Conceptualising Regional Power in International Relations: Lessons from the South African Case

Conceptualising Regional Power in International Relations: Lessons from the South African Case

GIGA Research Programme: Violence, Power and Security ___________________________ Conceptualising Regional Power in International Relations: Lessons from the South African Case Daniel Flemes N° 53 June 2007 www.giga-hamburg.de/workingpapers GIGAȱWPȱ53/2007ȱ GIGAȱWorkingȱPapersȱ ȱ EditedȱbyȱGIGAȱGermanȱInstituteȱofȱGlobalȱandȱAreaȱStudiesȱ/ȱLeibnizȬInstitutȱfürȱGlobaleȱ undȱRegionaleȱStudien.ȱ TheȱWorkingȱPaperȱSeriesȱservesȱtoȱdisseminateȱtheȱresearchȱresultsȱofȱworkȱinȱprogressȱ priorȱtoȱpublicationȱtoȱencourageȱtheȱexchangeȱofȱideasȱandȱacademicȱdebate.ȱAnȱobjectiveȱ ofȱtheȱseriesȱisȱtoȱgetȱtheȱfindingsȱoutȱquickly,ȱevenȱifȱtheȱpresentationsȱareȱlessȱthanȱfullyȱ polished.ȱInclusionȱofȱaȱpaperȱinȱtheȱWorkingȱPaperȱSeriesȱdoesȱnotȱconstituteȱpublicationȱ andȱshouldȱnotȱlimitȱpublicationȱinȱanyȱotherȱvenue.ȱCopyrightȱremainsȱwithȱtheȱauthors.ȱ WhenȱWorkingȱPapersȱareȱeventuallyȱacceptedȱbyȱorȱpublishedȱinȱaȱjournalȱorȱbook,ȱtheȱ correctȱcitationȱreferenceȱand,ȱifȱpossible,ȱtheȱcorrespondingȱlinkȱwillȱthenȱbeȱincludedȱinȱ theȱWorkingȱPapersȱwebsiteȱat:ȱ www.gigaȬhamburg.de/workingpapers.ȱ ȱ GIGAȱresearchȱunitȱresponsibleȱforȱthisȱissue:ȱResearchȱProgrammeȱ‘Violence, Power andȱ Security’ȱ ȱ EditorȱofȱtheȱGIGAȱWorkingȱPaperȱSeries:ȱBertȱHoffmannȱ<hoffmann@gigaȬhamburg.de>ȱ Copyrightȱforȱthisȱissue:ȱ©ȱDanielȱFlemesȱ ȱ ȱ Editorialȱassistantȱandȱproduction:ȱSilviaȱBückeȱandȱVerenaȱKohlerȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Allȱ GIGAȱ Workingȱ Papersȱ areȱ availableȱ onlineȱ andȱ freeȱ ofȱ chargeȱ atȱ theȱ website:ȱ www.gigaȬhamburg.de/workingpapers.ȱWorkingȱPapersȱcanȱalsoȱbeȱorderedȱinȱprint.ȱForȱ productionȱ andȱ mailingȱ aȱ coverȱ feeȱ ofȱ €ȱ5ȱ isȱ charged.ȱ Forȱ ordersȱ orȱ anyȱ requestsȱ pleaseȱ contact:ȱȱ EȬmail:ȱworkingpapers@gigaȬhamburg.deȱ Phone:ȱ++49ȱ(0)40ȱȬȱ428ȱ25ȱ548ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ GIGAȱGermanȱInstituteȱofȱGlobalȱandȱAreaȱStudiesȱ/ȱȱ LeibnizȬInstitutȱfürȱGlobaleȱundȱRegionaleȱStudienȱ NeuerȱJungfernstiegȱ21ȱ 20354ȱHamburgȱ Germanyȱ EȬmail:ȱinfo@gigaȬhamburg.deȱ Website:ȱwww.gigaȬhamburg.deȱ GIGAȱWPȱ53/2007ȱ ConceptualisingȱRegionalȱPowerȱinȱInternationalȱRelations:ȱ LessonsȱfromȱtheȱSouthȱAfricanȱCaseȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Abstractȱ Regionalȱpowersȱcanȱbeȱdistinguishedȱbyȱfourȱpivotalȱcriteria:ȱclaimȱtoȱleadership,ȱpowerȱ resources,ȱemploymentȱofȱforeignȱpolicyȱinstruments,ȱandȱacceptanceȱofȱleadership.ȱApȬ plyingȱ theseȱ indicatorsȱ toȱ theȱ Southȱ Africanȱ case,ȱ theȱ analysisȱ demonstratesȱ theȱ crucialȱ significanceȱ ofȱ institutionalȱ foreignȱ policyȱ instruments.ȱ Butȱ althoughȱ theȱ Southȱ Africanȱ governmentȱisȱreadyȱtoȱpayȱtheȱcostsȱofȱcoȬoperativeȱhegemonyȱ(suchȱasȱcapacityȱbuildingȱ forȱregionalȱinstitutionsȱandȱpeacekeeping),ȱtheȱregionalȱacceptanceȱofȱSouthȱAfrica’sȱleadȬ ershipȱ isȱ constrainedȱ byȱ itsȱ historicalȱ legacy.ȱ Additionally,ȱ Pretoria’sȱ foreignȱ policyȱ isȱ basedȱonȱideationalȱresourcesȱsuchȱasȱitsȱreputationȱasȱanȱadvocateȱofȱdemocracyȱandȱhuȬ manȱrightsȱandȱtheȱlegitimacyȱderivedȱfromȱitsȱparadigmaticȱbehaviourȱasȱaȱ‘goodȱglobalȱ citizen’.ȱHowever,ȱtheȱMbekiȱpresidencyȱisȱmoreȱsuccessfulȱinȱconvertingȱtheseȱresourcesȱ intoȱdiscursiveȱinstrumentsȱofȱinterestȬassertionȱinȱglobal,ȱratherȱthanȱinȱregionalȱbargains.ȱ Inȱeffectȱtheȱregionalȱpower’sȱreformistȱSouthȬorientedȱmultilateralismȱisȱchallengingȱsomeȱ ofȱtheȱguidingȱprinciplesȱofȱtheȱcurrentȱinternationalȱsystem.ȱ ȱ Keyȱwords:ȱ Southȱ Africa,ȱ regionalȱ power,ȱ foreignȱ policy,ȱ coȬoperativeȱ hegemony,ȱ multiȬ polarisationȱofȱtheȱinternationalȱsystemȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Dr.ȱDanielȱFlemesȱ isȱ politicalȱ scientistȱ andȱ researcherȱ atȱ theȱ GIGAȱ Instituteȱ ofȱ Latinȱ Americanȱ Studiesȱ inȱ Hamburg.ȱCurrentlyȱheȱisȱThyssenȱFellowȱatȱtheȱInstituteȱofȱInternationalȱRelationsȱofȱtheȱ PontifíciaȱUniversidadeȱCatólicaȱ(PUC)ȱinȱRioȱdeȱJaneiro.ȱ Contact:ȱflemes@gigaȬhamburg.de,ȱwebsite:ȱhttp://staff.gigaȬhamburg.de/flemes.ȱ Zusammenfassungȱ ZurȱKonzeptualisierungȱregionalerȱFührungsmachtȱinȱdenȱinternationalenȱBeziehungen:ȱ DasȱFallbeispielȱSüdafrikaȱ RegionaleȱFührungsmächteȱkönnenȱanhandȱvonȱvierȱKriterienȱunterschiedenȱwerden:ȱArȬ tikulationȱ desȱ Führungsanspruchs,ȱ verfügbareȱ Machtressourcen,ȱ außenpolitischeȱ InstruȬ menteȱzurȱInteressendurchsetzungȱundȱAkzeptanzȱdesȱFührungsanspruchsȱdurchȱexterneȱ Akteure.ȱ Dieȱ Übertragungȱ dieserȱ Kriterienȱ aufȱ denȱ südafrikanischenȱ Fallȱ zeigtȱ zunächstȱ dieȱ zentraleȱ Bedeutungȱ institutionellerȱ Instrumenteȱ innerhalbȱ derȱ südafrikanischenȱ AuȬ ßenpolitik.ȱObgleichȱPretoriaȱbereitȱist,ȱdieȱKostenȱkooperativerȱHegemonieȱzuȱtragenȱ(z.B.ȱ InvestitionenȱinȱRegionalinstitutionenȱundȱFriedenssicherung),ȱuntergräbtȱdasȱhistorischeȱ LegatȱderȱÄraȱderȱApartheidȱdenȱregionalenȱFührungsanspruch.ȱDabeiȱbasiertȱdieȱAußenȬ politikȱdesȱdemokratischenȱSüdafrikaȱzuvorderstȱaufȱideellenȱRessourcen:ȱAlsȱAnwaltȱfürȱ DemokratieȱundȱMenschenrechteȱhatȱSüdafrikaȱseitȱdemȱRegimewechselȱvielȱRenommeeȱ undȱLegitimitätȱerworben.ȱDieȱKonvertierungȱdieserȱideellenȱRessourcenȱinȱdiskursiveȱInȬ strumenteȱzurȱInteressendurchsetzungȱgelingtȱderȱRegierungȱMbekiȱinȱglobalenȱVerhandȬ lungenȱallerdingsȱweitausȱbesserȱalsȱinȱafrikanischenȱInstitutionen.ȱImȱErgebnisȱstelltȱderȱ reformȬȱ undȱ entwicklungsorientierteȱ Multilateralismusȱ derȱ südafrikanischenȱ RegionalȬ machtȱeinigeȱetablierteȱNormenȱdesȱgegenwärtigenȱinternationalenȱSystemsȱinȱFrage.ȱ ȱ 43(*59:&1.8.3,=*,.43&1=4<*7== .3=39*73&9.43&1=*1&9.438=M== *88438=+742=9-*=4:9-=+7.(&3=&8*= = = = &3.*1=1*2*8= 79.(1*=:91.3*= +_= 3974):(9.43= ,_= *1&9.3,=7*,.43&1=&3)=,14'&1=54<*7=541*8= -_= )*39.+>.3,=&3)=(1&88.+>.3,=7*,.43&1=54<*78= ._= -*=4:9-=+7.(&3=(&8*= /_= 43(1:8.43a=9-*=4:9-=+7.(&3=9>5*=4+=7*,.43&1=1*&)*78-.5= = = = = = = = = +_= 3974):(9.43+= "-.(-=&(9478=7*57*8*39=9-*=,*3*7&1=.39*7*89=.3=(:77*39=.39*73&9.43&1=7*1&9.438=3)=.8=9-*7*=&= 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841;*)='>=9-*=(445*7&9.43=4+=2&3>=51&>*78_=:39.3,943=:8*8=9-*=9*72=4+=&=:3.82:19.541&7= 8>89*2=94=)*8(7.'*=9-*=(:77*39=897:(9:7*=4+=9-*=.39*73&9.43&1=8>89*2=+333a=-1a= .14'&1= 541.9.(8= -&;*= 24;*)= +742= 9-*= '.541&7= 8>89*2= 4+= 9-*= 41)= 8&7= 94= &= :3.541&7= 242*39_=-:9=9-*=8:5*754<*78=*++479=94=2&.39&.3=&=:3.541&7=8>89*2=89.2:1&9*8=,7*&9*7= *++479='>=9-*=2&/47=54<*78=94=24;*=94<&7)=&=2:19.541&7=43*_=+4<=9-*=.39*73&9.43&1= 8>89*2=.8=5&88.3,=9-74:,-=43*=47=9<4=:3.82:19.541&7=)*(&)*8='*+47*=.9=*39*78=&=97:1>= 2:19.541&7=,+89=(*39:7>_= 742=&=7*&1.89=5*785*(9.;*=&=2:19.541&7=8>89*2=(&3='*=9-*=7*8:19=4+=9-*=*2*7,*3(*=4+=7*,.43&1= :3.541&7.9.*8= 9-&9= ':.1)= (4&1.9.438= 94= '&1&3(*= 9-*= 8:5*754<*7= 84-1+479= +333a= -*_= >.30.3,= 9-.8= 89&9*2*39= <.9-= 9-*= )*;*145.3,= (4:397.*8= 1&(0= 4+= 54<*7= .3= 9-*= .39*73&9.43&1= 8>89*2= 2*&8:7&'1*=+47=.389&3(*=.3=?=;49.3,=54<*7=47=5*72&3*39=8*&98=&9=9-*=3+=*(:7.9>=4:38 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