Conceptualising Regional Power in International Relations: Lessons from the South African Case

GIGA Research Programme: Violence, Power and Security ______

Conceptualising Regional Power in International Relations: Lessons from the South African Case

Daniel Flemes

N° 53 June 2007

www.giga-hamburg.de/workingpapers GIGAȱWPȱ53/2007ȱ GIGAȱWorkingȱPapersȱ

ȱ EditedȱbyȱGIGAȱGermanȱInstituteȱofȱGlobalȱandȱAreaȱStudiesȱ/ȱLeibnizȬInstitutȱfürȱGlobaleȱ undȱRegionaleȱStudien.ȱ

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ConceptualisingȱRegionalȱPowerȱinȱInternationalȱRelations:ȱ LessonsȱfromȱtheȱSouthȱAfricanȱCaseȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Abstractȱ

Regionalȱpowersȱcanȱbeȱdistinguishedȱbyȱfourȱpivotalȱcriteria:ȱclaimȱtoȱleadership,ȱpowerȱ resources,ȱemploymentȱofȱforeignȱpolicyȱinstruments,ȱandȱacceptanceȱofȱleadership.ȱApȬ plyingȱ theseȱ indicatorsȱ toȱ theȱ Southȱ Africanȱ case,ȱ theȱ analysisȱ demonstratesȱ theȱ crucialȱ significanceȱ ofȱ institutionalȱ foreignȱ policyȱ instruments.ȱ Butȱ althoughȱ theȱ Southȱ Africanȱ governmentȱisȱreadyȱtoȱpayȱtheȱcostsȱofȱcoȬoperativeȱhegemonyȱ(suchȱasȱcapacityȱbuildingȱ forȱregionalȱinstitutionsȱandȱpeacekeeping),ȱtheȱregionalȱacceptanceȱofȱSouthȱAfrica’sȱleadȬ ershipȱ isȱ constrainedȱ byȱ itsȱ historicalȱ legacy.ȱ Additionally,ȱ Pretoria’sȱ foreignȱ policyȱ isȱ basedȱonȱideationalȱresourcesȱsuchȱasȱitsȱreputationȱasȱanȱadvocateȱofȱdemocracyȱandȱhuȬ manȱrightsȱandȱtheȱlegitimacyȱderivedȱfromȱitsȱparadigmaticȱbehaviourȱasȱaȱ‘goodȱglobalȱ citizen’.ȱHowever,ȱtheȱMbekiȱpresidencyȱisȱmoreȱsuccessfulȱinȱconvertingȱtheseȱresourcesȱ intoȱdiscursiveȱinstrumentsȱofȱinterestȬassertionȱinȱglobal,ȱratherȱthanȱinȱregionalȱbargains.ȱ Inȱeffectȱtheȱregionalȱpower’sȱreformistȱSouthȬorientedȱmultilateralismȱisȱchallengingȱsomeȱ ofȱtheȱguidingȱprinciplesȱofȱtheȱcurrentȱinternationalȱsystem.ȱ ȱ Keyȱwords:ȱ Southȱ Africa,ȱ regionalȱ power,ȱ foreignȱ policy,ȱ coȬoperativeȱ hegemony,ȱ multiȬ polarisationȱofȱtheȱinternationalȱsystemȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Dr.ȱDanielȱFlemesȱ isȱ politicalȱ scientistȱ andȱ researcherȱ atȱ theȱ GIGAȱ Instituteȱ ofȱ Latinȱ Americanȱ Studiesȱ inȱ Hamburg.ȱCurrentlyȱheȱisȱThyssenȱFellowȱatȱtheȱInstituteȱofȱInternationalȱRelationsȱofȱtheȱ PontifíciaȱUniversidadeȱCatólicaȱ(PUC)ȱinȱRioȱdeȱJaneiro.ȱ Contact:ȱflemes@gigaȬhamburg.de,ȱwebsite:ȱhttp://staff.gigaȬhamburg.de/flemes.ȱ Zusammenfassungȱ

ZurȱKonzeptualisierungȱregionalerȱFührungsmachtȱinȱdenȱinternationalenȱBeziehungen:ȱ DasȱFallbeispielȱSüdafrikaȱ

RegionaleȱFührungsmächteȱkönnenȱanhandȱvonȱvierȱKriterienȱunterschiedenȱwerden:ȱArȬ tikulationȱ desȱ Führungsanspruchs,ȱ verfügbareȱ Machtressourcen,ȱ außenpolitischeȱ InstruȬ menteȱzurȱInteressendurchsetzungȱundȱAkzeptanzȱdesȱFührungsanspruchsȱdurchȱexterneȱ Akteure.ȱ Dieȱ Übertragungȱ dieserȱ Kriterienȱ aufȱ denȱ südafrikanischenȱ Fallȱ zeigtȱ zunächstȱ dieȱ zentraleȱ Bedeutungȱ institutionellerȱ Instrumenteȱ innerhalbȱ derȱ südafrikanischenȱ AuȬ ßenpolitik.ȱObgleichȱPretoriaȱbereitȱist,ȱdieȱKostenȱkooperativerȱHegemonieȱzuȱtragenȱ(z.B.ȱ InvestitionenȱinȱRegionalinstitutionenȱundȱFriedenssicherung),ȱuntergräbtȱdasȱhistorischeȱ LegatȱderȱÄraȱderȱApartheidȱdenȱregionalenȱFührungsanspruch.ȱDabeiȱbasiertȱdieȱAußenȬ politikȱdesȱdemokratischenȱSüdafrikaȱzuvorderstȱaufȱideellenȱRessourcen:ȱAlsȱAnwaltȱfürȱ DemokratieȱundȱMenschenrechteȱhatȱSüdafrikaȱseitȱdemȱRegimewechselȱvielȱRenommeeȱ undȱLegitimitätȱerworben.ȱDieȱKonvertierungȱdieserȱideellenȱRessourcenȱinȱdiskursiveȱInȬ strumenteȱzurȱInteressendurchsetzungȱgelingtȱderȱRegierungȱMbekiȱinȱglobalenȱVerhandȬ lungenȱallerdingsȱweitausȱbesserȱalsȱinȱafrikanischenȱInstitutionen.ȱImȱErgebnisȱstelltȱderȱ reformȬȱ undȱ entwicklungsorientierteȱ Multilateralismusȱ derȱ südafrikanischenȱ RegionalȬ machtȱeinigeȱetablierteȱNormenȱdesȱgegenwärtigenȱinternationalenȱSystemsȱinȱFrage.ȱ ȱ
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___ =39*7*898=4+=9-*=2.))1*=54<*78=(4.3(.)*=247*=<.9-=9-*=,*3*7&1=.39*7*89=9-&3=)4=9-*= .39*7*898=4+=9-*=82&11=54<*78=47=4+=9-*=,7*&9=54<*78=5*.)=+32-a=+0+_= !((47).3,1>=2.))1*=54<*78=+47*.,3=541.(>=4'/*(9.;*8=4;*71&5=<.9-=9-*= (.;.1.&3=*3)8=:&:11= +33*`=3:(-U3*=+31-=4+=+47*.,3=541.(>`=)*+.3*)=&8=.39*73&9.43&1=(445*7&9.43`=841.)&7.9>`=)48 2*89.(&9.43=4+=.39*73&9.43&1=7*1&9.438`=7*85438.'.1.9>=+47=9-*=,14'&1=*3;.7432*39`=&3)=9-*=).+8 +:8.43=4+=*6:&1.9>`=/:89.(*=&3)=941*7&3(*=3:(-U3*=+31-a=,*_==-*8*=&7*= 2.1.*:=,4&18=7&9-*7= 9-&3= 5488*88.43= ,4&18`= 94= :8*= !7341)= %41+*78= +30,a= 1-810= ).89.3(9.43_= /488*88.43= ,4&18= +:79-*7=9-*=3&9.43&1=.39*7*89_=:.1.*:=,4&18=&.2=94=8-&5*=9-*=*3;.7432*39=.3=<-.(-=9-*=89&9*= 45*7&9*8_=:.1.*:=,4&18=2&>=431>='*=2*&38=4+=&(-.*;.3,=5488*88.43=,4&18`=':9=9-*>=2&>=&184= '*=,4&18=9-&9=97&38(*3)=9-*=3&9.43&1=.39*7*89=&3)=&7*=8-&7*)=<.)*1>_=3=49-*7=<47)8=&=8*38*=4+=

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=-*= 8&2*= 54.39= .8= 897*88*)= '>= C:39.3,943= +333a= -0= <-*3= -*= &7,:*8= 9-&9= 2&/47= 7*,.43&1= 54<*78=&7*=57*8*2.3*39=.3=&7*&8=4+=9-*=<471)=<.9-4:9='*.3,=&'1*=94=*=9*3)=9-*.7=.39*7*89=&8= ,14'&11>=&8=9-*=D3.9*)=>9&9*8_=E3*=4+=9-*=+.789=*++4798=94=)*;*145=&=(43(*59=4+=7*,.43&1=54<*78= .3=9-*=.39*73&9.43&1=8>89*2=<&8=2&)*='>=F89*7:)=+33,a=+,`=<-4=:8*)=9-*=349.43= 7*,.43&1= ,7*&9=54<*7=)*+.3.3,=.9=&8=&=89&9*`==

+= <-.(-=.8=,*4,7&5-.(&11>=5&79=4+=9-*=)*1.3*&9*)=7*,.43`== ,= <-.(-=.8=&'1*=94=89&3)=:5=&,&.389=&3>=(4&1.9.43=4+=49-*7=89&9*8=.3=9-*=7*,.43`== -= <-.(-=.8=-.,-1>=.3+1:*39.&1=.3=7*,.43&1=&++&.78`=&3)== .=<-.(-`=(4397&7>=94=&=2.))1*=54<*7`=2.,-9=&184='*=&=,7*&9=54<*7=43=9-*=<471)=8(&1*=.3= &)).9.43=94=.98=7*,.43&1=89&3).3,_==

2>=9-*=1&99*7=(7.9*7.43=9-*=&:9-47=.8=2.=.3,=9-*=(-&7&(9*7.89.(8=4+=7*,.43&1=54<*78=&3)=,7*&9= 54<*78=&3)=2&0.3,=9-*=).89.3(9.43='*9<**3=7*,.43&1=54<*78=&3)=2.))1*=54<*78=247*=).++.(:19_= 0-&8*`=C.11=&3)=**33*)>=+330a=-/=1.30=9-*=741*=4+=7*,.43&1=54<*78=94=9-*=349.43=4+= 5.;49&1= 89&9*8_= =-*>= &7*= 84= .25479&39= 7*,.43&11>= 9-&9= 9-*.7= (411&58*= <4:1)= 85*11= 97&388'4:3)&7>= 2&>-*2_=!=5.;49&1=89&9*8=*(4342.(=574,7*88=&3)=89&'.1.9>`=43=9-*=49-*7=-&3)`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a=-/-=574548*8=9-*=+4114<.3,=57*(43).9.438=+47=7*,.43&1=1*&)*78-.5a=39*73&1= )>3&2.(8a=9-*=.39*73&1=)>3&2.(8=4+=9-*=89&9*8=541.9.(&1=8>89*2=&3)=*(4342>=8-4:1)=&114<=.9= 94=51&>=&=89&'.1.8.3,=&3)=1*&).3,=741*=.3=.98=7*,.43b=%.11.3,3*88a=9-*=7*,.43&1=54<*7=8-4:1)= .3).(&9*=&3)=&88:2*=9-*=741*=4+=7*,.43&1=1*&)*7`=89&'.1.8*7=&3)`=.+=349=5*&(*0**5*7`=&9=1*&89= 5*&(*2&0*7b=0&5&(.9>a=9-*=7*,.43&1=54<*7=8-4:1)=&184=-&;*=9-*=(&5&(.9>=47=&'.1.9>=94=&88:2*= 7*,.43&1=1*&)*78-.5b=&3)=!((*59&3(*a=9-*=7*,.43&1=54<*7=8-4:1)='*=&((*59&'1*=94=.98=3*.,-8 '4:78=&8=&=1*&)*7=7*85438.'1*=+47=7*,.43&1=8*(:7.9>_=!='74&)*7=47=*=97&87*,.43&1=&((*59&3(*=.8= 5*7-&58= &= 3*(*88&7>= (43).9.43`= ':9= 349= 8:++.(.*39`= *;*3= .+= 8:55479*)= &3)= 574249*)= '>= '.,= 54<*78_= 3&3.*1=41*2*8a=5*,.43&1=/4<*7=.3=39*73&9.43&1=5*1&9.438= 

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b=!((*59&3(*a=.9=.8=6:*89.43&'1*=94=<-&9= *=9*39=49-*7=89&9*8=&((*59=9-*=7*,.43&1=54<*78=(1&.2=&3)=&(9.;.9.*8b=&3)=3+1:*3(*a=.3=9-*=*3)= *&(-=1*&).3,=54<*7=2:89='*=/:),*)=&((47).3,=94=-4<=2:(-=&(9:&1=.3+1:*3(*=.9=-&8=*=*7(.8*)`= .3=9-*=8*38*=4+=54<*7=4;*7=7*84:7(*8_= 2&1)<.3= ,**,a= +128+13= 8:,,*898= &= 2:19.).2*38.43&1= (43(*59= 9-&9= .3(1:)*8= 9-*= 5488.'.1.9>= 9-&9=54<*7=(4:1)=.3(7*&8*=.3=43*=).2*38.43=<-.1*=&9=9-*=8&2*=9.2*=8-7.30=.3=&349-*7_=/488.8 '1*=).2*38.438=.3(1:)*a=>(45*a=7*+*77.3,=94=9-*=5488.'.1.9>=9-&9=&3=&(9478=54<*7=2.,-9=;&7>= .3=).++*7*39=541.(.*8=*(4342.(8`=8*(:7.9>b=342&.3a=)*+.3.3,=9-*=8.?*=4+=&3=&(9478=.3+1:*3(*= 43=49-*78=7*,.43&1`=,14'&1b=%*.,-9a=)*8(7.'.3,=9-*=7*1.&'.1.9>=4+=&3=&(9478=54<*7=9-*=(-&3(*= 94=5:9=43*8=<.11=.394=57&(9.(*=&,&.389=9-*=<.11=4+=49-*78b=04898a=.3).(&9.3,=9-*=57.(*=&3=&(947= .8=<.11.3,=&3)=&'1*=94=5&>=94=&(-.*;*=49-*7=&(9478=(4251.&3(*b=&3)=:*&38a=.3(1:).3,=8>28 '41.(`=*(4342.(`=2.1.9&7>=&3)=).5142&9.(=2*9-4)8=4+=*=*7(.8.3,=54<*7_= =-.8=&79.(1*=&.28=&9=.)*39.+>.3,=&3)=(1&88.+>.3,=7*,.43&1=54<*78=.3=.39*73&9.43&1=7*1&9.438='>= +4:7=5.;49&1=(7.9*7.&a==

+= +472:1&9.43=4+=9-*=(1&.2=94=1*&)*78-.5`== ,= 5488*88.43=4+=9-*=3*(*88&7>=54<*7=7*84:7(*8`== -= *2514>2*39=4+=+47*.,3=541.(>=.3897:2*398`=&3)== .= &((*59&3(*=4+=9-*=1*&)*78-.5=741*='>=9-.7)=89&9*8_=/49*39.&1=7*,.43&1=54<*78=<.11='*=(428 5&7*)='>=9-*8*=+4:7=(7.9*7.&=&3)='>=2*&38=4+==

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D;*3=3*481.'*7&1=.389.9:9.43&1.82=8**=+*4-&3*=+322`=+323=&8(7.'*8=431>=1.2.9*)=.25479&3(*= 94=.389.9:9.438=.3=;.*<=4+=9-*=9*3)*3(.*8=94=(-&3,*=<.9-.3=.39*73&9.43&1=7*1&9.438_=.-*=3*48 7*&1.89='&8.(=57*2.8*=M=.389.9:9.438=7*+1*(9=9-*=54<*7=).897.':9.43=<.9-.3=9-*=.39*73&9.43&1=8>88 9*2=&3)=&7*=(43).9.43*)='>=9-.8=M=.8=8-&7*)='>=3*481.'*7&1=.389.9:9.43&1.82=+*4-&3*2?&79.3= +33/a=.1_=9&1)<.3=,**,a=+21=(422*398=9-&9=54<*7=(&3='*=*=*7(.8*)=.3=9-*=+472&9.43=&3)= 2&.39*3&3(*=4+=.389.9:9.438`=9-74:,-=.389.9:9.438`=<.9-.3=&3)=&243,=.389.9:9.438_=&+=89&9*=&(8 9478=1*)='>=9-*=57.3(.51*=4+=*,4.82=*39*7=.394=.389.9:9.43&1.8*)=3*,49.&9.438`=9-*=6:*89.43=7*8 2&.38`=.+=&3)=-4<=7*,.43&1=54<*78=:8*=.39*73&9.43&1=.389.9:9.438=94=&88*79=9-*.7=.39*7*898_=.4= &38<*7=9-.8=6:*89.43=9-*=&3&1>8.8=4+=F:77*11=,***a=-8.=.8=.3897:(9.;*a= =&3.*1=81*2*8a=>*,.43&1=34<*7=.3=&39*73&9.43&1=>*1&9.438= 

&3)**)=84;*7*.,39>=2&>='*=.3(7*&8.3,1>=)*+.3*)=349='>=54<*7=94=.38:1&9*=43*8=89&9*=+742= *=9*73&1=.3+1:*3(*8=':9='>=9-*=54<*7=94=5&79.(.5&9*=*++*(9.;*1>=.3=.39*73&9.43&1=.389.9:9.438= 4+=&11=0.3)8_= c =.-*7*=.8=34=,7*&9=5:??1*=&8=94=9-*=&);&39&,*8=9-&9=4+9*3=1*&)=.39*72*).&9*= 89&9*8=94=+&;4:7=2:19.1&9*7&1.82=&3)=.389.9:9.438= c a=9-*=)*,7**=94=<-.(-=.389.9:9.438=5748 ;.)*=541.9.(&1=85&(*=+47=.25479&39=2.))1*81*;*1=51&>*78=94=':.1)=3*<=(4&1.9.438=.3=47)*7=94= 97>= &3)= *++*(9= *2*7,.3,= 34728= .3= <&>8= 9-&9= &= (43,7:*39= <.9-= 9-*.7= .39*7*898= &3)= 94= (4:39*78'&1&3(*=47=)*+1*(9=9-*=57*+*7*3(*8=4+=9-*=2489=54<*7+:1b=&3)=9-*=*=9*39=94=<-.(-= .389.9:9.438=574;.)*= ;4.(*=455479:3.9.*8=94=2&0*=034<3=9-*.7=.39*7*898=&3)=94='.)=+47=548 1.9.(&1=8:55479=.3=9-*='74&)*7=2&70*9=51&(*=4+=.)*&8_=4=.39*72*).&9*=89&9*8=<.11=8**0=94=:8*= .39*73&9.43&1=.389.9:9.438=*.9-*7=94=)*+*3)=9-*28*1;*8=&,&.389=34728=47=7:1*8=47=57&(9.(*8= 9-&9=&);*78*1>=&++*(9=9-*.7=.39*7*89=47= c =94=(-&3,*=)42.3&39=.39*73&9.43&1=34728=.3=<&>8= 9-&9=9-*>=<4:1)=1.0*=94=8**_=

=*7.;.3,=+742=9-.8=4'8*7;&9.43=.9=.8=.39*7*89.3,=94=&80=&'4:9=9-*=7*,.43&1=54<*78=249.;&9.43=94= 5&79.(.5&9*=.3=7*,.43&1=(445*7&9.43=574(*88*8`='*(&:8*=7*,.43&1=.389.9:9.438=*254<*7=<*&0*7= 89&9*8='>=(43897&.3.3,=9-*=+7**)42=4+=9-*=7*,.43&1=54<*78=9-74:,-=*89&'1.8-*)=7:1*8=&3)=5748 (*):7*8=&8=<*11_=>*,.43&1=54<*78=&7*=9-*=0*>=51&>*78`=4+9*3=(7*&9478`=4+=7*,.43&1=,4;*73&3(*= .389.9:9.438_=.-*=1*&)*78=7*,.43&1=.3+1:*3(*=<.11=)*5*3)=43=.98=&'.1.9>=94=)*9*72.3*=9-*=(4458 *7&9.43=&,*3)&`=<-.(-=(&3='*=&(-.*;*)=*.9-*7=9-74:,-=&=(445*7&9.;*=47=:3.1&9*7&1=-*,*243.&1= <&>= 4+= 1*&)*78-.5`= 47= 43*= 4+= (4845*7&9.;*= -*,*243>_= .-*= 9-*47>= 4+= (4845*7&9.;*= -*,*243>= 3*)*78*3=,**,=*=51&.38=<->=,7*&9*7=89&9*8=5:78:*=7*,.43&1=.389.9:9.43&1.8&9.43`=897*88*8=:3)*7= <-.(-=(43).9.438=.9=.8=5488.'1*=+47=9-*2=94=7:1*=9-74:,-=7*,.43&1=,4;*73&3(*=.389.9:9.438=&3)= (-&7&(9*7.8*8=7*,.43&1=.389.9:9.438=&8=+47*.,3=541.(>=.3897:2*398=4+=7*,.43&1=54<*78a=

>*,.43&1=.389.9:9.43&1.8&9.43=.8=8**3=&8=9>5.(&11>=9-*=574):(9=4+=&=,7&3)=897&9*,>=5:78:*)= '>=(425&7&9.;*1>=<*&0=47=)*(1.3.3,='.,=54<*78=.'.)_a=012_= 8742=9-.8=5*785*(9.;*=&=897&9*,>=4+=(4845*7&9.;*=-*,*243>=-&8=9-*=+4114<.3,=2&.3=&);&38 9&,*8=+47=9-*=7*,.43&1=54<*7a=

:=
);&39&,*8=4+=8(&1*_=,,7*,&9.43=4+=54<*7=.8=4+=5&79.(:1&7=.25479&3(*=94=&=7*,.43&1=54<*7= &85.7.3,=94=&=,14'&1=741*='*(&:8*=.9=<.11=*3&'1*=.9=94=:8*=.98=7*,.43=&8=&='&8*=+47=574/*(9.3,= 54<*7=.3=<471)=&++&.78_=4=)4=84=9-*=1*&)*7= 89&9*= -&8= 94= +472:1&9*= &= 541.9.(&1= 574/*(9`= <-.(-=&997&(98=3*.,-'4:7.3,=(4:397.*8=94=.)*39.+>=<.9-_=98=(&5&(.9>=94=8*9=&,*3)&8=.8=5.;8 49&1=94=&,,7*,&9*=54<*7=.3=(*79&.3=.88:*=&7*&8_=+=9-*=(4845*7&9.;*=-*,*243=.8=*(4342.8 (&11>=9-*=2489=*++.(.*39=89&9*=.3=9-*=7*,.43`=&);&39&,*8=4+=&=:3.+.*)=7*,.43&1=2&70*9=&7*= (438.)*7&'1*_= 47=&=7*,.43&1=54<*7= 9-&9=.8=8:774:3)*)='>=82&11=&3)=;*7>=82&11=*(4348 2.*8=9-*=&);&39&,*8=4+=8(&1*=&7*=2&7,.3&1_=-*=*=.89*3(*=4+=&3=*=9*73&1=9-7*&9=94=9-*=7*8 ,.43= +&(.1.9&9*8= 54<*7= &,,7*,&9.43`= '*(&:8*= *=9*73&1= 57*88:7*= 8:554798= 9-*= 9*&2= 85.7.9= &3)=,74<.3,=94,*9-*7=4+=&=,74:5_=
= !&3.*1= 1*2*8a=#*,.43&1=$4<*7=.3=39*73&9.43&1=#*1&9.438=

:=
);&39&,*8= 4+= 89&'.1.9>_= -*= 7*,.43&1= .389.9:9.43&1.8&9.43= 574(*88= -*158= 94= &;4.)= .397&8 7*,.43&1=(4:39*7'&1&3(.3,=&3)=2&0*8=&11.&3(*8='*9<**3=3*.,-'4:7.3,=89&9*8=&3)=*=9*73&1= 54<*78=247*=).++.(:19_=&9&'.1.9>='*(42*8=&=;*7>=.25479&39=,4&1`=.+=9-*=3*.,-'4:7.3,=89&9*8= +**1=9-7*&9*3*)='>=9-*=2.1.9&7>=47=*(4342.(=8:5*7.47.9>=4+=9-*=7*,.43&1=54<*7_= :=
);&39&,*8= 4+= .3(1:8.43_= 3(1:8.43= .3= 7*,.43&1= .39*,7&9.43= 574(*88*8= 8*(:7*8= &((*88= 94= 8(&7(*=7&<=2&9*7.&18_= :=
);&39&,*8=4+=).++:8.43_=3=.389.9:9.43&1.8*)=7*,.43&1=8>89*2=574;.)*8=&3=&7*3&=+47=9-*=).+8 +:8.43=4+=9-*=7*,.43&1=54<*78=.)*&8=&3)=57.3(.51*8_=-.8=5:98=9-*=1*&)*7=.3=&=548.9.43=94= .3+1:*3(*=9-*=)42*89.(=&3)=+47*.,3=541.(.*8=4+=.98=(445*7&9.43=5&793*78=.'.)_a=02/8020_= := --.1*=9-*=897&9*,>=4+=(4845*7&9.;*=-*,*243>=5742.8*8=*85*(.&11>=143,89*72='*3*+.98`=.9= &184=.251.*8=(4898a= := 4<*788-&7.3,_=-*=7*,.43&1=54<*7=8-&7*8=54<*7=<.9-=.98=3*.,-'4:78=43=&=5*72&3*39='&8 8.8= <.9-.3= (42243= .389.9:9.438= <.9-= 8.,3.+.(&39= (425*9*3(*8_= 3= '&7,&.38= &9= 9-*= ,14'&1= 1*;*1=.9=5:78:*8=349=431>=3&9.43&1`=':9=&184=7*,.43&1=.39*7*898_= := 43,89*72=(422.92*39_=-*=7*,.43&1=54<*7=-&8=94=(422.9=.98*1+=94=&=143,89*72=897&9*,>=4+= 7*,.43&1=.389.9:9.43&1.8&9.43_=98=)*(.8.43=.8=(43).9.43*)='>=9-*=(4898=4+=3438(422.92*39= 9-&9=&7*=1&7,*7=+47=&=7*,.43&1.8*)=9-&3=+47=&=,14'&1.8*)=*(4342>_=.4389.9:9.43&1=7:1*8=&3)= 574(*):7*8= +&(.1.9&9.3,= 5&79.(.5&9.43= .3= 7*,.43&1= .39*,7&9.43`= 9-*= 1*&)*78= 7*,.43&1= *(48 342.(=.39*7*89=&3)=9-*=*=.89*3(*=4+=&=8:55479.;*=).8(4:78*=574249*=9-*=(422.92*39=(&8 5&(.9>=4+=9-*=7*,.43&1=54<*7=.'.)_a=03,_= := 4891>=8.)*=5&>2*398_=-*=7*,.43&1=54<*7=-&8=94=9&0*=4;*7=,7*&9=5&798=4+=.39*,7&9.43=(4898= &3)= -&8= 94= 8-&7*= 9-*= ).897.':9.;*= 4:9(42*8= 4+= ,14'&1= '&7,&.38= <.9-= 9-*= 7*,.43&1= 3*.,-'4:78=.'.)_a=021_=

2&9:7&11>=9-*7*=&7*=1.30&,*8='*9<**3=9-*=+&(9478=2*39.43*)_=385*(.&11>=54<*7=&,,7*,&9.43`= 54<*7=8-&7.3,`=&3)=(422.92*39=(&5&(.9>=4+=9-*=7*,.43&1=54<*7=:=)*+.3*)=&8=<*11=&8=57*(438 ).9.438=+47=(4845*7&9.;*=-*,*243>=:=2&>=;&7>=.3=897*3,9-`=<-.(-=.251.*8=;&7.&9.43=.3=+4728= 4+=(4845*7&9.;*=-*,*243>=&3)=8:,,*898=<&>8=.3=<-.(-=.9=2&>='*=97&38(*3)*)a=

--*7*=54<*7=&,,7*,&9.43=(&5&(.9>=&3)=54<*7=8-&7.3,=(&5&(.9>=&7*=89743,`=':9=(428 2.92*39= (&5&(.9>= <*&0`= <*= (4:1)= *=5*(9= .3+472&1= (4845*7&9.;*= -*,*243>= 47= (48 45*7&9.;*= -*,*243>= &9= &= 24)*89= .389.9:9.43&1= 1*;*1_= --*7*= 54<*7= 8-&7.3,= &3)= (428 2.92*39=(&5&(.9>=&7*=-.,-`=':9=54<*7=&,,7*,&9.43=(&5&(.9>=14<`=<*=<4:1)=*=5*(9=9-*= 5488.'.1.9.*8= 4+= 24;.3,= 94<&7)8= &= 8>22*97.(&1= +*)*7&9.43= 94= '*= ,44)_= --*7*`= 43= 9-*= 49-*7=-&3)`=54<*7=&,,7*,&9.43=&3)=(422.92*39=(&5&(.9>=&7*=-.,-`=':9=54<*7=8-&7.3,= (&5&(.9>=.8=14<`=<*=<4:1)=*=5*(9=(4845*7&9.;*=-*,*243>=8-&).3,=.394=&8>22*97.(&1= +*)*7&9.43=.'.)_a=03-_= !&3.*1= 1*2*8a=#*,.43&1=$4<*7=.3=39*73&9.43&1=#*1&9.438=


3=47)*7=+47=54<*7=8-&7.3,=94='*=*++*(9.;*`=&;4.).3,= &8>22*97.(&1= +*)*7&9.43`= 9-*=7*,.43&1= 897:(9:7*=2:89=(4;*7=&=(*79&.3=7&3,*`=+47=8*(947&1=.88:*8=&((47)=8*(43)&7>=89&9*8=7*&1=.3+1:8 *3(*=4;*7=9-*=)42.3&39=89&9*8=541.9.(8_=$4<*7=8-&7.3,='*9<**3=9-*=7*,.43&1=54<*7=&3)=9-*=

8*(43)&7>=7*,.43&1=54<*70=.8=(7:(.&1=.3=9-.8=7*,&7)='*(&:8*=8*(43)&7>=7*,.43&1=54<*78=(&3= (1&.2=1*&)*78-.5=.3=(*79&.3=.88:*=&7*&8='*>43)=9-*=7*,.43=&3)=9-*>=&7*=549*39.&11>=9-*=57.;.8 1*,*)=(445*7&9.43=5&793*78=4+=9-*=8:5*754<*7_=-*=8:5*754<*7=.8=;&1:*)='>=9-*=8*(43)&7>= 7*,.43&1=54<*7=&8=&=(43897&.39=43=9-*=)42.3&3(*=4+=9-*=7*,.43&1=54<*7_=:39.3,943=+333a=0= &7,:*8=9-&9=9-*=8:5*754<*7=&3)=9-*=8*(43)&7>=7*,.43&1=54<*78=<.11=4+9*3=8-&7*=(43;*7,.3,= .39*7*898=&,&.389=9-*=7*,.43&1=54<*7`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`= 9-*= &551.(&9.43=4+=).++*7*39=).5142&9.(=.3897:2*398='>=7*,.43&1=54<*78=-&8=94='*=&3&1>8*)_=--*= 2*&38= 4+= ).5142&(>= 7&3,*= +742= (1&88.(&1= ).5142&(>= (-&7&(9*7.8*)= '>= (438*38:8= 54<*7= .?*25.*1=+333=94=(4*7(.;*=).5142&(>_=.1&88.(&1=).5142&(>=(438.898=4+=&,*3)&=8*99.3,=&3)= ).8(4:78*= (439741= &8= <*11= &8= 9-*= *2514>2*39= 4+= 9-*= .3897:2*398= 4+= .39*73&9.43&1= 1&<`= *_,_= 2*).&9.43_=,=)*(.8.;*=741*=.3=9-*=)*;*1452*39=4+=+472&1=&3)=.3+472&1=574(*):7*8=&3)=7:1*8= 4+='.1&9*7&1`=7*,.43&1=&3)=,14'&1=.389.9:9.438=2&>='*=9-*=7*8:19=4+=9-*=*2514>2*39=4+=(1&88.(&1= ).5142&9.(= .3897:2*398_= .4*7(.;*= ).5142&(>= .3(1:)*8= 9-7*&98= <.9-= *(4342.(= &3)= 2.1.9&7>= 8&3(9.438=&3)=9-74:,-=9-.8=9-*=':.1).3,=4+=57*88:7*=47=)*9*77*3(*=549*39.&1b=&3)=.9=(&3=.251>= 548.9.;*=8&3(9.438=1.0*=4++*7.3,=*(4342.(=&3)=2.1.9&7>=8:55479=5488.'1>=<.9-=9-*=4'/*(9.;*=4+= ':.1).3,=47=897*3,9-*3.3,=)*5*3)*3(.*8=89.(0=&3)=(&7749=541.(>_=13(*=9-*8*=9-7*&98=47=.38 (*39.;*8=&7*=7*&1.?*)`=&3)=&(9.43=.8=9&0*3`=9-*=1.3*='*9<**3=).8(:78.;*=&3)=2&9*7.&1=+47*.,3= 541.(>=.8=(7488*)_= .= --*=89&9:8=4+=&=7*,.43&1=54<*7=.8=349=1*&89=&=84(.&1=(&9*,47>=&3)=)*5*3)8=43=9-*=&((*58 9&3(*=4+=9-.8=89&9:8=&3)=9-*=&884(.&9*)=-.*7&7(->='>=49-*7=89&9*8a=

0= :39.3,943= +333= ).89.3,:.8-*8= '*9<**3= 9-*= 143*1>= 8:5*754<*7`= &= 8*(43)= 1*;*1= 4+= 2&/47= 7*8 ,.43&1=54<*78=9-&9=&7*=57*8*2.3*39=.3=(*79&.3=&7*&8=4+=9-*=<471)`=&3)=9-.7)=1*;*1=4+= 8*(43)&7>=7*8 ,.43&1=54<*78=<-48*=.39*7*898=4+9*3=(43+1.(9=<.9-=9-*=2&/47=7*,.43&1=54<*78=+47*.,3=541.(>=,4&18_= --*8*=.3(1:)*=47.9&.3=.3=7*1&9.43=94=9-*=5*72&3867*3(-=(42'.3&9.43`=707&.3*=.3=7*1&9.43=94=8:88.&`= 9&5&3=.3=7*1&9.43=94=.-.3&`=:4:9-=;47*&=.3=7*1&9.43=94=9&5&3`=<&0.89&3=.3=7*1&9.43=94==3).&`=:&:).= ,7&'.&=.3=7*1&9.43=94==7&3`=&3)=,7,*39.3&=.3=7*1&9.43=94=47&?.1=.'.)_a=+_= = )&3.*1=61*2*8a=8*,.43&1=<4<*7=.3==39*73&9.43&1=8*1&9.438=

>4:=(&3=(1&.2=,7*&9=54<*7=89&9:8=':9=2*2'*78-.5=4+=9-*=(1:'=4+=,7*&9=54<*78=.8=&=848 (.&1=(&9*,47>=9-&9=)*5*3)8=43=7*(4,3.9.43='>=49-*78=:='>=>4:7=5**78=.3=9-*=(1:'`=':9= &184= '>= 82&11*7= &3)= <*&0*7= 89&9*8= <.11.3,= 94= &((*59= 9-*= 1*,.9.2&(>= &3)= &:9-47.9>= 4+= 9-48*= &9= 9-*= 945= 4+= 9-*= .39*73&9.43&1= -.*7&7(->_= :4= &= (43897:(9.;.89= &5574&(-= <4:1)= ;.*<= 54<*7= -.*7&7(-.*8= .3= 9*728= 4+= 8-&7*)= :3)*789&3).3,8= 9-&9= )*;*145= &243,89= ,74:58=4+=89&9*8=:77*11=,***a=-_=

=98=3*.,-'4:78=8-4:1)=&((*59=9-*=7*,.43&1=54<*7=&8=&=1*&)*7=7*85438.'1*=+47=7*,.43&1=8*(:8 7.9>_=,='74&)*7=47=*=97&87*,.43&1=&((*59&3(*=.8=&=3*(*88&7>`=':9=349=8:++.(.*39=(43).9.43_=--*= &((*59&3(*= 4+= 9-*= 1*&)*78-.5= 741*= '>= &(9478= <.9-.3= 9-*= 7*,.43= .8= 5.;49&1= +47= 9-*= 7*,.43&1= 54<*7=94=&;4.)=&=7*):(*)=54<*7=4;*7=4:9(42*8=):*=94=4'89&(1*8=(43897:(9*)=*85*(.&11>='>= 8*(43)&7>=7*,.43&1=54<*78_=.445*7=*9=&1_=+33-a=+0=&7,:*=9-&9=9-*=)>3&2.(8=4+=1*&)*78-.5=.3= .39*73&9.43&1=541.9.(8=&7*=247*=(1*&71>=7*;*&1*)='>=&3=*=&2.3&9.43=4+=+4114<*78-.5_=6742=9-.8= 5*785*(9.;*=.9=.8=.25479&39=94=034<=<->=&3)=:3)*7=<-.(-=(43).9.438=+4114<*78=+4114<_= = =

._= -*=4:9-=+7.(&3=(&8*1=

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= 4:9-=+7.(&=89.11=4((:5.*8=&=5742.3*39=548.9.43=<.9-.3=9-*=7*,.43&1=541.9.(&1=*(4342>_=59=.8= 9-*=2489=)*;*145*)=89&9*=43=9-*=(439.3*39=4+=+7.(&=&3)=.98=.*=.8=9<.(*=&8=1&7,*=&8=9-&9=4+=

9-*=7*89=4+=9-*=4:9-*73=+7.(&3=*;*1452*39=6422:3.9>2_=(-*=)*24(7&9.(=,4;*732*398= &5574&(-=<&8=.3+472*)='>=&3=*=51.(.9=(422.92*39=43=-:2&3=7.,-98`=&3)=&184='>=&=)*8.7*=94= 2&0*=+7.(&=:=84:9-*73=+7.(&=.3=5&79.(:1&7=:=9-*=57.2&7>=9-*&97*=4+=4:9-=+7.(&3=+47*.,3= 541.(.*8b=94=574249*=7*,.43&1=)*;*1452*39b=&3)=94=5&79.(.5&9*=(43897:(9.;*1>=.3=2:19.1&9*7&1=
















































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.389.9:9.438=1)*321*=**7*=,**0a=/,_=C19.2&9*1>=*7*8.)*39=;'*0.=51&>*)=&3=.25479&39=741*=.3= <471)=541.9.(8=5:8-.3,= +47=9-*=7*+472=4+=,14'&1=,4;*73&3(*=.389.9:9.438_=;'*0.=8&.)=&9=9-*= .4381.,3*)=;4;*2*39=.;=(43+*7*3(*=.3=*59*2'*7=,**0=.3=3&;&3&`=.3=-.8=(&5&(.9>=&8= (-&.72&3= 4+= 9-*= 74:5= 4+= 11= &3)= 6-.3&= 9-&9= 4:9-84:9-= 47,&3.8&9.438= 3**)*)= 94= '&991*= 54;*79>`= :3)*7)*;*1452*39`= :3+&.7= 97&)*= &3)= 541.9.(&1= &3)= 84(.48*(4342.(= *=(1:8.43= &3)= 2&7,.3&1.8&9.43a=

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(4:9-=+7.(&3=+47*.,3=541.(>=2&0*78=(&:9.43=.8=7449*)=.3=9-*=(4:397>8=-.8947.(&1=1*,&(>_=73= 5&79.(:1&7= 9-*= +472*7= +7439= 89&9*8= &7*= -.,-1>= 8*38.9.;*= 7*,&7).3,= 94= &3>= '*-&;.4:7= 9-&9= 7*8 2.3)8= 9-*2= 4+= 9-*= &5&79-*.)= 7*,.2*8= &,,7*88.;*= 541.(.*8= 4+= 7*,.43&1= -*,*243>_= <*3(*= &= 57434:3(*)=&79.(:1&9.43=4+=7*947.&8=(1&.2=94=7*,.43&1=1*&)*78-.5=<4:1)=.251>=&=-.,-=7.80=4+= .841&9.43_=&-*=(4:9-=+7.(&3=1*&)*78-.5=.8=.11:897&9*)='>=.98=741*=.3=9-*=*89&'1.8-2*39=&3)=)*8

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`= 7*947.&8=5.;49&1=741*=.3=(439.3*39&1=+7&2*<4708=1.0*==&3)=9-*==5*72.98=9-*=&88 8:259.43=9-&9=9-*=7*,.43&1=54<*78=(1&.2=94=1*&)*78-.5`=.3=).++*7*39=)*,7**8`=*=9*3)8=94=9-*= <-41*=+7.(&3=(439.3*39_=3=*&71>=7*2&70=4+=&= '*0.=&.)*=8:,,*89*)=(4:9-=+7.(&8=(1&.2=94= 1*&)*78-.5=43=9-*=,14'&1=1*;*1a=

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+*= &-*=+7.(&3=3.43==-&8=/-=2*2'*7=89&9*8_=79=(4;*78=9-*=*39.7*=(439.3*39=*=(*59=+47= 474((4`= <-.(-=45548*8=9-*=2*2'*78-.5=4+=0*89*73=(&-&7&=&8=9-*=(&-7&<.=7&'=*24(7&9.(="*5:'1.(_=147= +:79-*7=.3+472&9.43=8**a=-995a22<<<_&+7.(&8:3.43_47,2_= &3.*1=11*2*8a="*,.43&1=4<*7=.3=739*73&9.43&1="*1&9.438= 

7.(&=9&0.3,=:5=1*&)*78-.5=548.9.43=.3=&3)=43='*-&1+=4+=9-*=,14'&1=84:9-`=':9=&1<&>8=<.9-=5&78 9.(:1&7=*25-&8.8=43=9-*=3**)8=4+=+7.(&=((-4*2&3=,**-a=-/1_=1:79-*7247*=(4:9-=+7.(&=.8= )7.;.3,=.98=.3.9.&9.;*8=.3=9-*=+.*1)8=4+=&728=(439741`=34385741.+*7&9.43=&3)=).8&72&2*39=<.9-= 9-*=(1*&7=4'/*(9.;*=4+= 51&>.3,=&=1*&).3,=741*=.39*73&9.43&11>=*5&792*39=4+=147*.,3=++&.78= +332_=&-*= `=9-*=/*3*;&='&8*)=?43+*7*3(*=43=.8&72&2*39=&3)=;&7.4:8=.39*73&9.43&1= &,*3(.*8=&3)==(422.99**8=)*&1.3,=<.9-=&728=.88:*8=&3)=9-*=)*;*1452*39=47=7*;.*<=4+=.38 9*73&9.43&1=&728=(43;*39.438=&7*=9-*=+4(:8=54.398=4+=(4:9-=+7.(&8=5&79.(.5&9.43=.3=9-*=+.*1)= 4+=574249.3,=.39*73&9.43&1=5*&(*=&3)=8*(:7.9>=.'.)_a=-//_= 73=,14'&1=*(4342.(=&3)=97&)*=541.(.*8=7*947.&=(1&.28=1*&)*78-.5=4+=9-*=)*;*145.3,=<471)`= <-.1*=.98=(1&.2=+47=1*&)*78-.5=.3=8*(:7.9>=541.(.*8=.8=349=1.2.9*)=94=&=(*79&.3=,74:5=4+=89&9*8_= =

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4:9-= +7.(&=57*8*398=9-*=-.,-*89=%&'=.3= +7.(&_= +9*7=)498<&3&=.9=-&8=9-*=8*(43)=-.,-*89= %&'=5*7=(&5.9&=&3)=&+9*7=)498<&3&=&3)=:3.8.&=9-*=9-.7)='*89=2&(74*(4342.(=,74<9-=*3;.8 7432*39=%*-a=.`,+=.3= +7.(&_=-*=&;*7&,*=7&9*8=4+=1.9*7&(>`=*):(&9.43`=1.+*=*=5*(9&3(>`=&3)= (-.1)'.79-=&7*=431>=-.,-*7=.3=9-*=82&11=545:1&9.43=.81&3)=89&9*8=4+=&:7.9.:8=&3)=*&5*=?*7)*= &8=<*11=&8=.3=3479-*73= +7.(&3= 7&'.(=(4:397.*8=4+=:3.8.&`= 1,*7.&`=&3)=5,>59=9-&3=.3= 4:9-= +7.(&= @&-a= *`02/_= ):9= <-*3= .9= (42*8= 94= 9-*= (439.3*39&1= (425&7.843= 4+= .3(42*= *6:&1.9>= 4:9-= +7.(&=)7458='&(0a=,0= +7.(&3=89&9*8=.3(42*=).897.':9.43=.8=247*=*6:&1=9-&3=9-&9=4+= 4:9-= +7.(&=%.3.8-3)*==/1`2_=-3=9-*= &*=431>=:,&'*8=B.2'&'<*=8**28=94=-&;*=&=2&78 ,.3&11>= 14<*7= %.3.8-3)*== 9-&3= 4:9-= +7.(&_= 8= 9-*= )&9&= 8:,,*898`= 9-*= &*85&793*78= &7*= <*11='*-.3)= 4:9-= +7.(&=.3=9-*.7=84(.48*(4342.(=)*;*1452*39_=43=9-*=43*=-&3)= 4:9-= +7.8 (&3=*39*757.8*8=574+.9=+742=9-*8*=).85&7.9.*8='>=2*&38=4+=+47*.,3=).7*(9=.3;*892*398=>&-b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a= 4:9-= +7.(&8=2&9*7.&1= 8:57*2&(>=*=9*3)8=94=9-*=8:'=7*,.43=4+= &*b= 4:9-= +7.(&=.8=43*=4+=+*<=)42.3&39=51&>8 *78=.3=(439.3*39&1=&++&.78b=&3)=.98='&8*=4+=2&9*7.&1=7*84:7(*8=.8=;*7>=24)*89=.3=,14'&1=9*728_= &*85.9*=.98=7*1&9.;*=2.1.9&7>=897*3,9-`= 4:9-= +7.(&8=2.1.9&7>=(&5&'.1.9.*8=51&>=&=;*7>=14<=5748 +.1*= 741*= .3= .98= +47*.,3= 541.(>`= '*8.)*8= 2:19.1&9*7&1= 5*&(*0**5.3,= 45*7&9.438_= 43*= 7*&843= .8= 9-&9=2.1.9&7>=+47(*=47=9-7*&98=&7*=9-*=:19.2&=7&9.4=4+=.39*73&9.43&1=541.9.(8`=':9=<-&9=.8=897.0.3,= .3=9-*= 4:9-= +7.(&3=(&8*=.8=9-&9='7*947.&8=8:'=7*,.43&1=8:57*2&(>=&3)=.98=)42.3&39= +7.(&3= 741*=.3=*(4342.(`=84(.&1=&3)=-:2&3=)*;*1452*39=2&0*8=.98=2.1.9&7>=8:57*2&(>=7*):3)&39_= D-&9=.)*&9.43&1=7*84:7(*8=-&8= 4:9-= +7.(&=,49
=-*=*=9*73&1=7*+1*(9.43=4+= 4:9-= +7.(&8=.38 9*73&1=97&38+472&9.43=+742= 5.,2*394(7&(>=94=)*24(7&(>=-&8='**3=&=574,7*88.43=+742=9-*= 89&9:8=4+=&=5&7.&-=94=9-&9=4+=&=5&7&,43_=-*=&7(-*9>5&1=3472=;.41&947`=8-:33*)='>=9-*=.39*78 3&9.43&1=(422:3.9>`=-&8=.3;41;*)=.394=&=24)*1=89&9*=7*85*(9*)='>=9-*=(4:3(.18=4+=9-*=<471)= %*1)*3-:>8=,**0a=3-_=-98=(439.3:*)=*=.89*3(*=&8=&=)*24(7&9.(=&3)=89&'1*=84(.*9>=8:554798= 9-*=)42.3&39=,14'&1=;&1:*=8>89*2='&8*)=43=)*24(7&(>=&3)=9-*=+7**=2&70*9=*(4342>_= 18 9-4:,-=)*24(7&9.(=)*+.(.98=-&;*='**3=.)*39.+.*)=.3='7*947.&8=+47*.,3=541.(>=2&0.3,a=43=9-*= 43*=-&3)=&=1&(0=4+=84(.&1=5&79.(.5&9.43=&3)=5&71.&2*39&7>=4;*78.,-9`=&3)=43=9-*=49-*7=-&3)= 5&79.(:1&71>=:3)*7='*0.=&=89743,=(43(*397&9.43=4+=+47*.,3=541.(>=(425*9*3(*8=.3=9-*=57*8.8 )*3(>=-&;*='**3=(7.9.(.8*)==*12;&3=)*7=D*89-:.?*3=,**._=-*=57*8.)*3(>=(438.898=431>=4+== &&3.*1=>1*2*8a=;*,.43&1='4<*7=.3=-39*73&9.43&1=;*1&9.438= 

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$ %&%'= ()(
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=7&30.3,a=+= =7&30.3,a=+= +7.(&3=7&30.3,a=+= +7.(&3=7&30.3,a=+= 14'&1=7&30.3,a=,+= 14'&1=7&30.3,a=-.= !74<9-= 425*9.9.;*=(3)*=$a=.`,+= .1.9&7>=5*78433*1a=//`1/*= =7&30.3,a=,= =7&30.3,a=,= +7.(&3=7&30.3,a=-= +7.(&3=7&30.3,a=+.= 14'&1=7&30.3,a=.2= 14'&1=7&30.3,a=0/= 5,&=*$6$)%+$&
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4:7(*8a= ===

*2482*4,7&5->a= 3.8(-*7=4*19&12&3&(-=,**/`=-995a22<<<_<*19&12&3&(-_)*2=

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= &3.*1=31*2*8a=;*,.43&1=04<*7=.3=$39*73&9.43&1=;*1&9.438=

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+7.(&3=*2'&88.*8=&7*=2&.39&.3*)=431>=.3=-&1+=4+=9-*=
+7.(&3=89&9*8_=
3)=,7*&9= 5745479.438=4+=9-*=).5142&9.(=5*78433*1=(438.89=4+=
:=(743.*8=1&(0.3,=574+*88.43&1=).5148

2&9.(= 97&.3.3,b= *85*(.&11>= 80.118= .3=
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+7.(&_=7>=)48 .3,=84`=.9=-&8=1.;*)=:5=94=9-*=89&3)&7)8=4+=,44)= .39*73&9.43&1= (.9.?*38-.5_= ?3*= 8*3.47= *8 5&792*39=4+=347*.,3=
++&.78=4++.(.&1`=@4-&3=8&7==+33/a=3`=5:98=.98=8:((.3(91>a=

___ =-*=,7*&9*89=(4397.':9.43=<-.(-=4:9-=+7.(&=(&3=2&0*=94=9-*=)*;*1452*39=4+=+8 7.(&=.8='>=)*243897&9.3,=9-&9=*++*(9.;*=&3)=(477:59.438+7**= &)2.3.897&9.43`= (4389&39= 2&.39*3&3(*=4+=*=.89.3,=.3+7&897:(9:7*`=&3)=.3=9-*=143,=7:3`=&=)*24(7&9.(=8>89*2= c = &7*= *88*39.&1= 57*7*6:.8.9*8= +47= 8:89&.3*)= )*;*1452*39_= $+= 4:9-= +7.(&= (4:1)= 7*3)*7= 9-&9=8*7;.(*=94=+7.(&`=.9=<4:1)='*=&=1*&)*78-.5=741*=4+=<-.(-=&11=+7.(&=(4:1)='*=574:)_=

&3=9-*='&8*8=4+=9-*8*=.39*73&1=&(-.*;*2*398`=9-*=''*0.=57*8.)*3(>=8&<=&3=455479:3.9>=94= *=9*3)= 9-48*= 34728=94=+&;4:7= 9-*= 84(.48*(4342.(= &3)= 541.9.(&1= .39*7*898= 4+=9-*= )*;*145.3,= <471)=&3)=574249*=&=3472&9.;*=&,*3)&=.3=<471)=&++&.78`=944_=(7*947.&=57*8*39*)=.98*1+=&8=&= '7.),*8':.1)*7=&243,=(425*9.3,=.39*7*898=<.9-.3=9-*=)*;*145.3,=<471)`=':9=&184=&243,=)*8 ;*145.3,= &3)= .3):897.&1.8*)= 3&9.438_= -*= 1&99*7= -&8= '**3= (7:(.&1= 5*78:&).3,= 9-*= 1*&).3,= &)*+=(4:397.*8=94=51&(*=+7.(&=.3=&=-.,-*7=548.9.43=43=9-*=,14'&1=*(4342.(8541.9.(&1=&,*3)&= 9-&3=.9=-&8='**3=+47=)*(&)*8=*&7183&*82.*1=,**0a=,+_==(*397&1=).2*38.43=4+=4:9-=+7.(&8= 3472&9.;*=741*=-&8='**3=.98=574249.43=4+=7:1*88'&8*)=2:19.1&9*7&1.82=&8=&557457.&9*=+47=(438 ):(9.3,=.39*73&9.43&1=&++&.78_= )=&251*8=4+=5&7&).,2&9.(='*-&;.4:7=9-&9=(43841.)&9*)=(7*947.&8=(7*).'.1.9>=&8=&3=&);4(&9*= +47=2:19.1&9*7&1.82=&3)=*9-.(&1=4'/*(9.;*8=.3=.39*73&9.43&1=7*1&9.438=&7*=9-*=+4114<.3,a=

:= 4:9-= +7.(&= )*(.)*)= .3= 9-*= *&71>= +33*8= 94= )*8974>= .98= 3:(1*&7= &78*3&1_= 8>= 97&).3,= .98= 89&9:8=&8=&= 2.347=3:(1*&7=54<*7=+47=9-&9=4+='*.3,=9-*=+.789=)*3:(1*&7.8*)=89&9*`=.9=,&.3*)= 8.,3.+.(&39= 247&1= .3+1:*3(*= <.9-.3= .39*73&9.43&1= .389.9:9.438= 8**0.3,= 94= 574249*= 3438 5741.+*7&9.43=&3)=).8&72&2*39_= := $3=47)*7=94=(42'&9=9-*=.39*73&9.43&1=5741.+*7&9.43=4+=82&11=&728`=9-*=.&9.43&1=*43;*38 9.43&1= 728= *439741= *422.99**= .***= )*(.)*)= 94= )*8974>= 7&9-*7= 9-&3= 8*11= 8:751:8= 894(08=4+=82&11=&728`=&=)*(.8.43=<-.(-=*1.(.9*)=<.)*857*&)=.39*73&9.43&1=57&.8*`=&3)=&184= &,&.3=5:9=4:9-=+7.(&=.3=&=1*&)*78-.5=548.9.43=<.9-=.98=*=&251*_=
















































++= -*= +472*7= 4:9-= +7.(&3= ).5142&9= 42= 9-**1*7= 4:9-= +7.(&3= $389.9:9*= 4+= $39*73&9.43&1= +8 +&.78= 897*88*)= 9-*8*= 54.398= &9= 9-*= <4708-45= 4:9-=+7.(&=&8=&,*39=4+=574,7*88.;*=7*,.43&1=&3)= ,14'&1=(-&3,*
=-489*)='>=9-*=;7.*)7.(-=)'*79=;4:3)&9.43=&9=&(94'*7=++`=,**0=.3=<4-&33*8':7,_= +&3.*1=;1*2*8a==*,.43&1=(4<*7=.3=$39*73&9.43&1==*1&9.438= 

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a=-/0_= -*=.*=,4;*732*398=8:((**)*)=.3=574/*(9.3,=9-*=+7:.98=4+=)42*89.(=97&38.9.43=94=)*24(8 7&(>=&3)=-.,-=-:2&3=7.,-98=89&3)&7)8=94=9-*=7*,.43&1=&8=<*11=&8=94=9-*=,14'&1=1*;*1=4+=.98=+478 *.,3=541.(.*8_=9.9-=.98=5&7&).,2&9.(='*-&;.4:7=(7*947.&=,&.3*)=247*=1*,.9.2&(>=&3)=247&1= &:9-47.9>=&9=,14'&1=1*;*1=9-&3=&9=9-*=+7.(&3=(439.3*39_= = ._-=
47*.,3=541.(>=.3897:2*398=

*+47*=&3&1>8.3,=9-*=+47*.,3=541.(>=.3897:2*398`=4:9-=+7.(&8=+47*.,3=541.(>=4'/*(9.;*8=&3)= .39*7*898=2:89='*=.)*39.+.*)_=3=.98=97&9*,.(=1&3=,**-8,**/=%&=,**.=:=9-*=4:9-=+7.(&3= ,4;*732*398=+47*.,3=541.(>='1:*57.39=:=9-*=%*5&792*39=4+=&47*.,3=++&.78=%&=85*118=4:9= &3=&2'.9.4:8=8*9=4+=,4&18`=2&3>=4+=9-*2=*9-.(&1=43*8_=*-*=57.2&7>=+47*.,3=541.(>=4'/*(9.;*8= &7*=94=*7&).(&9*=54;*79>=&3)=:3)*7)*;*1452*39=.3=+7.(&b=5749*(9=9-*=,14'&1=*3;.7432*39b= 574249*=-:2&3=7.,-98b=7*841;*=(43+1.(98=9-74:,-=).&14,:*=&3)=7*(43(.1.&9.43b=8*&7(-=+47=5*&8 (*`=8*(:7.9>=&3)=*6:.9>b=*3)==*345-4'.&=&3)=.3941*7&3(*b=&3)=5:78:*=,14'&1=/:89.(*=9-74:,-=&= 7:1*8= '&8*)= .39*73&9.43&1= 8>89*2_= 3= &= 8*(43)= 8*9= 4+= +47*.,3= 541.(>= ,4&18= 9-*= 574249.43= 4+= -:2&3= 7.,-98`= )*24(7&(>= &3)= ,44)= ,4;*73&3(*`= &3)= 9-*= +.,-9= &,&.389= 97&388'47)*7= (7.2*= &3)= ).8&72&2*39= &7*= 2*39.43*)_= &:79-*7247*= 9-*= )4(:2*39= *25-&8.8*8= 7*947.&8= (428 2.92*39=94=9-*=.`=&3)=9-*=3**)=94=&(-.*;*=9-*=+472:1&9*)=4'/*(9.;*8='>=2:19.1&9*7&1=2*&38_= *-*=4'/*(9.;*=4+=2:19.1&9*7&1=).5142&(>=.8=94=897*3,9-*3=&=7:1*88'&8*)=8>89*2`=<-.(-=1.2.98= 9-*=5488.'.1.9>=4+=:3.1&9*7&1=&(9.438='>=2&/47=54<*78=0?4=+333_=4-&9=.8=897.0.3,=&'4:9=9-*= 51&3=.8=9-*=)*,7**=94=<-.(-=.9=.8=*9-.(&1_=19-4:,-=.9=349*8=9-&9=9-*=%&=8**08=94=574249*=9-*= 3&9.43&1=.39*7*89`=.9=3*;*7=8:,,*898=9-&9=9-*=3&9.43&1=.39*7*89=2&>=(1&8-=<.9-=.98=*9-.(&1=,4&18_= *-*=%&8=(&9&14,:*=7*+1*(98=9-*=2.))1*=54<*78=8*38*=4+=,14'&1=7*85438.'.1.9>=(-4*2&3= ,**-=&3)=(4.3(.)*8=<.9-=(.;.1.&3=6&:11=+33*`=%:(-U3*=+31-=&3)=2.1.*:=441+*78=+30,=*3)8= 4+=+47*.,3=541.(>_=3=9-*=8*38*=9-&9=9-*8*=<.)*1>=8-&7*)=,4&18=2&>='*=2*&38=4+=&(-.*;.3,= 5488*88.43=,4&18=&8=<*11`=9-*=(4397&).(9.43='*9<**3=*9-.(&1`=(.;.1.&3`=47=2.1.*:=,4&18=&3)=3&8 9.43&1=.39*7*89=(&3='*=).8841;*)_=
= %&3.*1=&1*2*8a=;*,.43&1=4<*7=.3=39*73&9.43&1=;*1&9.438=

<3*=(&3=)7&<=9-*=(43(1:8.43=9-&9=9-*=6'*0.=&)2.3.897&9.43=.8=*3,&,*)=.3=&=(43897:(9.;.89=&98 9*259=94=97&38+472=.39*73&9.43&1=7*1&9.438=.3=+7.(&=&7489=,**0a=3+_=<3=&=143,89*72='&8.8=9-*= &(-.*;*2*398= 4+= 9-*8*= .)*&1.89.(= ,4&18= <4:1)= 3&9:7&11>= (43841.)&9*= 9-*= 89&'1*= ,74:3)= +47= 4:9-=+7.(&3=.3;*892*39=&3)=,74<9-_=<3=9-*=,14'&1=1*;*1=7*947.&8=+47*.,3=541.(>=,4&18=&7*= 247*=24)*89a=7&9-*7=9-&3=97&38+472.3,`=.9=.8=&'4:9=7*+472.3,=,14'&1=,4;*73&3(*=.389.9:9.438= 1.0*=.0`=6&`=4471)=
&30=&3)=4*<_==*397&1=94=9-*8*=574(*88*8=.8=9-*=4'/*(9.;*=4+=7*;*78.3,= 9-*=2&7,.3&1.8&9.43=4+=+7.(&=&3)=49-*7=)*;*145.3,=7*,.438=&3)=4+=897*3,9-*3.3,=9-*.7=5&78 9.(.5&9.43=.3=.39*73&9.43&1=)*(.8.4382&0.3,_= 0*1=,**0a=++/8++1=&7,:*8=(477*(91>=9-&9=9-*=2:19.1&9*7&1= 7*+472=574/*(9=4+=9-*=6'*0.=,4;8 *732*39= .8= 5&791>= &= 7-*947.(&1= (43897:(9.43= &.2*)= &9= (*2*39.3,= 6'*0.8= )42*89.(= &11.&3(*`= *85*(.&11>=897.;.3,=+47=8:55479=&243,=9-*=1*+9=<.3,=4+=9-*=7:1.3,=&11.&3(*_=*-*=6:*89=+47=7&5.)= .39*,7&9.43= .394= 9-*= ,14'&1= *(4342>= .8= ).++.(:19= 94= (42'.3*= <.9-= 9-*= ,4;*732*398= 89&9*)= &.28=4+=*6:.9&'1*=&3)=8:89&.3&'1*=)42*89.(=,74<9-_=**3=.3=7*97485*(9`=4:9-=+7.(&8=54898 97&38.9.43=97&)*=).5142&(>=.3(47547&9*)=9-7**=2&.3=4'/*(9.;*8a=

:= :'89&39.&1=:3.1&9*7&1=1.'*7&1.8&9.43=4+=9-*=)42*89.(=97&)*=541.(>=7*,.2*`=9-74:,-=4*<`= .3=9-*=.39*7*89=4+=.3(7*&8*)=(425*9.9.;*3*88b= := 2574;*)=2&70*9=&((*88=+47=4:9-=+7.(&8=*=54798=94=9-*=>.b=&3)= := =43841.)&9.43= 4+= 97&)*= 7*1&9.438= <.9-= 9-*= 3*.,-'4:7.3,= 89&9*8= .3= =.+,= &3)= %== 
1:2*3+*1)=,**0a=..2_==

@4<*;*7=9-*8*=&.28=349=&1<&>8=574;*)=94='*=(425&9.'1*=*.9-*7=<.9-=*&(-=49-*7=47=<.9-=48 9-*7=(47*=541.(.*8_=&47=*=&251*`=9-*=3*,49.&9.438=<.9-=9-*=>.=&3)=<.9-==.=57*8*39*)=8.,8 3.+.(&39=4'89&(1*8=+47=*&(-=49-*7b=&3)=9-*7*=<&8=(438.)*7&'1*=541.9.(&1=(43(*73=9-&9=9-*=*28 514>2*39=(438*6:*3(*8=4+=7*):(*)=5749*(9.43=<*7*=.3(438.89*39=<.9-=9-*=A>;
=4'/*(9.;*= 4+=*2514>2*39=,74<9-_=43897:(9.3,=9-*=)*24(7&9.(=97&38.9.43=<.9-.3=9-*=+7&2*<470=4+=9-*= &8-.3,943= 438*38:8= 7*6:.7*)= &= 8-.+9= 94= 2&70*9= 479-4)4=>= +47= 9-*= 3*<= 4:9-= +7.(&3= 89&9*`=&3)=&=(477*(9.43=4+=.98=545:1.89=*(4342.(=897&9*,.*8=".11*7=,**/a=/1_=)-*=7*47.*39&9.43= +742=7*).897.':9.43=94=1.'*7&1=2&70*9=541.(.*8='*(42*8=;*7>=4';.4:8='>=&3&1>8.3,=*7*947.&8= 2&9*7.&1=&3)=.389.9:9.43&1=.3897:2*398=&9=9-*=7*,.43&1=1*;*1_= =

 +,=)-*=4:9-*73= +7.(&3=:89428=-3.43= -=<&8=*89&'1.8-*)=.3=+3+*=&8=&=:89428=-3.43= ,7**2*39='*9<**3=9-*=9-*3=-3.43=4+=4:9-= +7.(&=&3)=9-*=/.,-=422.88.43=)*77.947.*8=4+=0*8 (-:&3&1&3)`=0&8:941&3)=&3)=<&?.1&3)_=33=+303=.9=<&8=7*81&:3(-*)=&8=9-*= -='*9<**3=4:9-= +7.(&`=0498<&3&`=5*849-4=&3)=<&?.1&3)_= +9*7=6&2.'.&8=.3)*5*3)*3(*=.3=+33*`=.9=/4.3*)= -= &8= .98= +.+9-= 2*2'*7_= 847= +:79-*7= .3+472&9.43= 8**a= -995a22<<<_)+&_,4;_?&2+47*.,32":19.1&8 9*7&12&+7.(&28&(:_-92_= +-= )-*= 2&(74*(4342.(= 897&9*,>= 4+= ;< == ;74<9-`= <2514>2*39= &3)= =*).897.':9.43= <&8= +472:8 1&9*)=.3=+330`=8**a=-995a22<<<_541.9>_47,_?&2-9212,4;)4(82541.(>2,74<9-_-921
7*'4402&70-+_= @&3.*1=81*2*8a==*,.43&1=*4<*7=.3=339*73&9.43&1==*1&9.438= 

&9*7.&1=+47*.,3=541.(>=.3897:2*398=

*,&7).3,= &3)*1&8=5748+7.(&=5742.8*=&3)=9-*=(445*7&9.;*=1*&)*78-.5=&5574&(-=.9=.8=97:*= 9-&9=&=).89.3(9.43=-&8=94='*=)7&<3='*9<**3=9-*='*-&;.4:7=4+=9-*=,4;*732*39=&3)=4:9-=+7.8 (&3=*39*757.8*8_=:9=9-*= =,4;*732*39=8:'8.).?*8=9-*= 4:9-=+7.(&3.8&9.43=4+=9-*=+7.8 (&3=*(4342>_==(:7847>=,1&3(*=&9=9-*=1.9*7&9:7*=8-4<8=4:9-=+7.(&3=':8.3*88*8=7:3=9-*=3&8 9.43&1= 7&.174&)= .3= &2*7443`= 9-*= 3&9.43&1= *1*(97.(.9>= (425&3>= .3= $&3?&3.&`= &3)= 9-&9= 9-*>= 2&3&,*=9-*=&.754798=14(&9*)=.3=47=3*&7=8*;*3=+7.(&3=(&5.9&18_=$-*>=-&;*=(4397411.3,=8-&7*8= .3=$*1*(42=%*849-4=&3)=&7*=1*&).3,=574;.)*78=4+=(*11=5-43*=8*7;.(*8=.3=.,*7.&`=&,&3)&`= <&?.1&3)`=$&3?&3.&`=<&3)&=&3)= &2*7443_=4:9-=+7.(&3=(47547&9*8=&7*=&184=2&3&,.3,= 54<*7= 51&398= .3= '.2'&'<*`= '&2'.&= &3)= &1.`= &3)= ':.1).3,= 74&)8= &3)= '7.),*8= .3= &1&<.= &3)= 4?&2'.6:*_=$-*>=(439741='&308`='7*<*7.*8`=8:5*72&70*98=&3)=-49*18=9-74:,-4:9=9-*= (439.3*39= &3)= 574;.)*= $*8574,7&22.3,= 94= 4;*7= -&1+= 4+= &11= +7.(&3= 89&9*8= ,&3.*12&.)442= &.):=,**-a-10_=59=.8=.25479&39=94=349*=9-&9=.9=<&8=349=8.251>=4:9-=+7.(&8=97&38.9.43=94= )*24(7&(>=&3)=.39*73&9.43&1=7*85*(9&'.1.9>=9-&9=+:*11*)=.98=*(4342.(=5*3*97&9.43=4+=9-*=+7.8 (&3=2&70*9_=$-*7*=<&8=&3=.25479&39=(&9&1>89a=$-*=+&(9=9-&9=9-*=97&38.9.43=(4.3(.)*)=<.9-=9-*= *3)=4+=9-*=(41)=<&7=&3)=9-*=97.:25-=4+=9-*=1.'*7&1=2&70*9=24)*1_=$-*=1&99*7=57*8(7.'*)=&=1.'8 *7&1= 541.9.(&1= ).85*38&9.43= &((425&3.*)= '>= &= )*7*,:1&9*)= 2&70*9= *(4342>= <.9-= 2.3.2&1= 89&9*=.39*7;*39.43=&8=9-*=3472=+47=(4:397.*8=.39*39=43=*3,&,.3,=<.9-=9-*=,14'&1=*(4342>_= 53=.98=741*=&8=&=7*,.43&1=89&'.1.?*7=4:9-=+7.(&=&(9*)=.3=&=-*,*243.(=2&33*7=.39*7;*3.3,=.3= +7.(&3=(4:397.*8=.3=842*=(&8*8`=<-.1*=.3=49-*78=.9=-*8.9&9*)=94=.39*7;*3*=*++*(9.;*1>_=6&'.'= &3)=*1.3>&3*=&7,:*=9-&9= 8(-.?45-7*3.&=.8=9-*=)*+.3.3,=(-&7&(9*7=4+=4:9-=+7.(&3=7*,.43&1= 8*(:7.9>=541.(>=2*&3.3,=9-*=&'.1.9>=94=51&>=&=1*&)*78-.5=741*=.3=+7.(&=&3)=5*78:&)*=49-*78=4+= 9-*=1*,.9.2&(>=4+=.98=;.8.43=43=9-*=43*=-&3)`=&3)='*.3,=5:11*)='>=57&,2&9.(=+&(9478=&3)='*8 (42.3,=431>=43*=&243,=2&3>=7*,.43&1=&(9478=43=9-*=49-*7=,**0a=+2,a==

c =&=7*1:(9&3(*=94=1*&)`=:8.3,=2:19.1&9*7&1.82= &8= &3= *=(:8*`= &3)= *25-&8.8.3,= 9-*= (4:397>8=.25479&39=>*9=349=)42.3&39=548.9.43=.3=9-*=7*,.43_=

$-*8*=&:9-478=:3)*71.3*=9-*.7=&7,:2*39='>=(425&7.3,=(&8*8=(438.)*7*)=&8=)*243897&9.3,=&= 1&(0=4+=4:9-=+7.(&3=1*&)*78-.5=<.9-=(&8*8=(438.)*7*)=&8=8:((*88+:1=).5142&9.(=&3)=2.1.9&7>= .39*7;*39.438_= =7*947.&=.39*7;*3*)=2.1.9&7.1>=.3=%*849-4=.3=+332='>= ?5*7&9.43=41*&8=8*3).3,=0**=974458`= '&(0*)='>=,**=974458=+742=498<&3&_=@.,-9=4:9-=+7.(&38=&3)=/2=&849-4=974458=).*)_=*8 ,&7)1*88=4+=9-*=+&(9=9-&9=.9=+472*)=5&79=4+=&=848(&11*)=, =45*7&9.43`=9-*=.3(:78.43=<&8=<.8 )*1>=(7.9.(.8*)=&8=&5&79-*.)889>1*=2.1.9&7>=&);*39:7.82=&.2*)=&9=8*7;.3,=4:9-=+7.(&8=*(48 342.(=.39*7*898a=8*(:7.3,=9-*=&N=.='.11.43=D&98*=,&2==74/*(9`=(43897:(9*)=94=8:551>=<&9*7=94= 9-*=.3):897.&1=-*&791&3)=4+=4:9-=+7.(&_=$-*=?&=&3)=&=(*38:7*)=4:9-=+7.(&=+47=9&0.3,=
= ,&3.*1=F1*2*8a=*,.43&1==4<*7=.3=539*73&9.43&1=*1&9.438=

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67.,-9`=&79.3=+312a=$4<*7=$41.9.(8`=.3a=C:11`=(*)1*>=*9=&1_=*)8_a=.1&88.(&1=/-*47.*8=4+=838 9*73&9.43&1=+*1&9.438`=A43)43_= Recent issues:

No 52 Jorge P. Gordin: Patronage-Preserving Federalism? Legislative Malapportionment and Subnational Fiscal Policies in Argentina; June 2007

No 51 Anja Zorob: The Potential of Regional Integration Agreements (RIAs) in Enhancing the Credibility of Reform: The Case of the Syrian-European Association Agreement; May 2007

No 50 Dirk Nabers: Crises, Hegemony and Change in the International System: A Conceptual Framework; May 2007

No 49 Dirk Kohnert: African Migration to Europe: Obscured Responsibilities and Common Misconceptions; May 2007

No 48 Jann Lay, George Michuki M‘Mukaria and Toman Omar Mahmoud: Boda-bodas Rule: Non- agricultural Activities and Their Inequality Implications in Western Kenya; April 2007

˜ȱŚŝȱ Ž›ȱ ˜ě–Š——DZȱ‘¢ȱŽ˜›–ȱŠ’•œDZȱ‘Žȱȁ˜•’’Œœȱ˜ȱ˜•’Œ’ŽœȂȱ’—ȱ˜œŠȱ’ŒŠ—ȱŽ•ŽŒ˜––ž—’ŒŠ’˜—œȱ Liberalization; April 2007

No 46 Sonja Bartsch and Lars Kohlmorgen: The Role of Southern Actors in Global Governance: The Fight against HIV/AIDS; March 2007

˜ȱŚśȱ Ž›˜ȱ›–Š——DZȱ‘—’Œ’¢ǰȱ˜Ž›ȱ•’—–Ž—ȱŠ—ȱ˜•’’ŒŠ•ȱŠ›¢ȱĜ•’Š’˜—ȱȮȱŠ—ȱ›’ŒŠ—ȱŠœŽDZȱ Zambia; March 2007

No 44 Andreas Ufen: Political Party and Party System Institutionalisation in Southeast Asia: A Comparison of Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand; March 2007

˜ȱŚřȱ •Ž¡Š—Ž›ȱ›˜‘DZȱ›ŠĞ’—ȱ˜•’’ŒŠ•ȱ —œ’ž’˜—œȱ’—ȱ›’ŒŠǯȱ•ŽŒ˜›Š•ȱ¢œŽ–œȱŠ—ȱ¢œŽ–œȱ˜ȱ Government in Rwanda and Zambia Compared; March 2007

˜ȱŚŘȱ û—Ž›ȱŒ‘žŒ‘Ž›DZȱ‘ŽȱȂœȱ˜›Ž’—ȱ˜•’Œ¢ȱŠĞŽ›ȱ‘Žȱ’Ğ‘ȱ—•Š›Ž–Ž—DZȱ—¢ȱ‘Š—Žȱ’—ȱ œȱ Taiwan Policy?; February 2007

˜ȱŚŗȱ Ž—›’ŽĴŽȱ ˜œŽDZȱ ŽŒž›’—ȱ ˜žœŽ‘˜•ȱ —Œ˜–Žȱ Š–˜—ȱ –Š••ȬœŒŠ•Žȱ Š›–Ž›œȱ ’—ȱ Š”Š–ŽŠȱ ’œ›’ŒDZȱ˜œœ’‹’•’’ŽœȱŠ—ȱ’–’Š’˜—œȱ˜ȱ’ŸŽ›œ’ęŒŠ’˜—DzȱFebruary 2007

No 40 Ž›˜ȱ ›–Š——ȱ Š—ȱ ŠĴ‘’Šœȱ ŠœŽŠžDZȱ Problems of Categorizing and Explaining Party Systems in Africa; January 2007

˜ȱřşȱ žĴŠȱ Ž‹Ž•ȱ Š—ȱ û—Ž›ȱ Œ‘žŒ‘Ž›DZȱ ‘Žȱ –Ž›Ž—ŒŽȱ ˜ȱ Šȱ Ž ȱ ȁ˜Œ’Š•’œȂȱ Š›”Žȱ Š‹˜ž›ȱ Regime in China; December 2006

All GIGA Working Papers are available free of charge at www.giga-hamburg.de/workingpapers. For any requests please contact: [email protected]. Editor of the Working Paper Series: Ž›ȱ ˜ě–Š—n.

GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies / Leibniz-Institut für Globale und Regionale Studien Neuer Jungfernstieg 21 • 20354 Hamburg • Germany E-Mail: [email protected] • Website: www.giga-hamburg.de