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Page 1 ---Internationale Menschenrechte --Wer Gewährt Sie Wem internationale Menschenrechte — wer gewährt sie wem? l Er ist dem Staat ein Dorn im Auge Vietnam: Der Fall Cu Huy Ha Vu Vietnam Der Menschenrechtsverteidiger und Umweltaktivist Cu Huy Ha Vu wurde am 4. April 2011 zu sieben Jahren Gefängnis und anschließenden drei Jahren Hausarrest verurteilt. Er ist das letzte und wahrscheinlich popu lärste Opfer einer großangelegten vietnamesischen Regierungsoffensive gegen Regimekritiker. 13 Aber es gab auch juristische Bedenken. Eine Ent Norbert Krüger scheidung der Provinz aus dem Jahr 1976 besagt, Seine Bekanntheit liegt nicht nur in seiner Familie das Gebirge sei ein wichtiger Aktivposten begründet: Sein Vater ist der in Vietnam berühmte der Bevölkerung und müsse daher ge Schriftsteller Cu Huy Can. Als Freund und Weggenos schützt werden. Auch sei bei der Geneh se Ho Chi Minhs gehörte Can zum Kader der Viet migung zum Bau nicht die Stellungnah namesischen Kommunistischen Partei und war 1945 me des Ministeriums für Kultur und In einer der 15 Unterzeichner der Unabhängig formation eingeholt worden, wie es Pa keitserklärung Vietnams. Auch sein Onkel, Xu- ragraph 28 des Gesetzes zum Schutz des an Dieu, zählt zu den renommiertesten Dich Kulturellen Erbes vorsieht. tern des Landes. Vu selbst entschied sich für die Auch wenn die Klage vom Gericht juristische Laufbahn. Für sein Studium ginger ignoriert wurde, war Cu Huy Ha Vus nach Paris und erarbeitete sich an juristisches Vorgehen gegen die der Sorbonne einen Doktor in kommunale Stadtverwaltung doch Rechtswissenschaften. das erste dieser Art in der Ge Zurück in Vietnam machte schichte Vietnams. er von sich reden, als er 2005 eine Klage gegen das Volkskomitee von Thua Thien- fr Hue einreichte, nachdem dieses eine Baugenehmi Der Prozess gegen den Premierminister gung für ein Hotelresort in den Vong Canh-Ber- K machte ihn bekannt gen erteilt hatte. Hue selbst gehört seit 1993 zum r'™ UNESCO-Weltkulturerbe. In den Vong Canh-Bergen National bekannt wurde Cu Huy Ha Vu spätestens vor den Toren der Stadt befinden sich einige bedeu durch die beiden Gerichtsverfahren, die er gegen den tende Kaisergräber, unter anderem das palastartige Premierminister Nguyen Tan Dung anstrengte. Der Grabmal des Nguyen-Königs Minh Mang. Niederlän Premier hatte im November 2007 den Entscheid 167 dische Unternehmer wollten nun in den Bergen ein unterzeichnet, der den Abbau von Bauxit im vietna Life Resort mit zwei fünfstöckigen Gebäudeblöcken mesischen zentralen Hochland genehmigte. Vu errichten. Da die Infrastruktur in Hue nicht sonder reichte zunächst Klage beim Volksgerichtshof in Ha lich entwickelt ist, war das Volkskomitee sehr an dem noi ein und begründete dies damit, dass der Ent Joint Venture zwischen der vietnamesischen Huong scheid gegen vier landeseigene Gesetze zum Schutz Giang Tourist Company und der niederländischen der Umwelt und der indigenen Bevölkerung versto Firma Vietnam Hotel Projekt interessiert. Allerdings ße, indem er das Genehmigungsverfahren für das regte sich schnell Protest in der Bevölkerung gegen Abbauprojekt verkürze. das Bauvorhaben. Die Probleme für die Umwelt sind beim Bauxit- Abbau offensichtlich. Bauxit wird über Tage gewon nen. Das hat zur Folge, dass die Waldflächen, die Der Autor ist freier Autor und arbeitet bei Amnesty. sich über dem Vorkommen befinden, gerodet wer Seine Al-Gruppe ist für die Vietnam-Koordination der den und die den Boden bedeckende Torfschicht ab deutschen Sektion von Amnesty zuständig. getragen werden müssen. Der beim Ausfiltern des 2 2011 südostasien Internationale Menschenrechte — wer gewährt sie wem? Aluminiums aus dem Bauxit entstehende Rot Als die Regierung die Gegend als idealen Platz für schlamm trocknet an der Sonne zu einer Masse, die ein weiteres Touristenresort entdeckte, versprach sie alle Vegetation unter sich begräbt, sodass das Land, zwar, sowohl den Bewohnern eine neue Bleibe als auf dem es gelagert wird, auf nicht absehbare Zeit auch dem Friedhof eine andere Stätte zur Verfügung verödet. Als Staub kann das toxische Gemisch dar zu stellen, doch befand sich der neue Standort für über hinaus durch den Wind kilometerweit übers den Friedhof in einer gebirgigen Region, die für die Land verteilt werden. Besiedlung nicht geeignet war, während die Bewoh Nicht nur würden Agrarprojekte, die in den letz ner fernab ein neues Gelände zugewiesen bekamen. ten Jahren mühsam in der Region Tay Nguyen auf Schlimmer noch, die Gebühren, die für die Umbet gebaut wurden, durch den Übertage-Abbau des Bau tung der toten Angehörigen zu entrichten waren, la xit regional wieder verdrängt werden. Selbst dort, gen in einer Höhe, die für den normalen Dorfbe wo Kaffee und Tee weiterhin angebaut werden wohner, dessen verblichene Sippe auf dem Friedhof konnten, stand zu befürchten, dass durch den zu er ruhte, nicht zu bezahlen war. Auch die Entschädi wartenden Bauxit-Staub die Ernte toxisch verunrei gungen, die für die Enteignung gezahlt werden soll nigt und nur schwer zu verkaufen sein würde. ten, reichten nicht annähernd aus, umeine adäquate Für die indigene Bevölkerung, die in dieser Regi neue Existenz aufzubauen. on ansässig ist, wiederum bedeutet der Abbau eine Im Januar 2010 wurde die Bewegungsfreiheit der Umsiedlung. Sie müssen in einer neuen Region, die Dorfbewohner massiv eingeschränkt. Polizisten und nicht ihre eigene Heimat ist, wieder bei null ansfan Regierungsbeamte riegelten das Dorf ab und dräng gen. Ihre Anbauflächen sind vernichtet. ten die Bewohner darauf, die Umsiedlungsvereinba Als Vus Klage gegen das Bauxit-Projekt nach vier rung endlich zu unterschreiben. Häuser, deren Besit Tagen vom Volksgerichtshof abgewiesen wurde, zer auch nach mehrmaligen Versuchen nicht ange reichte Vu diese als Folgeklage beim Obersten Volks troffen wurden, wurden versiegelt und die Besitzer gericht ein. Dort wurde sie allerdings ignoriert. mit einer Geldstrafe von einer Million vietnamesi schen Dong (circa. 40 Euro) belegt. Von einem Be wohner ist belegt, dass er aufgrund seiner Abwesen Vu wagt es, gegen den Staat aufzustehen heit wegen »Behinderung der Regierungsarbeit« an gezeigt wurde. Dass jemand es wagte, überhaupt gegen den Staat Nach dieser Razzia, die allerdings nur zu insge aufzustehen, brachte Cu Huy Ha Vu einen gewissen samt circa, zehn Unterzeichneten Vereinbarungen Ruf ein. Endgültig populär bei der vietnamesischen führte, griff die Gemeinde Con Dau zur Gegenwehr Bevölkerung wurde er, als er sich für die Katholiken und reichte eine Sammelklage gegen die Zentralre in Con Dau einsetzte. gierung in Hanoi ein, in der sie sich über den exzes Auch hier ging es, wie in den Vongh Canh-Ber- siven Druck beschwerte. Diese Klage wurde von 400 gen, um Vietnams Versuche, das Land für den Tou Dorfbewohnern unterzeichnet. Als Reaktion darauf rismus zu erschließen. In Nähe der Stadt Da Nang erließ der Parteisekretär der Stadt Da Nang, Nguyen plante die Regierung seit 2007 eine ökologisch aus Ba Thanh, gegen sie und insbesondere den Gemein gerichtete Touristenanlage. Allerdings befanden derat das Verbot Sammelbeschwerden an Regie sich auf dem Gelände, in dem das Resort entste rungsstellen zu schicken. Wenig später verabschie hen sollte, eine Reihe von kleineren Dörfern, deren dete auch Premierminister Nguyen Tan Dung eine Bewohner zu diesem Zweck umgesiedelt werden Verordnung, die solche Klagen von Gruppen gegen mussten. In den meisten Dörfern gab es nur gerin die Regierung in Zukunft verbietet: den Erlass 136. gen Widerstand gegen den Umzug, was unter an Wieder war es Cu Huy Ha Vu, der sich mit dieser derem daran lag, dass deren Bewohner zum großen Reaktion nicht zufriedengeben wolle. In einer spek Teil Staatsbedienstete waren. Ein öffentliches Aufbe takulären zweiten Klage gegen den Premier versuchte gehren gegen das staatliche Vorhaben hätte die Ge er, die Rechtmäßigkeit des Erlasses zu hinterfragen fahr mit sich gebracht, den eigenen Arbeitsplatz zu und damit ein wenig Bewegung in die verfahrene verlieren. Situation im zukünftigen Touristenresort zu bringen. Anders in Con Dau. Dieses Dorf war Ende des 19. Als Begründung für die Klage gab er an, die vietna Jahrhunderts zu einem Zufluchtsort der vietnamesi mesische Verfassung garantiere das Recht, sich zu schen Katholiken geworden, nachdem die Franzosen sammenzutun, Gruppen zu bilden und Protest auszu 1858 Da Nang eroberten. Vor den Toren der Stadt üben, solange dies in Übereinstimmung mit dem Ge war damals noch ein Sumpfgebiet, das die kleine setz geschehe. Aber auch diese Einlassung wurde katholische Gemeinde mühevoll trockenlegte und nicht weiter verfolgt. kultivierte. Dort hatten sie ihre Enklave errichtet, mit Die Situation in Con Dau war bereits im Mai 2010 einem eigenen Friedhof, dessen Kapelle zu ihrer eskaliert. Die Regierung hatte am Friedhof eine Hin zentralen Gebetsstätte wurde. Später wuchs das Dorf weistafel angebracht, zukünftig dürften dort keine auf 2.000 Bewohner an. Beerdigungen mehr durchgeführt werden. Nun war südostasien 2 2011 Internationale Menschenrechte —wer gewährt sie wem? aber gerade die Katholikin »Maria« Dang Thi Tan ge werden zu lassen, wurde sein Antrag jedoch abge storben, deren sehnlichster Wunsch zu Lebzeiten es lehnt. Vu hatte schon bei mehreren anderen Gele gewesen war, einst neben ihren Angehörigen begra genheiten seine Unterstützung für den Fall der Ange ben zu liegen. So machte sich die Dorfgemeinschaft klagten demonstriert, indem er diese rechtlich beriet. Der Prozess wurde von der Öffentlichkeit mit i am Tage ihrer Beisetzung in einer feierlichen Prozes sion auf den Weg zum Friedhof. Spannung erwartet. Nicht nur die Katholiken Viet Die Beamten,
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