DOCSLIB.ORG

Individual Differences in Negative Reciprocity Norm Endorsement

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

10.1177/0146167204264047PERSONALITYEisenberger et al. AND / REVENGE SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN Who Takes the Most Revenge? Individual Differences in Negative Reciprocity Norm Endorsement Robert Eisenberger Patrick Lynch Justin Aselage Stephanie Rohdieck University of Delaware The authors report that beliefs favoring the reciprocation of Hammarabian code, later in Aristotle’s writings, and in unfavorable treatment form a unitary factor that is distinct from the Biblical injunction of “A life for life, eye for eye, tooth beliefs favoring the reciprocation of favorable treatment. Indi- for tooth . bruise for bruise” (Exodus 21:23-25, New vidual differences in endorsement of this negative reciprocity American Standard Version). In common usage, the norm were related to (a) beliefs that people are generally malevo- term retribution emphasizes the return of unfavorable lent; (b) inclination toward anger in everyday life; (c) anger, dis- treatment as an appropriate response to a misdeed (Web- agreement, and ridicule directed toward a new acquaintance ster’s Universal College Dictionary, 1997). The terms revenge who treated participants unfavorably; and (d) reduced anxiety, and vengeance give recognition to the anger that gener- positive emotional engagement, and encouragement of a new ally accompanies an individual’s return of unfavorable acquaintance who treated participants favorably. These find- treatment. Beyond their subtle differences, these terms ings suggest that individual differences in endorsement of the capture the general ethic that unfavorable treatment negative norm of reciprocity influence the extent of vengeance. should be paid back in kind. In addition to its role in interpersonal relationships, retribution is used to reaffirm and validate moral stan- Keywords: revenge; vengeance; reciprocity; retribution; anger dards (Vidmar, 2002b). Carlsmith, Darley, and Robinson (2002) found that most college students endorse a just desserts model of criminal justice rather than a deter- arming others invites anger and revenge. When H rence model. Most students believe that criminal pun- partners in either normal or distressed marriages were ishment should be determined by the seriousness of the asked to discuss ways to resolve their disputes, the annoy- crime rather than by punishment’s effectiveness in ance and criticism expressed by one partner produced preventing similar crimes. anger and criticism by the other (e.g., Cordova, Jacob- Justifications for interpersonal retribution have son, Gottman, Rushe, & Cox, 1993; Krokoff, Gottman, & received considerable attention from philosophers, nov- Roy, 1988; Sabourin, 1995; Zietlow & Sillars, 1988). elists, and playwrights (Henberg, 1990) but surprisingly When college students disagreed with the views of others little analysis by social scientists (see Vidmar, 2002a). on a discussion topic, the disagreement was returned on Gouldner’s (1960) seminal explication of the reciprocity a subsequent discussion topic (Cialdini, Green, & Rusch, norm dealt primarily with the obligation to repay favor- 1992). able treatment. However, he did briefly discuss a possible According to Aristotle (384-323 B.C.), a conspicuous slight without justification produces anger and an impulse toward revenge, whose fulfillment produces Authors’ Note: Patrick Lynch is now with the North Star Leadership pleasure (Aristotle, 1941, pp. 1380-1381; see Sabini & Sil- Group. Stephanie Rohdieck is now at Ohio State University. Please ad- ver, 1982). Harm returned for harm received is a venera- dress correspondence and reprint requests to Robert Eisenberger, Psy- chology Department, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716; e- ble moral precept that provides social approbation for mail: [email protected]. revenge and that serves the societal objective of discour- PSPB, Vol. 30 No. X, Month 2004 1- aging mistreatment. The principle of retaliation (lex. DOI: 10.1177/0146167204264047 talionis) was stated some 3,000 years ago in the © 2004 by the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc. 1 2 PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN negative reciprocity norm: incorporating a retaliation Cotterell, & Marvel, 1987; Greenberg, 1980). People principle in which “the emphasis is placed not on the who are very trusting that others are benevolent should return of benefits but on the return of injuries” (p. 172). strongly support the positive reciprocity norm as an Other researchers have similarly argued that retribution effective way to maximize long-term gains. In contrast, for physical and symbolic mistreatment is encouraged by individuals who endorse vengeance as an important a negative reciprocity norm (e.g., Cialdini et al., 1992; strategy to avoid being taken advantage of should have Helm, Bonoma, & Tedeschi, 1972; Tedeschi, 1983; little trust in the benevolence of others. Therefore, Youngs, 1986). expectational trust should be more closely related to Based on Gouldner’s view, the negative norm of reci- endorsement of the positive reciprocity norm than to procity would comprise a unitary set of beliefs favoring endorsement of the negative reciprocity norm. retribution as the correct and proper way to respond to We wished to distinguish the negative reciprocity unfavorable treatment. A person’s endorsement of the norm from two personality traits that might foster negative norm of reciprocity might be influenced by revenge following unfavorable treatment. First, need for enculturation and by rewards or punishments received dominance involves the inclination to “control one’s for retributive behaviors. In addition, individuals with a environment, influence others, and express opinions propensity toward anger might more strongly endorse forcefully” (Gray, Jackson, & McKinlay, 1991, PAGE?). the negative reciprocity norm as a justification for con- People with a strong need for dominance might be summating their anger by punishing the instigator of inclined to interpret unfavorable treatment as an mistreatment. attempt to control their behavior through intimidation. The present studies were initiated to obtain evidence A high need for dominance might encourage endorse- concerning the existence of a negative reciprocity norm ment of the negative reciprocity norm as conducive to and the influence of the individual’s endorsement of the maintaining control. Therefore, we wished to show that norm on the return of unfavorable treatment. The first the need for dominance and the negative reciprocity study assessed whether people possess a distinctive set of norm are distinct. Second, impulsivity has been under- beliefs concerning the appropriateness of returning unfavorable treatment. The second study examined the stood as the tendency to act spontaneously, without relationship of individual differences in the endorse- deliberation, and to give free vent to one’s wishes, feel- ment of the negative reciprocity norm with emotional ings, and emotions (Jackson, 1967). Impulsive individu- and retributive reactions to unfavorable and favorable als might endorse the negative reciprocity norm as a jus- treatment. tification for spontaneous reciprocation of unfavorable treatment. Thus, we examined the distinctiveness of the negative reciprocity norm from impulsivity. STUDY 1: NEGATIVE RECIPROCITY BELIEFS Individuals with a high proclivity toward anger would As an alternative to distinct positive and negative reci- strongly favor the negative reciprocity norm as private procity norms, beliefs concerning the return of favor- and public justification for consummating their anger able and unfavorable treatment might comprise a single with retribution when they are mistreated (cf. Averill, norm supporting the return of both favorable and unfa- 1982; Sabini, 1995; Sabini & Silver, 1982). We therefore vorable treatment. On the basis of such a general reci- predicted a positive relationship between endorsement procity norm, individuals strongly endorsing positive of the negative reciprocity norm and the self-assessed reciprocity also would tend to strongly endorse negative tendency toward anger in everyday life (cf. Buss & Perry, reciprocity. By contrast, based on our assumption of a 1992). distinct negative reciprocity norm, we predicted little relationship between negative and positive reciprocity Method beliefs. To provide additional evidence on the distinctiveness PARTICIPANTS AND DESIGN of the negative and positive reciprocity norms, the first study considered the relationship of each to interper- As part of a college course requirement, 564 introduc- sonal trust. Several investigators have suggested that soci- tory psychology students (193 men, 371 women) were ety promotes a generalized expectational trust in the given a questionnaire concerning (a) the advisability of benevolence and helpfulness of others (Cunha, 1985; returning unfavorable treatment (negative reciprocity Deutsch, 1958; Pruitt, 1981; Yamagishi & Yamagishi, norm), (b) the advisability of returning favorable treat- 1984). According to Gouldner (1960), the positive reci- ment (positive reciprocity norm), (c) generalized trust procity norm serves as a starting mechanism that encour- in the beneficence of others (expectational trust), (d) ages individuals to invest their resources in others who the traits of dominance and impulsivity, and (e) the dis- have the capacity to meet their needs (cf. Eisenberger, position toward anger in everyday life. Eisenberger et al. / REVENGE 3 1. If someone dislikes you, you should dislike them. 2. If a person despises you, you should
Recommended publications
  • Bad Girls: Agency, Revenge, and Redemption in Contemporary Drama

    Bad Girls: Agency, Revenge, and Redemption in Contemporary Drama

    e Interdisciplinary Journal of Popular Culture and Pedagogy Bad Girls: Agency, Revenge, and Redemption in Contemporary Drama Courtney Watson, Ph.D. Radford University Roanoke, Virginia, United States [email protected] ABSTRACT Cultural movements including #TimesUp and #MeToo have contributed momentum to the demand for and development of smart, justified female criminal characters in contemporary television drama. These women are representations of shifting power dynamics, and they possess agency as they channel their desires and fury into success, redemption, and revenge. Building on works including Gillian Flynn’s Gone Girl and Netflix’s Orange is the New Black, dramas produced since 2016—including The Handmaid’s Tale, Ozark, and Killing Eve—have featured the rise of women who use rule-breaking, rebellion, and crime to enact positive change. Keywords: #TimesUp, #MeToo, crime, television, drama, power, Margaret Atwood, revenge, Gone Girl, Orange is the New Black, The Handmaid’s Tale, Ozark, Killing Eve Dialogue: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Popular Culture and Pedagogy 37 Watson From the recent popularity of the anti-heroine in novels and films like Gone Girl to the treatment of complicit women and crime-as-rebellion in Hulu’s adaptation of The Handmaid’s Tale to the cultural watershed moments of the #TimesUp and #MeToo movements, there has been a groundswell of support for women seeking justice both within and outside the law. Behavior that once may have been dismissed as madness or instability—Beyoncé laughing wildly while swinging a baseball bat in her revenge-fantasy music video “Hold Up” in the wake of Jay-Z’s indiscretions comes to mind—can be examined with new understanding.
  • The Pathologising Effect of TV Revengendas

    The Pathologising Effect of TV Revengendas

    University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Law, Humanities and the Arts - Papers Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences & Humanities 1-1-2015 The bitter taste of payback: the pathologising effect of TV revengendas Cassandra E. Sharp University of Wollongong, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/lhapapers Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons, and the Law Commons Recommended Citation Sharp, Cassandra E., "The bitter taste of payback: the pathologising effect of TV revengendas" (2015). Faculty of Law, Humanities and the Arts - Papers. 2422. https://ro.uow.edu.au/lhapapers/2422 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] The bitter taste of payback: the pathologising effect of TV revengendas Abstract The thirst for vengeance is a timeless subject in popular entertainment. One need only think of Old Testament scripture; Shakespeare's Hamlet; Quentin Tarantino's Kill Bill or the TV series Revenge, and we immediately conjure up images of a protagonist striving to seek justice to avenge a heinous wrong committed against them. These texts, and others like it, speak to that which is ingrained in our human spirit about not only holding others responsible for their actions, but also about retaliation as payback. This article seeks to problematise the way the popular revenge narrative effectively constructs the vendetta as a guilty pleasure through which the audience can vicariously gain satisfaction, while at the same time perpetuates law's rhetoric that personal desires for vengeance are to be repressed and denied.
  • The Rise of Controversial Content in Film

    The Rise of Controversial Content in Film

    The Climb of Controversial Film Content by Ashley Haygood Submitted to the Department of Communication Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts in Communication at Liberty University May 2007 Film Content ii Abstract This study looks at the change in controversial content in films during the 20th century. Original films made prior to 1968 and their remakes produced after were compared in the content areas of profanity, nudity, sexual content, alcohol and drug use, and violence. The advent of television, post-war effects and a proposed “Hollywood elite” are discussed as possible causes for the increase in controversial content. Commentary from industry professionals on the change in content is presented, along with an overview of American culture and the history of the film industry. Key words: film content, controversial content, film history, Hollywood, film industry, film remakes i. Film Content iii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my family for their unwavering support during the last three years. Without their help and encouragement, I would not have made it through this program. I would also like to thank the professors of the Communications Department from whom I have learned skills and information that I will take with me into a life-long career in communications. Lastly, I would like to thank my wonderful Thesis committee, especially Dr. Kelly who has shown me great patience during this process. I have only grown as a scholar from this experience. ii. Film Content iv Table of Contents ii. Abstract iii. Acknowledgements I. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………1 II. Review of the Literature……………………………………………………….8 a.
  • MA Thesis Ceremonials FINAL

    MA Thesis Ceremonials FINAL

    ABSTRACT CEREMONIALS: A RECLAMATION OF THE WITCH THROUGH DEVISED RITUAL THEATRE by Rachel Lynn Brandenburg Rituals have been used throughout history as a way to process change and emotion. In the modern day, people are beginning to turn away from organized religion and to take on more personalized rituals and spirituality. As such, identifying as a witch is a growing phenomenon that serves to empower many personally, politically, and spiritually. This creative thesis takes an autobiographical approach to explore how ritual and the identity of the witch can be used as tools of empowerment, tracing the artist’s own journey from Catholicism to a more fluid spiritual life. On February 22nd, 2019, Ceremonials: A Ritual Play opened as part of Miami University’s Independent Artist Series. The play was devised with a student ensemble over a period of five months and stands as the culmination of a series of performance projects that sought to combine ritual and theatre. This portfolio spans the breadth of that practice-based research and includes examples from performance experiments and the devising process, as well as reflections on how ritual and devised theatre can help to empower the individual and the artist. CEREMONIALS: A RECLAMATION OF THE WITCH THROUGH DEVISED RITUAL THEATRE A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Miami University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts by Rachel Lynn Brandenburg Miami University Oxford, Ohio 2019 Advisor: Saffron Henke Reader: Julia Guichard Reader: Christiana Molldrem Harkulich ©2019 Rachel Lynn Brandenburg This Thesis titled CEREMONIALS: A RECLAMATION OF THE WITCH THROUGH DEVISED RITUAL THEATRE by Rachel Lynn Brandenburg has been approved for publication by The College of Creative Arts and Department of Theatre ____________________________________________________ Saffron Henke, MFA ______________________________________________________ Julia Guichard, MFA _______________________________________________________ Christiana Molldrem Harkulich, PhD Table of Contents 1.
  • Jastics Delays' Rsveüge

    Jastics Delays' Rsveüge

    Jastics Delays’ Rsveüge- . ■ C il 1X1 a i - . : . "Г / с;. Justice Delays Revenge- The Spanish Tragedy and Revenge Tradition A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Letters and the Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in English Language and Literature ta «4^^ by Erhan Kukner September, 1991 PR. Л.65'4 ' S63 è- 3079 We certify that we have read this thesis and that in our combined opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts. Asst.Prof.Dr. Hamit Çalışkan (A d v i s o r ) L y ■'· Prof.Dr. Bülent Bozkurt (Committee Member) ' ^ 1 Dr. Laurence A. Raw Approved for the Institute of Economics and Social Sciences 1 1 Abstract Justice Delays Revenge- The Spanish Tragedy and Revenge Tradition Erhan Kükner M.A. In English Literature Advisor: Asst.Prof-Dr. Hamit Çalışkan September, 1991 The Spanish Tragedv. one of the best examples of English Renaissance drama, contributed towards the establishment of the revenge tragedy genre, which gained popularity in the years to come. Kyd in this play not only indicates that when the law is unjust, man will resort to revenge; but also demonstrates that a citizen should obey the ruler and regard revenge as a revolt against the state. Tl-is play tells the story of Hieronimo, who expects the murderer^ of his son to be punished. However, Hieronimo gradually discovers that the institutions of justice are useless and therefore takes revenge.
  • Understanding Revenge Pornography: Public Perceptions of Revenge Pornography And

    Understanding Revenge Pornography: Public Perceptions of Revenge Pornography And

    1 Understanding Revenge Pornography: Public Perceptions of Revenge Pornography and Victim Blaming Bothamley, S. Tully, R.J. (2017) Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research Abstract Purpose: The disclosure of private images with the intent of causing distress is often described as ‘revenge pornography’. In the UK, this newly legislated crime has received a high level of media attention following several high profile cases, however there is a paucity of research in this area. Methods: 168 adults (UK general public) completed an online survey using a vignette approach. Views of the influence of perpetrator-victim relationship length and reason for termination were considered alongside perception of an offence, the necessity of police intervention, what extent revenge pornography creates psychological harm in victims, and victim blaming. Findings: Perpetrator-victim relationship length and reason for relationship breakdown did not influence perceptions of victim blame. Participants believed that the situation described in the vignettes was likely to be an offence, and that police intervention is somewhat necessary. Participants believed that the scenario was ‘very likely’ to create fear, and ‘moderately likely’ to create psychological/mental harm in victims. In line with the literature relating to stalking and sexual assault, men blamed the victim significantly more than women. Furthermore, women rated police intervention significantly more necessary than men. Implications: The public are recognising that revenge pornography is an offence, with consequences being fear and psychological harm, showing an awareness of the impact on victims. However, there are sex differences in the perceptions of revenge pornography and victim blame and this could be addressed by raising awareness of this crime.
  • The Understandings of Revenge Through Discussions with University Students

    The Understandings of Revenge Through Discussions with University Students

    The understandings of revenge through discussions with University students Elise McKenna Honours Thesis in Legal Studies Murdoch University, 2016 Declaration: “I declare this thesis is my own account of my research and contains as its main content work which has not been previously submitted for a degree at any tertiary education institution” (Elise May McKenna) Abstract: The goal of this study was to examine how revenge is understood by a sample of university students using a grounded theory approach. Desires and acts of revenge were found to be more prevalent in interpersonal relationships than stranger to stranger. Revenge was also shown to be a behaviour made through a costs benefit analysis to the victim rather than an act of irrationality. In addition to this, the understanding and concepts of revenge by the students were at times to be influenced by how the media had portrayed it to them. Lastly, it was shown that acts of revenge were used in all different groups of victims and types of harms through indirect and direct behaviours. Acknowledgments: This research was initially supported by Dr Courtney Field and I would like to thank him for initiating my interest in the topic of revenge and providing me with his insight. I would also, however, like to express my sincere gratitude to my Supervisor- Associate Professor Guy Hall. Supervision for this thesis has been complicated and when I needed someone to step in he did not hesitate to take on this role. I am very grateful for the time, effort and encouragement Guy has provided me over this year and previous years.
  • Revenge Season 4 Episode 3 Recap

    Revenge Season 4 Episode 3 Recap

    Revenge season 4 episode 3 recap After three seasons of sudsy buildup, the highly anticipated reunion of "Emily Thorne" and David Clarke went down on Revenge this Sunday. Tonight on ABC Revenge returns with an all new Sunday October 12, season 4 episode 3 called "Ashes." On this evening's. And now, Revenge Season 4, Episode 3: “Ashes” The Stowaway burns in Montauk. Jack rushes inside and finds Emily. He gets her out as. type: TV Show; Current Status: In Season; seasons: 4; run date: 09/21/11 In last week's episode, Charlotte tried to burn her sister alive, and in. Abe seeks revenge, but Simcoe will be waiting. genre: Drama; run date: 04/06/14; broadcaster: AMC; seasons: 4; Current Status: In Season. Another day, another pearl- clutching episode of 'Revenge' in which we ate our emotions in the form of lobster rolls. But before we get into. Revenge season 4, episode 3, "Ashes," just finished airing. Read our recap to see what happened with our South Hampton residents this week. Revenge season 4, episode 3 recap: 'Ashes.' David tries to kill Emily, Victoria needs money, Charlotte runs scared, Daniel can't get a job. Season chronology. ← Previous Season 3 · List of Revenge episodes. The fourth and final season of the ABC American television drama series Revenge premiered .. Finally abandoning her persona of Emily, Amanda looks to her future, with this episode looking back over her relationships with those around her, her. Watch Revenge Season 4 Episode 3 Online Recap. Jack arrives at the Stowaway to see it in flames.
  • Russia and Turkey: a Cure for Schizophrenia

    Russia and Turkey: a Cure for Schizophrenia

    RUSSIA AND TURKEY: A CURE FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA DMITRI TRENIN Dmitri Trenin is a senior specialist at the Carnegie Moscow Centre. Russia’s present relations with Turkey can be best described as schizophrenic. On the one hand, the Turks and the Russians have never had such amicable contacts—and on such an order of magnitude— as since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Shuttling small-retail Russian traders have turned Istanbul into a major hub of their commercial operations, whose volume rivals the official commercial turnover between the two countries. Antalya, along with other seaside resorts on the Turkish Mediterranean, has replaced the Crimea as the favourite vacation address for those Russians who can afford to go on holiday. Turkish construction workers are literally giving a new look to Moscow by building new dazzling business headquarters for Russia’s new rich—or rebuilding the seats of political power, such as the State Duma or the once-shelled White House of the government. Thousands of Russian military officers who have returned from Germany and their family members are lucky to reside in modern living quarters built for them by Turkish workers—with Bonn’s money. In a word, the Russians and the Turks have never been intermingling and co-operating so closely, and for so much mutual advantage, in the economic sphere as in the last five or six years. The opposite side of the ledger is almost as disturbing as the first one is encouraging. With the end of the Cold War, the scene appears to be set for a revival of the 400-year-old competition, and even for an advent of something which heretofore had been a marginal factor, namely, a clash of civilisations, Christian Orthodox and Moslem, with Russia and Turkey more or less assigned the mission of chefs de file for the respective sides.
  • A Family. Murder. Revenge. the Mob. Bad Blood Was a Canadian Mafia Tale Waiting to Be Told

    A Family. Murder. Revenge. the Mob. Bad Blood Was a Canadian Mafia Tale Waiting to Be Told

    A Family. Murder. Revenge. The Mob. Bad Blood was a Canadian mafia tale waiting to be told. How writers Michael Konyves and Simon Barry turned the epic true crime story into a hit series. By Matthew Hays It’s not every day that a writer wakes up to learn that Snoop Dogg has tweeted high praise for their show. Bad Blood scribe Michael Konyves says he’ll never forget it. “I couldn’t quite believe it,” he recalls, sounding like he might still be in shock. “We were certainly glad for the additional attention it brought the show.” That social media hit led to more attention for Bad Blood, the series about Montreal’s legendary Rizzuto Family and the evolution of the city’s 1990s mob scene, with all its associated assassinations and incarcerations. The show, currently in its second season, has proven to be a slow burn, launching in 2017 on Citytv in Canada and FX in the U.S. to solid reviews and respectable numbers. The Toronto Star’s Tony Wong even went as far as to liken it to Cardinal and The Sopranos. That’s definitely not shabby company to keep, but it wasn’t until Netflix began streaming it last December that Bad Blood started gaining real momentum — the aforementioned Snoop Dogg-attracting momentum, to be exact. Simon Barry knew the Rizzuto Family story was meant for the screen when production company New Metric Media approached him with the idea. It had purchased the rights to the acclaimed book Business or Blood: Mafia Boss Vito Rizzuto’s Last War, penned by journalists Antonio Nicaso and Peter Edwards.
  • Shakespeare and Poetry Pre-1900: Candidate Style Answers

    Shakespeare and Poetry Pre-1900: Candidate Style Answers

    AS LEVEL Candidate Style Answers with commentary H072 ENGLISH LITERATURE H072/01 Shakespeare and poetry pre-1900 December 2015 AS LEVEL ENGLISH LITERATURE CANDIDATE STYLE ANSWERS WITH COMMENTARY CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 3 SECTION 1 QUESTION 1(A) 4 QUESTION 1(B) 6 QUESTION 2(A) 8 QUESTION 2(B) 11 QUESTION 3(A) 14 QUESTION 3(B) 17 QUESTION 4(A) 19 QUESTION 4(B) 21 QUESTION 5(A) 23 QUESTION 5(B) 25 QUESTION 6(A) 28 QUESTION 6(B) 32 SECTION 2 QUESTION 7 36 QUESTION 8 39 QUESTION 9 43 QUESTION 10 46 QUESTION 11 48 We’d like to know your view on the resources we produce. By clicking on the ‘Like’ or ‘Dislike’ button you can help us to ensure that our resources work for you. When the email template pops up please add additional comments if you wish and then just click ‘Send’. Thank you. If you do not currently offer this OCR qualification but would like to do so, please complete the Expression of Interest Form which can be found here: www.ocr.org.uk/expression-of-interest OCR Resources: the small print OCR’s resources are provided to support the teaching of OCR specifications, but in no way constitute an endorsed teaching method that is required by the Board and the decision to use them lies with the individual teacher. Whilst every effort is made to ensure the accuracy of the content, OCR cannot be held responsible for any errors or omissions within these resources. © OCR 2015 – This resource may be freely copied and distributed, as long as the OCR logo and this message remain intact and OCR is acknowledged as the originator of this work.
  • Revenge Porn: the Concept and Practice of Combatting Nonconsensual Sexual Images in Europe

    Revenge Porn: the Concept and Practice of Combatting Nonconsensual Sexual Images in Europe

    UNIVERSITY OF LATVIA European Master’s Degree in Human Rights and Democratisation A.Y. 2016/2017 Revenge porn: the concept and practice of combatting nonconsensual sexual images in Europe Author: Francesca Coletti Supervisors: Dr. Artūrs Kučs and Lolita Bērziņa Abstract There have been numerous high profile instances of nonconsensual sexual images, or ‘revenge porn’, within the EU in recent years, and growing social and political awareness of its existence. However, previous research focusing on the online violations of human rights has included little emphasis towards the impact of a horizontal relationship, and the potential for response. This thesis attempts to rectify this omission by considering the defining aspects of revenge porn, impacts for those affected, how far we can consider revenge porn ‘gendered’ or an act of violence, and whether it is a violation of human dignity. Building upon this, national and possible regional responses are weighed in turn. The existing revenge porn laws in the UK are measured for efficacy and impact, in contrast to the current data protection laws in Italy and the recent case of Tiziana Cantone. We then turn to the potential for a regional response from the EU; data protection laws, the right to be forgotten, and ratification of the Istanbul Convention are analysed through the lens of a potential regional revenge porn response. These areas combine and lead us toward an overarching realisation of the actors required, and next steps needed, to combat revenge porn within the EU. i Acknowledgements My sincerest gratitude to Artūrs and Lolita for their support, patience, criticism, and gentle reminders that deadlines are important.