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Report of the Commander Task Group 7.1

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Report of the Commander Task Group 7.1 /1 !, .l’~’‘ .-. LOS ALAMOS SCIENTIFIC LABORATORY of the 410631 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA “ , ...-. June 1954 i J REPORT OF THE COMMANDER TASK GROUP 7.1 ! c!u4manoN cANc&3&a WITH DELEllONS GY AUTnORrq OF DOEf CK RG 326 US AT051JC ENERGY &qj’p’@f& comlJssIoN .- Ikwation Collection Pee rzk BEST COPY AVAILABLE ;’ ., cOWea,oo E 1 ‘N~, J.~,v ACKNOWLEDGEME NT In connection with the Scientific Task Group~s planning for and partici- pation in Operation Castle, I wish to aclmowledge the overall direction and invaluable advice of Alvin C. Graves, J-Division Leader, LJISL,and Deputy for Scientific l%tters, Joint Task Force SEVEN. It would not be possible in the limited time available to detertine all of the contributors to this report. It is based largely on data pro- vided by programs, projects, task units, and staff sections and was assembled by the Task Group staff. The following are contributing authors whose efforts are greatly appreciated: Rodney L. Aamodt Armand W. Kelly William P. Ball Walter T. Kerwin, Jr. Paul R. Byerly, Jr. Neil E. Kingsley ~j Robert H. Campbell John W. Lipp Walton L. Carlson Edward A. Marten John C. Clark Buford A. Wngum Stirling A. Colgate Byron G. MacNabb Robert B. Cruise Richard J. Pitzer Duncan Curry, Jr. Donald I. Prickett Loris M. Gardner Owen A. Roberts James L. Gaylord John D. Servis Walter D. Gibbins Jamie L. Shumway Huntington K. Gilbert Ralph Carlisle Smith Herbert E. Grier Kemeth Street, Jr. Nathaniel C. Hallett Robert J. VanGemert Marshall G. Holloway Jacob J. Wechsler Philip L. Hooper Robert S. White Arthur J. Hudgins Paul R. Wignall Jack G. James 2%” W. E. OG Commander, ’7337.1 cODf&j/DoE ~NL, J.DIV. 3 . Page CONTENTS ,. ~ 1. DEVICES ANDTEC~CAL CONCLUSIONS. “. ● 9 ● ● ● ● ● 9 ●✎ ● ● 1.1 General &j$@ive~ ● ● . ● ● ●✍ ● 10 1.2 Devices. .—* ✎ 9 ● ● ● ● 10 ● ● ● ● 1.2.1 ● ● * ● ● ● 9 10 1.2.2 . ● ● ✎ 9 ● ✎ 10 ● ● 1.2.3 ✎ . ● ● ● ● ● 9 11 ● . ✎ ● ● ● ● ● 11 ;:::; .Dll[T’:~ : 9 . ● . ● ● 11 . ● ● ● - . !* ● ● ✎ ● 9 12 I ● ● ● 1:2.7 ;* ● ● 9 ● 12 ● ● 9 1.2.8 ,, ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 0 ● ● 12 1.3 Technic.. ~unc~ti~ons : ● ● 0 2.1 Task Unit One Programs (Largely m)= . ● ● ● c “ ’15 . 15 2.1.1 Introdwtion. ● . ● . 15 2.1.2 Yield Analysis . v - ● 9 ● ● “ “ ~= ● ☛ L~ 2.1.3 Program 11, Radiochemistry . ● ● Reaction History . Q ● * 19 2.1.4 Program 12, 20 2.1.5 Program 13, Diagnostic Photograp- . ** ● * 22 2.1.6 MOW- 14, Threshold Detectors . Alpha Fkasurement . c ● = 24 2.1.7 Program 15, 25 2.1.8 program 16, Gamma Intensities at Late Times .* ● 28 2.~.9 Program 17, Microbarographic Wasurements . * 2.1.1o program 18, Thermal Radiation . ● * 28 ● * 29 2.1.11 Program 19, Marine Survey . .m 2.2 Task Wit fielve Progr- (mm) ● . ● ● ● ● ● ● ~ 2.2.1 Program 21, fi~oc~s%Y ● ● ● ‘ “ . ● ● x ● 33 2.2.2 Program 22, HistQrY of Reaction “ ● . ● ● 2.2.3 program23, Scientific Photo~aphy . .- ● ● 33 2.2.4 Program 24, External Neutron Wasurements . > 2.3 :Task Unit Thirteen Progr- (DOD) . ● ● 35 2.3.1 Program 1, Blast and Shock Measurements. ● 32 2.3.2 Program 2, Nuclear Radiation Effects. ~ ● 2.3.3 fiO~am 3, Structures. - ● ● ● ● ● 37 ● 38 2.3.4 Program 4, Bioinedical. w . ● ● ● “ ● 2.3.5 program6, Service Equipment and Techniques . 40 program 7, Long Range Iktection . 41 -’ 2.3.6 2.3.7 prO~fUl 9, Cloud photo~aphy . - . 42 ,.x ,-- Copied/DOE i_ANL, J.DIv. 5 3 Page CONTENTS (continued) ● CHAPTER3GEFERALAC TrvrmEs oFTAEiKGRouP 7.1. ● ● ● ● 43 ● 43 3.1 Mission. ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● “ “ “ ● “ “ “ 3.2 Organization snd ComaanC3Relat3onships. ~ ● 51 3*3 Adv160ry Group. s ● ● ● 9 g 0 3.4 Planning and Traini~ . ● 51 3.4.1 programs, Concepts, ~d Schedules . ● ● ● c ● 51 3.4.2 Determination of Requirements . 57 3.4.3 Training findRehearsals . Q . 58 3*5 MovenEnt to the Forward Area and Assembly of Subordinate ● units. ● ’. ● - ● . ● ● ● ● “ “ “ ● 59 3.~.l Personnel. ● . ● * :~~ 7.>.2 Equipment. ● ● . ● ● ● ● 3.6 Movement of Ikvices and Components . 64 .65 3*7 On-Site Operation and Rehearsal . ● 7.T.l&neral. ● ● ● ● ● ● ●65 3.7.2 Test Facilities . ● ● ● ~i65 3.7.3 Intra-Atoll Airlift. ~ 67 3.7.4 Inter-Atoll Airlift. ● ● ● ● = 68 3.7.5 Motor Vehicle Transportation. 69 3.7.6 Intra-Atoll Boat Service . ● ● ● ● ● 70 3.7.7. Inter-Atoll Surface Lift . 72 3.7.8 Off-Atoll Activities . ● . ● . ● 73 74 3.8 ShotPhaseEvacuation. ...=** ● * 3.8.1 PIuing. ● ● ● ● ● “74 3.8.2 Personnel Evacuation andhl’uster. 76 3.8.3 Evacuation of Property. ● . 77 399 Operations Afloat. ● a ● ● “ :~ 3.10 Recovery Operations . ● ● ● 3.11 Post Shot Reentry. ● . ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ~ Sample Returns. ● ● ● ● @ 84 ;:: Communications. ● ● ● . ● ● 3.13.1 c ommunications by Electrical and Electronic Equipment . ● . ● ● = 3.13.2MailService. ...===* ● *87 3.i4 security. ● ● ● Q ● ● “ ● “ “87 .88 3.15 Classification Activities . ● w ● 3.15.1 Classification . 9 ● ● “ 89 3.15.2 Security Liaison. ● . ● ● ● : $ 3.15.3 photographic Control . 3.15.4 Legal Advisory Problems . 8 . ● 9 3.15.5 organizational Matters. 91 3.16 Technical Reports. ● ● ● ● ● “ ~ 3.17 Disposition of Forces (Roll-uP) . ● %’ 3.17.lGeneral. ● ● o 0 ● 9 3.17.2 Phase-Out of Personnel. ● . ● ● % 4 . CONTENTS (continued) Page 3.17.3 property Ro1l-W . 3.17.4 Headqmrters Roll-Up. 3.l&3Operatioml Conclusions and Recommendations. 3.18.1 General. ● ● “ “ ● ● 3.18.2 J-1 Section, Personnel and Administration. 3.18.3 J-3 Section, Plans and Operations . 3.18.4 J-4 Section, Logistics . ● ● ● ● ● “ cHAPTER4 SUMMARYOFTJ=Kmm~~=S . ● ☛ 101 4.1 TaskUnitl,MPro~- . 101 4.1.1 Objectives . ● ● “ “ ● ● RI 4.1.2 Techniques . 4.1.3 Operations . ● . ● ● ● ● ● ~~ 4.1.4 Results. ● . ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 4.1.5 Recommendations. Q o ● ● ● ● ● ● ~- 4.2 Task Unit 2, Production . S . 103 4.3 Task Unit 3, Special ~terials =d Facilities ● ● - ● 4.4 TaskUnit4,LASLhse~ly . 1~ 108 4.5 Task Unit 6, Firing party. s ● ● ● ● s ● 4.6 Task Unit 7, Radiological Safety . 109 — 4.6.1 Introduction. ● ● c ● ● ● ● ● 109 4.6.2 Task Group Organization for Radiation Safety . 109 4.6.3 &aining. ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ~~ 4.6.4 Control Element. , . ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 4.6.5 Laboratory Element. ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 112 4.6.6 ~contamination Element . ● . = ● ● ● 113 4.6.7 SupplyElemnt. 113 4.6.8 Radiological Situstion Data Smmary . 114 4.6.9 Laboratory Data S~ry . 120 4.6.Lo Conclusions and Recommmdations . ● . 125 4.7 Task Unit 8, Technical Photography. 126 4.8 Task Unit 9J Documental ~Otwwhy ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 127 4.8.1 Mission. ● . ● “ ● ● ● ● ● 127 4.8.2 Organization and Command Relationship . 127 4.8.3 Requirements. ● ● ● c ● ● ● ~7 i - 4.8.4 operations . ● . - s ● ● ● ● ● ~$ 4.8.5 Remote Installations . 4.8.6 FiImE~osed. ● ● ● “ ● ● ● ● ● 131 ,-. ● Is. b.9 TaskUnit12,UC~Progr- . 131 -.. 1.10 Task Unit 13, EODProgr- . ● . ● . ● 12 4.11 Task Uhit 14, UC~ Assembly . ● . ● ● ● ● 135 4.x? Task Unit 1s, Tim@ =dFir@. ● ● ● ● ● ● - ● 12 t 7 cOPled/DOE IANL, J-DIv. ILLUSTRATIONS Page CEIAPTER3(mERALAcTrvmiEsCn’TMKGRouP7. l. ● . ● ● 43 7.1 Organization (hart, Task Group 7.1 . “. ‘. 45 3.2 organization Chart, Joint ‘faskForce s- ● 46 +5.3 Task Group 7.1 Weekly Average Population at ~he”Pa;if;c Proving Grounds, November 1953 through May 1954 . 62 CHAPTER4 SUMMARYOFTASKUNITAf!TIVITIES: ● ● . : . 101 h.l?lap of Eniwet,okAtoll. .l~ 4.2 hiapof Bikini Atoll. .137 TABLES CHAPTER2 ~OFEXPEIUMENTALPROGRAMS . ● 15 2.1 Yields by Hydrodynamic Methob (Megatons). ~~ > 2.2 Radiochemical Results . ‘. .18” 2.3 Threshold Detectors . .“ . 23 2.4 Alpha N%surements . ● ***. 26 2.5 External Neutron and Fijsi~n ha;ur~me~ts: . 27 2.6 Time Interval Between Reactions . ~ 2.7 Results of Thermal Measurements . 31 C3APTER3 GENHUL ACTIVITIES OF TASK GROUP 7.1 . 43 3.1 Key personnel - ~sk Grow 7.1 . 47 5.2 Castle Firing Schedules. 54 cHAPTER4 SUMkMRyOFTASKUNITACTI_VITIXS. 101 lRadiation Sutmnaryin Roentgens perhow. .115 ::: ~ation Summary in Roentgens per hour . ● 117 4.3 Radiation Summary in Roentgens per”hour . 118 4.4 Radiation Summary in Roentgens per hour . ● 119 4.5 Radiation Summary in Roentgens per hour. ● 121 4.6 ladiation Summary in Roentgens per hour . ● 122 8 PAGES u @EJuDGED !RRELEVANTAND WE NOT COPla /-”- To record euch data, photographically suitable light sources linked to the hydrodynamic phenomena and camerae capable of resolving Bmall fractions of a microsecond have to be available. The light aourcea were provided for by the light.radiated by the ca6e of the device when heated by the shock wave. streaking‘tbot’’he~s”escaheras and one L Model 6 framing ‘ourw’””e’camera were employed.‘m Each of the Model 100 cameras photographed all the case 6hots; the Model 6 was directed at the device end-on and was employed for qual- itative reaBona only. isfactory pictures were obtained from the detonation of Indication are that though all the cameras -device=per ormed properly, a local heavy raktorm between the &mker and the zero site cut-the light tranemie6ion down to essentially zero. }.sa result no streake were evident and all that was recorded by the Model 100 cameras was the firelmll as It ewept by the field of view. The Model 6 shows a faint glowing (Teller Light?) of about 11 micro- seconds duration and then a somewhat brighter glow growing in size about 40 microseconds later. 2.2.4 Program 24, External Neutron Measurements The object of Program 24 wae to asure the energy spectnun of neutrons e~ting from of about 2 per cent should-devicebe ed for the (d,t)h ‘ner=reso’”tie”peak. Neutrons from the device coming down the Tenex pipe strike two ~ radiators. Recoil protons from (n,p) colli8ionE in the radiators are detected in nuclear emulsions. Measurements of proton ranges in emuleion yield proton energies, from which the neutron energies may be determined. The signal-to-noise ratio in the exposed plates is good. The eingle grain background is small, indicating a negligible exposure to gammas and electrons.
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