DOCSLIB.ORG

Supporting Information

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Supporting Information Supporting Information Smith and Keeling 10.1073/pnas.1422049112 Table S1. Mitochondrial and plastid genome architectural diversity and its extremes Mitochondrial genomes Plastid genomes Genomic trait Species (lineage) Notable feature Species (lineage) Notable feature Nucleotide Nakaseomyces bacillisporus GC poor (11%) Leucocytozoon caulleryi GC poor (15%) content (pathogenic yeast) (apicomplexan parasite) Selaginella moellendorffii GC rich (68%) Trebouxiophyceae sp. MX- GC rich (58%) (lycophyte) AZ01 (trebouxiophyte green alga) Conformation Ochromonas danica Linear-mapping genome with Chromera velia (autotrophic Linear-mapping genome with (stramenopile alga) inverted-repeat telomeres alveolate) inverted repeat telomeres Chlamydomonas moewusii Circular monomeric genome Nicotiana tabacum Multigenomic, linear-branched (chlorophycean green (angiosperm) chromosomal structure alga) Chromosome Diplonema papillatum >75 small (6–7 kb) circular Karlodinium veneficum Conventional plastid genome number (euglenozoan) DNAs with (dinoflagellate with with a satellite fraction of single-gene modules haptophyte-derived plastid) fragmented miniature chromosomes Amoebidium parasiticum Several hundred (0.3–8.3 kb) Symbiodinium sp. clade C3 Multiple mini (2–3 kb) circular (ichthyosporean protist) linear chromosomes with (dinoflagellate with chromosomes with one to one to multiple genes apiece peridinin-containing plastid) a few genes each Size Silene conica (angiosperm) 11,318-kb genome, ∼99% Floydiella terrestris 521 kb genome, ∼80% noncoding (chlorophycean green alga) noncoding DNA Babesia bovis 6-kb genome, >90% coding Helicosporidium sp. 37.5 kb genome, ∼95% coding (apicomplexan parasite) (nonphotosynthetic, parasitic trebouxiophyte) Introns Agaricus bisporus (button 43 group I and 3 group II Euglena gracilis (euglenozoan >150 introns, including 72 mushroom) introns distributed in 8 of 15 alga) group II and 46 group III protein-coding genes. introns, many of which are Introns represent 45% of the twintrons (introns within mtDNA sequence introns). Introns represent ∼40% of the ptDNA sequence Genes Andalucia godoyi (jakobid) MtDNA encodes 66 proteins Porphyra purpurea PtDNA encodes 212 proteins and 34 functional RNAs; no (multicellular red alga) and 41 functional RNAs; no introns introns Hematodinium sp. (deep- MtDNA encodes three proteins Heterocapsa triquetra PtDNA encodes 10 proteins, ∼3 branching, parasitic and two functional RNAs; no (dinoflagellate with functional RNAs; no introns dinoflagellate) introns peridinin-containing plastid) Fragmented Plasmodium falciparum LSU and SSU rRNA genes are Chlamydomonas reinhardtii psaA gene is split in three genes (apicomplexan parasite) fragmented and scrambled (chlorophycean green alga) separate exons in distant loci into ≥27 coding modules of the plastid genome Gene Saccharomyces cerevisiae Deviant genetic code: AUA is Lepidodinium chlorophorum One codon reassignment: AUA expression (yeast) read as methionine, UGA as (dinoflagellate with green is read as methionine instead tryptophan, and CUN as algal-derived plastid) of isoleucine threonine Trypanosoma brucei ∼90% of codons experience Anthoceros formosae 509 C-to-U and 433 U-to-C (kinetoplastid) uracil-insertion/deletion (hornwort) editing sites editing Foreign DNA Amborella trichopoda Contains six genome Daucus carota (carrot) Contains an ∼1.5 kb of (angiosperm) equivalents of foreign potential mitochondrial mtDNA, acquired from origin green algae, mosses, and other angiosperms Physarum polycephalum 14.5-kb linear plasmid with Ernodesmis verticillata Putative ∼2.2-kb plasmid (amboebozoan) defined telomeres in the (ulvophycean green alga) within the chloroplast mitochondrion Smith and Keeling www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1422049112 1of2 Table S1. Cont. Mitochondrial genomes Plastid genomes Genomic trait Species (lineage) Notable feature Species (lineage) Notable feature Genome loss Encephalitozoon cuniculi Mitochondrial-derived Polytomella spp. Genome and transcriptome (microsporidian fungus) organelle (mitosome) (nonphotosynthetic sequencing suggest without DNA chlorophycean green algae) complete loss of plastid genome Trichomonas vaginalis Mitochondrial-derived Rafflesia lagascae Genome sequencing data (parabasalid excavate) organelle (hydrogenosome) (nonphotosynthetic, suggest complete loss of without DNA parasitic angiosperm) plastid genome Table S2. Convergent mitochondrial and plastid genomic architectures within the same lineage or species Species (lineage) Mitochondrial genomic architecture Plastid genomic architecture Selaginella Elevated GC content (68%). Reduced tRNA Elevated GC content (52%). Reduced moellendorffii repertoire (none). Intron rich (37). Large number tRNA repertoire (13). Intron rich (11). (lycophyte) of C-to-U RNA-editing sites (thousands). Large number of C-to-U RNA-editing Recombinant structure (dynamic organization, sites (hundreds). Recombinant structure currently too complex to define). (circular-mapping chromosome that is highly rearranged compared with ptDNAs of close relatives). Amphidinium carterae Complex structure (dynamic organization Complex structure (multiple miniature strain CCAP 1102/6 of highly recombinant heterogeneous circular ptDNA molecules). Reduced gene (dinoflagellate with mtDNA molecules). Reduced gene repertoire (12 proteins, 3 functional RNAs, peridinin-containing plastid) repertoire (3 proteins, no identifiable no introns). Fragmented genes. Extensive rRNAs, tRNAs, or introns). Fragmented posttranscriptional modifications genes. Extensive posttranscriptional (poly-U tails, 5′ processing). modifications (Six types of RNA editing, transsplicing, and poly-A tails). Cyanidioschyzon merolae Genomic compaction (∼99% coding and Genomic compaction (∼90% coding (unicellular red alga) no introns or repeats). AT rich (27.1%). and no introns or repeats). AT rich (37.6%). Conventional architecture (circular-mapping Conventional architecture (circular-mapping monomeric genome, standard genetic monomeric genome, standard genetic code, code, and intact genes). and intact genes). Dunaliella salina (chlorophycean Genomic expansion (∼60% noncoding). Genomic expansion (∼65% noncoding). green alga) Large numbers of introns (∼1.5 introns/gene). Large numbers of introns (∼0.4 introns/gene). Repeat rich (similar repeats in mtDNA Repeat rich (similar repeats in mtDNA and ptDNA). Gene fragmentation and ptDNA). Gene fragmentation (rRNA genes). AT rich (34.4%). (psaA). AT rich (32.1%). Smith and Keeling www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1422049112 2of2.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Jpn. J. Protozool. 38(2) 171-183
    Jpn. J. Protozool. Vol. 38, No. 2. (2005) 171 Review On the origin of mitochondria and Rickettsia-related eukaryotic endo- symbionts B. Franz Lang1*, Henner Brinkmann1, Liisa B. Koski1, Masahiro Fujishima2, Hans-Dieter Görtz3 and Gertraud Burger1 1Program in Evolutionary Biology, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research; Centre Robert Cedergren, Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, 2900 Boulevard Edouard- Montpetit, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada. 2Biological Institute, Faculty of Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan. 3Abteilung Zoologie, Biologisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany. SUMMARY sence of genes for oxidative phosphorylation, the TCA cycle, and many other metabolic pathways, Resent insights into the origin and early evo- but the presence of several pathogenesis-related lution of mitochondria come from two approaches: genes and a high number of bacterial IS elements. the investigation of mtDNAs from minimally de- Phylogenetic analyses with multiple protein se- rived (primitive) mitochondriate eukaryotes, in quences place H. obtusa basally to the Rickettsia- particular jakobid flagellates, and of genomes from Ehrlichia-Wolbachia assemblage of bacterial intracellular α-proteobacterial symbionts. Of par- pathogens. This leads us to postulate that H. ob- ticular interest in this context is Holospora obtusa, tusa is the closest bacterial relative of mitochon- an intracellular bacterial endosymbiont that resides dria known to date. and replicates in the somatic nucleus of its eu- karyotic host, the ciliate Paramecium caudatum. Currently we have sequenced close to 50% of the INTRODUCTION ~ 1.7 Mbp H. obtusa genome, revealing the ab- One of the major advancements in under- standing eukaryotic evolution was the discovery that mitochondria evolved from an endosymbiotic α-Proteobacterium, and that mitochondrial DNA *Corresponding author (mtDNA) is a relict bacterial genome.
    [Show full text]
  • Sex Is a Ubiquitous, Ancient, and Inherent Attribute of Eukaryotic Life
    PAPER Sex is a ubiquitous, ancient, and inherent attribute of COLLOQUIUM eukaryotic life Dave Speijera,1, Julius Lukešb,c, and Marek Eliášd,1 aDepartment of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; bInstitute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic; cCanadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1Z8; and dDepartment of Biology and Ecology, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic Edited by John C. Avise, University of California, Irvine, CA, and approved April 8, 2015 (received for review February 14, 2015) Sexual reproduction and clonality in eukaryotes are mostly Sex in Eukaryotic Microorganisms: More Voyeurs Needed seen as exclusive, the latter being rather exceptional. This view Whereas absence of sex is considered as something scandalous for might be biased by focusing almost exclusively on metazoans. a zoologist, scientists studying protists, which represent the ma- We analyze and discuss reproduction in the context of extant jority of extant eukaryotic diversity (2), are much more ready to eukaryotic diversity, paying special attention to protists. We accept that a particular eukaryotic group has not shown any evi- present results of phylogenetically extended searches for ho- dence of sexual processes. Although sex is very well documented mologs of two proteins functioning in cell and nuclear fusion, in many protist groups, and members of some taxa, such as ciliates respectively (HAP2 and GEX1), providing indirect evidence for (Alveolata), diatoms (Stramenopiles), or green algae (Chlor- these processes in several eukaryotic lineages where sex has oplastida), even serve as models to study various aspects of sex- – not been observed yet.
    [Show full text]
  • Black-Flies and Leucocytozoon Spp. As Causes of Mortality in Juvenile Great Horned Owls in the Yukon, Canada
    Black-flies and Leucocytozoon spp. as Causes of Mortality in Juvenile Great Horned Owls in the Yukon, Canada D. Bruce Hunter1, Christoph Rohner2, and Doug C. Currie3 ABSTRACT.—Black fly feeding and infection with the blood parasite Leucocytozoon spp. caused mortality in juvenile Great Horned Owls (Bubo virginianus) in the Yukon, Canada during 1989-1990. The mortality occurred during a year of food shortage corresponding with the crash in snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) populations. We postulate that the occurrence of disease was mediated by reduced food availability. Rohner (1994) evaluated the numerical re- black flies identified from Alaska, USA and the sponse of Great Horned Owls (Bubo virginianus) Yukon Territory, Canada, 36 percent are orni- to the snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) cycle thophilic, 39 percent mammalophilic and 25 from 1988 to 1993 in the Kluane Lake area of percent autogenous (Currie 1997). Numerous southwestern Yukon, Canada. The survival of female black flies were obtained from the car- juvenile owls was very high during 1989 and casses of the juvenile owls, but only 45 of these 1990, both years of abundant hare populations. were sufficiently well preserved for identifica- Survival decreased in 1991, the first year of the tion. They belonged to four taxa as follows: snowshoe hare population decline (Rohner and Helodon (Distosimulium) pleuralis (Malloch), 1; Hunter 1996). Monitoring of nest sites Helodon (Parahelodon) decemarticulatus combined with tracking of individuals by radio- (Twinn), 3; Simulium (Eusimulium) aureum Fries telemetry provided us with carcasses of 28 ju- complex, 3; and Simulium (Eusimulium) venile owls found dead during 1990 and 1991 canonicolum (Dyar and Shannon) complex, 38 (Rohner and Doyle 1992).
    [Show full text]
  • BMC Research Notes Biomed Central
    BMC Research Notes BioMed Central Short Report Open Access A split and rearranged nuclear gene encoding the iron-sulfur subunit of mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase in Euglenozoa Ryan MR Gawryluk and Michael W Gray* Address: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 1X5, Canada Email: Ryan MR Gawryluk - [email protected]; Michael W Gray* - [email protected] * Corresponding author Published: 3 February 2009 Received: 18 December 2008 Accepted: 3 February 2009 BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:16 doi:10.1186/1756-0500-2-16 This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1756-0500/2/16 © 2009 Gray et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Background: Analyses based on phylogenetic and ultrastructural data have suggested that euglenids (such as Euglena gracilis), trypanosomatids and diplonemids are members of a monophyletic lineage termed Euglenozoa. However, many uncertainties are associated with phylogenetic reconstructions for ancient and rapidly evolving groups; thus, rare genomic characters become increasingly important in reinforcing inferred phylogenetic relationships. Findings: We discovered that the iron-sulfur subunit (SdhB) of mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase is encoded by a split and rearranged nuclear gene in Euglena gracilis and trypanosomatids, an example of a rare genomic character. The two subgenic modules are transcribed independently and the resulting mRNAs appear to be independently translated, with the two protein products imported into mitochondria, based on the presence of predicted mitochondrial targeting peptides.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Species of Sarcocystis in the Brain of Two Exotic Birds1
    © Masson, Paris, 1979 Annales de Parasitologie (Paris) 1979, t. 54, n° 4, pp. 393-400 A new species of Sarcocystis in the brain of two exotic birds by P. C. C. GARNHAM, A. J. DUGGAN and R. E. SINDEN * Imperial College Field Station, Ashurst Lodge, Ascot, Berkshire and Wellcome Museum of Medical Science, 183 Euston Road, London N.W.1., England. Summary. Sarcocystis kirmsei sp. nov. is described from the brain of two tropical birds, from Thailand and Panama. Its distinction from Frenkelia is considered in some detail. Résumé. Une espèce nouvelle de Sarcocystis dans le cerveau de deux Oiseaux exotiques. Sarcocystis kirmsei est décrit du cerveau de deux Oiseaux tropicaux de Thaïlande et de Panama. Les critères de distinction entre cette espèce et le genre Frenkelia sont discutés en détail. In 1968, Kirmse (pers. comm.) found a curious parasite in sections of the brain of an unidentified bird which he had been given in Panama. He sent unstained sections to one of us (PCCG) and on examination the parasite was thought to belong to the Toxoplasmatea, either to a species of Sarcocystis or of Frenkelia. A brief description of the infection was made by Tadros (1970) in her thesis for the Ph. D. (London). The slenderness of the cystozoites resembled those of Frenkelia, but the prominent spines on the cyst wall were more like those of Sarcocystis. The distri­ bution of the cystozoites within the cyst is characteristic in that the central portion is practically empty while the outer part consists of numerous pockets of organisms, closely packed together.
    [Show full text]
  • Some Remarks on the Genus Leucocytozoon
    63 SOME REMAKES ON THE GENUS LEUCOCYTOZOON. BY C. M. WENYON, B.SC, M.B., B.S. Protozoologist to the London School of Tropical Medicine. NOTE. A reply to the criticisms contained in Dr Wenyon's paper will be published by Miss Porter in the next number of " Parasitology". A GOOD deal of doubt still exists in many quarters as to the exact meaning of the term Leucocytozoon applied to certain Haematozoa. The term Leucocytozoaire was first used by Danilewsky in writing of certain parasites he had found in the blood of birds. In a later publication he uses the term Leucocytozoon for the same parasites though he does not employ it as a true generic title. In this latter sense it was first employed by Ziemann who named the parasite of an owl Leucocytozoon danilewskyi, thus establishing this parasite the type species of the new genus Leucocytozoon. It is perhaps hardly necessary to mention that Danilewsky and Ziemann both used this name because they considered the parasite in question to inhabit a leucocyte of the bird's blood. There has arisen some doubt as to the exact nature of this host-cell. Some authorities consider it to be a very much altered red blood corpuscle, some perhaps more correctly an immature red blood corpuscle, while others adhere to the original view of Danilewsky as to its leucocytic nature. It must be clearly borne in mind that the nature of the host-cell does not in any way affect the generic name Leucocytozoon. If it could be conclusively proved that the host-cell is in every case a red blood corpuscle the name Leucocytozoon would still remain as the generic title though it would have ceased to be descriptive.
    [Show full text]
  • An Investigation of Leucocytozoon in the Endangered Yellow-Eyed Penguin (Megadyptes Antipodes)
    Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. An investigation of Leucocytozoon in the endangered yellow-eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes) A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Veterinary Science at Massey University, Turitea, Palmerston North, New Zealand Andrew Gordon Hill 2008 Abstract Yellow-eyed penguins have suffered major population declines and periodic mass mortality without an established cause. On Stewart Island a high incidence of regional chick mortality was associated with infection by a novel Leucocytozoon sp. The prevalence, structure and molecular characteristics of this leucocytozoon sp. were examined in the 2006-07 breeding season. In 2006-07, 100% of chicks (n=32) on the Anglem coast of Stewart Island died prior to fledging. Neonates showed poor growth and died acutely at approximately 10 days old. Clinical signs in older chicks up to 108 days included anaemia, loss of body condition, subcutaneous ecchymotic haemorrhages and sudden death. Infected adults on Stewart Island showed no clinical signs and were in good body condition, suggesting adequate food availability and a potential reservoir source of ongoing infections. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) survey of blood samples from the South Island, Stewart and Codfish Island found Leucocytozoon infection exclusively on Stewart Island. The prevalence of Leucocytozoon infection in yellow-eyed penguin populations from each island ranged from 0-2.8% (South Island), to 0-21.25% (Codfish Island) and 51.6-97.9% (Stewart Island).
    [Show full text]
  • Role of Lipids and Fatty Acids in Stress Tolerance in Cyanobacteria
    Acta Protozool. (2002) 41: 297 - 308 Review Article Role of Lipids and Fatty Acids in Stress Tolerance in Cyanobacteria Suresh C. SINGH, Rajeshwar P. SINHA and Donat-P. HÄDER Institut für Botanik und Pharmazeutische Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen, Germany Summary. Lipids are the most effective source of storage energy, function as insulators of delicate internal organs and hormones and play an important role as the structural constituents of most of the cellular membranes. They also have a vital role in tolerance to several physiological stressors in a variety of organisms including cyanobacteria. The mechanism of desiccation tolerance relies on phospholipid bilayers which are stabilized during water stress by sugars, especially by trehalose. Unsaturation of fatty acids also counteracts water or salt stress. Hydrogen atoms adjacent to olefinic bonds are susceptible to oxidative attack. Lipids are rich in these bonds and are a primary target for oxidative reactions. Lipid oxidation is problematic as enzymes do not control many oxidative chemical reactions and some of the products of the attack are highly reactive species that modify proteins and DNA. This review deals with the role of lipids and fatty acids in stress tolerance in cyanobacteria. Key words: cyanobacteria, desiccation, fatty acids, lipids, salinity, temperature stress. INTRODUCTION The cyanobacteria such as Spirulina and Nostoc have been used as a source of protein and vitamin for Cyanobacteria are gram-negative photoautotrophic humans and animals (Ciferri 1983, Kay 1991, Gao 1998, prokaryotes having ´higher plant-type‘ oxygenic photo- Takenaka et al. 1998). Spirulina has an unusually high synthesis (Stewart 1980, Sinha and Häder 1996a).
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Characterization of Plasmodium Juxtanucleare in Thai Native Fowls Based on Partial Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit I Gene
    pISSN 2466-1384 eISSN 2466-1392 Korean J Vet Res (2019) 59(2):69~74 https://doi.org/10.14405/kjvr.2019.59.2.69 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Molecular characterization of Plasmodium juxtanucleare in Thai native fowls based on partial cytochrome C oxidase subunit I gene Tawatchai Pohuang1,2, Sucheeva Junnu1,2,* 1Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand 2Research Group for Animal Health Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand Abstract: Avian malaria is one of the most important general blood parasites of poultry in Southeast Asia. Plasmodium (P.) juxtanucleare causes avian malaria in wild and domestic fowl. This study aimed to identify and characterize the Plasmodium species infecting in Thai native fowl. Blood samples were collected for microscopic examination, followed by detection of the Plasmodium cox I gene by using PCR. Five of the 10 sampled fowl had the desired 588 base pair amplicons. Sequence analysis of the five amplicons indicated that the nucleotide and amino acid sequences were homologous to each other and were closely related (100% identity) to a P. juxtanucleare strain isolated in Japan (AB250415). Furthermore, the phylogenetic tree of the cox I gene showed that the P. juxtanucleare in this study were grouped together and clustered with the Japan strain. The presence of P. juxtanucleare described in this study is the first report of P. juxtanucleare in the Thai native fowl of Thailand. Keywords: fowl, cytochrome C oxidase subunit I, Plasmodium juxtanucleare Introduction *Corresponding author Avian malaria, caused by Plasmodium spp., is an important blood parasite Sucheeva Junnu disease of poultry because it results in poor meat quality and egg production Department of Veterinary Medicine, [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Malaysian Journal of Veterinary Research Volume 10 No. 1 (January 2019)
    VOLUME 10 NO. 1 JANUARY 2019 • pages 103-106 MALAYSIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH SHORT COMMUNICATION PROTOZOAN INFECTION IN SCAVENGING CHICKENS FROM PENANG ISLAND AND BOTA, PERAK, MALAYSIA FARAH HAZIQAH M.T.* AND NIK AHMAD IRWAN IZZAUDDIN N.H. School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia * Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT. Chickens are the most abundant INTRODUCTION birds in the world, providing protein in the form of meat and eggs. Meat from Protozoans are unicellular organisms in scavenging chickens or ‘ayam kampung’ which the body consists of the cytoplasm has a strong flavour and is juicier than that with at least one nucleus. Protozoan of commercial chickens. Most of the rural parasites are responsible for causing villagers still keep the chickens in small severe infections both in humans and flocks, allowing to range freely around animals worldwide. The infection is mainly the house or the backyard, require little transmitted through a faecal-oral route (for attention and feed mainly on kitchen wastes. example, contaminated food or water) or by Due to their free-range and scavenging arthropod vectors through blood transfusion habits, protozoan infections are commonly by vectors which are ticks or mosquitoes, high because they have an increased namely Mansonia spp., Aedes spp., Culex opportunity to encounter the oocysts and spp. and Armigeres spp. (Permin and Hansen, intermediate hosts such as mosquitoes 1998; Salih et al., 2015). Protozoan are divided and flies. Out of 240 scavenging chickens into five major groups; flagellata, amebida, examined, two protozoan parasites have ciliophora, sporozoa and cnidosporidia. been recovered, namely Eimeria sp.
    [Show full text]
  • Statistics of Exon Lengths in Fungi
    The Open Bioinformatics Journal, 2010, 4, 31-40 31 Open Access Statistics of Exon Lengths in Fungi Alexander Kaplunovsky1, David Zabrodsky2, Zeev Volkovich2, Anatoliy Ivashchenko3 and Alexander Bolshoy*,1 1Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology and Genome Diversity Center at the Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Israel 2Department of Software Engineering, ORT Braude College, Karmiel, Israel 3Department of Biotechnology, Biochemistry, Plant Physiology at the Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Kazakhstan Abstract: The exon-intron structures of fungi genes are quite different from each other, and the evolution of such struc- tures raises many questions. We tried to address some of these questions with an accent on methods of revealing evolu- tionary factors based on the analysis of gene exon-intron structures using statistical analysis. Taking whole genomes of fungi, we went through all the protein-coding genes in each chromosome separately and calculated the portion of intron- containing genes and average values of the net length of all the exons in a gene, the number of the exons, and the average length of an exon. We found striking similarities between all of these average properties of chromosomes of the same spe- cies and significant differences between properties of the chromosomes belonging to species of different divisions (Phyla) of the kingdom of Fungi. Comparing those chromosomal and genomic averages, we have developed a technique of clus- tering based on characteristics of the exon-intron structure. This technique of clustering separates different fungi species, grouping them according to Fungi taxonomy. The main conclusion of this article is that the statistical properties of exon- intron organizations of genes are the genome-specific features preserved by evolutionary processes.
    [Show full text]
  • Protozoan Parasites of Wildlife in South-East Queensland
    Protozoan parasites of wildlife in south-east Queensland P.J. O’DONOGHUE Department of Parasitology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland Abstract: Over the last 2 years, samples were collected from 1,311 native animals in south-east Queensland and examined for enteric, blood and tissue protozoa. Infections were detected in 33% of 122 mammals, 12% of 367 birds, 16% of 749 reptiles and 34% of 73 fish. A total of 29 protozoan genera were detected; including zooflagellates (Trichomonas, Cochlosoma) in birds; eimeriorine coccidia (Eimeria, Isospora, Cryptosporidium, Sarcocystis, Toxoplasma, Caryospora) in birds and reptiles; haemosporidia (Haemoproteus, Plasmodium, Leucocytozoon, Hepatocystis) in birds and bats, adeleorine coccidia (Haemogregarina, Schellackia, Hepatozoon) in reptiles and mammals; myxosporea (Ceratomyxa, Myxidium, Zschokkella) in fish; enteric ciliates (Trichodina, Balantidium, Nyctotherus) in fish and amphibians; and endosymbiotic ciliates (Macropodinium, Isotricha, Dasytricha, Cycloposthium) in herbivorous marsupials. Despite the frequency of their occurrence, little is known about the pathogenic significance of these parasites in native Australian animals. Introduction Information on the protozoan parasites of native Australian wildlife is sparse and fragmentary; most records being confined to miscellaneous case reports and incidental findings made in the course of other studies. Early workers conducted several small-scale surveys on the protozoan fauna of various host groups, mainly birds, reptiles and amphibians (eg. Johnston & Cleland 1910; Cleland & Johnston 1910; Johnston 1912). The results of these studies have subsequently been catalogued and reviewed (cf. Mackerras 1958; 1961). Since then, few comprehensive studies have been conducted on the protozoan parasites of native animals compared to the extensive studies performed on the parasites of domestic and companion animals (cf.
    [Show full text]