DOCSLIB.ORG

Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress Updated May 17, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R41153 Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress Summary The diminishment of Arctic sea ice has led to increased human activities in the Arctic, and has heightened interest in, and concerns about, the region’s future. The United States, by virtue of Alaska, is an Arctic country and has substantial interests in the region. The seven other Arctic states are Canada, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark (by virtue of Greenland), and Russia. The Arctic Research and Policy Act (ARPA) of 1984 (Title I of P.L. 98-373 of July 31, 1984) “provide[s] for a comprehensive national policy dealing with national research needs and objectives in the Arctic.” The National Science Foundation (NSF) is the lead federal agency for implementing Arctic research policy. The Arctic Council, created in 1996, is the leading international forum for addressing issues relating to the Arctic. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) sets forth a comprehensive regime of law and order in the world’s oceans, including the Arctic Ocean. The United States is not a party to UNCLOS. Record low extents of Arctic sea ice over the past decade have focused scientific and policy attention on links to global climate change and projected ice-free seasons in the Arctic within decades. These changes have potential consequences for weather in the United States, access to mineral and biological resources in the Arctic, the economies and cultures of peoples in the region, and national security. The geopolitical environment for the Arctic has been substantially affected by the renewal of great power competition. Although there continues to be significant international cooperation on Arctic issues, the Arctic is increasingly viewed as an arena for geopolitical competition among the United States, Russia, and China. The Department of Defense (DOD) and the Coast Guard are devoting increased attention to the Arctic in their planning and operations. Whether DOD and the Coast Guard are devoting sufficient resources to the Arctic and taking sufficient actions for defending U.S. interests in the region has emerged as a topic of congressional oversight. The Coast Guard has two operational polar icebreakers and has received funding for the procurement of two of at least three planned new polar icebreakers. The diminishment of Arctic ice could lead in coming years to increased commercial shipping on two trans-Arctic sea routes—the Northern Sea Route close to Russia, and the Northwest Passage close to Alaska and through the Canadian archipelago—though the rate of increase in the use of these routes might not be as great as sometimes anticipated in press accounts. International guidelines for ships operating in Arctic waters have been recently updated. Changes to the Arctic brought about by warming temperatures will likely allow more exploration for oil, gas, and minerals. Warming that causes permafrost to melt could pose challenges to onshore exploration activities. Increased oil and gas exploration and tourism (cruise ships) in the Arctic increase the risk of pollution in the region. Cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters will be more difficult than in other areas, primarily because effective strategies for cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters have yet to be developed. Large commercial fisheries exist in the Arctic. The United States is working with other countries regarding the management of Arctic fish stocks. Changes in the Arctic could affect threatened and endangered species, and could result in migration of fish stocks to new waters. Under the Endangered Species Act, the polar bear was listed as threatened on May 15, 2008. Arctic climate change is also expected to affect the economies, health, and cultures of Arctic indigenous peoples. Congressional Research Service Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Background ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Definitions of Arctic .................................................................................................................. 1 Arctic Circle Definition ...................................................................................................... 1 Definition in Arctic Research and Policy Act (ARPA) of 1984 .......................................... 2 Other Definitions ................................................................................................................ 2 Population of Arctic .................................................................................................................. 3 Eight Arctic States, Including Five Arctic Coastal States ......................................................... 5 U.S. Identity as an Arctic Nation............................................................................................... 5 U.S. Arctic Research ................................................................................................................. 6 Arctic Research and Policy Act (ARPA) of 1984, As Amended ......................................... 6 FY2021 NSF Budget Request for Arctic Research ............................................................. 6 Major U.S. Policy Documents Relating to Arctic ..................................................................... 7 Overview ............................................................................................................................. 7 Specific Documents ............................................................................................................ 7 U.S. Coordinator for Arctic Region .......................................................................................... 9 Arctic Council ........................................................................................................................... 9 Arctic and U.N. Convention on Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) .................................................. 10 House and Senate Arctic Member Organizations ..................................................................... 11 Issues for Congress ........................................................................................................................ 12 Climate Change and Loss of Arctic Sea Ice ............................................................................ 12 Geopolitical Environment ....................................................................................................... 15 Renewed Great Power Competition .................................................................................. 15 Arctic Governance ............................................................................................................ 21 Relative Priority of Arctic in U.S. Policymaking .............................................................. 23 U.S., Canadian, and Nordic Relations with Russia in the Arctic ...................................... 24 NATO and European Union in the Arctic ......................................................................... 28 China in the Arctic ............................................................................................................ 31 Extended Continental Shelf Submissions, Territorial Disputes, Sovereignty Issues ........ 39 U.S. Military Forces and Operations ....................................................................................... 39 Overview ........................................................................................................................... 39 Navy and Coast Guard ...................................................................................................... 47 Polar Icebreaking .................................................................................................................... 49 Polar Icebreaker Operations and Current Polar Icebreaker Fleet ...................................... 49 Polar Security Cutter (PSC) Program ............................................................................... 51 Search and Rescue (SAR) ....................................................................................................... 51 Overview ........................................................................................................................... 51 May 2011 Arctic Council Agreement on Arctic SAR ....................................................... 54 Commercial Sea Transportation .............................................................................................. 56 Background ....................................................................................................................... 56 Destination Traffic, Not Trans-Arctic Traffic ................................................................... 57 Unpredictable Ice Conditions Hinder Trans-Arctic Shipping ........................................... 57 Basic Navigation Infrastructure Is Lacking ...................................................................... 58 Regulation of Arctic Shipping .......................................................................................... 59 New Arctic Polar Code ....................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Broadcast Bulletin Issue Number
    O fcom Broadcast Bulletin Issue number 117 15 September 2008 Standards cases In Breach World’s Most Amazing Videos 4 TV6, 28 June 2008, 20:00 “Wake Up Your Brain” competition 7 James and Ali in the Morning, Invicta FM, 20 December 2007, 06:00 “Worst Girlfriend” competition 9 Lloydie and Katie Show, Power FM, 14 March 2007, 16:00 Full Pott 11 Kanal 5, 16 July 2008; 09:00 Breakfast 13 Kiss 105, 10 April 2008, 08:00 Peter Popoff Ministries 14 Ben TV, 29 February 2008, 16:30 Paul Lewis Ministry Ben TV, 20 March 2008, 16:00 Peter Popoff Ministries Red TV, 24 March 2008, 17:30 The Soup 17 E! Entertainment, 19 July 2008, 23:00 Stripped 18 The Style Network, 2 July 2008, 11:00 Biggles 20 Movies4Men+1, 21 June 2008; 16:20 Eid Messages 22 Aapna Channel, 24 December 2007, 17:00 Deepam TV 23 Non-retention of off-air recordings and sponsored news bulletins up to July 2008 Karl Davies Breakfast Show 25 Tudno FM, 7 August 2008, 7:45 and 8 August 2008, 8:20 Note to Broadcasters – Recordings 26 2 Resolved BBC News 27 BBC1, 2 July 2008, 22:00 Not in Breach The F Word 29 Channel 4, 29 July 2008, 21:00 Fairness & Privacy Cases Not Upheld Complaint by Ms Jenny Thoresson made on her behalf by 30 Ms Ann-Kristin Thoresson Lyxfällan (Luxury Trap), TV3 Sweden, 12 April 2007 (and repeated 23 July 2007) 3 Standards cases In Breach World’s Most Amazing Videos TV6, 28 June 2008, 20:00 Introduction TV6 is a Swedish language channel operated by Viasat Broadcasting UK Limited (“Viasat”).
    [Show full text]
  • Integrated Operations Another Tool for Achieving Operational Excellence in the Oil and Gas Sector Rosmaini Tasmin, Muazu Hassan Muazu, Lai Fong Woon, Josu Takala
    International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249–8958, Volume-9, Issue-1, October 2019 Integrated Operations another Tool for Achieving Operational Excellence in the Oil and Gas Sector Rosmaini Tasmin, Muazu Hassan Muazu, Lai Fong Woon, Josu Takala It is a known fact that an effective OpEx program Abstract: Activities of the oil and gas sector operations are improves the production yield of organisational assets and highly complex, from oil rigs to refining and transportation. It is people, reduces the cost of production, improves quality and against this backdrop that companies opt for operational flexibility of operations [4]. There are still issues on health, excellence to control the complexities, of which failure to manage safety and environment (HSE), also problems related to cost the situation, assets, peoples and profit could be lost. This paper and process efficiency and above all assets and process is aimed at determining how integrated operations influences operational excellence in the oil and gas sector. This is with a reliability are another challenges facing the oil sector in view to help in facilitating effective operational excellence Malaysia. According to [2] and [5], one approach available implementation in the oil industry. Quantitavive survey research for operators in the oil and gas sector to overcome most of approach was adopted, questionnaire was used to collect data these challenges is the adoption of the digital oilfield, also from 120 respondents. The result shows that all the postulated known as integrated operations (IO). This according to integrated operations factors have significant effect on Bigliani would enhance reservoir recoverability, increase operational excellence.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 4 Icts in the OIL SECTOR
    Chapter 4 ICTs IN THE OIL SECTOR: IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPING ECONOMIES A. Introduction This is in particular pertinent to developing and transition countries whether they are oil exporters, or major or low-income oil importers. Oil exporters Oil is the main non-renewable source of energy that DUH LQWHUHVWHG LQ PD[LPL]LQJ WKH EHQHÀWV RI XVLQJ is currently “fuelling” the world economy. In spite of ICTs. Oil importers, as they further increase their oil many efforts to develop renewable energy sources, consumption, particularly China and India, are interested which have been further stimulated by major increases in being able to buy petroleum1 at better prices and in international crude oil prices during last few years, the use it effectively. Reducing price volatility is especially share of such sources in global energy consumption is important for developing countries’ importers, from still marginal. Conventional wisdom suggests that the ORZLQFRPHHFRQRPLHVDVWKH\KDYHPRUHGLIÀFXOWLHV world economy will continue to be highly dependent in coping with oil price shocks. Thus, determining the on oil and gas: while in coming decades the share of role of ICTs in the oil sector could be crucial for better gas might increase considerably and eventually surpass assessing the economic development perspectives of that of oil, the latter will still play a major role in the developing countries in the coming decades. world energy balance. ICTs and modern petroleum technologies (which are also Increased oil prices, together with global warming, are becoming information - intensive technologies) provide FRQVLGHUHGWREHDFKDQJHRI ÀUVWRUGHUIRUWKHZRUOG new opportunities to improve economic performance economy. In particular, the oil industry itself has an at all stages of the oil supply chain.
    [Show full text]
  • This Is Bob Hope: AMERICAN MASTERS Helping Our People Helping People It’S a Guiding Principle at Silver State Schools Credit Community Union
    Trusted. Valued. Essential. DECEMBER 2017 This is Bob Hope: AMERICAN MASTERS Helping Our People Helping People It’s a guiding principle at Silver State Schools Credit Community Union. Since 1951, we have been fully-vested in the Southern Nevada community we serve. Whether it’s setting up your child’s first savings account, finding a Through Life’s great rate on a loan, buying your first home or finding the best investment, our employees are available to Financial Journey put your best interests first. Become a member today and experience the SSSCU difference. 800.357.9654 silverstatecu.com Vegas PBS A Message from the Management Team General Manager General Manager Tom Axtell, Vegas PBS Educational Media Services Director Niki Bates Production Services Director Kareem Hatcher Communications and Brand Management Director Shauna Lemieux Business Manager Brandon Merrill Engineering, IT & Emergency Response Director George Molnar Seasonal Showcase Content Director Cyndy Robbins s 2017 ends, we hope you’ll celebrate the holiday and New Year with fes- Workforce Training & Economic Development Director Debra Solt tive specials on Vegas PBS. Throughout the month, tune in to explore Corporate Partnerships Director diverse traditions across Europe with Rick Steves; gain kitchen inspira- Bruce Spotleson tion with The Great British Baking Show and A Chef’s Life; sing along Southern Nevada Public Television Board of Directors A with musical specials from The Carpenters, The Mormon Tabernacle Choir and Celtic Executive Director Thunder; or relish the
    [Show full text]
  • Integrated Operations Capgemini’S Solution
    Energy, Utilities and Chemicals the way we do it Integrated Operations Capgemini’s Solution Integrated Operations today and into the wider world of the National Called Smart Fields®, eFields, iFields, Oil Companies (NOCs) – for example ‘Digital’ Oil Fields, Field of the Future™ Petrobras and Aramco have highly or Integrated Operations (IO), these developed IO programs. We are also initiatives are aimed at creating value starting to see further developments by bringing together the organization’s in the service sector where product people, processes, and technology companies such as Baker Hughes, ISS to deliver and act on frequently- Group Ltd, and Petroleum Experts captured data in real-time. IO improves begin to understand the value that production, drives recovery, reduces Systems Integrators, such as Capgemini, cost, and optimizes work processes and can bring to major IO programs – hence productivity. primarily through our rigorous program management skills, our understanding IO is today one of the industry’s of change management, and integration ‘hot-spots’; the leading companies are of legacy systems. harnessing its potential, fast becoming a truly networked ecosystem and building The industry IO experiments of the the capability for next generation. IO past are now completed, with many has developed from being the preserve companies accepting IO as ‘business as of some of the oil and gas companies usual’. – such as BP, Shell and ConocoPhillips Key Offers Integrated Operations is cost reduction, work process efficiency and volumetric Capgemini’s IO offers cover the full improvement via ... IO program management, with the capability to address all areas, such as IO assessment, IO strategy development Operational including project roadmaps and business Fully Integrated Real-time and Financial case development.
    [Show full text]
  • Monday, November 27 | 7:30 Pm
    MONDAY, NOVEMBER 27 | 7:30 PM ALSO INSIDE This month, artists-in-residence Kontras Quartet explore the folk roots of classical music; on Live from WFMT, Kerry Frumkin welcomes the young string artists of the Dover Quartet and the acclaimed new-music ensemble eighth blackbird. Air Check Dear Member, The Guide Geoffrey Baer’s distinguished on-camera career at WTTW began in 1995 with the very first Chicago The Member Magazine for River Tour. A decade later, he took audiences back to that familiar territory to highlight big changes WTTW and WFMT Renée Crown Public Media Center that had taken place along its banks. Now, 12 years later, Geoffrey returns with an all-new tour that 5400 North Saint Louis Avenue covers more ground – all three branches of the river, in six different vessels, and the development Chicago, Illinois 60625 along the Chicago Riverwalk! Join him on WTTW11 and at wttw.com/river as Geoffrey shows us the incredible transformation that has taken place Main Switchboard (773) 583-5000 over the past decade – not just in the architecture but in how Chicagoans Member and Viewer Services enjoy it. Along the way, he shares fascinating stories about the River’s history, (773) 509-1111 x 6 and introduces some memorable characters who live, work, and play there. WFMT Radio Networks (773) 279-2000 Also this month on WTTW11 and wttw.com/watch, join us for the Chicago Production Center premiere of another exciting new local film and its companion website, (773) 583-5000 Making a New American NUTCRACKER, a collaboration with The Joffrey Websites Ballet that goes behind the scenes of a new interpretation of Tchaikovsky’s wttw.com classic holiday favorite.
    [Show full text]
  • Another Reason to 1 Hatesuvs
    ~ .... Allston an shot in Roslindale ousing project ~ 5 ~ ~~ I ? .... .....~ Wo (\I I-*l .... 0 0 (I) ~~ti! 'f ~ ..J~i!e i3 w~ ~ l:t~cta lll'lnmunity Newspaper Company www.allstonbrightontab.com FRIDAY, JULY 1, 2005 Vol. 9, No. 47 Bl 32 Pages iW 3 Sections 75¢ · __.,____ ..;;,_.wi... ..... STAFF PHOTO BY KATE FLOCJ The bankrupt Prov dent Nursing Home at 1501 Commonwealth Ave., which finally found a new home for Its last patients. Nursing home shuts doors By Audltl Guha STArr WRITER ith the owner of the Provident Skilled W Nursing Home in Brighton filing for bankrnptcy in Florida, the place's last pa­ tient was successfully transferred to another nursing home Tuesday ard the building is expected to be va­ cated soon, city officials said. "All patients have been moved," said Meri ta Hop­ kins, the mayor's spokeswoman at City Hall. ''The business is taking 30 to 45 days to move out and STAFF PHOTO BY DAVID GORDON Marcelle Goggins with the hot aJr balloon company Above Earth's Plane tries to hold onto to her balloon Saturday ftemoon. The city was going to will report back progress to the court." celebrate Its 375th anniversary rith free rides at Shea Field, ~ut It had to cancel because of high winds. Owned by R chard Wolfe through the Hillard Development C rp., which filed for bankruptcy in PROVIDENT, page J..5 OME, LOW OL By Auditl Guha was too s ·ong at time . STAFF WRITER I "It sou oded like fun ··one ing about ballooning is that you be­ The wind popped high hopes at St.
    [Show full text]
  • 699-5914 Page 1 De
    Location/Animation Productions PAC info@ showpac.com (450) 699-5914 Song Name Singer Name no. DO WAH DIDDY 2 LIVE CREW 000030 TON AMOUR A CHANGER MA VIE LES CLASSELS 001001 LE DEBUT D'UN TEMPS NOUVEAU RENEE CLAUDE 001002 SUR LES CHEMINS D'ETE(DANS MA CAMARO) STEPHANE VENNE 001003 L'AUTOROUTE SANS RETOUR DANNY BOUDREAU 001420 1500 MILES ERIC LAPOINTE 001421 ADAMO MEDLEY 1 ADAMO 001422 ADAMO MEDLEY2 ADAMO 001423 N'EST CE PAS MERVEILLEUX ADAMO 001424 NOTRE ROMAN ADAMO 001425 ELLE ADAMO 001426 JE VEUX TOUT ARIANNE MOFFATT 001427 SOULMAN BEN L'ONCLE SOUL 001428 JE POURSUIS MON BONHEUR DANIEL BÉLANGER 001429 LE RENDEZ VOUS VALÉRIE CAROPENTIER 001430 ON S'EST AIMÉ À CAUSE CÉLINE DION 001431 J'ATTENDS CHARLOTTE CARDIN GOYER 001432 OUBLIE MOI COEUR DE PIRATE 001433 CRIER TOUT BAS COEUR DE PIRATE 001434 SI TU M'AIMES ENCORE JEAN MARC COUTURE 001435 ENCORE UN SOIR CELINE DION 001436 TU PEUX PARTIR DANIEL BÉLANGER 001437 DANZA DOMINIQUE HUDSON 001438 QUAND JE VOIS TES YEUX DOMINIQUE HUDSON 001439 ÇA ME MANQUE ERIC LAPOINTE 001440 LES ALLUMEUSES HUGO LAPOINTE 001441 TU M'AIMES TROP HUGO LAPOINTE 001442 DIS QUAND REVIENDRAS TU ISABELLE BOULAY 001443 JE PENSE À TOI GREGORY CHARLES 001444 TOI QUI ME FAIT VIVRE JEAN MARC COUTURE 001445 COMME ON ATTENDS LE PRINTEMPS JEROME COUTURE 001446 JE NE CHERCHE PAS AILLEURS JJ LECHANTEUR 001447 LE GROS PARTY JJ ROLLAND 001448 NON IL NE FAUT PAS PLEURER JJ ROLLAND 001449 L'AMOUR DE MA VIE JJ ROLLAND 001450 NANIE JOCELYN THÉRIAULT 001451 NON NE RACCROCHEZ PAS JOCELYNE BÉDARD 001452 LE KID J PAINCHAUD 001454 LES VIEUX
    [Show full text]
  • This Transcript Is Issued on the Understanding That It Is Taken from a Live Programme As It Was Broadcast
    THIS TRANSCRIPT IS ISSUED ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT IT IS TAKEN FROM A LIVE PROGRAMME AS IT WAS BROADCAST. THE NATURE OF LIVE BROADCASTING MEANS THAT NEITHER THE BBC NOR THE PARTICIPANTS IN THE PROGRAMME CAN GUARANTEE THE ACCURACY OF THE INFORMATION HERE. MONEY BOX Presenter: PAUL LEWIS TRANSMISSION: 3rd APRIL 2010 12.00-12.30 RADIO 4 LEWIS: Hello. In today’s programme - debt, debt and more debt. Not ours - well not personally - but our country’s: the UK’s, or if you prefer, the government’s. Forget a couple of hundred quid overdrawn or a few thousand on a credit card or to buy a car. Today we’re talking international debt - a trillion pounds, a million million pounds, and growing by more than a hundred billion a year. It’s about £13,000 for each person in the UK, and over the next 5 years that will almost double to just under £24,000 each. Today I’m going on a journey to find out when this debt began, how it’s grown, and see if I can reduce it. What must politicians do to get us to agree to real cuts? And what if they don’t? Finally, how does this growing debt affect our own personal finances? But, first, that word deficit. What does it mean? John Lanchester is a novelist turned economics writer, whose latest book on the banking crisis is called simply ‘Whoops!’ LANCHESTER: Etymologically deficit is related to the Latin facere meaning to make or to do. It’s coupled with the prefix di to mean unmake or undo.
    [Show full text]
  • Faces of America with Henry Louis Gates, Jr
    February 2010 Faces of america With Henry Louis Gates, Jr. Wed 10th, 17th, 24th and Mar 3rd at 8 p.m. Featured tHis montH innott s Joseph Joseph CuriousLy Human Faces of America With henry Louis Gates, Jr. Wed 10th, 17th, 24th and Mar 3rd at 8 p.m. on thiRteen and thiRteen hD ntertainment; ntertainment; sun 14th, 21st, 28th and Mar 7th at 9 p.m. on WLiW21 e oor n HoW did tHe immigrant experience Building upon the success of his two M Queen Queen M ony BMG Music Music BMG ony h shape America? how did our African American Lives series, harvard s ancestors affect who we are today? University professor henry Louis Gates, these questions are at the heart of Jr. again turns to the latest tools of eill/Courtesy eill/Courtesy n ’ Faces of America With Henry Louis genealogy and genetics to unravel o Gates, Jr., a new four-part series the American tapestry. he follows the roductions, LLC; Courtesy of of Courtesy LLC; roductions, tracing the intersecting genealogy threads of his guests’ lives back to p of 12 renowned Americans. their earliest origins around the globe— the series features actress Meryl streep, and even becomes, with his father, mages; CJ Gunther; Michael Michael Gunther; CJ mages; i cellist Yo-Yo Ma, comedian stephen the first African American to have da Astute, ABC; ZoCo ZoCo ABC; Astute, da Colbert, Desperate Housewives star eva his full genome sequenced using this i innott; innott; Longoria, poet elizabeth Alexander, chef extraordinary technology to learn more s Mario Batali, novelist Louise erdrich, writer about his own family heritage.
    [Show full text]
  • PRESIDENT's CORNER April 2015
    April 2015 PRESIDENT'S CORNER Dear Friends, Collaboration, synergizing, walking the walk, maternal heart, true partnership with men, "Forgive­Love­Unite," service opens doors, women's heart network ­­ these are key words you will come across as you read this month's edition of the Logic of Love News. Why do I point them out? As we continue to highlight and report on last month's Women's History Month and women as peacemakers, these were words that particularly struck me, because they describe some of the qualities, mindsets and actions needed for true peacemaking. To me they represent some of TABLE OF CONTENTS the crucial qualifications for being a true peace leader, especially when it comes to addressing the many social ills in our homes, communities, FEATURE: Young and nation. One of the most burning issues here in the United States, Woman's Perpective which has come again and again to our attention and needs to be Solving Racism: The Role of Women as resolved, is RACISM. Please don't miss the attached video footage of a Peacemakers recent co­sponsored WFWP USA Bridge of Peace event in Las Vegas Women's entitled, "Resolving Racism," and ask yourself the question, "What does Empowerment Fair it really take to resolve this deep wound in our country?" There are Synergy Through many views on the issue ­­ and even more deeply rooted emotions on Collaboration Empowers both sides ­­ that need reconciliation and healing. INSPIRATION: Whispered Prayers One thing is certain, women who have the above­mentioned qualities When Women within themselves are called at this time to be role models and peace Collaborate, Miracles leaders.
    [Show full text]
  • ASPCA®Mission:Orange
    ActionSpring 2007 ASPCA®Mission: Orange™ The ASPCA reaches out to communities nationwide to build a more humane future coast to coast >> PRESIDENT’S NOTE If there were ever any doubt that Americans love their pets, the facts Board of Directors speak for themselves. A recent Officers of the Board American Pet Products Hoyle C. Jones, Chairman, Linda Lloyd Lambert, Manufacturers Association National Vice Chairman, Sally Spooner, Secretary, Pet Owners’ Survey found that James W. Gerard, Treasurer 63% of U.S. households have a pet, Members of the Board Photo by Kristy Leibowitz which equates to 69.1 million Penelope Ayers, Alexandra G. Bishop, J. Elizabeth homes. Of these, 43 million homes have more than one Bradham, Reenie Brown, Patricia J. Crawford, pet. But sadly, for every pet that finds a caring home, Jonathan D. Farkas, Joan C. Hendricks, V.M.D., Ph.D., millions of other animals’ life stories end prematurely in Franklin Maisano, Elizabeth L. Mathieu, Esq., shelters across America. William Morrison Matthews, Majella Matyas, As we enter our 141st year, it gives me great pleasure to Sean McCarthy, Gurdon H. Metz, Leslie Anne Miller, Michael F.X. Murdoch, James L. Nederlander, Jr., let you know that the ASPCA is doing more than ever to Marsha Reines Perelman, George Stuart Perry, help build a more humane future for America’s animals. Helen S.C. Pilkington, Gail Sanger, William Secord, The ASPCA is proud to partner with target animal Frederick Tanne, Richard C. Thompson, welfare organizations across the country to launch Cathy Wallach “ASPCA® Mission: Orange™”—a focused effort to create Directors Emeriti a country of humane communities, one community at a Steven M.
    [Show full text]