kvale as party candidate In addition were other leaders who had begun in the ranks, for Congress from a western prairie district. The Democratic and whose strength remained there, such as Magnus John­ Party almost disappeared in Minnesota and there developed son, Knud Wefald, 0. J. Kvale, Louis Enstrom, Mrs. Susie the rush of the liberals to the Farmer-Labor banner. The up­ Stageberg, Mrs. K. K. Moore, Frank Starkey, Fred Tillquist, surge of Progressives was evident in congressional elections all Lawrence Arland, Judge William A. Anderson, Otto Goetsch, over the country, which sent to Washington a Congress com­ and Tom Vellum. And there were dozens of others. These posed of many Democrats in opposition to Hoover's do­ men and women should take pride that they steered the party nothing policies. through its times of trial. . The rest of the State offices were filled in 1930 by conserva­ G. 0. P. FAKE PROSPERITY CRASHES tive Republicans. Likewise, the two houses of the legislature, while nonpartisan, were very conservative. Olson's fight was The Farmer-Labor Party, late in 1929, observed with the rest of the country the spectacular collapse by which pros­ thus clearly outlined. His enemies surrounded him. While perity's house of cards came down. The bottom fell out of the he would be made responsible for every act, he had little con- fake Republican prosperity. Republican rule was now ex­ . trol over more than the affairs of the Governor's office itself. posed for what it was-government of special privilege, by He knew, however, how to call public opinion to his aid and thus compel the reactionaries to support measures in the special privilege, for special privilege. Progressives had often public interest to which they were opposed. predicted just such a disastrous result for the people, of the frenzied finance of the Coolidge-Hoover period. But the ma­ A SAGA OF PROGRESSIVE POLITICAL HISTORY jority of the Nation needed time to see that the end of an age Floyd B. OLson was to be Minnesota's Governor for three had come. By election day, 1930, the people of Minnesota consecutive terms. At no time during these three terms did were already prepared to act. he have the support of a legislature sympathetic to the pro­ FLOYD OLSON COMES TO THE FORE gram of the Farmer-Labor Party. And yet the achievements of his administration are one of the sagas of American pro­ There was one man in the State at that time about whom gressive political history and offer us proof that the common most people thought first in considering the best man for people can ultimately achieve social and economic emancipa­ Oovernor. This was Floyd B. Olson. He had just concluded tion through a political party of their own over which they a hard-hitting campaign against the racketeer elements in exercise control. The Farmer-Labor Party is a party of truly Minneapolis, in his capacity as county attorney. He was democratic rank and file control. hailed throughout the State for his courage and ability. ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE OLSON ADMINISTRATION The party convention was held in March. The executive A review of the achievements of the Olson administration, committee of the association at that time consisted of Frank which cannot be undertaken in full here, shows not only in­ Starkey, Carl R. Carlgren, Anthony C. Welch, Henry G. estimable benefits accruing to the people of his own· State, but Teigan, S. A. Stockwell, and Thomas Meighen. It was ap­ the blazing of new trails extending far beyond the State's parent from the first that Olson could have either the nomi­ borders. Minnesota's new deal clearly foreshadowed the New nation for Governor or United States Senator. He chose the Deal of a later day. His administra,tion, for example, under­ Governorship, and the party gladly gave him its endorsement. took a public-works program to combat unemployment before On the ticket to make the campaign with him were Ernest the New Deal came into power. He recommended unemploy­ Lundeen, for United States Senator; Henry Arens, for Lieu­ ment-insurance compensation to the State legislature before tenant Governor; Judge J. B. Himsl, for attorney general; the national administration proposed this advanced measure~ Anna 0. Determan, for secretary of State; William )M:ahoneY, He undertook a youth program for Minnesota upon which the for auditor; Thomas J. Jackson, for treasurer; and Elmer E. National Youth Administration was later modeled. He fought Johnson, and Carles E. Berquist, for railroad and warehouse for the right of labor to organize and to bargain collectively, commissioners. helping greatly to pave the way for passage by the Federal ELECTED FIRST FARMER-LABOR GOVERNOR Government of the Wagner National Labor Relations Act and Olson made a hard campaign, covering the State thor­ other social legislation. oughly before the election. He leveled a merciless barrage He interceded with the national administration in behalf of against what he called the corrupt Republican hierarchy. the farmer and was largely responsible for the Federal Gov­ His Republican opponent had the use of an expensive sound ernment's seed and feed loan policy and leniency in collec­ truck and trailer equipped with loudspeakers, but Olson tion of farm debts. He obtained passage of the Mortgage shunned fancy campaigning. Moratorium Act, the·first act of its kind passed in the country, When he stepped upon a soap box or a wagon tail gate he which saved thousands of city homes and farms from mort­ needed no microphones. He pledged himself to the party gage foreclosure, and which was followed by passage of simi­ program, which called for farm-mortgage relief, a State old­ lar legislation by other progressive States. This was one of age pension system, chain-store taxation, and general tax re­ the most significant progressive achievements of recent years, lief by taxation in accordance with ability to pay, and many and introduced into our body of law an altogether new con­ other progressive demands since enacted either by the State cept of property rights-namely, that the property rights of or by the Federal Government. In this contest the Olson those who own their homes and . their farms is even more brilliance as a speaker made itself manifest. sacred in times of economic crisis, over which the people have In the final elections Floyd Olson, champion of the under­ no control and for the making of which they are not responsi­ privileged, defeated both his Republican and Democratic op­ ble, than are the property rights of the mortgage holders. ponents by a plurality of nearly 200,000 votes. He became SERVICE TO LABOR AND FARMER the first Farmer-Labor Governor in American history­ It was no mere accident that the first time troops were marking the beginning of a new and bright era for the called out in this country during a labor dispute to protect Farmer-Labor Party and a new hope for all who labor by the civil rjghts of the strikers and the public, rather than to brawn and brain. It was obvious to all that this great cru­ browbeat and shoot the workers down, occurred during the sading movement had found its champion -to proclaim its Farmer-Labor administration-the administration of Gover­ message throughout the length and breadth of the land. nor Olson. The Governor sought to preserve labor standards The Farmer-Labor Party had truly arrived to become an and, during the clamor for wage reductions, he insisted that increasingly vital political force in this State and Nation. the State set the example as a model employer by payment of 10422 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE AUGUST 15 living wages. He obtained passage of a law prohibiting issu­ Nor does this tell the whole story of the l932 victory. When ance of injunctions in labor disputes. the lower house of the State legislature came to vote for Floyd Olson carried on the battle for the farmer, both speaker, it was seen that the Farmer-Labor choice, Charles within the State of Minnesota and in the Nation's Capital. Munn, a farmer, was elected by a vote of 74 to 56. However, He made great headway toward revision of the tax system the senate seats had not been up for reelection, and thus the in conformity with the Farmer-Labor principle of taxation Olson administration was again faced with the same handful and in accordance with ability to pay by obtaining passage of die-hard Tories in the upper body, which attempted to of a graduated income-tax law; a homestead tax which stay the wheel of progress. granted preferential tax treatment to modest city homes and SEVERE DEPR~SSION HITS FARMER-LmERALS ORGANIZE LOWER HOUSB farms; a graduated chain-store tax which aided the small, It was a time of severe depression on the farm. Rural independent merchant; increased taxes upon wealth. By ve­ newspapers carried page after page of mortgage-foreclosure toes he defeated the efforts of the reactionaries to impose a notices. The average farm debt was $4,800. The average sales tax on the State. annual interest payment was $260. Worst of all, it now re­ MADE GREAT SOCIAL STRIDES quired 740 bushels of wheat to pay this interest charge if the In all fields of social endeavor, the administration of Floyd farm was not to be wrested away from the farmer. In 1919 Olson made great forward strides. Educational standards of the same interest charge had been met with only 116 bushels. the State were raised by State aid to school districts which In 1925 it would have required ten 250-pound hogs to pay such were unable to levy sufficient tax money to support decent · interest, but in 1933-with hogs at 3 cents a pound-it schools; by opposing, in the face of violent opposition, cuts required 33 hogs to do the same. in teachers' salaries; by strengthening laws relating to teach­ In Minnesota 60 percent of the farms were mortgaged. ers' tenure; and by a vigorous fight for academic freedom in Farmers were losing them as fast as the insurance companies our schools and colleges. For the aged he obtained passage and other mortgage holders foreclosed, in brutal efforts to get of the first State-wide old-age pension law. their money back. City people also were losing their homes By displaying great resourcefulness, he forced a reactionary with the same rapidity. legislature to pass adequate relief appropriations, threatening Into this situation Olson boldly thrust his famous proc­ to declare martial law to feed the hungry if the legislators lamation declaring a moratorium on foreclosures. A legisla­ failed to heed the people's demands. He brought to an end a tive act was then in preparation by Attorney General Peter­ period of exploitation of the State's natural resources through son. It was enacted into law. The tone of the Olson admin­ creation of a unified Department of Conservation, and formu­ istrations was always one of progress through legislation. lation of a long-time, forward-looking program of conserva­ The fact that liberals never controlled both houses of the tion to assure that the natural resources would be developed legislature prevented the passage of most liberal demands. and utilized in the interest of all the people rather than for REACTIONARY ASSAULT BEATEN OFF--MORTGAGE MORATORIUM LAW PASSED the few. As the 1934 election approached, · the conservatives laid This was a common people's government at work. It was careful plans to wipe out Olson and all he and the Farmer­ government which carried out the finest traditions of Amer- Labor Party stood for. This time the Farmer-Labor conven­ ica--democracy at work. ' tion brought forward a program pointing to the cooperative 1932 ELECTION EXTENDS FARMER-LABOR GAINS movement as a superior form of economic structure. Olson The March 1932 convention of the Farmer-Labor Associa­ praised it as offering a constitutional means to win human tion met in an atmosphere of a tense national election which equality and security. had repercussions in Minnesota. Olson was, of course, en­ The candidates on the State ticket at this time included: thusiastically indorsed for reelection. The Farmer-Labor Henrik Shipstead for United States Senator; Hjalmar Peter­ ticket included: K. K. Solberg for Lieutenant Governor; sen for Lieutenant Governor; John T. Lyons for auditor; Harry H. Peterson for attorney general; John T. Lyons for Harry H. Peterson for attorney general; A. H. Kleffman, secretary of state; A. H. Kleffman for treasurer; Knud Wefald treasurer; K. K. Solberg, secretary of state; Laura Naplin, supreme court clerk; and Charles Munn for railroad and for railroad and warehouse commissioner. warehouse commissioner. During the campaign there came to the aid of the Farmer­ The Republican dailies in the State, conducted a post-card Labor ticket several out-of-State Progressives, including Sen­ poll which, strangely enough, revealed that the Republican ators NYE and FRAZIER, of North Dakota, and Senator LA FoL­ candidate would defeat Olson. Olson later proved it to be LETTE, of Wisconsin. As might be expected, Olson's campaign the laughing stock of the election. The conservative Demo­ was a bold and relentless attack upon toryism and economic crats also were determined to defeat the liberals. The clos­ special privilege. ing days of the campaign found Emil Hurja, an employee of The returns in November revealed that a clear majority of the Democratic national chairman, denouncing Olson over a the voters agreed with their Governor. His plurality was Minnesota radio network. 188,000 in one of the most strenuous campaigns which the Word soon came that the President had called this gentle­ State had witnessed to that time. man upon the carpet for a severe dressing down because of OTHER VICTORIOUS FARMER-LABOR CANDIDATES the attempt to make it appear that the national adminis­ This time the party had greatly improved its position. tration desired the defeat of Olson. Elected with Olson were K. K. Solberg, a farmer legislator, These were merely examples of the savage campaign con­ Lieutenant Governor; Harry H. Peterson, now a member of ducted. Every conceivable form of hysterical propaganda, the State supreme court, a~torney general; and Knud Wefald, every slander and scheme to frighten the voters, had been an independent businessman, railroad and warehouse com­ tried. missioner. FARMER-LABOR VICTORY IN 1934 CAMPAIGN Because of a veto by Governor Olson of a vicious gerry­ But when it came the voters' turn to speak, the Farmer­ mander bill in 1931, the congressional elections of 1932 were Labor Party triumphed again. Every candidate on the ticket all at large. In this contest the rapidly increasing strength was elected or made a strong showing. The party had been of the Farmer-Labor Party was seen. Of the 9 Congressmen unified as never before by the attacks upon it and it had elected, 5 were of the Farmer-Labor Party. These had won grown wonderfully in strength and force. People thought through a primary contest involving 35 candidates. The vic­ more seriously than ever about the complex problems of tors were Magnus Johnson, Ernest Lundeen, Henry Arens, government and of economic security. Paul J. Kvale, and Francis Shoemaker. Johnson led the Elected with Governor Olson, were Hjalmar Petersen, Lieu­ entire delegation, receiving the highest number of votes. It tenant Governor, who, as chairman of the house tax commit­ was the high-water mark for Farmer-Labor representation tee, had steered the graduated income tax through the State in Congress. · legislature; . Harry H. Peterson! attorney general; Charles 1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· SENATE . 10423

Munn, railroad and warehouse commissioner. Munn joined A GREAT LEADER PASSES Wefald on the commission to win control of it for the Farmer- Following the convention, Olson was again taken very ill, Labor Party. · and a second corrective operation was needed. This slowed It is hard to understand how, with this victory, the legisla­ his campaign. He left the hospital early in August, intending ture could be conservative in composition. Yet this is what to rest a few weeks before beginning the fall drive. However, occurred. Perhaps the reason can be found in the non­ on the 16th he suffered a severe relapse and returned to the partisan character of the legislature, enabling conservatives Mayo Clinic, from which he never left alive. He died August to seek office as liberals. 22, 1936, thus bringing an abrupt end to a brilliant career Despite the fact that the depression had deepened, the con­ which was about to place him in the United States Senate and servative legislators decided that their chief work would be held out for him the strong possibility of ele~tion as the first an investigation of all Farmer-Labor departments. The re­ Farmer-Labor President of the United States. lief situation had become so acute that Federal funds to the HJALMAR PETERSEN BECOMES GOVERNOR State had to be suspended. In order to support the Gov­ The Lieutenant Governor, Hjalmar Petersen, was sworn in ernor's demands for sufficient relief appropriations a mass as Governor and continued to serve in that capacity until the meeting of farmers was held at the capital. It demanded following January. Governor Petersen in his short term ad­ legislation that would meet the needs of the common people. hered to Farmer-Labor principles and a special session of the At this mass meeting a leading figure in the militant Farmers legislature called by him passed an unemployment insurance Union declared that Floyd Olson would be the next President act. Minnesota workers were thus assured of the benefits of of the United States. With a great shout, the crowd showed the National Unemployment Insurance Act the first day the its approval. law was put into operation. OLSON DEFEATS HIS OPPONENTS The conservatives tried persistently to put over a sales tax. OLSON SPIRIT STIMULATES CAMPAIGN The Governor stood firm in his opposition to it. "I will not The election campaign from that point had a different approve a tax upon poverty-upon bread and shoes," he in­ aspect. The spirit of the lost leader was as great a factor to sisted. Despite the attitude of the legislature, much of the reckon with as his personality had been. The progressives Governor's program was forced through. deeply felt the need to keep faith with the man who had led The struggle between the Governor and his opponents was them so well and with whom they had worked so long. far from ended, however. By winter, matters had become Chosen to take his place on the ticket by the unanimolls so acute that Olson called a special session. He asked for action of the central committee was Congressman ERNEST passage of a better old-age pension bill based upon payments LuNDEEN, of the Third Congressional District, then preparing regulated by need; increases in the income tax for more · for reelection to Congress. To LUNDEEN's place on the ticket school aid; increases in the money and credits tax and upon for Congress went ·Henry G. Teigan. wealth to pay the costs of social legislation; the unemploy­ LmERALS UNITE FOR VICTORY ment compensation financed by employees. The conserva­ The campaign was again being conducted during a national tives granted only increased old-age pensions, blind pensions, election. This time the national administration threw its and arranged to have delinquent taxes collected. whole weight behind the Farmer-Labor Party. The leading About this time it first became evident that all was not well candidates of the Democratic ticket withdrew and the fusion with the Governor's health. On the last day of 1935 he of the two parties on the Farmer-Labot ticket resulted in a underwent an operation to determine the cause of a gastric smashing blow at the Republicans. Final re·sult revealed that disorder he had been suffering. He never fully recovered his ERNEST LuNDEEN had won by a majority of 260,959 votes for vigor. the Senate and Elmer Benson by a majority of 248,502 for BENSON APPOINTED UNITED STATES SENATOR Governor. Also at this time the death of "a United States Senator · opened the way for Minnesota once more to claim two A majority of the congressional delegation again became Farmer-Labor Senators simultaneously, Farmer-Labor. This had not happened since 1923-24. Senator Thomas D. Elected were Richard T. Buckler, Henry G. Teigan, John Schall, Republican, struck down in a traffic accident, died in T. Bernard, Dewey W. Johnson, and Paul J. Kvale. These Washington. There was a forthcoming session of Congress, men represented the entire farming districts of western and Governor Olson announced he would appoint a successor, Minnesota, the iron range country, and the city of and in the fall make the race for Senate himself. Although Minneapolis. he could have realized a life ambition to become Senator at LIMITATIONS OF STATE ADMINISTRATION that time, he said that he did not want to reach that office Let us consider for a moment the limitations of a State except by a vote of the people. Elmer A. Benson, State bank­ administration. Its operations in social and economic ing commissioner, was named by him as Senator to fill the spheres have gradually been curtailed through the years, vacancy caused by the death of Senator Schall. the result of the desire of big business to gather all control OLSON SUPPORTS STRICT NEUTRALITY LEGISLATION DURING FOREIGN WARS at a central point and then to take charge of that center. The summer found Olson somewhat recovered in health. This has been going on in America since the days of His plans for the fall campaign were shaping up rapidly. The Hamilton. issue upon which he would make his fight; he said, was reform If the Farmer-Labor Party won partial control of Min­ of the Supreme Court. That body had just invalidated the nesota State government-and it did for 8 consecutive first A. A. A. and the N. R. A. Olson determined to seek a con­ years-it found that all needed reforms, with the possible stitutional amendment to make appointments to the Supreme exception of one, generally had to run a gantlet of the Court not for life but for a definite number of years. courts clear to the highest bench in· the land. There it was He also demanded strict neutrality legislation during for­ nip and tuck whether the reformers could save their legis­ eign wars and pledged a hard fight to that end. lation. The Tory traditions of the high courts are known FARMER-LABOR CONVENTION DEMONSTRATION FOR OLSON to everyone. The 1936 convention of the Farmer-Labor Association, THE FIGHT FOR JUST TAXATION held in St. Paul, was one of the most enthusiastic in the his­ The one possible exception to this was taxation, where tory of the party. Several thousand persons attended, and the State still retains some responsibility. at the appearance of the beloved Governor staged a wild Tax relief is a crying need in Minnesota, where even the demonstration. The party had now been in a dominant posi­ basic constitution names the railroads as specially privileged tion in State politics for 6 years and could point to a list of to escape all but a sma11 share of their proper tax load. Tax reforms which, though battered by the die-hard reactionaries, relief is linked closely with the need of the farmer, the was notable even in an age of reform. worker, and the independent businessman to win security. 10424 CONGRE·SSIONAL RECORD-SENATE AUGUST 15 In the case of the farmer especially, it was a fact that he form of social legislation, and legislation designed to better paid twice as much taxes as any other group of citizens in the conditions of the people, socially and economically, re- . relation to income. gardless of who the sponsors were. It is also a consistent The Farmer-Labor Party tried desperately to make a real record of bitter and uncompromising opposition to reaction accomplishment of tax relief in Minnesota. Governor Olson of every form. fought until he had wrung from an opposition legislature The great body of social legislation enacted in recent years an income-tax law. But he did not ask for this law without by Congress was done with the aid of the Farmer-Labor Sen­ at the same time demanding reductions in taxes on farm and ators and Representatives. No other party in Congress can city homes. Thus, it never was a mere matter of more claim so perfect a record for support of legislation beneficial taxes. It was a reasoned adjustment of the tax burden so to labor, the farmer, and the general welfare of the people. that those with ability to pay were required to do so. The Farmer-Labor Party in the Halls of Congress fought for BENSON CONTINUES TAX FIGHT these causes when they were unpopular, they manned their This was the background of the fight carried on by Gov. guns through the fury of every storm. They never deserted Elmer A. Benson and the lower house in 1937 against a Tory their posts. senate. Olson had been able to take tax relief part way; SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FARMER-LABOR MOVEMENT Benson was determined to finish the job Olson started. His I have tried to indicate at various places in this account the object was an entirely new tax structure which would relieve significance of the farmer-labor movement. It sprang from general property of its load. In the end he was forced to the militancy of the farmers and workers in the years just call a special session before he could force concessions from preceding and during the first World War. Its basis was the conservatives. economic discontent. The people wanted more of the good It was a long, bitter struggle. The reactionaries, as had things of life, they wanted an end to war, to depressions, and been their practice for years, sat doing nothing. Of course, to corruption in government. Benson and the other progressives did not allow them to con­ They were weary of the two old parties which had amply tinue this attitude. The Governor was a man of determina­ proved their inability to improve conditions. A party of their tion. When he made pledges he intended to stick by them. own had been a dream of many years' standing. In 1918 He had been elected by a vote which was a mandate from they formed it. It has lived to this day. It will grow beyond the people to enact his reform program. Tax relief headed the borders of Minnesota in the near future-of that I am t'hat program. Its other "must" features were: A State certain. It is destined to lead a great new national party­ housing act; sufficient relief funds to cover all needs; full its objective the economic freedom of the common man. coverage for unemployment compensation; a fair trades and practices act in behalf of independent merchants; reduction SECURITY, PEACE, FREEDOM of rural credits interest rates to·farmers; and a State labor During the 18 years that Farmer-Labor Representatives relations act based upon the Wagner Act. and Senators have worked in the Congress, and during the 8 years when the party ruled in Minnesota, great masses of UPPER HOUSE FIGHTS PROGRAM people have come to realize that in Minnesota the farmers It was clear through all that fight that the people were and workers were actually proving that their own party was on the side of the liberals. But that made the result no possible. These masses looked then-and they look now­ more certain. The conservative State senate would have to the Farmer-Labor movement to lead them forward to gone to its grave fighting rather than expose the wealthy security, peace, and freedom. Our party is a living, burning and special interests groups to any reform. In the end, symbol of this desire. It could not be crushed, not by however, the general property tax was reduced substantially. money, not by treachery, not by dissension, not by slander Taxes on Steel Trust, telephone and telegraph companies, or abuse. We have shown the people a way to the future. express and freight lines, and on incomes and chain stores were increased. Down the years the party, to consider its work at home, While the objective of complete tax revision was not-could has educated the people to think in terms of social and eco­ not-be achieved because of the senate, at least the main nomic change. No man in Minnesota can win an election features were. on his voice, his face, or even his party label. The people The Benson administration attempted to carry out the have been taught to look behind these things and find the liberal traditions of the Farmer-Labor Party and to follow program upon which he stands. Thus it was that in 1938 the examples set by the great Floyd B. Olson. a Republican candidate stood no chance unless he pledged Whenever the administration interceded to bring about himself-no matter how hypocritical-to the Farmer-Labor peace in labor disputes, the rights of the workers were never program. He found it necessary to pose as something which compromised, particularly the right of collective bargaining. he was not--a liberal. The administration refused to renew the licenses of two na­ FARMER-LABOR SUFFERS A SET-BACK IN 1938 tional detective agencies to do business in Minnesota because The 1938 campaign unfortunately found the Farmer-La­ of the antilabor activities of these agencies as revealed before bor Party a house divided against itself. It is not for me the La Follette Senate Civil Liberties Committee. Academic here to point out the reasons for this disunion; recrimina­ freedom in our schools and colleges was stoutly defended and tions will serve no purpose. We learned a bitter lesson­ a dark blot upon the University of Minnesota's record, placed and one which, I am sure, will in the future result in a there by the discharge during the period of the first World greater unity than ever before. Individual differences will War hysteria of the head of the department of political be forgotten in rallying around a program which we need science, Dr. William Schaper, was removed. and which we all can support. In the face of strong opposition, the administration suc­ There is no denying that the Farmer-Labor Party suffered ceeded in maintaining decent relief standards. a severe set-back at the polls. We lost the governorship, The farmer-labor tax program, with the aid of a liberal . and the other State officers. Liberal representation in both lower house, was further advanced through passage of. the the upper and lower houses of the State legislature was homestead exemption act, increased taxes upon iron ore and drastically reduced. The party returned but one Congress­ upon wealth, and reduction in real-property taxes. A law was man to Washington. We were caught during one of the passed fixing a minimum royalty of 50 cents per ton on all temporary reactionary waves which swept the country, and iron ore removed from State-owned lands for all new leases, the party's disunity made it impossible for liberals to hold as compared to a fiat 25 cents per ton royalty contained in back the sweep of reaction. the leases transacted during Republican administrations. A The people, however, now see the fraudulent nature of the fair trades practices act also was passed and rural credits Republican campaign. They have been educated in Minne­ interest rates were lowered. sota to distinguish between genuine liberalism and fake lib­ FARMER-LABOR PRINCIPLES UPHELD IN CONGRESS eralism. They may be fooled once, but they cannot be fooled The record of the Farmer-Labor Senators and Congressmen a second time, even when conservatism comes to them throughout has been one of unwavering support for every streamlined and sugar-coated. They know it for the bitter 1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 10425 pill that it is, and .will not continue with that kind of medi­ SCARCITY A FALSE ECONOMY cation. It does not agree with them. In recent years, we have been telling our farmers to produce RECURRENT .DEPRESSIONs--FAKE LIBERALISM EXPOSED less foodstuffs, not because there ·are not enough consumers What we have been experiencing in this country under to absorb these .products but because the people did not have the old political parties has been periods of recurrent de­ enough money with which to buy essentials-clothes, food, arid pressions, interspersed with periods of ·so-called prosperity; housing. At the same time, our factories have been operat- and these periods of so-called prosperity have been pros-. . ing at less than 60 percent of capacity-in some years much perity in a relative sense only. At no ttme have the great less-because we Gonfessedly did not know how to get the masses of the people-:-the great masses of our citizens whose wealth that these factories could produce to the people who labor produces all our social wealth-felt a real sense of eco- · need this wealth badly. Where is there moral justification nomic security. At no time have they been able to accumulate for su~h an economy? during periods of prosperity sufficient reserves-sufficient The present national emergency brought home to many money, if you please-to take care of themselves and their people a fact that ·liberals and progressives of this country families during the trying periods of depressions and for have known right· along-that an economy based upon scar­ their old age. In fact, the standard of living of the masses city contributes neither to our strength as a nation nor to has been high only in contrast with some other countries, the ·happiness and prosperity of the average 'citizen. It is but it has been very low indeed when the natural resources axiomatic that we cannot became wealthier as a nation by of our country and its ability to produce great wealth are producing less wealth. There is something drastically wrong taken into consideration. · with it all. What have been the reasons for these recurrent depres- SPENDING ONLY REMEDY DEVISED--NATIONAL DEFENSE . sions? When the Democratic Party is in power the allega­ Thus far, Government spending is the only way we have tion has been that it is because business has no confidence. been able to devise to give the masses greater purchasing This, of course, is just. so much dust thrown into the eyes power; but vast as this spending has been, it has been woe­ of the people. It contains no element of truth whatever. fully insufficient, even though ·it has brought food, shelter, Who ever heard of an automobile manufacturer refusing to and clothing of a kind to the needy, which many have be­ manufacture automobiles th,at he could sell at a profit be­ grudged them. cause he did not like the Politics of the party in power? And the only effort of Government in recent 'years to reduce Who ever heard of a radio manufacturer refusing to manu­ spending and balance the Budget brought about an immedi­ facture radios he could sell at a ·pl;'ofit for the same reason?. ate business recession from which we have not yet recovered. Or the Power Trust refusing to generate· as much electricity That was when Wall Street wrote the ticket. Obviously, Wall as its customers wanted to consume? The claim of "lack Street medicine is not good medicine for the people. of confidence" is a preposterous one. Now we are going in for Government spending in a really "LACK OF CONFIDENCE" FAKE big way, not ostensibly to relieve unemployment and to bring Were such claims legitimate, we would have eJ;ljoyed per~ about presumed prosperity .but to prepare for national de­ manent prosperity under Republican administrations, and fense. I am not opposed to ~pending money for common­ the people never would have had occasion· to turn their Gov­ sense national defense. I believe that our Nation should ernment over to the Democratic Party. Could big business become so strong that no other nation or group of nations have had any more confidence than it did when the "great can ever successfully attack us. engineer,'; Herbert Hoover, sat in the White House? Hoover NEW PROSPERITY IN OFFING--MORE NATIONAL DEFENSE was the apostle of big business; and yet it was under Mr. But I am no_t talking about Government spending in terms Hoover that the country went into its deepest depression of of national defense but rather in terms of our national econ­ all times. omy. While conservatives were opposed to Government The trouble is that neither the Republican Party nor the spending when it meant saving of homes and keeping our Democratic Party has had the courage-! will not say intelli­ people alive, they are not opposed to spending for national gence, since the best economic brains of the country have been defense, because they thin.k they are merely paying high at their disposal-to attempt to solve the fundamentals. of insurance premiums to keep the war-profiteering system our economic problem. The reason is that their solution under which they have accumulated millions alive. Inci­ would mean treading on the toes of the mighty. The Farmer­ dentally, they think that they can pass a large share of the Labor Party has no "sacred cows" to protect. increased taxes for national· defense on to the common The only legitimate reason there can be for .a depression people. is when nature fails and ·there is not enough food to go · Of course, the results of this kind of spending from an eco­ around, like the famines of old. That has never been the nomic point of view will be almost identical with the other case here. Neither overproduction nor lack of confidence kind of spending we have been used to. We can look forward can be accepted as valid reasons why people· should go to a so-called prosperity spurt. But when the spending is hungry:. over and the millions put to work thereby will again be ECONOMY OF SCARCITY MAKESHIFl' pushed out on the streets, making ·the rounds daily at facto­ The fact that we have been compelled to resort to an econ­ ries with signs on the doors, "No help wanted,'' we will find omy of scarcity rather than to an economy of plenty is proof ourselves in an even sadder predicament than we are in that neither of the old parties has found a real solution to today, unless in the meantime we go about the task of tack­ the problem. ling our economic problem from its fundamental aspects. An economy of scarcity violates every moral concept-every ECONOMIC SOLUTION BEING DELAYED rule of man and God. What of the aftermath if we do not find now the perma­ From an economic standpoint, it is based on fallacy. It nent answer to the problem? We mtist not forget the results benefits not the great mass of the producers of wealth but of the last war economy-the flare of presu,med prosperity, rather the few individuals who already enjoy special benefits with its stock-market boom, the mad gamble, and then the and special considerations under our Government. day of reckoning, with its blasted homes, destroyed firesides, When the Republicans were in power, we dumped food­ broken hearts, suicides, a bankrupt agriculture, an army of stuffs by the hundreds of thousands of tons into the ocean to unemployed of such staggering proportions that we believed keep these foodstuffs from the hungry. On the basis of a impossible, business failures, bank crashes-a nation fast presumed surplus, the grain dealers, who really have been losing its faith in democracy, because democracy had failed the price fixers for the farmers, beat down the price to the to give the people the substance of life. level where the farmers did not even receive cost of produc.;. Economists know that what we are doing now is onJy a tion for their labors. Then, on the basis of presumed scar­ makeshift arrangement-supplying merely a sedative to the city, the grain gamblers invariably shot the prices up after patient, but not a real cure for the disease. We must develop the farmer had nothing left to sell. an economy based on plenty, able to distribute to the people LXXXVI--656 10426 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE AUGUST 15 the vast wealth which our tremendous resources and our 12. Douglas, R. H. State Farmer-Labor Parties. World Tomor- row, September 28, 1933. · gigantic industrial and agricultural plant is able to produce. 13. Election and Third Parties. Christian Century, December 7, To bring about that kind of an economy is the chief aim of 1934. the Farmer-Labor Party. 14. Ellis, E. Failure of Minor Parties. Current History, April 1930. A country's greatness is measured not by the number of its 15. Farmer Laborism Under Fire. Common Sense, February 1936, great masses of its citizens. The national emergency has page 25. taught us that an economy of scarcity constitutes an element 16. For a Commonwealth Party. Common Sense, May 1935, of national weakness. pages 2-3. , 17. Granite, M. Coming: The United States Liberal Party. Na­ DEMOCRACY IN ACTION-WALL STREET TUNE NOT FOR PEOPLE t ion, December 5, 1934. I have said that the Farmer-Labor Party represents 18. Groves, Harold M. Radical Parties: The Wisconsin Progressive Party. Common Sense, May 1935, pages 19-22. democracy in action-real democracy, under which govern­ 19. Hallgren, M. A. New Radicalism in America. Contemporary ment becomes the serVant of all the people and not the hand­ Review, January 1932. maiden of the few. It is precisely because of the way that 20. Hallgren, M. A. Third Party Fantasy. American Mercury, democracy, so-called, has been administered by the old par­ May 1931. 22. Hutchinson, P. We Need a Labor Party Now. Forum, May ties that it is in peril today. 1932. Let us ma"ke democracy work. Let everyone under our 23. Labor's Own Party, When? World Tomorrow, September 21, democracy have a genuine stake in that democracy. Let 1932. democracy give real economic security to our people, and this 24. Laidler, H. W. Third Party Possibilities. North American Re­ view, September 1932. country will become so strong and so powerful that it will be 25. Lovett, R. M. Party in Embryo; Third Party COnference With immune from attack, both from within and from without. Editorial Comment. New Republic, January 24, 1935. This is even more essential than military preparedness, be­ 26. Lucock, J. T. For a National Labor Party. New Republic, August 7, 1935. cause a happy and contented people will always be the 27. Lundeen, Ernest. A Farmer-Labor Party for the Nation. Nation's strongest defenders. , Common Sense, June 1935, pages 6--8. FARMER-LABOR PARTY POINTS WAY 28. A Map of Political America: Where the Chief Political Move­ ments in the United States Stand. Common Sense, July 1935, The Farmer-Labor Party of Minnesota points the way. It pages 16-17. has shown that a common people's government can be made 29. Miller, A. W. Canada's Challenge to America. Common Sense, to work, to win elections, to educate the people to approach July 1935, pages 13-16. 30. Musto, A. J. New Labor Party. New Republic, February 17, politics with clearness, and to formulate a definite program 1932. possible of accomplishment. It has sent good men to the 37. Need For a New Party. New Republic, January 7, 1931. statehouse, to the legislature, and to the Congress. It not 38. New Liberal Party? Nation, February 6, 1929. only promises reforms but it produces them. It shows that a 39. New Party News. Common Sense, February 31, page 25. 40. New Party and the Unions. New Republic, January 10, 1935. national Farmer-Labor Party is not only possible but that it is 41. New Party Obstacles. Nation, February 4, 1931. absolutely necessary. The great masses of the people will in 42. New Party Prospects. New Republic, April 1, 1936. the no.t distant future win America back for themselves. 43. New Party-Tale or Reality. Common Sense, August 1935, pages 2-3. · At the dinner of the famous Gridiron Club late in 193~ 44. New Party; the Program. New Republic, May 29, 1935. Floyd B. Olson, our distinguished Governor, predicted that a 45. 1936 Is the Time. Common Sense, April 1936, page 2. new national insurgent party would spring up to rescue the 46. No New Party Needed. World Tomorrow, August 31, 1933. people from the terrible pressure of economic collapse. That 47. Niebuhr, R. Making Radicalism Effective. World Tomor­ row, December 21, 1933. prediction will some day come true. 48. Olson, Floyd B. Why a New National Party? Common Sense, Mr. President, I ask that the bibliography on the Farmer­ January 1936, page 68. Labor Party of Minnesota and references to magazine and 49. Oneal, J. Messiah vs. Messiah vs. Messiah, Third-Party Move­ ments. American Mercury, October 1932. newspaper articles regarding that party be printed in the 50. Party for the People. Nation, January 28, 1931. RECORD. 51. Pfuetzo, P. E. Farmers Confront City Radicals. World To­ The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. GIBSON in the chair). Is morrow, November 23, 1933. there objection? 52. Rhode Island Elections and New Party. New Republic, Au­ gust 21, 1935. There being no objection, the matters were ordered to be 53. Rodman, S. Insurgent Line-up for 1936. American Mercury, printed in the RECORD, as follows: May 1936. BmLIOGRAPHY ON THE FARMER-LABOR PARTY OF MINNESOTA 54. Sherman, N. Connecticut Forrns a Labor Party. Nation, January 31, 1930. BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS 55. Strachey, John. Against an American Third Party. Ameri­ 1. Floyd B. Olson. A memorial volume by John McGrath and can Mercury, January 1934. James Delmont, 1937. 56. Tentatively Commonwealth Party; Draft of Platform. New 2. Fine, Nathan. Labor and Farmer Parties in the United States, Republic, May 8, 1935. 1828-1928, New York Rand School Press, 1928, 445 pages. 57. Third Parties, Two Kinds. Christian Century, October 19, 3. League for Independent Political Action. Audacity! Audacity! 1932. Always Audacity! The League, New York, 1933. 58. Third Party. Commonweal, January 12, 1935. 4. Russell, Charles Edward. The Story of the Non-Partisan League. 59 . Third Party Movement Tries Its Wings; American Common­ Harpers & Bro., 1920. wealth Political Federation. Christian Century, January 17, 1935. 5. Gaston, Herbert. The Non-Partisan League. 60. Third-Party Movement. Nation, April 4, 1934. PERIODICAL ARTICLES 61. Thomas, N. Why Not a New Party? North American Review, 1. Amlie, Thomas R. The American Commonwealth Federation; February 1929. What Chance in 1936? Common Sense, August 1935, pages 6--8. 62. Toward a New Party. Nation, January 14, 1931. 2. Brown, Francis. The Power of Progressivism. Common Sense, 63. Toward a New Party. New Republic. May 22, 1935. November 1935, pages 12-15. 64. VanKleeck, Mary. Do We Need a Labor Party? Social Work 3. Build a New Party! World Tomorrow, December 1929. Today, December 1935, pages 8-11. 4. Christian, H. Wisconsin People's Front; Farmer-Labor Pro­ 65. Whitcomb, Robert. Floyd B. of Minnesota. Common Sense, gressive Federation. Nation, December 18, 1935. February 1936, pages 18-22. 5. Clear Call for New Third Party; Left-Wingers of Thirty States 66. Williams, H. Y. Do Americans Want a New Party? World Organize and Plan for National Convention. Literary Digest, Jan­ Tomorrow, March 1931. uary 13, 1935. NEWSPAPER ARTICLES 6. Creel, G. Let's Have Another Party. W6rld's Work, March From the New York Times: 1930. 1. March 6, 1938, 7:2: Farmer-Labor Party Federation Fear Long 7. Dewey, J. Future of Radical Political Action. Nation, January and Coughlin Becoming Leaders of a Third-Party Movement. 4, 1933. 2. March 10, 1936, 11:3 C. C. Lundeen Powers. Third Party in 8. Dewey, J. Need for a New Party. New Republic, March 18- War Prevention. April 8, 1931. 3. March 26, 1938, 17:2: Third-Party Forum Planned. 9. Dewey, J. Prospects for a Third Party. New Republic, Janu­ 4. March 28, 1938, 2:2: Governor Olson Favors Forming Third ary 27, 1932. Party. 10. Dr. Dewey and the Insurgents. World Tomorrow, February 5. May 16, 1938, 2:1: Coughlin Rejects Third-Party Move. 1931. 6. May 19, 1938, 31:2: A. Lobkowitz Urges Establishment of Inde­ 11. Dewey's Third Party. Outlook, January 7, 1931. pendent Labor.. Labor Party Opposes. 1940 CONGRESSIONAL . RECORD-SENATE 10427 7. June 28, 1938, 1 :e: L. Waldman Urges A. F. of L. To Take Lead To be commanders in Forming Labor Party. • June 1, 1935, 2:1: Amlie Urges Federation of Groups Seeking Stanley J. Michael James A. Crocker Social Change To Form Labor Party. Clayton S. Isgrig Harley F. Cope July 17, 1935, 37:1: Hosiery Workers Urge Labor Party. August 23, 1935, 2:8: Commonwealth Federation Meeting. To be lieutenant commanders October 4, 1935, 46:4: Metal-Trades Department, A. F. of L., John H. Griffin John E. Florance Opposes Formatioln of Farmer-Labor Party. Carroll D. Reynolds Edwin R. Swinburne October 9, 1935, 5:1: Resolutions Offered for Labor Party. October 14, 1935-: Executive Committee Iconoclastic Party Favors Howell C. Fish Martin J. Drury Joining FarJI?,er-Labor Party When Demand for It Grows. Robert H. Gibbs Gelzer L. Sims October 27, 1935, 24:1: F. J. Gorman Holds Labor Party Is Hope of Wallace S. Newton Norman W. Sears Unionism. Lee F. Sugnet james V. Query, Jr. October 13, 1935, 11:3: Review of Moves To Form Labor Party. November 14, 1935, 4:2: H. P. Fairchild Says Formation of Third William H. Truesdell Albert G. Mumma Party Is Vital Issue; Olson Says Same. Reference: N. 12, 22 :4; n. 17, Walter S. Mayer, Jr. James M. Lane 29:5. George F. O'Keefe Francis D. McCorkle February 1, 1936, 4:2: S. Hailman Urges United Political Action by Labor Unions. Herman E. Schieke John J. Crane February 9, 1936, 2: N. Thomas Urges Formation Labor Party. Cecil L. Blackwell William G. Cooper March 1, 1936, 32:1: Philadelphia Textile Workers Favor Forma­ Aubrey B, Leggett tion of Farmer-Labor Party. To ·be lieutenants GENERAL Beard, Mrs. Mary (Ritter): A Short History of the American Labor Charles J. Odend'hal, Jr. Allan A. Ovrom Movement. New York, G€orge H. Doran Co. (1925). 206 pp. (The Jacob C. Myers William C. F. Robards Worker's Bookshelf, vol. v.) William L. Tagg James M. Clement Carroll, Millie Ray: Labor and Politics; The Attitude of the American Federation of Labor Toward Legislation and Politics. Robert J. C. Maulsby Richard 0. Greene (Boston and New York, 1923.) Charles S. Hutchings George E. Porter, Jr. Coming Labor Party. Nation, April 15, 1936, v. 142: 468-469. Ed B. Billingsley Harold G. Bowen, Jr. Commons, John R., and others: History of Labor in the United States, by J. R. Commons, David J. Sapoos, Helen L. Sumner, Francis E. Nuessle Francis E. Brown E. B. Mittelman, H. E. Hoagland, John B. Andrews (and) Selig George M. Ottinger Baxter L. Russell Perlman. New York, 1926. Robert E. Coombs, Jr. Douglas, Paul H.: State Farmer-Labor Parties World Tomorrow. September 28, 1922, .vol. 16; 544. To be lieutenants (junior grade) Farmer-Labor Party of Minnesota (in American Labor Yearbook, William D. Brinckloe, Jr. Edward W. Hessel 1932). By the Labor Research Reports, 1~28; 767-793. A Labor Party for America. Modern Monthly, September 1933; Green C. Goodloe Henry F. Burfeind vol. 7: 491-495. Harry B. Hahn Edward H. O'Hare Hardman, J. B. S.: Labor Parties: United States. (In Encyclo­ Albert S. Freedman, Jr. Jack E. Gibson paedia of the Social Sciences, edited by Edwin R. A. Seligman, vol. 8.) New York, 1932, pp. 706-708. · Mac D. Thompson Franklin D. Buckley Hillquist, Morris, and Matthew Woll: Should the American Workers Guy J. Anderson Frank H. Henderson, Jr. Form a Political Party of Their Own? A debate: M. M. Hillquist, Ralph H. Benson, Jr. Richard S. Rogers yes; M. Woll, no. New York, 1932, 31 pp. Roy H. Burgess, Jr. Rice, Stuart A.: Farmers and Workers in American Politics. New York, Columbia University, 1924. 231 pp. (Studies in history, eco­ To be dental surgeons nomics, and public law.) Rodman, Selden: Letter from Minnesota. New Republic, August James A. Connell Macy G. Martin 15, 1934, vol. 80: 10--12. Ralph W. Taylor Maurice A. Bliss Ross, Anne: Minnesota Sets Some Precedents. New Republic, Glenn W. Berry Merrette M. Maxwell · September 12, 1934, vol. 80: 121-123. Arthur R. Logan Warner, Arthur: Farmer-Labor Party's Birth. Socialist review. September 1920, vol. 9: 134-136. To be pay inspector RECESS TO MONDAY John Enos Wood Mr. SHEPPARD. Mr. President, I move that under the To be assistant paymasters order heretofore entered, the Senate stand in recess. until John K. Aldrich Grover C. Heffner 11 o'clock a. m. on Monday next. Thomas L. Britton Floyd Loomis, Jr. The motion was agreed to; and the Senate Edward Devitt, Montgomery. make this announcement without anyone's temperature r~sing Dorothea L. Wolfe, Oscawana. too high. I want to state that a petition to discharge the John P. Hewitt, Phelps. committee from the consideration of the bill to do away with Patrick H. McCarthy, Jr., Tupper Lake. the payment of the poll tax as a prerequisite to voting is now on the Speaker's desk. It is petition No. 34, and I shall be WASHINGTON glad to have all who are interested put their signatures upon LeRoy R. Reynolds, Concrete. t.bis petition. ·