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Gallstones and the Risk of Cancer Gut: first published as 10.1136/gut.21.12.1090 on 1 December 1980. Downloaded from Gut, 1980, 21, 1090-1092 Epidemiology Gallstones and the risk of cancer A B LOWENFELS From the Department ofSurgery, New York Medical College, New York, USA SUMMARY For both males and females the age-standardised prevalence of asymptomatic gallstones found at necropsy in 15 countries correlated strongly with age-standardised mortality from cancers of the uterus, large bowel, and stomach. When deaths from cholecystitis were used as another measure ofthe frequency ofgallstones similar positive correlations were observed across 28 countries. The results suggest that cholelithiasis and several common cancers share similar epidemiological and perhaps metabolic factors. In addition to the well-known association between selected where there were sufficient age-specific data cholelithiasis and biliary tract malignancy it has to calculate age-standardised rates for males and been suggested that gallstones may be linked females above the age of 20 years.7-2' Prevalence through diet with colorectal cancer.' However, rates were age-standardised by decade to a world efforts to correlate these two diseases in individual population. population groups have yielded confficting results,2-5 In addition, as death from biliary tract disease is perhaps because of methodological problems in nearly always related to gallstones, it seemed reason- choosing appropriate controls. able to use available mortality data for cholecystitis As gallstones are largely made up of cholesterol, as another measure of the frequency of gallstones in any link between gallstones and bowel cancer might different countries. Age-specific cholecystitis mor- lend additional support to the cholesterol/bile acid tality rates by decade for 1978 and 1979 were http://gut.bmj.com/ hypothesis for the aetiology of bowel cancer. collected from World Health Organization reports Furthermore, it seems reasonable that the presence and used to calculate age-standardised rates for 28 or absence of gallstones might prove to be a more countries where there were 100 or more deaths from reliable indication of cholesterol 'burden' than cholecystitis.22 Age-standardised deaths from cho- blood cholesterol, which is difficult to associate with lecystitis were related to the age-adjusted prevalence .diet and which has not been positively correlated of gallstones at necropsy for both males (r=0.76; with colon cancer.6 P= <0.01) and females (r=0.82; P= <0.01). on October 3, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. To clarify the problem of gallstones and cancer, in the prevalence of gallstones various countries Table 1 Age-adjustedprevalence ofasymptomatic has been estimated and correlated with available gallstones at necropsy in 15 countries data on cancer mortality. Country Gallstone prevalence (%) Methods Females Males of in Chile7 42-0 16-7 The prevalence gallstones healthy, asympto- Czechoslovakia8 23-3 13-2 matic individuals has been determined in only a Swedeng 22-4 9.1 few countries and therefore the reported frequency Scotland10 21-7 9-9 England"1 20-5 12-2 of asymptomatic gallstones discovered at necropsy W Germany"2 20-0 7-2 was used as a substitute. From a review of available New Zealand13 14-2 9-0 United States1' 14-1 5-2 published studies since 1950, 15 countries were Australia'1 13-9 6-0 Japan16 13-0 5-3 Ireland'7 12-4 3-4 *Address for correspondence: Department of Surgery, Munger Norway16 10-4 5-3 Pavilion, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA Greece1' 6-8 3.5 10595. Singapore"" 6-6 4.3 Thailand"' 4-2 2-3 Received for publication 5 August 1980 1090 Gut: first published as 10.1136/gut.21.12.1090 on 1 December 1980. Downloaded from Epidemiology: gallstones and the risk of cancer 1091 Table 2 Age-adjusted gallstone prevalence at necropsy, Table 3 Age-adjusted mortality from cholecystitis, 1952-79, and age-adjusted mortality from cancer, 1978-79, and age-adjusted mortality from cancer, 1974-75, in 15 countries* 1974-75, in 28 countries* Simple correlation coefficients Simple correlation coefficients Tumour location Females Males Tumour location Females Males Uterus 0.93t - Uterus 0.68t Colorectal 0 73* 0-63§ Colorectal 0.55 0-51* Stomach 0-51 0-45 Stomach 0.64t 0.64t Stomach (excluding Japan) 0.75* 0.71* All sites 0-46t 0.40** All sites 0.60§ 0.52** Lung -022 007 Lung 0-02 0-31 Prostate - 0-26 Prostate - 0-33 Breast 0-01 Breast 0-23 - Skin -002 0-04 Skin 0-02 0.05 USA, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Czecho- *Same countries as shown in table 1. slovakia, Denmark, England and Wales, Finland, France, W Germany, tp= <0-001;p=<001; §P= <0-02; **P=0.05. Greece, Hungary, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Philippines, Poland, Roumania, Scotland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Uruguay, Both of these measures of the frequency of gall- Yugoslavia. stones in various countries were then correlated with tP= <0-0014; P= <0-01; §P= <0 02; **P= <0-05. age-standardised mortality rates for common human in the 15 countries studied, became significant in the cancers23 and simple correlation coefficients (r) were remaining 14 countries (females: r=0-75, P= <0 01; calculated. Singapore was excluded from the analysis males: r=0.71, P= <0 01) when Japan, the obvious of uterine cancer because the total number of deaths out-lier was removed. In females, the strongest cor- for that site was less than 100. relation (r=0-93; P= <0001) was discovered be- Results tween uterine cancer and gallstones (Figure). A strong correlation persisted (r=0.82; P= <0001) The age-standardised prevalence of asymptomatic even after exclusion of Chile, a country with exces- gallstones discovered at necropsy (Table 1) varied sive rates for cholelithiasis and uterine cancer. markedly from country to country and, as expected, Similar positive correlations were observed be- gallstones were approximately twice as common in tween age-standardised mortality from cholecystitis females as in males. Significant positive correlations and age-standardised cancer mortality in the 28 were found between the necropsy prevalence of countries studied (Table 3). http://gut.bmj.com/ gallstones and colorectal cancers, as well as all Discussion cancers in both males and females (Table 2). The correlation between gastric cancer and the necropsy The ideal method of measuring gallstone frequency prevalance of gallstones, which was nearly significant would be to use radiographic surveys in asympto- c) W z 0 50r on October 3, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. U') _J _i 0 CHILE Q5(9 401 0 4:x a- 0 Figure Scattergram showing z 301- W C.) relationship between age- W rate z adjusted mortality from 0 SWEDEN CZECHOSLOVAKIA uterine cancer/100 000 and age- cr SCOTLAND.0SCOTLAN LL C.- 0 20 U.K. adjustedfrequency of 0 C')cn asymptomatic gallstones in W W USA 0 N.Z. AUSTRALIA at necropsy in 14 U') _J *. JAPAN females "5 IRELAND countries. w 101- NORWAY 0 ILl *GREECE| z 0 oxw THAILAND (9 o a a a 5 10 15 20 AGE-ADJUSTED MORTALITY RATE FROM UTERINE CANCER/I00,00 Gut: first published as 10.1136/gut.21.12.1090 on 1 December 1980. Downloaded from 1092 Lowenfels matic individuals. Such information is not available "Rose G, Blackburn H, Keys A, Taylor HL, Kannel and therefore the two methods used represent a WB, Paul 0, Reid DD, Stamler J. Colon cancer and compromise. Clearly the prevalence of gallstones blood cholesterol. Lancet 1974; 1: 181-3. in a necropsy population may differ from the 7Marinovic I, Guerra C, Larach G. Incidence of choleli- thiasis in autopsy material and analysis of the compo- population at large, and deaths from cholecystitis, sition ofcalculi. Rev Med Chile 1972; 100: 1320-27. although usually caused by cholelithiasis, may be 8Zahor Z, Sternby NH, Kagan A, Uemura K, Vanecek influenced by confounding variables such as the R, Vichert AM. Frequency of choelithiasis in Prague availability of medical care. Nevertheless, despite and Malmo. An autopsy study. Scand J Gastroenterol these drawbacks, there were similar correlations 1974;9:3-7. between both methods used to estimate gallstone 9Lindstrom CG. Fequency of gallstone disease in a well- frequency and cancer mortality data. defined Swedish population. Scand J Gastroenterol The correlation between cholelithiasis and uterine 1977; 12: 341-6. cancer was exceptionally strong and is consistent '0Bateson MC, Bouchier IAD. Prevalence of gallstones in Dundee: a necropsy study. Br MedJ 1975; 4: 427-30. with a previous report of an increased frequency of "Barker DJP, Gardner MJ, Power C, Hutt MSR. gallstones in women with endometrial cancer.24 Prevalence of gallstones at necropsy in nine British The association between gallstones and colorectal towns: a collaborative study. Br Med J 1979; 2: 1389- cancer was also strong. As increased cholesterol 92. excretion may be implicated as a causative factor in 12Rodewald H. Pathology of the gallbladder. II. Fre- cholelithiasis25 and as cholesterol is the major quency of gallstones. Zbl Allg Pathol 1957; 96: 300-2. source for bile acids, this study strengthens the cho- 13Doouss TW, Castleden WM. Gallstones and carcinoma lesterol/bile acid hypothesis for the aetiology of of the large bowel NZ MedJ 1973; 77: 162-5. colorectal cancer. 14Lieber MM. The incidence of gallstones and their correlation with other diseases. Ann Surg 1952; 135: There is no ready explanation for the unexpected 394-405. correlation between gallstones and gastric cancer. '5Cleland JB. Gallstones in 7,000 postmortem examina- It is of interest that this finding is consistent with tions. MedJAust 1953; 40: 488-9. the observation that Pima Indians of the Southwest '6Newman HF, Northrup JD. The autopsy incidence of United States, who are known to have a great excess gallstones.
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