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Faculdade De Biociências Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Zoologia Estrutura Da Assembleia E Uso Do Habitat Por Aves Na Ecoregi

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Faculdade De Biociências Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Zoologia Estrutura Da Assembleia E Uso Do Habitat Por Aves Na Ecoregi FACULDADE DE BIOCIÊNCIAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ZOOLOGIA ESTRUTURA DA ASSEMBLEIA E USO DO HABITAT POR AVES NA ECOREGIÃO DA SAVANA URUGUAIA: CAMPOS SEMI-NATURAIS VS. CAMPOS DE SOJA Thaiane Weinert da Silva DISSERTAÇÃO DE MESTRADO PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL Av. Ipiranga 6681 - Caixa Postal 1429 Fone: (51) 3320-3500 - Fax: (51) 3339-1564 CEP 90619-900 Porto Alegre - RS Brasil 2014 PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL FACULDADE DE BIOCIÊNCIAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ZOOLOGIA ESTRUTURA DA ASSEMBLEIA E USO DO HABITAT POR AVES NA ECOREGIÃO DA SAVANA URUGUAIA: CAMPOS SEMI-NATURAIS VS. CAMPOS DE SOJA Thaiane Weinert da Silva Orientadora: Dra. Carla Suertegaray Fontana DISSERTAÇÃO DE MESTRADO PORTO ALEGRE - RS - BRASIL 2014 SUMÁRIO AGRADECIMENTOS ................................................................................................ IX RESUMO .................................................................................................................... X ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... XI APRESENTAÇÃO ................................................................................................... 12 Proposta geral ..................................................................................................... 12 Estrutura da Dissertação .................................................................................... 15 Literatura citada .................................................................................................. 16 CAPÍTULO 1 ............................................................................................................ 19 Abstract ............................................................................................................... 20 Resumo ................................................................................................................ 21 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 22 METHODS ............................................................................................................ 24 Study Area ......................................................................................................... 24 Bird Sampling .................................................................................................... 26 Statistical Analysis ............................................................................................. 26 RESULTS ............................................................................................................. 28 Species Richness .............................................................................................. 28 Population Densities .......................................................................................... 29 Species Composition ......................................................................................... 32 DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................ 33 Species Richness .............................................................................................. 33 Population Densities .......................................................................................... 34 III Species Composition ......................................................................................... 35 Implications for Conservation ............................................................................ 37 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....................................................................................... 38 LITERATURE CITED............................................................................................ 39 SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL ............................................................................. 45 CAPÍTULO 2 ............................................................................................................ 51 Abstract ............................................................................................................... 53 Methods ............................................................................................................... 55 Study area ......................................................................................................... 55 Bird sampling ..................................................................................................... 56 Description of land uses .................................................................................... 56 Statistical analysis ............................................................................................. 57 Results ................................................................................................................. 58 Discussion ........................................................................................................... 68 Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 71 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................ 72 Literature Cited ................................................................................................... 73 CONCLUSÕES GERAIS .......................................................................................... 78 APÊNDICE FOTOGRÁFICO .................................................................................... 79 NORMAS DE PUBLICAÇÃO ................................................................................... 83 Periódico The Condor: Ornithological Applications ........................................ 83 Periódico Journal of Field Ornithology ........................................................... 105 IV RELAÇÃO DE FIGURAS CAPÍTULO 1 Figure 1. Study sites, according to land use type, in the grasslands of the Uruguayan savanna ecoregion. ‘Semi-natural’ are the semi-natural grassland sites under cattle ranching, and ‘Soya’ the soybean fields..………………………………………………..25 Figure 2. Sample-based bird species accumulation curves with Chao 1 estimator (mean ± 95% CI) for semi-natural grasslands and soybean with grassland patches………………………………………………………………………………………29 Figure 3. Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) based on the abundance of species in the two types of land use, using Bray-curtis similarity index. N: semi- natural grasslands, S: soybean fields with grassland patches….………………………………………………………………………………...…32 CAPÍTULO 2 Figure 1. Cumulative percentage of the total records (SUM %PA) and cumulative percentage of the total number of individuals (SUM %Abund) of grassland bird species sampled in the eight study sites by the percentage of semi-natural grassland in the 159 point counts from 2010 to 2012, Southern Brazil and Northern Uruguay.……………………………………………………………………………………..66 Figura 2. Cumulative percentage of the total records (SUM %PA) and cumulative percentage of the total number of individuals (SUM %Abund) of six bird species more abundant in the semi-natural grassland areas in the Southern Brazil and Northern Uruguay……………………………………………………………………………………...67 APÊNDICE FOTOGRÁFICO Área de estudo...........................................................................................................79 Estâncias com plantação de soja com manchas de campo natural...........................80 Estâncias com campos naturais.................................................................................81 Algumas espécies amostradas...................................................................................82 V RELAÇÃO DE TABELAS CAPÍTULO 1 Table 1. Density of birds analyzed individually and 95% Confidence Interval in the two types of land use: soybean with grassland patches (S) and livestock ranching under semi-natural grasslands (N)…………………………………………………..……30 Table S1. Number of individuals and species sampled in the two types of land use of the Uruguayan savanna ecoregion, including aquatic, raptors, swallows, and swifts species. S: soybean with grassland patches, and N: livestock ranching under semi- natural grasslands………………………………………………………………………….45 CAPÍTULO 2 Table 1. Grassland bird species sampled in the eight study sites in Southern Brazil and Northern Uruguay, during the spring and summer, from 2010 to 2012. SOY: sites of soybean with grassland patches. GRA: farms of natural grassland…………………………………………………………………………………….57 Table 2. Grassland bird species sampled in the eight study sites in Southern Brazil and Northern Uruguay, during the spring and summer, from 2010 to 2012. SOY: sites of soybean with grassland patches. GRA: farms of semi-natural grassland…………59 Table 3. Results of the generalized linear mixed models created to test the relationships between the occurrence (Presence/Absence) and abundance of grassland’s bird species to the composition of the habitats in eight study sites in Southern Brazil and Northern Uruguay, during the spring and summer, from 2010 to 2012………………………………………………………………………………………….62 VI “Em Rivera e Livramento Pajadores lado a lado Teu país e meu estado Se unem no sentimento Por saber que és atento às coisas da natureza Me responda com clareza Do fundo do coração O que viste em meu rincão Que te mostrou mais beleza? Su Querencia és tan hermosa Un derroche de beleza Aquí la naturaleza Fue pródiga y generosa las misiones és gloriosa história curcificada Su memória ensagrentada le muestra el tiempo inmutable
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