SOIL SURVEY

of

MISSION AREa"r

by

H. A. Luttmerding and P. N. Sprout

Preliminary Report No . 9

of the

Lower Fraser Valley Soil Survey

Map Reference :

Soil Map of Mission Area Scale 14i = 2,000 feet, 1968.

British Columbia Department of Agriculture

Kelowna, B . C .

1968 CONTENTS

Page

Acknowledgement ...... 1 Introduction ...... 1 How to Use a Soil Survey Map and Report ...... , 2

General Description of the Area

Location and Extent ...... History ...... Community Facilities, Transportation and Population ...... Climate ...... Temperature ...... Precipitation ...... Frost-Free Period and Length of Growing Season ...... Sunshine, Cloud and Wind ...... , ...... , ...... Native Vegetation ...... Physiography and Drainage ......

-.-.c1t?±ure and Soil Management ...... , ...... 8 L .' ^; -_'r'e ...... $000 ...... Irrigation ...... 9 The Use of Fertilizers and Lime ...... , ., .  ., .  , .  , 10 Land Levelling ...... 10

Origin of Soil Forming Deposits ...... , . ., ......   10

Lowland Soil Forming Deposits Fraser Floodplain Deposits ...... Organic Deposits ...... Stream Deposits ...... Fan and Slide Deposits ...... , . . .~......   

Upland Soil Forming Deposits Glacial Till Deposits ......   12 Glacial Outwash Deposits ......    09 .0 . 12 Glaciomarine Deposits  . .  .  , .  12 Glaciolacustrine Deposits ......   12 Aeolian Deposits ...... 13 Fan Deposits ...... ,...... 13 Colluvial Deposits ......     13 Organic Deposits ...... 13 Dedrock ...... 13 Soil. !lapping and Classification Field iiethods ...... Soil Classification ...... , ...... Page

Description of Soil Series

Lowland Soils Acid Brown Wooded Soils ...... , ., ...... , ...... , ., ., . 18 Degraded Acid Brown Wooded Soils ...... 18 Chehal3.s Series ...... , . . . . is Harrison Series . . ., . . . . ., ...... , . ., . . ., . 20 Orthic Acid Brown Wooded Soils ...... , 22 Cheaxn Series ...... 22

Humic Gleysol Soils ...... 0 . .00 .0 . 22 Rego Humic Gleysol Soils ...... 23 Elk Series ...... 23 Hjorth Series ...... , . . . . : ...... 24 Kent Series ...... , ...... 26 Niven Series ...... 28 Sim Series ...... 2$

Gleysol Soils ......  ...... 30 Orthic Gleysol Soils . . . . . , ...... , . ., ...... 30 Hatzic Series . . . . ., ., . ., ...... , ., . . . . . 30 Rego Gleysol Soils ...... , . ., . . . . .  . ., . . .  32 Annis Series ...... , . . 33 McElvee Series . . ., ...... , . . . . .  ., . 34 Page Series ...... 36 Prest Series ...... , ...... 37 Sardis Series ...... , . ., . ., ., ., 38

Regosol Soils ...... Gleyed Deorcic Regosol Soils ...... 00 .000-09#00 Bates Series ...... Fairfield Series ...... , . ., . . . Deorcic Regosol Soils . . . . ., ...... , ...... Monroe Series ...... , ., . . .  ., ., .  . Gleyed Orthic Regosol .Soils ......  , . .  , Seabird Series ...... , . .  .  . . . . .  , ., Orthlc Re~,Tosol Soils ...... , . . . ., . ., ., .   ., Grevell Series ...... , ...... , . . . .  Isar Series ...... , ...... ,

Organic Soils ...... , ...... , . . . .  , Muck Soils ...... , ...... Banford Muck ...... , ., Gibson Muck ...... , . . ., .

Upland Soils Humic Podzol Soils ...... , ...... , . 53 Orthic Humic Podzol Soils ......   , ., . .  .  53 Cardinal Series ...... , ...... , ., . . . 53 Sayres Series ...... 56 Page

Gleyed Aumic Podzol.Soils ...... , . . . . 5c Steelhead Series . . . ., ...... , . .,. . ., . . . . 5~ Ortstein Podzol-Orthic Humic Podzol Intergrade Soils ...... 60 Roach Series ...... , ...... ,. . ., 60 Gleyed Ortstein Podzol-Gleyed Hiunic Podzol Intergrade Soils ...... 63 Mission Series ...... 63

Podzol Soils ...... Orthic Podzol Soils ...... , . . ., ......  Cannel Series ...... , ...... Crickmer Series . . ., ...... , . . . Florence Series ...... ~ ...... , . . . . . Hoover Series ...... , ...... Kanaka Series ...... Keystone Series ...... , . . Morgan Series , ...... Stave Series . . . . ., ...... , ., . .

Acid Brown jlooded Soils ...... , . , . ., . ., . . . . ., ., Degraded Acid Brown Wooded Soils ...... Durieu Series ...... , ......  , ., .  . Lynden Series ...... , ...... , . . Orthic Acid Brown Vlooded Soils .~...... Columbia Series ...... , . ., . . . . ., ...... Narble Hill Series . . . . ., ...... Poignant Series ...... 0 . .* . Ryder Series ...... , tirl1atcom Series ...... , ...... Gleyed Orthic Acid Brown Wooded Soils ...... Defehr Series ...... , . .  . . Tunbridge Series ...... , . . ., Acid Brown Wooded-Regosol Tntergrade Soils . . . . KenUrorthy Series ...... , . . . .

Humic Gleysol Soils ...... , ...... , . . . ., Rego Humic Gleysol Soils ......  . . . ., . : ., . . . Calkins Series . ., ...... , ...... Le2unan Series ...... , ...... Scat Series ......

Organic Soils ...... , 98 Muck Soils ...... , ...... 96 Judson Series ...... , ...... , ., . . . 98 Page

Miscellaneous Land Types Gravel Pits ...... 100 Recent Alluvium ...... 100 Rock Outcrop ...... 100 Slide Areas ...... 101 Urban Areas ...... 101

Chemical Analyses and Their Interpretation ...... Methods of Analysis ...... Soil Reaction ...... Organic Ilatter ...... Nitrogen ...... Phosphorous ...... Cation Exchange Capacity ...... Exchangeable Cations and Base Saturation ...... Iron, Aluminum, Copper and Zinc ...... Sulphur ...... Composite Surface Samples ......

References ...... 139

TABLES

1. Classification of Lowland Soil Series and Parent Materials in ].5 the 1Zission Map Area ......

2 . Classification of Upland Soil Series and Parent Materials in the I.Lission Map Area ...... 16

3 . Map Symbols and Acreages of the Different Soils and NLiscellar_eous Areas ...... 101

4 " Approximate Acreage of Various Soil Parent Materials in the Mission Map Area ...... 108 5" Approximate Acreage of the Great Soil Groups in the Mission Hap Area ...... 109

6 . Forest Productivity Data of Some Upland Soils in the Mission PZap Area ...... 109

7 . Chemical Analyses of Selected Lowland Soil Profiles ...... 117

C . Iron, Aluminum. ., Sulphur, Copper and Zinc Analyses of Selected Lowland Soil Profiles ...... , . 122

9 . Chemical Analyses of Selected Upland Soil Profiles ...... 125

10 . Iron, lllimxinum, Sulphur, Copper aiid Zinc Anal.yses of Selected Upland Soil Profiles ...... ~ ...... , ...... 132

11 . Chemical 11na1rses of Composite Surl"ace Samples of Selected Soils 737 - v -

APPENDIX

Page

A. Average Monthly,, Annual Mean and Extreme Temperatures Recorded at Several Lower Fraser Valley Stations ......

B. Average Monthly and Total Annual Precipitation for Several Lower Fraser Valley Stations ...... 143

C . Monthly, Annual and Growing Season Precipitation at Mission (1953 - 1966) ...... ]45

D. Monthly, Annual and Growing Season Precipitation at Stave Falls (1916 - 1966) ...... 146

E. Monthly, Annual and Growing Season Precipitation at Hat2ic Prairie (1960 - 1966) ...... 148

F. Spring and Fall Frosts and Duration of the Frost-Free Period for Several Lower Fraser Valley Stations ...... 149

Glossary ...... 150 ACKNOWLEDGFNErrr

The mapping and classification of soils in the Mission area was undertaken by the Soils Division, British Columbia Department of Agriculture . Aerial photographs were supplied by the Assessment Commission, B . C . Department of Finance ; and the Air Division, Surveys and Mapping Branch, B . C . Department of Lands, Forests and Water Resources . The Surveys and Mapping Branch also supplied the required base maps and developed the autopositives from which prints of the soil maps are taken .

For information regarding surficial geologic deposits, the assis- tance of Dr. J . E . Armstrong, Canada Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, is acknowledged . Also acknowledged is general information supplied by local farmers and Department of Agriculture and municipal officials .

Participating survey staff consisted of W. W. Bourgeois, J . A . Milne, R . C . Kowall, R. S . Nield, R. 11. Brown, S . A. Newton, T . H . Moran, R . H . Louie, and G . R . Head . Laboratory analysis of collected soil samples was conducted under the direction of V. E . Osborne ; S . L . Bertolami compiled the soil map while Mrs . D . Gray and Mrs . R. Farrell typed and mimeographed the report .

INTRODUCTION

The soil survey of the Mission Area, initiated in 1966 and completed in 1967, was undertaken at the request of the Assessment Commission, B . C . Department of Finance . Its primary purpose was a continued evaluation of Lower Fraser Valley soils in relation to rural land assessment ; a secondary objective was a soil classification suitable for general use . This report is the latest of a series begun in 1956 . To date, interim reports and soil maps have been produced for the municipalities of Pitt Meadows, Delta, Surrey, Langley, Matsqui, Sumas, Chilliwack, and Kent . Adjoining unor- ganized areas are included in the appropriate reports .

Aerial photographs were used as field sheets . Settled areas were mapped at a scale approximately 15 chains = one inch while scales of 20 chains = one inch and 40 chains = one inch were utilized in the forested, mountainous areas . A map, consisting of two sheets and titled, '-Soil Map of Mission Area';, scale 2,000 feet to an inch, has been prepared . Hand coloured copies are supplied to government agencies, while others may obtain uncoloured prints at nominal cost from the B . C . Department of Agriculture, Victoria .

In addition to soil descriptions and chemical analyses, this report contains general information on agriculture, climate, surficial geology, native vegetation, and social amenities of the area. FDW 10 USE A SOIL SURVEY MAP AND REPORT

A long-time farmer in a locality knows the soil variations on his and neighbouring farms . However, unless he can refer to a soil map and report, he cannot compare his soils with these on experimental stations and in other parts of the district where, perhaps, higher yields than his are reported .

The regional similarities and differences among soils can be studied after a soil map has been made . When comparisons are possible, new tech- niques proven successful on a soil may be transferred to the same soil elsewhere or to closely related soils, with least chance of, .failure . . . ..

To determine the kinds~of soil on a farm or other land, the~area should be located on the soil map . Features such as rivers, lakes, roads., railways, towns, and section numbers are indicated to assist in location. Each kind of soil on the map is identified by a distinctive colour and symbol. To find the name of the soil so marked, refer to the map legend . After the soil .name has been determined, refer to the soil survey report for a description of the soil, including its land use .

In studying the soil descriptions note that soils are separated on the basis of their characteristics to a depth of two feet or more, not on surface character alone . Although several soils have similar surfaces, subsoil characteristics may vary greatly.

It is important to understand that each soil includes a range in properties and that boundaries between soils are not necessarily sharp. Within many soil areas there are spots occupied by other soils which are too small or are so intermingled that it is impossible to show them separately on the soil map . Where this occurs, the areas are mapped as a 1~~complexsl of two or more soils .

Climatic data and information on schools, churches, roads, railways, electrical services, water supplies,, population, geology, and others is given in the section, '-General Description of the Areai' .

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA

Location and Extent (7)

The Mission map area is located north of the Fraser River in the central portion of the Lower Fraser Valley. It extends eastward from the west-boundary of Mission Municipality and includes all of the municipality, : as well as the valley bottom and lower valley slopes from Hatzic Lake to Harrison Bay . The surveyed land area comprises about 78,961 acres of which 51,629 acres are occupied by Mission Muzdcipal.ity and $58 acres by the Town of Iiission City . An additional 10,113 acres of water also belong to the municipality . History (6, 7)

Initial settlement of the Mission area dates from the 18504s and resulted from the development of steamboat transportation on the Fraser River. Actual community development, however, really began after completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1885 . The railway, which passes through the area, provided land access to both the interior and tidewater portions of the province .

Mission Municipality was incorporated in 1892 with the municipal ' offices located in Mission City . Mission City was incorporated as a town in 1922 while the smaller centres of Hatzic, Stave Falls, Ruskin, Dewdney, Deroche, and others remain unincorporated . Mission City and the municipality derived their name from St . Maryss Indian Mission which was founded in the area by the Oblate fathers in 1861.

Community Facilities, Transportation and Population (6, 7) 8, 13, 26)

The Mission map area includes a large portion of School District No . 75 and part of School District No . 76 . Secondary schools are located at Mission City while elementary schools may be found at I-dIssion City, Deroche, Dewdney, and several other locations . A large Indian residential school is also located in the area . Medical and dental facilities are adequate and a modern hospital is located at Mission City . Fire protection is supplied by a volunteer brigade which serves both Mission City and Kission Municipality while law enforcement is provided by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and Mission Municipal Police . Fishing, boating, hunting, golf, swimming, and various other recreational outlets are available . A provincial park and picnic site is located at Rolley Lake while Hatzic Lake is a popular summer resort . l. rehabilitation centre operated by the Salvation Army and Westminster Abbey, a Roman Catholic seminary, are also located in the area . Weaver Creek spawning channel, located near Harrison Bay was recently com- pleted to provide spawning grounds for sockeye salmon and other commercial varieties of fish . Mission City is the site of the annual Western Canada Soap Box Derby finals .

The transcontinental line of the Canadian Pacific Railway follows the north shore of the Fraser River through the area and supplies satisfac- tory rail transport . Highway No . 7, paralleling the north shore of the Fraser River, and numerous gravelled or paved secondary roads provide good access to all populated areas . Limited access to the mountainous areas is available on logging roads . ,1 combination automobile-railway bridge links Kission City to Matsqui located on the south shore of the Fraser River. An unlicensed airport is located at Kission City . Most rural areas receive daily mail delivery .

Telephone facilities are supplied by the B . C . Telephone Company and electricity and natural gas are provided by the B . C . Hyd.ro and Power Authority. Hydro electric generating stations located at Ruskin, Stave Falls and Alouette lake respectively, have 105,600 ; 52,500 and 8,000 kilo- watts capacity . The population of Mission Municipality was 5,324 in 1961 and had increased to 5,351 by 1966 . Mission City had a population of 3,412 in 1966 . There were 160 farm operators in Mission Municipality in 1961 and the farm population totalled 598 persons .

Mission City is the retail, wholesale and .service centre for the area and is supplemented by small commercial outlets at Dewdney, Deroche, Hatzic, and other locations . Agricultural service and supply establish- ments are available in Mission City ; companies located outside the area also provide service .

The service industries, trade, forestry, and agriculture are the chief activities in the area. Tree Farm Licence No . 26, operated by Mission Municipality, encompasses about 20,000 acres and consists of about 3,000 acres of municipal forest reserve and approximately 17,000 acres of provincial Crown land . Representatives of the B . C . Forest Service are located at Mission City while B. C. Department of Agriculture personnel are situated at Abbotsford .

Mission City and liission Municipality both have municipally owned water systems with reservoir capacities of 300,000,000 gallons and 1,350,000 gallons respectively . The remainder of the area depends primarily on private water sources, usually .wells .

Climate (5, 9, ].2, 17)

The climate of the map area is inshore maritime . During winter, with a fairly steady succession of low pressure systems moving in from the Pacific Ocean, the warm, humid air (warmed by the North Pacific Drift) in contact with the coastal slopes produces the cloudiest season of the year for any part of Canada . At the height of the rainy season in December, there is an average of nine inches of prebipitation and 23 rainy days at Vancouver Airport . Except for recharging ground water reservoirs, the high rainfall has little benefit and water tables in many areas are raised sufficiently to cause severe drainage problems . Occasionally polar air masses move into the Lower Fraser Valley from the interior of the province and produce heavy snowfalls or freezing rain when the cold interior and damp maritime air meet .

In contrast to the rainy winter weather, the summers have frequent long spells of sunny weather as large north Pacific high pressure cells extend over the coast . . The air is warm but seabreezes usually forestall . very high temperatures ; cold nights are also rare due to the maritime influence . Rainfall is sharply curtailed and soil moisture deficiencies frequently develop, particularly during the important crop growing months of July and August. Temperature

Examination of appended Table A indicates mean annual temperatures throughout the Lower Fraser Valley are quite uniform although the range in mean monthly temperatures tends to widen with increased distance from tide- water . This trend is also evident in the extreme high and low temperatures recorded . Temperatures occurring in the Mission map area are typified by those recorded at Mission and Stave Falls . January with a mean monthly temperature of 36oF . and July with a monthly mean temperature of 64oF . are the coldest and hottest months respectively . '

Precipitation

Appended Table B contains precipitation data for several Fraser Valley stations and indicates that the total annual precipitation is high with the major portion occurring during the winter months . In contrast, the summer months, especially July and August, are droughty with many valley bottom stations generally receiving less than two inches per month .

The following table presents the percentage of years in which preci- pitation was less than two inches per month during the growing season (May - September) for several representative stations .

Years of Station Nay June July l.ugust September Record

Abbotsford (Airport) 13% 40% 80% 53% 27% 15 Chilli.wack (Sardis) 16% 45% 73% 59% 20% 44 Langley Prairie 23% 31% 77% 38% 31% 13 Aldergrove 23% 31% 61% 46% 31% 13 Mission City 29% 44% 57% 44% 21% 14 Hatzic Prairie 0 29% 43% 14% 11+% 7

Table B also indicates that total annual precipitation increases with increased distance from tidewater and/or closer proximity to the mountains . Steveston, on the ocean, receives 39 .35 inches mean annual precipitation while Mission, 50 miles inland, receives more than 60 inches .

Appended Tables C, D and E give precipitation data for Mission City, Stave Falls and Hatzic Prairie respectively and can be considered represen- tative of the mapped area . They indicate wide variation in precipitation between months in the same year as well as the same months in different years . The Kission City data is representative of the Nicomen and Mission areas and other localities in the main valley while the Stave Falls and Hatzic Prairie data show the higher precipitation patterns .which occur in the narrow side valleys . The high precipitation of the mountainous areas is indicated by the data from i.louette Lake, Coquitlam Lake arid Hollyburn Ridge (Table B) .

Snowfall also increases with increased distance from the ocean, and with increased elevation . In the Ui.ssion map area, average annual snowfall is about two feet at Mission City and increases appreciably with increased elevation (10 inches snow = 1 inch rain) .

Frost-Free Period....,and..... Len~~.. th of Growing. . Season The longest frost free-periods and growing seasons in Canada occur in the Pacific Coast area-of which the Lower Fraser Valley is part . Appended Table F contains frost data for several stations in the region and indicates the frost-free period in the valley portion of the map area to be about 200 days . Growing season lengths are about 230 days with 3,375 degree-days, calculated on a base temperature of k2oF . .

Sunshine . Cloud and Wind

In winter, when the area is under the influence of frequent low pres- sure systems, cloud cover and overcast are general. High-pressure systems with associated clear, sunny skies are common during the summer . The fol- lowing table gives the average hours of bright sunshine for Vancouver (International Airport) and Agassiz (C .D .A .) .

St a- . An- tion Jan. Feb. March April May. June July Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov. Dec . nual Year

A 57 88 129 183 252 240 303 250 191 115 70 41,. 1, 922 19 B 45 68 86 123 164 152 230 201 141 92 50 35 1,389 A - Vancouver (International Airport) TYS*Station U B - Agassiz (C .D .A .) * - Thirty year standard period average, 1931-60

A large percentage of east and northeast winds occur during the winter months whereas those from the southwest and west are more prevelant during the summer . Wind strength tends to be higher in winter than during the summer. At Agassiz, mean wind speed during January is 7.0 miles per hour, dropping to three in June and July . Calm days are infrequent and extremely high winds are rare .

Native Vegetation (23, 29)

Most of the Mission map area is included an the Southern Pacific Coast Section (C. 2) of the Coast Forest Region. On the lower mountain slopes and valley uplands, the forest cover is dominated by Douglas fir (Psuedotsu a taxifolia), western hemlock ( Tsuga heteroph.yll.a ), and western red cedar Thu.ia plicata ) with the hemlock and cedar predominating on moist slopes and in seepage areas . Many logged areas presently support dense, deciduous stands of red alder (Alnus rubra ), broadleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum) and vine maple (Acer circinatum) interspersed with second- growth fir, hemlock and cedar . The alluvial valley bottoms originally supported mixed stands of black cottonwood (Po ulus trichocarpa), red alder, broadleaf and vine maple, western red cedar, Sitka spruce Picea sitchensis ), and grand fir ( Abies grandis ) . Most of these stands have been cleared with only occasional rem- nants remaining .

Above approximately 3,000 feet elevation a transition to the Coastal Subalpine Section (S .A . 3) of the Subalpi,ne -Forest Region occurs and occupies the zone between the Douglas fir-hemlock-cedar forests and the alpine tundra and snowfields . Mixed coniferous stands of amabili.s fir (Abies amabilis ), mountain hemlock ( Tsuga mertensiona ), and alpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa ) are usual with yellow cedar ( ChamaecyRaris nootkatensis) also occurring in some areas . This subalpine vegetation occurs locally in the northwest portion of the mapped area .

Physiography and Drainage (2, l.l,., 15)

The map area lies within two major physiographic divisions ; namely the Coast Mountains and the Coastal Trough .

. The Coast Mountains, represented by the Pacific Ranges, occur in the northern part of the map sheet and rise to over 1,.,000 feet elevations (Mount Criclnner, 4,400 feet elevation) . The mountains are rugged and immediately north of the map area rise to considerably higher elevations . Separating the mountains are deep U-shaped valleys whose floors range from near sea level ta several~hundred feet elevations . Hatzic Valley and the valley occupied by Stave River and lake are the principal mountain valleys in the map area .

The Coastal Trough lies between the Coast Mountains and the Outer Mountain area of Vancouver Island . That part of the Coastal Trough within the map area is called the Fraser Lowland, more commonly referred to as the lower Fraser Valley on the lower Mainland . The Fraser Lowland, occurring below elevations of approximately 1,000 feet consists of extensive low hills separated by wide, flat bottomed valleys . The hills, ranging from 50 to 1,000 feet elevations, have moderately to steeply sloping and undulating topography and are composed of a variety of materials of glacial origin .

The wide, flat bottomed valleys occur below elevations of 50 feet and are composed predominantly of alluvial floodplain deposits of the Fraser River . Minor areas consist of the deposits of local streams . Sub- stantial areas are poorly drained and, where not dyked, are susceptible to flooding during the freshet season .

The whole map area lies within the watershed of the Fraser River . The river, occupying the lowest portion of the valley floor, is the major drainage channel in the area and directly drains Nicomen Island and other portions of the valley bottom . Deroche, Vorrish and several smaller creeks originate in the .mountains and drain into the Fraser River through deeply incised valleys . Draper, Silverdale, Windbank, and several other small creeks, originating in the higher portions of the Fraser Lowland also drain directly into the Frasex River through less well defined channels . Lagace Creek, originating at Allan Lake and joined by Pattison, Kenworthy and several other creeks, drains Hatzic Valley and the surrounding mountains into Hatzic Lake . Hatzic Lake, a former meander of the Fraser River, is joined to the river by a short channel . Cascade and Seventynine creeks'as well as several others drain into Stave Lake while Steelhead and Harrison creeks drain into Ha,yward Lake . Stave lake drains into the Fraser River via Hayward Lake and Stave River . The northwest portion of the map area drains into Alouette Lake, and then into the Fraser River via Alouette and Pitt rivers .

AGRICULTURE AND SOIL MANAGEMENT

Dairying constitutes the major agricultural enterprise in the Mission map area and a large portion of the arable land is devoted to the production of pasture and forage crops . Grass-clover mixes are the most popular crop with scattered acreages of alfalfa grown on some of the better drained soils . Substantial acreages of silage corn are also grown . Oats, usually cut as green feed, is often used as a nurse crop for new hay and pasture seedings ; occasionally it is harvested for grain . Small fruits, mainly raspberries and strawberries, are grown in limited quantities in the vicinity of Mission City, Hatzic and Dewdney . Minor acreages are also used for cauliflower, broccoli. and other cruciferous crops . Poultry and egg production is sub- stantial in the Mission City area and several farms produce beef. A few farms have diversified their operations by raising some sheep or hogs . Matsqui Island is utilized.for cottonwood plantations .

In the 1-lission City, Hatzic and Silverdale areas much of the land has been divided into small holdings and many of the residents supplement their farm income by off-farm employment .

Drainage, irrigation, liming and fertilization all influence soil productivity . A good combination of these management practises is neces- sary for optimum crop production .

Drainage

Farmers suffer financial losses due to poor drainage or flooding which kill crops or reduce yields . Poor drainage restricts root growth, thereby reducing plant vigor since the root system is not sufficient for supplying the requirements of above-ground growth . Poor seed germination, uneven maturity and poor quality result from high water tables ; soil aera- tion and nitrification are reduced . Calcium, nitrogen and-perhaps other- plant nutrients are leached from the soil by water table fluctuation.

Farm drainage should be planned for rapid removal of excess water from the rooting zone, but the water table should be maintained at a level that will aid crop growth . Since the rate of water removal is related to the infiltration rate, it is important to know how fast water will infil- trate each kind of soil. To assess the best height for the water table it is necessary to understand the requirements of the crops to be grown . 'For pastures, strawberries and beans, for example, the water table should'be at least two feet deep while for corn, alfalfa, cereals, and raspberries, it should be at least 30 inches below the soil surface .

Most of the valley bottom in the map area,is dyked .against flooding by the Fraser River . Some seepage under and through the dykes occurs, however, during the freshet period . Heavy winter rainfall causes ponding on parts of the floodplain due to the relatively flat topography and slow . permeability of the soils . Stream gradients are small and water movement sluggish causing them to overflow onto the floodplain during heavy runoff . Inner margins of the floodplain are also subjected to substantial seepage from higher land which saturates the affected soils for considerable periods . Matsqui Island as well as some others are undyked and are suscep- tible to flooding during the freshet season .

Although several factors contribute to the poor drainage of some of the valley soils, the problem can be reduced by extension of drainage ditches and pumping facilities and greater use of tile drains .

Poorly drained soils located on the upland occupy localized depres- sions and act as collection basins for runoff and seepage from the higher . areas . Some can be relatively easily drained by deepening the outlet while others may require more sophisticated systems . Since many of the poorly drained areas are small in size, farmers who are contemplating installing drainage should determine if the value of the increased crop yields will justify the cost of drainage .

The Land Clearing Assistance Act, administered by the Provincial Department of Agriculture, provides loans to farmers wishing to install farm drainage . Technical advice on drainage systems and their installation and maintenance is supplied by the Department .

Irripation

Irrigation is necessary in a summer-dry climate regardless of the total yearly precipitation. The dry summers are responsible for moisture deficiency during the most important crop growing months . Pastures, for example, generally provide adequate grazing until the end of June, then decline rapidly during the dry months of July and August .

It is estimated that hay and pasture crops require at least 15 inches of water during the growing season with about 11 inches to be available between July 1 and September 30 . The average precipitation at rLission_ City from May 1 to September 30 is about 13 .7 inches with approxi- mately 8 .0 inches occurring from July to September inclusive . Though this amount represents a shortage, the deficiency in many years is actually more severe than ,indicated . For example, in 1965 the total precipitation from May to September inclusive was 9.4 inches with only 5 .7 inches occurring from July to September . Such deficiencies should be insured against by provision for irrigation . - 10 -

Irrigation water sources are plentiful in .most arable portions of the map area . 'The Fraser River constitutes an abundant source . Other sources are several streams and sloughs as well as ground water supplies which exist in the sands and gravels under the floodplain .

The Use of Fertilizers and Lime

Fertilizer and lime requirements of different soils and different faxms .having~the same soil should be determined by the crops .grown~and the past history. and performance of the farm. No standard recommendations are possible because of, .va .riation~of soils, crops grown and management status of the farms . ~ The amounts and kind of fertilizers to apply for different crops and soils should be determined by soil tests and discussions with local agriculture extension personnel .

Manure is .widely used and in many cases is- the only-nutrition the soils receive . Response to lime is sometimes ,limited but .response' to~ n3.tro- gen. is . generally good:

Land -Levelling

Many of the floodplain~and upland soils have sand and gravel strata at relatively shallow ;depths and care should be taken to, .avoid exposing these coarse deposits by land levelling . . These deposits are very low in clay and organic matter and have low water and nutrient holding power and will require heavy applications of manure and fertilizer as well as increas,ed irrigation before satisfactory crop growth is again achieved . To avoid this). topsoi3.~ should be removed', the underlying material levelled and the topsoil replaced . ~Vhen done correctly, land levelling eliminates wet spots, facilitates cultivation and leads to-more uniform crop maturity..

ORIGIN OF SOIL FORP4ING DEPOSITS (2, 10, lh., 15)

The soils of the Mission map area have,developed from unconso].3.dated geologic deposits of Pleistocene or Recent Age . '~~Pleistocenes, refers to that period in the~earthss geological history when large areas of the earthps surface were periodically covered by glaciers . This period is estimated to have begun about one million years ago and continued in the Mission area to within five to eight thousand years of the present . The time period from the end of the Pleistocene to the present is referred to as tiRecenty; .

For convenience, the map area is divided into two major physiogra- phic units which are.-referred to as Lowland's and Uplands in this report . The lowlands .consist .of Fras.er River floodplain deposits, organic deposits, local stream and fan deposits, and other Recent geological materials which occupy the valley floor and lower valley sides below elevations of about 100 feet . The uplands consist of the hilly arid mountainous parts of the map area . The soil forming materials are generally of Pleistocene age and include glacial till, glacial outwash, Flaciomarir.e and glaciolacustrine deposits, some of which are mantled by windblown materials . Bedrock expo- sures are common in some areas and colluvium overlies the Pleistocene deposits or bedrock in most steeply sloping localities .

Lowland Soil Forming _Deposits

Fraser_Floodplain Deposits _

The major portion of the lowland soil forming materials are deposits of the Fraser River. These recent deposits are composed of silt, sand and clay up to 20 feet thick resting on sand or gravel strata. Usually, however, the gravel and sand strata are encountered within four feet or less of the surface .

Along parts of the inner margin of the floodplain and in sheltered areas, vertical accretion occurred by settling of fine textured sediments in quiet shallow ponds . Most of the floodplain, however, consists of more or less parallel ridges and depressions laid down as meander scrolls, spits and levees . These lateral accretion deposits, trending with the flow of the river, usually occupy the youngest portion of the floodplain and, in places, are still in the process of deposition .

Studies by IIacintosh and Gardner (24) indicate the sediments deposited by the Fraser River are composed largely of quartz, feldspar, chlorite, mica, and amphibole . Montmorillonoid minerals are important components of the clay fraction .

Fraser floodplain deposits comprise the soil forming materials of Nicomen, Matsqui and other islands as well as parts of Hatzic Valley and areas along the river margin.

Organic_ Deposits

Organic deposits, usually two to ten feet thick, occur in.scattered locations on the floodplain and consist of accumulations of organic material, mainly reeds and sedge . These deposits occur when the rate of organic decomposition is exceeded by the rate of accumulation . They are very poorly drained due to seepage and runoff from surrounding areas and surface runoff is restricted by the depressional to level topography . Cultivated and partially drained bogs, due to shrinkage, settling and better aeration, tend to be thinner and more highly decomposed than those under natural conditions .

Stream_ Deposits

Sedimentation from streams meandering across the lowland area form the parent material of some minor soils . These deposits usually occur as levees along present and abandoned channels of streams originating on the adjacent uplands and are generally medium to moderately coarse textured . The major acreage occurs in the HatZic Valley.

Fan_ and Slid_e_Depo sit e

These coarse textured deposits generally occur along the valley walls and have been deposited by water and/or gravity action . Fan deposits develop when swiftly flowing streams issuing from the mountains abruptly decrease in velocity on reaching the floodpla.in with a resultant decrease in the .amount of. .--sediment able to be. carried. The excess is deposited in the area where the .velocity change~o4curs ., An example of a fan deposit is that at ;the mouth of Norrish Creek.-

Slide materials occupy a very minor acreage along the margin of the valley walls and have~accumulated under the influence of gravity. Some- times fan deposits are intermixed with the slide materials.

Uplan"oi1_ Foxmi.ng,_Deposits

Glacial Till-Deposits

Glacial till, a heterogeneous mixture of sand, silt, clay, and atones deposited 'directly by glaciers, mantles much of the uplands of'.-the-map .-area.., Topography varies from moderately to steeply sloping and often reflects the topography of the underlying bedrock .~ Textures~are moderately coarse and consistence varies from very compact,in the basal type of till to moderately loose in the ablation type . These deposits are common throughout the upland areas .

Glacial Outwash Deposits

Glacial outwash deposits consis~ of stratified sands and gravel deposited by running water issuing from melting glaciers . These deposits occupy substantial: areas in the vicinity .of Mission City and Hatzic and, in this area*. are usually flat to undulating .

Glaciomarine Deposits

- . : These-semi-stratified deposits, composed of silty clay, clay, silt, and sand, were laid down in sea water . Stones and part of the fine,material was carried by floating ice with the remainder transported by ateltwater. The material is identifiable as glaciomarine by the presence of shells and casts of clams and other sea life . Glaciomarine deposits occur in the southwestern portion of the map area %nd near the north~erid of Hatzic Valley .

Glaciolaciustrinp Deposits i . Glaciolacustrine deposits consist of clay, silt~and sand laid-down in temporary lakes which formed during the period of glacier decay. The deposits are usually stratified and, in the map area, often consist of sand lenses which separate thick layers of silts . Glaciolacustrine deposits occupy scattered locations north of Mission City .

Aeolian Deposits

:Most of the upland geologic deposits .below about :1,500 feet eleva- tion are capped by a variable depth of stone-free silty aeolian material. Where the capping is shallow, windthrow of trees has caused mixing with,the underlying deposits .

Fan_ Deposits

These deposits occupy scattered areas throughout the uplands in the vicinity of streams . They are generally coarse textured and stony. The, method of deposition is described in the ItLowland Soil Forming Materials9r section of this report .

Colluvial Deposits

These coarse textured, stony materials occur on most steep slopes in the form of unstable deposits which are slowly moving downslope under the influence of gravity. . They generally consist of a shallow mantle which overlies bedrock or other deposits, and contain a mixture of rock fragments, reworked~.g7.acial till and other materials which occur on the slope .

OwRanic Deposits

The upland organic deposits occupy scattered small areas and developed similarly to those described in the '--Lowland Soil Forming Depositssi section of this report . The largest deposits occur in the northern portion of the map area in the vicinity of Stave Lake .

Bedrock

The upland Pleistocene deposits, except for Silver Hill, are under- lain by granitic bedrock including granodiorite, quartz diorite, diorite, gabbro, and granite . These rocks are members of the Coast Intrust'ions and are of Jurassic and Cretaceous ages . In the mountainous parts these rocks frequently outcrop and fragments are mixed into the colluvium . Silver Hill is underlain by shales, sandstones, conglomerate, andesite, basalt, and other similar rocks,of Eocene and/or later age . _

The relationship of the soils to the geological soil forming deposits is shown in Tables 1 and 2 on pages 15, 16 and 17 .

SOIL T4APPING AND CLASSIFICATION (27, 31)

Field Methods

The lowland soils and the settled uplands areas were mapped in detail at a scale of about 1,000 feet to the inch . Compartment No . 1 of the Mission Tree Farm was mapped at a scale of 1,320 feet (20 chains) to the inch while in the more mountainous Compartment No . 2, a scale of 2,640 feet (40 chains) to the inch was utilized . Aerial photographs were used as field sheets and classification data was plotted on them. The soils were classified according to the system of the National Soil Survey Committee of Canada, 1965 .

Test pits, road cuts and other excavations were used to examine, identify and describe soil profiles and to sample them for laboratory analysis . The soil profiles were examined to determine soil parent material, texture, structure,~consistence, permeability, drainage, colour, horizon sequence, and other observable features . Vegetation, stoniness, topography$ agricultural practises, and other external features were also noted . The Munsell Colour system was used to identify soil colours .

Lowland soil boundaries were established by bisecting them on roads, ditches, fence lines, and by traverses across fields . Many upland soil boundaries, particularly in inaccessible areas, were determined by air photo interpretation.

Soil Classification

Soils develop from geologic deposits in response to the environment . The kind of soil formed is governed by the climate, texture.. mineral compo- sition, topography, age, drainage, vegetation, and other features of the environment and the soil forming deposit . The objective of the soil survey is to identify the different soils developed and to separate them by means of a comprehensive classification system.

The basic mapping unit is the soil series . A soil series consists of a group of related soils derived from a particu].ar kind of parent material and having similar profile and drainage characteristics except for variation in surface texture . Where the surface texture is also uniform, the mapping unit is the soil type . Soil series names are usually place names occurring in the locality where the series was originally classified ; soil types are distinguished by the series name followed by the surface texture . Soil phases may also be distinguished and are variations within a series or type due to topography, stoniness, depth of profile or other features which may affect land use .

Where it is not feasible to separate two or more series or types because of small areas or intimate intermixing of one soil with another, the area is mapped as a soil complex. If the individual series which form the complex have been described, the name of the series occupying the major acreage is listed first, the others following in decreasing order .

The differentiated soil series are grouped into Soil Subgroups according to their pedologic development ; all series in one subgroup have similar profile development . dith a higher level of generalization, sub- groups are grouped into Great Soil Groups . Great Soil Groups are then grouped into Soil Orders which is the highest level of generalization in the soil classification scheme . Table 1 - Classification of Lowland Soil Series and Parent Naterials in the Mission Map Area .

Degraded Orthic Acid Acid Rego Gleyed Gleyed Brown Brown Humic Orthic Rego Deorcic Deorcic Orthic Orthic Parent Material Wooded Wooded Gleysol Gle,ysol Gleysol Regosol Regosol Regosol Rep_osol Muck

Fraser River floodplain Hjorth Page deposits, lateral accretion Kent Prest Fairfield Monroe Seabird Grevell

I'raser River floodpl.ai.n Hatzic Annis deposits, vertical accretion

Fraser River floodplain Niven deposits over organic deposits

Sardis Local stream deposits sin McElvee Bates

Alluvial-colluvial fan Harrison Elk Isar deposits Chehalis

Colluvial slide deposits Cheam

Shallow organic deposits Hanford

Deep organic deposits Gibson ,b-,e 2 of :~ hi-.:ion Map Area

Ortstein Gleyed Ortstein Degraded Orthic Gleyed Podzol-0rthic Podzol-Gleyed Acid Humic Humic Hwnic Podzol Humic Podzol 0 rthic Brown Parent Material Podzol Podzol Intergrade InterQrade Podzol Wooded

Aeolian deposits over glacial till

over or mixed with Aeolian deposits Keystone glacial outwash

Gravelly glacial outwash Roach Mission Lynden

sandy Sandy glacial outwash and/or Stave Iacustrine deposits

Glaciomarine deposits Durisu

Glaciolacustrine deposits

.Alluvial fan deposits Harrison

mixed with Shallow aeolian deposits Cardinal Steelhead ablation till over basal till

Cannel. Shallow ablation till and/or Sayres Florence colluvium over bedrock or basal till Criclaner

Morgan Loderately deep colluvial deposits Kanaka over bedrock or b:sal till Hoover Table 2 - continued

Orthic Acid Gleyed Orthic Acid Brown Rego Brown Acid Brown idooded-Regosol Humic Orthic Parent Material Wooded Wooded Intergrade Gle_ysol Regosol Muck

Aeolian deposits over glacial till Ryder Calldns

Aeolian deposits over or mixed with glacial outwash Marble Hill Lehaan

Gravelly glacial outwash Columbia Defehr

Sandy glacial outwash and/or sandy lacustrine deposits

f Glaciomarine deposits Whatcom Scat t Glaciolacustrine deposits Tunbridge

Alluvial fan deposits Isar

Shallow aeollian deposits mixed with ablation till over basal till

Shallow ablation till and/or colluvium over bedrock or basal till roderatel,y deep colluvial deposits Poignant Kenworthy ove r bedrock or basal till

C rgaTic deposits Judson The Soil Subgroups occurring in the Mission area lowlands are Degraded Acid Brown Wooded, Orthic Acid Brown Wooded, Orthic Gleysol, Rego Gleysol, Rego Humi.c Gleysol, Gleyed Deorcic Regosol,~ Deorcic Regosol, Gleyed Orthic Regosol, Orthic Regosol, and Muck. Upland Soil Subgroups are Orthic ~Humic Podzol, Gleyed Hinnic Podzol, Ortatein .Podzol-Orthic Humic Podzol -Intergrade.,.: Gleyed Ortste'in Podzol-Gleyed Humi.c Podzol Intergrade, Orthic Podzol, Degraded Acid Browin Wooded, Orthic Acid Brawn-Wooded, Gleyed Orthic Acid Brown .Wooded, Acid Brown Wooded-Regosol Intergrade, Rego Htuai.c Gleysol, and Muck'.

The above sequences of upland and lowland soils, including the geologic materials from which they are derived, are given in Tables 1 and 2 on pages 15, 16 and 17 . Short descriptions of the major-characteristics of the Great Soil Groups and Soil Subgroups head the appropriate soil series descriptions in this report.

DESCRIPTION OF SOIL SERIES

Lowland Soils

ACID BRrJWN 1JDODED SOILS

These are soils with organic surface horizons (L-H)~, and reddish- brown Bf or Bm horizons, whose chroma, organic matter content and oxalate- 'extractable iron and aluminum decrease with depth . They have no distinct mineral-organic (Ah) surface horizon and the solwn is moderately to strongly acidic . A light coloured, eluvial horizon (Ae) up to one inch thick may'be present although translocation of sesquioxides and clay is negligible . Drainage varies from well to imperfect .

The Degraded and Orthic subgroups of Acid, Brown Wooded soils -wrere identified on the lowlands.of the Mission map area .

DeRraded Acid Brown Wooded Soils

This subgroup consists of well and moderately well drained soils which under .native conditions, are characterized~,by an organic surface (I,-;H) horizon, a light coloured, eluviated (Ae) horizon not more than one inch thick and one or more-reddish-brown Bf. Bfj or Bm horizons.

The Harrison and Chehal.is series were classified as Degraded Acid Brown Wooded soils in the lowlands .

Chehalis Series

The Chehalis,soils occupy restricted acreages in the vicinity of Norrish Creek and in Hatzic Valley between 40 and 100 feet elevations . Most slopes are gentle with gradients varying from two to five percent . One hundred and seventy-six acres of Chehalis series and 55 acres of Chehalis-Isar soil complex were mapped . s19-

These soils have developed from coarse, granitic, alluvial fan deposits eroded from the Coast Mountains . Textures vary from loamy sand,, gravelly loamy sand and sandy loam in the surface to sand, gravelly sand and gravel in the subsoil. Rooting depth and moisture movement through the profile are good although scattered weakly cemented patches occur . Stones are present throughout the profile, usually increasing in number with depth. .

The Chehalis soils ..are classified as weakly developed Degraded Acid Brown Wooded and frequently grade into the regosolic Isar series . The As horizons are intermittent and the Bfj horizons shallow. These soils are well drained .except in scattered, imperfectly drained depressional areas where a water table occurs during periods when the water level In the streams is high .

Native vegetation is coniferous, mainly Douglas fir and cedar . In logged .areas a variety of coniferous and deciduous regrowth has developed including red alder, birch, cedar, Douglas fir, huckleberry, bracken, sahal, trailing blackberxy, and several mosses . A typical profile, located on the Norrish Creek fan was described as follows :

Depth Horizon Inches Description

Ir-H 1j- 0 Mixture of raw to well decarnposed deciduous and coniferous material . Abundant roots, mainly an the lower part . pH 5 .5 . Abrupt boundary :

0 - ~ _Grayish-brown (l0YR 5/2, moist) or gray (l0YR 5 .5/1, dry) loamy sand . Very weak, medium, subangul.a,r blocky structure . Very friable when moist . The Ae varies from none to one inch thick. Abundant roots. pH 5 .1. Abrupt boundary :

Bfjl ~- 1~ ~ Dark-brown to brown (7 .5YR 4/k, moist) or brown (l0YR 5/3, dry) loamy sand . Very weak, medium, subangular blocky structure . Very friable when moist . Abundant to common roots . pH 5 .5 : Clear boundary :

Bfj2 4 - 8 Yellowish-brown (l0YR 5/5, moist) or pale-brown (l0YR 6/3, dry) fine sand or loamy fine sand . Very weak, meditun, subangular blocky structure . Very friable to loose when moist . Scattered, weakly cemented patches, Common roots . pH 5 .9 . Clear boundary :

C 8 -1L4. Fine sand of variegated colour. Very weak, medium... , psuedo-subangular blocky structure breaking to single- gra=s. Very friable to loose when moist . Common '10~ -

Depth Horizon Inches Description

roots in upper part becoming abundant in lower part . pH 6.0 . Abrupt boundary:

IN ]1~,+ Gravelly sand of variegated colour. Single-grained". Loose when moist . Numerous stones and cobbles . Abundant-roots in upper three inches . pH 5 .7. Land Use

A large portion of the Chehalis soils are uncleared and support den5b'stands of mixed~old and second growth coniferous and deciduous species . Agricultural suitabi7ity is limited due to very low water holding capacity, stoniness and low fertility . Irrigation is required '*and is available from nearby streams . A small portion of the Chehalis soils in Hatzic Valley are utilized for Christmas tree plantations .

Harrison Series (21)

The Harrison soils occupy scattered locations on both the lowlands and uplands of the map~area between 50 and 250 feet elevations . Topogra- phically, they are usually moderately to steeply sloping with gradients ranging from five to fifteen percent . Forty acres of Harrison sandy loam, 137 acres of Harrison gravell,y sandy loam, 54 acres of Harrison gravelly loam, and 559 acres of Harrison loam were mapped . In addition, 1,250 acres of Harrison series and 706 acres of Harrison-Isar soil complex were also classified .

These soils have developed from alluvial and occasionally alluvial- colluvial fan deposits laid down by streams originating in the mountainous axeas. .P1ost fans have shallow aeolian deposits mixed into the surface horizons by windthrow and surface textures generally vary from gravelly sandy loam to loam. Subsoil textures are gravelly sandy loam or coarser. Cobbles and stones occur throughout the profiles but are most abundant in the subsoil.

. , . Drainage is well,except occasionally in depressions and along fan aprons where the drainage is restricted . Profile development is Degraded Acid Brown Wooded arid a thin, discontinuous Ae horizon is general in areas not recently disturbed . In recently logged areas and where deciduous vegetation is dominant the Ae horizon is mostly destroyed . The Bf horizons are well developed and variable amounts of concretions sometimes occur in the upper solum.

The Harrison series developed under coniferous vegetation dominated by Douglas fir. kIost areas have been logged and a mixed second-growth deciduous and coniferous vegetation has developed in Luicleared areas . A typical profile was described as follows : - 21 --

Depth Horizon Inches Description

L-H ~- 0 Raw to well decomposed mixture of deciduous and coni- ferous material. Abundant roots in lower part . pH 5 .2. . Abrupt boundary :

Ae 0 - ~ Dark-gray (5YR 4;1, moist) or gray to light-gray . (5YR 6/1, dry) loam. Weak, fine,, platy structure . Friable when moist . Abundant roots. pH 5 .4 . Abrupt boundary :

Bfl ?~- 5 ' 'Dark-b.;°owa ,t;7 .5YR 3/2, moist) or brown to strong- brown (7 .5YR 5;15, dry) loam: Weak, fine, subangular blocky structure . Friable when moist . Scattered - stones and gravels . Occasional, fine concretions. . Abundant roots . pH 5 .6 . . Gradual boundary :

Bf2 . 5 -10 Dark-brown to brown (7 .5'YR 4/2 moist) or dark yellow-Ish brown (a0YR k/4, dryj loam. Weak, fine, subangular blccky structure . Friable when moist . ScGtter-i :-tongs and gravels . Occasional, Tine' .con- cretions . Abundant roots . pH 5 .6 . Gradual boundary :

BIN 10,13 Dark-brown to brown ( 7. 5YR 4/2, moist) , or yellowish- brown (l0YR 5A, .dry) sandy loam . Weak, fine, sub3ngular blocky structure breaking to single-grains . Very friable when moist . Common stones and-cobbles . Abundant ;roots . pH 5 .6 . Clear boundary :

IM 1,3 -19 GraveJ.ly sand of variegated colours. Sirigle-grained. Loose when moist . Stones and cobbles comprise 50% of horizon . ~~~'es,k irc:n staining around some stones and cobbles . Cammon roots . pH 5 .6 . :Diffuse boundary :

IIC2 19 + Gre,velly sand of variegated colour;; . Single-g"rained. Lo,6 :e when moist. Stones and cobbles comprise 50% of horicon . Ws^.k iron staining around some stones and cobbles . Occasional roots to 30 irriches . pH 5 .7.

Land Use

Law water holding capacities, stoniness and adverse topography cause the Harrison soils to be of limited use for agriculture . Most areas are uncleared and clearing costs are high due.to heavy forest growth. Some areas are relatively inuxce^s=ble . If these soils are developed, irrigation is required for good producticn and in many cases, irrigation - 22 -

water is available in-nearby streams .

'Orthic Acid Brown Wooded Soils

These are well to moderately well drained soils which, uz.der natural conditions, are characterized by an .organic surface horizon (L-H) underlain by one or more reddish-brown Bf or Bm horizons whose colour fades with depth. No distinct mineral-organic Ah or eluvial Ae horizons are present, The solwn is acidic and usually low in base saturation . The Cheam series is the only soil classified as Orthic Acid Brown Wooded in the lowland area.

Cheam Series .

The Cheam soils occupy a .very minor acreage in the Iiission map area below 100 feet elevation . Topography is generally steeply to very steeply sloping with gradients varying from 15 to 40% . A total of 39 acres were classified .

The Cheam series has developed predominantly from colluvial slide and talus material although minor alluvial-colluvial fan deposits.are also included . These deposits, which slumped or slide down the valley walls are generally three feet or more thick and consist of bedrock fragments, glacial till and other materials which were located on the slope . Textures are coarse, gravelly sandy loam and gravelly loamy sand .being dominant, and storie content is high both in the surface and the .subsoil. Rooting depth and permeability are adequate due to the porous nature of the deposits .

Drainage is usually well or moderately well with scattered areas around the slide margin exhibiting imperfect drainage . Profile development is Orthic Acid Brown Wooded and the Bf horizons are moderately well developed . Occasionally.,thin discontinuous Ae horizons also occur.

Native vegetation, mainly dense coniferous forest, has been logged and present growth consists of a dense mixture of deciduous and coniferous species .

Land Use

None of the Cheam soils in the map area are presently cleared and their agricultural use is limited by adverse topography, stoniness and low water holding capacity . Forest growth appears to be very good and is-, probably the best land use .

HUNIC GLEYSOL SOIIS

These are moderately poorly to very poorly drained soils charac- terized by a dark coloured surface All horizon greater than three inches thick under virgin conditions . !,)hen mixed to a depth of six inches the surface horizon (Ap) contains more than three percent organic matter and is appreciably darker in colour than the underlying horizon . Underlying hori- zons are strongly gleyed and/or mot-bled . l~Jeakly developed eluvial and _23-

illuvial horizons may be present and there may be up to 12 inches of consoli- dated or 1$ inches of unconsol.idated peat or muck on the surface .

Only the Rego Humic Gleysol subgroup of the HurLic Gleysol soils was identified on the lowlands of the Mission map area .

Rep,o Humic Gleysol Soils .

These are moderately-poorly to very poorly drained soils which have a .dark coloured surface Ah horizon greater than three inches thick underlain by one or more gleyed and/ox mottled Cg horizons which exhibit no eluvial or illuvial characteristics . Up to 12 inches of consolidated or 18 inches of unconsolidated peat or muck may occur on the surface .

The Elk, Hjorth, Kent, Niven, and Sim series represent the Rego Humic Gleysol subgroup of Humic Gleysol soils on the lowlands of the Mission map area .

Elk Series (30)

Elk soils occupy scattered, small areas on both the lowlands and uplands between 30 and 250 feet elevations and are gently to very gently sloping with gradients below five percent . Fifty-two acres of Elk silt loam and 19 acres of Elk series were mapped . Three soil complexes dominated by Elk soils encompass another 349 acres .

The Elk series has developed from medium to moderately coarse tex- tured alluvial fan deposits and'is usually found on the .lower fan aprons . Surface textures, mostly loam or silt loam and occasionally sandy loam, grade into roughly stratified gravels and sands at depths of 15 inches or more . Scattered sandy lenses may be present in the upper profile and occasional stones sometimes .occur.on the surface and through the profile .

These soils are subject to'seepage from higher portions of the fan, particularly during periods of heavy rainfall, and are poorly or very poorly drained . They are classified as Rego Humic Gle sols and have well developed Ah surface .horizons underlain by gleyed andr mottled mineral material. Native vegetation is swamp forest and includes cedar, cottonwood, sedge, hardhack, and others .

A typical cultivated profile was described as follows :

Depth Horizon . Inches Description

Ap 0 - 7 Dark-gray (10YR 4/1, dry) or very dark grayish brown (l0YR 3/2, moist) loam . P'ioderate, medium, subangular blocky structure . Very friable when moist . Common roots . 'pH 5 .2 . .Clear boundary : ,., "al. .-

Depth Horizon Inches Description

Cgl 7 -15 Gray (l0YR 6/1, dry) or trayish-brown (l0YR 5/20 moist) silt loam . Sand pockets throughout . Weak, . coarse, subangular blocky structure . Many, medium, distinct, strong-brown (7 .5YR 5/6, moist) mottles . Friable when moist . Occasional roots . pH 5.6 . Abrupt boundary :

IIC 15 -20 Medium sand of variegated colours . Sin le-grained . A few, medium, distinct . 'brown (7 "~5YR~ 4, moist) mottles . Loose when moist . Occasional roots . pH 5 .3 . Abrupt boundary :

Cg2 20 -30 Light-gray (10YR 6/1, dry) or dark-gray to gray (l0YR 4 " 5/1, moist) silt loam. Massive . Few, fine, faint, yellowish brown (10YR 5/6, moist) mottles . Friable when moist . .pH 4 .1. Clear boundary :

IICg 30 - + Light-gray (5Y 6/1, dry)-or gray (2 .5Y 5/0, moist) loamy fine sand . Single-grained . Very friable when moist . pH LF .2 . '

Land Use

Where cleared the Elk soils are utilized for hay and pasture produc- tion although poor drainage restricts yields and destroys the legumes in the sward . Artificial drainage such as interception ditches is required to control seepage from higher portions of the fans and from adjacent streams .

Elk soils are friable, moderately fertile and have good topography . Supplemental irrigation is beneficial during the latter portion of dry summers . Stones and cobble:: may sometimes interfere with cultivation .

Hiorth Series

The Iijorth~series occurs throughout the lowlands of the map area although the majority-is located on iVicomen Island and in the vicinity of Dewdney . It generally occurs between elevations of 15 and 30 feet and has very gently or gently undulating topography with slopes less than five per- cent . Frequently it is slightly depressional in relation to the surround- ing soils . Tao hundred and ten acres of Hjorth series and 376 acres of four soil complexes dominated by Hjorth soils were classified .

The parent material of Hjorth soils is stone-free, silty lateral accretion deposits of the Fraser River . In the ridge-and-swale topography which is typical of these deposits, the Hjorth soils occupy the swal.es and lower slopes of the ridges while Kent, Fairfield and. Monroe soils occur on the higher portions . Surface and subsur.facc textures ran ;e from silt loam -25-

to silty clay loam and are underlain by sand and occasionally gravel at variable depths . Areas where the coarse subsoil occurs less than 18 inches depth have been mapped as H3orth :shallow phase . Thin buried Ah horizons occur in somp profiles .

These soils are poorly drained, occasionally varying to very poorly drained . During periods of heavy rainfall ponding is frequent and, in undyked areas, flooding often occurs during the freshet season . Water from the river seeps through the sandy subsoil and saturates the lower subsoil for considerable periods . .

Hjorth soils are classified as Rego Humic Gleysols . Profile develop- ment is restricted to organic accumulation in the surface and gleying and mottling in the subsoil.

Most areas of Hjorth soils have been cleared and used for agricul- tural production . On uncleared areas the native-vegetation is mainly deciduous and includes cottonwood, willow, alder, and occasional cedar. The shrub cover is dense and a light ground cover of sedge and moss exists. A typical profile, supporting forage grasses, and located about 100 yards west of the intersection of Catherwood and Hawkins-Pickle roads was described as follows :

Depth Horizon Inches Description

Ap 0 - 7 Very dark gray (l0YR 3/1, moist) silt loam. Moderate to weak, fine to medium, subangul.ar blocky structure . Friable when moist . -Abundant roots . pH 5 .9 . Abrupt boundary :

Cgl 7 - 8j Light-gray to gray (5Y 6/1, moist) silty clay loam . . Moderate, medium, psuedo-subangular blocky structure . . Firm when moist . . Many, fine, distinct, yellowis~- red (5YR 5/8, moist) mottles . Occasional roots . pH 6 .1. Abrupt boundary :

Ab 8J-10 Black to very dark gray (2 .5YR 2 .5/0, moist) silt loam . Weak, fine, subangular blocky structure . Very friable when moist . Occasional roots . pH 5 .8 . Abrupt boundary :

Cg2 10 -7.L,. Gray (5Y 5 " 5/1, moist) silty clay loam . Moderate, medium, psuedo-subangular blocky structure . Firm when moist . Many, fine, prominent, yellowish-red (5YR 5/6, moist) mottles . Occasional roots . pH 6.3 . Clear boundary : .

1+ -33 Gray (5Y 5/1, moist) silt loam . Moderate, medium, psuedo-subangular blocky structure . Friable to firm when moist . Many, medium, prominent, reddish-brown Depth . Horizon Inches D_escription

(5YR 5/4, moist) mottles . Occasional roots . pH 6 .3 . Gradual bourndary :

Cg4 . 33 -43+ ,Gray (5Y 5/1, moist) silty clay loam. Moderate, medium, psuedo-subangular blocky structure . Firm when moist . Many, medium to coarse, prominent,, reddish-brown (5YR 4 .5/4, moist) mottles . pH 5 .8 .

Land Use

Most areas of Hjorth soils are presently cleared and mainly seeded to grass and grass-clover mixes for hay and pasture . A few areas also produce silage corn . Forage vie]ds .are generally fair although the poor drainage tends to kill the legumes .and retards the growth of the grasses . Artificial drainage installation is required to control the high water tables which exist during the winter and freshet season of the Fraser River . Location of drainage outlets may sometimes be difficult since Hjorth soils are .commonly depressional in relation to.tile surrounding land . Puddlins of the soil surface may occur .if these soils are cultivated or grazed when wet .

.Organic matter contents are relatively high and most plant nutrients are available in moderate amounts .

Kent Series (21)

Kent soils occupy a minor acreage on the lowlands, mainly on Nicomen Island and near Dewdney between 15 and ~25 feet elevations . They are generally intermingled with the Hjorth or Fairfield series and have very gently to gentiy undulating topography with most slopes less than five per- cent . Forty-eight acres of Kent series, 111 acres of Kent-Fairfield soil .complex and 45 acres of Kent-Hjorth soil complex were classified in the map area . , ,

These soils have developed from stone-free, silty lateral accretion deposits.of the Fraser River and occupy the intermediate slopes and shallower depressions in the undulating topography . Surface and subsurface textures are general,ly silt,. loam underlain by sand at variable depths . Areas where the sands are less than 18 inches below the soil surface have been classified as Kent :shallow phase .

The Kent- series is moderately poorly drained . Ponding is not usual but high T.qater tables are general in periods of heavy rainfall ancl-during the spring run-off on the Fraser River . Usually the water table recedes sufficiently to cause only moderate restriction to most crops during the major portion of the growing season .

The Kent series is classified as a Re go I-iunu.c Gleysol. Profile development is restricted to organic matter accumulation in the surface and gleying and mottling in the subsoil .

Native vegetation, now mostly cleared, consisted of cottonwood, willow, scattered cedar, sedge, various grasses and other water tolerant species . A typical profile of Kent :shallow phase was described as follows :

Depth . Horizon Inches Description

Ap 0 - 7 Very dark gray to very dark grayish brown (l0YR 3/1.5, . moist) or grayish-brown (l0YR 3/2, dry) silt loam. ' . Moderate, medium, subangular blocky structure . Firm ' when moist . Scattered pieces of Cgl material mixed- ' in by culti.vation . Abundant roots . pH 4 .9 . Abrupt boundary :

Cgl 7 -12 Grayish-brown to dark. grayish brown (2 .5Y 4 .5/2, moist). silt loam. Moderate) medium to coarse, psuedo- subangular blocky structure . Firm when moist . Com- mon to many, medium, prominent, yellowish-red (5YR ' 4 .5/6, moist) mottles . Abundant to common roots . pH 5 .6 . - Clear boundary :

Cg2 12 -17 Grayish-brown to dark grayish brown (2 .5Y 4 .5/2, moist) silt loam. Moderate, medium to coarse, psuedo- subangular blocky structure . Firm when moist . Com- mon, medium, prominent, yellowish-red (5YR 4 .5/6, ' moist) mottles . Common roots . pH 5 .7 . Abrupt boundary :

IICgl 17 -2L,. Dark grayish brown-(2 .5Y 4/2, moist) medium sand . Weak, medium, psuedo-subangular blocky structure 'breaking to single-grains . Loose when moist . Common, medium, distinct, strong-brown (7 .5Y 5/6, moist) mottles . Common roots . pH 6 .0 . Gradual boundary :

IICg2 24 -32 Dark coloured, micaceous, medium sand . Single-grained . Loose when moist . Occasional roots . pH 6 .0 . Diffu3e boundary :

IICg3 32 + Dark coloured, micaceous, coarse sand . Single-grained . Loose when moist . 'dater table level was at 40 inches at time of sampling (August, 1966) . pH 5 .7 . Land Use

Almost the complete -acreage of Kent soils is cleared and utilized for agriculture . The most common crops are grass-legume mixes used for pasture and hay . Silage corn is also grown in substantial amounts . - 2i,`

During most of the growing season the water table . is sufficiently low to cause only slight to moderate restriction to crop growth . During the winter, the heavy rainfall raises the water table sufficiently to damage most perennial crops, especially legumes and artificial drainage is beneficial . In very dry summers, moisture deficiencies develop, particu- larly in the shallow phase, and irrigation is required for good late season growth.

Kent soils are friable and easy to cultivate, have relatively high organic matter contents and most plant nutrients are available in moderate amounts .

Niven Series

The Niven'series, occupying only 10 acres on the lowlands, occurs below 20 feet elevation . Topographically, it is depressional to very gently sloping with slopes less than two percent .

These soils have developed from Fraser River floodplain sediments or stream deposits which overlie organic deposits for depths of 10 to 30 inches . The mineral material settled out of stagnant water which covered . the organic deposits or was washed. in by slow moving streams . Surface tex- tures are'silt loam or silty clay loam. The underlying organic materials, ustially two or more feet tliick, consist of partially to well decomposed sedge or woody peat sometimes interstratified with silty mineral material .

Niven soils are poorly to very poorly drained and often occur along the boundary between mineral and .organic soils . They are tentatively classified as Rego Humic Gleysols although small areas of Rego Gleysols are also included . Native vegetation includes, .hardhack, sedge, skunk cabbage, cedar, alder, cottonwood, and other moisture tolerant species .

Land Use

Cleared areas of Niven soils are presently used for hay and pasture production . The major .agricultural lbnitation of these soils is poor drainage which.restricts or kills legumes in the sward and prohibits growth of plants susceptible to i-wet feet~~ .

Artificial drainage is required although care should be taken to avoid over-draining to prevent undue shrinkage and .settling .of the under- lying organic deposits .

Sim Series

The majority of Sim soils occur in Hatzic Valley below elevations of 25 feet . Most areas are gently sloping or undulating with gradients below five percent . One hundred and forty-nine acres of Sim silt loam, 110 acres of Sim series and 211 acres of Sim-Sim :shallow phase soil com- plex were mapped . A further 121 acres were classified into three soil complexes dominated by Sim soils . ._ ;g . .

The parent material of the Sim series consists of stone-free, alluvial deposits of streams flowing across the Fraser River floodplain. During periods of heavy rainfall these streams overflow and deposit sedi- ment in the form of levees along the stream margins . The Sim soils occupy the lower slopes of-the levees . Surface and subsoil textures vary from silt loam to silty clay loam and sometimes contain very thin bands of organic material. At varying depths in the profiles, sands and/or gravel are encountered and where these coarse materials occur less than 18 inches below the surface, the soil has been mapped as Sim :shallow phase .

Drainage of the Sim soils is poor, sometimes varying to very poor in localized areas . Profile development, typical of Rego Humic Gleysols, consists of organic matter accumulation in the surface and gleying and mottling in the subsoil .

Most areas are cleared and cultivated . Small, uncleared patches indicate a native vegetation of cottonwood, alder, willow, blackberry, sedge, various grasses and other moisture tolerant species . A typical cultivated profile located a~bout three-quarters of a mile north of Hatzic Lake was described as follows :

Depth Horizon Inches DescriDtion

Ap 0 -10 Black (l0YR 2/1, moist) silt loam or silty clay loam. Coarse, medium, subangular blocky structure . Friable to firm when moist . Abundant roots . pH 5 .5 . Abrupt boundary :

Cgl 10 -15 Gray to dark-gray (5Y 4 .5/1, moist) silty clay loam. Breaks along several thin, organic bands to produce weak, coarse, psuedo-platy structure . Firm when . moist . Many, medium, prominent, yellowish-red to strong-brown (5YR 4/6 - 7 .5YR 5/6, moist) mottles . Common roots . pH 5 .3 . Gradual boundary :

Cg2 15 -20 Gray (5Y 5/1, moist) silty clay loam . Massive . '' ' Firm when moist . Common, fine to medium, distinct, reddish-yellow (7 .5YR 7/6, moist) mottles, mainly confined along old root channels . Occasional roots . pH 5 .6 . Diffuse boundary :

20 -26 Grayish-brown (2 .5Y 5/2, moist) silt loam or silty clay loam . Massive . Firm when moist . Common, fine to medium, distinct, dark-brown to reddish-yellow (7 .5YR w/la. - 7/6, moist) mottles, mainly confined along old root channels . Occasional roots . pH 6 .1 . Diffuse boundary : -. 30 -

Depth Horizon Inches Description

Cg4 26 + Gray to olive-gray (5Y 5/1.5, moist) silty clay loam . Massive . Firm when moist . Common, fine to medium, distinct, strong-brown (7 .5YR 5/6, moist) mottles confined along old root channels . Occasional roots . pH 6 .2 . ,

Land Use

All of the Sim soils are cleared and used for agricultural produc- tion, mainly hay and pasture . Poor drainage severely restricts the produc- tion of legumes and artificial drainage is required to control ponding and seepage during periods of heavy rainfall . Moisture holding.,capacity is high and supplemental irrigation is required only during extended, very dry periods : Puddling of the surface may occur if cultivated or grazed while wet . Sim soils are moderately fertile and good yields are possible if the excess moisture is controlled . Power requirements for cultivation are moderate . _

GLEYSOL SOILS

These are moderately poorly to very poorly drained soils that may have a dark coloured surface horizon (Ah) up to three inches thick under virgin conditions but when mixed to a depth of six inches (Ap) has either less than three percent organic matter or it differs only slightly in colour from the next underlying horizon . Underlying horizons are strongly gleyed and/or mottled . Weakly. developed eluvial and illuvial horizons may be present and there may be 12 inches of consolidated or 18 inches of unconso]idated peat or muck on the surface .

The Orthic and ~Rego Gleysolsubgroups of Gleysol soils were identi- fied on the lowlands of the Mission map area.

Orthic Gleysol Soils

these are moderately poorly to very poorly drained soils that may have a .dark coloured surface horizon up to three inches thick but, when mixed to .a depth of six inches, is light in colour . The subsurface hori- zons ~are'strongly gleyed and/or mottled and 12 inches of consolidated or 1'$ inches of unconsolidated peat or muck may be present on the surface . Weakly developed eluvial (Aej) and illuvial (Btj) horizons are present .

The Hatzic series was the only Orthic Gleysol soil identified on the Mission map area lowlands .

Hatzic Series

The Hatzic series occurs only in the Hatzic Valley below elevations of 25 feet . Topographically, it is level to very gently sloping and undulating with gradients below two percent . A total of 330 acres of Hatzie silty clay and 29 acres of Hatzic series were classified .

This soil has developed from moderately heavy and heavy textured vertical accretion deposits of the Fraser River which were deposited in quiet, shallow water . Silty clay loa,-n or silty clay are the usual surface textures ; underlying horizons are somewhat heavier . Cracks develop in the profile on drying but when wet, the soil expands and restricts root and moisture penetration:

Both external and internal drainage is poor due to slow runoff and restricted internal moisture movement . Scattered, shallow gullies have developed in some areas which assist in removal of some surface water. The water table is at or near the surface most of the winter, after heavy rainfalls and during high water on the Fraser River. The original vegeta- tion-prior to~clearing consisted of sedge, various grasses, hardhack, cedar, willow, and other species tolerant to poor drainage .

The Hatsie series is classified as an Orthic Gleysol. Weakly developed eluvial and illuvial horizons are general and a typical profile, examined approximately one-half mile north of Hatzic Lake, was described as follows : '

Depth Horizon Inches Description

Ap 0 - 5 Very dark gray (l0YR 3/1, moist) silty clay loam or silty clay. Moderate, medium to coarse, subangul.ar blocky structure .. Firm when moist, plastic when wet . Scattered pieces-of Aejg material mixed into horizon by cultivation : Abundant roots . pH 5 .2 . Abrupt boundary :

Aejg 5 - 7 Dark grayish brown (2 .5Y 4/2, moist) silty clay . Moderate, fine, prismatic breaking to moderate, coarse, subangular blocky structure . Very firm when moist, plastic to very plastic when wet . Common, fine, distinct, strong-brown (7 .5YR 5/6, moist) mottles . Abundant roots . pH 5 .L,. . Clear boundary :

Bgt j 7 -7,3 Gray to grayish-brown (5Y 5/1 - 2 .5Y 5/2, moist) silty clay or clay. Moderate to strong, medium to coarse, prismatic structure . Very firm when moist, very plastic when wet . Common medium, prominent, strong-brown (7 " 5YR 5/6, moistj mottles . Scattered clay flows and clay skins . Abundant to common roots . pH 5 .5 . Gradual boundary : . 3- -

. 'Depth Horizon Inches Description

BC 13 -16 Dark-gray to gray (5Y 4 .5/1, moist) silty clay or clay. Moderate to strong., medium to coarse, pris- matic structure . Very firm when moist, very plastic when wet . Many., medium, prominent, strong-brown to yellowish-red (7 .5YR 5/6 - 5YR 5/8, moist) mottles . Scattered cla3r flows along walls of cracks . Common roots, mainly along cracks . pH 5 .7 . Diffuse boundary :

Cgl 16 -24 Gray (2 .5Y 5/0, moist) silty clay . Massive . Very firm when moist, very plastic when wet . Many, medium, prominent, strong-brown (7 .5YR 5/6, moist) mottles . .Vertical cracks spaced four to ten inches apart . Qccasional roots along cracks . pH 5 .8 . Diffuse boundary :

Cg2 24 + Gray (2 .5Y 5/0, moist) silty clay . Massive . Very . firm when moist, very plastic when wet . I1iany, medium, prominent, ,yellowish-red to strong-brown (SYR ~/b - 7 .5YR 5/6, moist) mottles . Scatterod vertical cracks . At time of sampling (SeptFr,bE.r, 1906) the water table was at 35 inches . p}? 6 .0 .

Land Use

The Hatzic soils are cleared and used mainly for hay and pasture production . Clover-grass mixtures are ~enerally used, although the clovers are quickly decimated by the poor drainaFe . Minor acreage is also used for silage corn .

Artificial drainage installation i.s required to remove excess water from the profiles as well as from the soil surface . Power requirements for cultivation are high due to the heav~ texture, and puddling of the surface may occur if cultivation or grazJ_'_n.r, is attempted vrhile the soil is wet .

i3.ego Gle.ysol Soils

These are moderately poorly to very poorly drained soils which have a dark coloured. . surface horizon riot more than thr~ee inches thick l,.;rider virgin conditions . When Cultivated Lo a depth of six_ inc}ics, the plotNr layer . is lirnht in colour . Underlying IioriT ons are stron,Yly gleyed and/or mottled but exhibit. no elLvia.l or . :.lluvial c'r:aract .:;:~ist `Lca . lip to 1,2 inches of consolidated or 18 inc" hes of peat or inuck may be present on the surface .

The Annis, i~c~lvee, Pac-,<.;, t'res! , .i:r:! Sa:r.~:: were classified as Rego Gleysols on the lowland's of ti,:: :-:i.s .:ion nap ~u?"pa . - 33 -

Annis Series (30)

Annis soils occupy 11$ acres and occur as small, scattered areas throughout the lowlands below elevations of 20 feet . The topography is level to very gently undulating and often is depressional in relation to the surrounding land .

Six to 12 inches of well decomposed organic material, sometimes con- taining some mineral sediments,overlyir.g silty clay loam to silty clay tex- tured Fraser River floodplain deposits forms the parent material of these soils . Surface textures are muck and at depth (greater than 30 inches) sand is sometimes encountered . These soils often occupy the transition zone between organic and mineral soils .

Drainage is generally very poor, occasionally varying to poor . Flooding frequently occurs after heavy rainfall and the water table is near the surface most of the year . The flat to depressional nature of the Annis soil areas causes them to act as~catchment basins for runoff from higher land and the heavy textured, massive nature of the subsoils severely restricts water penetration and rooting depth .

Annis soils are classified as Rego Gleysols . Profile development is restricted to.organic accumulation on the surface and strong gleying in the subsoil . y~izere it remains, the native vegetation consists of cedar, willow, sedge, reeds, hardhack, and other water tolerant species . A typical profile was described as follows :

Depth Horizon Inches Description

Hp 10 - 2 Very dark gray to dark-gray (l0YR 3 .5/1, dry) or very dark brown (l0YR 2/2, moist) muck. Very friable when moist . Abundant roots . pH 5 .2 . Abrupt boundary :

FH 2 - 0 Brown to dark-brown (10YR 3 .5/3, dry) or dark-brown (7 .5YR 3/2, moist) peaty muck . Fibrous . Common roots . pH 4 .7 . Abrupt boundary :

Cgl 0 - 4 Light-gray (l0YR 6 .5/1, dry) or dark-gray (l0YR 4/1, moist) silty clay loam. Massive . Few, fine, faint mottles . Firm when moist . OccaGional roots . pH 5 .1. Clear boundary :

Cg2 4 - B Light-gray to gray (2 .5Y 6/0, dry) or dark-gray (2 " 5Y 4/0, moist) silty clay . 14assive . Common, fine, distinct strong-brown (^, .5YR 5/6, moist) mottles . Very firm when moist . Occasional roots . pH 5 " 4 " Clear boundary : Depth Horizon Inches Description

Cg3 8 + Light brownish gray (2 . 5Y 6/2, dry) or grayish-brown (2 " 5Y 5/2, moist) silty clay loam . 1viassive . l4any medium, pro.r:Linent, strong-brown (7 .5YR 5/6, moist) mottles . Very firm when moist . Occasional roots . pH 6 .1.

Land Use

Most of the Annis soils are cleared and used for hay and pasture production . Although these soils are friable and fertile, yields are generally low due to poor drainage which destroys the leCwnes and some of the domestic grasses . These domestic specie:s are generally replaced by sedge and other weeds .

These soils require artificial drainage although some areas may be difficult to drain because of their depressional nature and the massive slowly permeable subsoil . "Where drainar'e is not feasible water tolerant crops such as reed canaxy grass should be planted .

McElvee Serie3 , .i0)

McElvee soils occur on both the uplands and lowlands, the largest acreage occurring in the Hatzic Valley below elevations of 350 feet . The toporraphy is gently sloping or undulating with gradients varying from two to five percent . I~icElvee : shallow phase occ,upie s 3!~~6 acres while 1~~cElvee : shallow phase-Isar soil coniplex and McElvee : shallow phase -Judson : shallow phase soil complex occupy 212 and t;l acres, respectively .

The parent material consists mainly of stream deposits laid down during flood periods but also includes som.e fan deposits . Surface textures are generally loam or silt loam, occasionally varying to sar:dy loam and are -underlain by sand and occasional gravel at varying, depths . _vJhere the coarse underlay occurs less than 18 inches below the. surface the soil is mapped as 1lcElvee :shallow phase . Occasional lenses of sand and scattered stones occur in the upper part of the profile .

McElvee soils are poorly drainc;d, occasionally vanying to very poorly drained in deprcssional areas . Dur:1n,, heavy rainfall or snowmelt, overflow and seepage from the streams sat~:.ral;es the soil for considerable periods . Near Stave Lake, the water table i~; also affected by fluctuations in the lake level . In some areas, pondin,:, occurs on the soil~~ surface .

These soils are classified as ReE;o (xle«sols . Profile development is confined to slight or,7anic matter e,ccun;~lct.ica: ~.:~ the .,urfac :: and r;leyinF; and mottling in the subsoil. Native '_.n uncleared areas consists of cottonwood, cedar, alder, willow, sa1J21oliti.`.~~2'rZ ; sedr:>, sk-,-Tk cabbage, and othors . A typical cultivated profile was cu~~ ~,~ribed as follows : - 35 -

Depth Horizon Inches Description

Ap 0 - 6 Light brownish gray to pale-brown (10YR 6/2 .5) dry) or very dark grayish brown to dark grayish brown (l0YR 3/2 .5 . moist) loam . Noderate, medium, subangular blocky breaking to granular structure . Few, fine, faint mottles . Friable when moist . Common roots . pH 5.6 . Clear boundary : .

Cgl 6 -13 Very pale brown (l0YR 7/3, dry) or grayish-brown (l0YR 5/2, moist) silt loam. Weak, medium, psuedo- subangular blocky structure . Common, medium, faint, . dark yellowish brown (l0YR 4/4, moist) mottles . Firm when moist . Occasional roots. pH 5 .6. Abrupt boundary:

IICgl 13 -16 Pale-brown (l0YR 6/3, dry) or light brownish gray (10YR 6/2, moist) loamy sand . Single-grained . Loose when moist . Common, fine, prominent, dark-red (2 .5YR 3/6, moist) mottles . Occasional roots. pH 5 .7 . Abrupt boundary :

Cg2 16 -28 Light-gray (l0YR 7/2, dry) or grayish-brown (10YR 5/2) moist) silt loam. Massive . Many, fine, prominent, dark-red (2 .5YR 3/6, moist) mottles . Firm when moist . Occasional roots . pH 5 .'j . Abrupt boundary :

IICg2 28 -30 Light-gray (l0YR 7/2, dry) or light olive brown (2 .5Y 4/2, moist) coarse sand . Single-grained . Many, fine, distinct, yellowish-red (5YR 4/6, moist) mottles . Loose when moist . pH 5 .8. Abrupt boundary : .

IIICg 30 + Grayish-brown (l0YR 5/2, moist) sandy clay loam . r~iassive . n few, fine, distinct, dark-brawn (7 .5YR 4/1,., moist) mottles . Friable when moist .

Land Use

Cleared areas of hlcElvee soils are utilized for hay and pasture pro- duction . The yields tend to be low because of poor drainage and include a high proportion of sedge and other weeds . Artificial drainage is required for water table control during the url.nter and after heavy; prolonged rains .

During dry summers these soils become droughty, especially the shallow phase and supplemental irrigation is neccssary to provide adequate crop moisture . T1IcElvee soils are friable and power requirements for cultivation are medium. - 36 -

Pape_Series

Page soils occupy an appreciable acreage throughout the lowlands below elevations of 25 feet and usually are very gently to gently sloping with gradients below five percent . The major acreage is mapped in soil complexes, usually in association. with the Fairfield, Seabird or Prest series . Twenty-one acres of Page silt loam, 539 acres of Page series and 44 acres of Paae :shallow phase were mapped . Several soil complexes in which Page soil occupy the dominant acreage encompass another 1,977 acres .

The parent material of the Page series consists of silty lateral accretion deposits of the Fraser River . These deposits have undulating topography and the Page soils occupy the lower slopes and shallow depres- sions, a topographic position similar to that occupied by the Hjorth series . Surface textures vary from silt loam to silty clay loam. Subsoil textures are similar, occasionally varying to lighter or heavier textured strata, while at depth, medium to fine sands are encountered . Where the depth to the sands is less than 18 inches, -c~he soil is mapped as Page :shallow phase .

The Page series is poorly drained, occasionally varying to moderately poorly drained . In the winter and during the spring freshet the profile is saturated and sometimes covered with shallow water . During other periods the surface horizon is usually free of excess moisture .

Page soils are classified as ReEo GleYsols . Profile development is restricted to slight organic matter accumulation. in the surface and strong gleyinL and mottling, in the subsoil . Small, scattered remnants of native vegetation consist of cottonwood, willow, alder, occasional cedar, skunk cabbage, sedge, .,various grasses, and other moisture tolerant species . typical cultivated profile, located iii a hay field, about 100 yards west and 500 yards south of the Idicomen Island Trtink-'vdaring roads intersection, was described as follows :

Depth Horizon Inches De scription

0 - -6 Dark-gray (5Y 4/1, 1noist) silty clay loam. I~Ioderate, mediiun, subangular bloclcy structure . Firm when moist . Common, medium to fine, distinct, yellowish- brown ( l0YR 5/8, moist,) mottles . Abundant roots . pH 5 .6 . Abrupt boundary :

Cgl 6 -23 Gray (5Y 5/1, moist) silty clay loam . idoderate, medium, psuedo-suban,r;ular bloclr,~ structure . Friable to firm when moist . ~~-iar_y, medium, prominent, strong- brown (7 .5YR 5/6, moist) mottles . Common roots . pit 6 .0 . Diffuse boundary : - 37 -

Depth Horizon Inches Description

Cg2 23 -41 Gray (5Y 5/1, moist) silt loam. Moderate, medium, psuedo-subangular blocky structure . Friable to firm when moist . Many, fine, prominent, reddish-brown (5YR k/4, moist) mottles . Occasional roots . pH 6 .3 . Abrupt boundary:

CIIC kl -47 Gray (5Y 5/1, moist) silt loam interspersed with thin bands of clean sand . Silt loam material has moderate, medium, psuedo-subangular blocky structure, the sand lenses are single-grained . Friable when moist . Com- mon, fine, distinct, brown to dark-brown (7 " 5YR 4/k, moist) mottles . Occasional roots . pH 6.4 . Abrupt boundary :

IICg 47 + Medium sand of variegated colour . Single-grained~. Loose when moist . Few, fine mottles . pH 6 .4 .

Land Use

Most of the Page soils have been cleared and are used mainly for hay and pasture production . Some areas are also utilized for silage corn . Yields are generally satisfactory although legumes soon die due to poor drainage . Drainage installations are required to control the water table during the winter months and freshet season of the Fraser River . Outlets are sometimes difficult to locate where the Page soils are lower than the surrounding land . . .

Where Page soils occur in close association with other soils of varying drainage, they are unsuited for crops requiring uniform maturity . Excess moisture and heavy texture tend to delay spring cultivation and puddling may occur if these soils are cultivated or grazed when wet . Water holding capacities are high and only during very dry summers is irrigation necessary .

Prest Series (30)

The Prest soils occupy scattered, small, depressions in the lowland area below elevations of 20 feet .- Five hundred and seventy-two acres of Prest series, 97 acres of Prest :shallow phase, 189 acres of Prest-Page soil complex, and 43 acres of Prest-Annis soil complex were mapped .

Prest soils have developed in the lowest depressional areas of the lateral accretion deposits of the Fraser River . Both surface and subsoil textures range from silty clay loam to silty clay with sands usually encoun- tered at depth . Two or three inches of peat or muck sometimes occur on the soil surface . .

Drainage is very poor . Floodinp is common during the Fraser RiverPs freshet stage or after heavy rainfall and the water table is at or near the - 3,= -

soil surface for most of the year .

The Prest series is classified. as a Rego Gle~;sol . Profile develop- ment is restricted to slight organic matter accumulation in the surface and very strong gleying in the subsoil. Native vegetation consists mainly of reeds, sedge, watercress, various grasses, scattered cottonwood, willow, and other species tolerant to very poor drainage . A typical undisturbed profile was described as follows :

Depth , Horizon Inches Descrii)tion

L-H 3 - 0 Undecomposed or,,;anic matter . pH 4 .5 .

Cgl . . 0 -10 Light-gray 5Y 6/l, dry) or grayish-broti~m ( l0YR 5/2, moist) silty clay loam . Moderate, coarse, subangular bloclcy structure . 1,iany, coarse, prominent, dark-red (2 .5Yi 3/6, moisL) irottles . Very firm when moist . . Common roots . pH 5 .3 . Clear boundary:

Cg2 10 -18 Ligl.t-gray (5Y 6/1, dry) or gray (5Y 5/1, moist) silty clay . 1~i~,ssive . Common, distinct, yellowish- (10YIZ 5/5, mois~i) mottles . Very firm when moist . Occasional roots . pH 5 .',7, Abrupt boundary :

IICg lf' -27 Light-gray to gray (5y 5-5/1, dry) or very dark gray to dark-gray (2 .51' 3 .5/0, mois-'t) loamy fine sand . Single-`rai.ned . Stron`,1;- gleyed . Very friable when moist . pH 16- .3 . Abrupt botuidary :

27 + Gray (2 .5Y 5/0, moist.) s::.lt loarn . Massive . Strongly gleyed . Firm when moist . pi-1 6 .3 .

Land Use.

Poor drainage severely restricts the use of Prest soils . 1t~ny areas are non-arable because of the high water '-.able and. are used for permanent pasture . Installatioa-, of drains greatly increases the s-L,itability of these soils for forage and hay crops but. the- small areas in question and the difficulty of locatin,m outlets often does not tirarrant the cost . In such cases, reed canary prass or other water tolorant species should be planted to provide permanent pasture . Small. drpressl_ons may sometimes be partially filled by levelling the surrounding, soilc~, o~_- deepened to provide a water source for irrigation or livestock .

Sardi° Ser;_-~.s

D-iesp soils occup,v scattered, m;i_or. acroa;"e: : oil both the lowlands and -the uplar.ds of the map area . '!i~n t.opo;;:c~ap:r,,rJ~_s level to gently sloping --39-- and undulating with gradients below five percent . Twenty-nine acres of Sardis series and 82 acres of Sardis-Judson :shallow phase were classified .

The parent materials consist mainly of sands and gravels eroded from deposits at higher elevations and redeposited along the margins of creeks during their freshet stages . Surface textures vary from stony, gravelly sand to sandy loam and are underlain by coarse gravels . At depth, a variety of geologic materials occur depending on the materials the streams are traversing .

These soils are generally poorly drained and are classified as Rego Gleysols, although some profiles exhibit the characteristics of Orthic Regosols . Most areas are still uncleared and support a variety of vegeta- tion including cottonwood, alder, willow, salmonberry, sedge, various grasses, and scattered cedar .

Land Use

I~iost of the Sardis soils are unreclaimed and used for rough pasture . The coarse stony texture makes them poor agricultural land because of low moisture holding capacity and low nutrient status . These soils are subject to flooding during periods of heavy rainfall . By use of irrigation when required and .fertilization, these soils are fair for forage production . Access may be difficult since these soils sometines occur at the bottom of steep sided ravines and gullies .

FEGOSOL SOILS

These are well and imperfectly drained soils that lack discernible horizons or in which profile development is limited to slight organic accumulation in the surface (Ah) and weak mottling in the subsoil . They are usually found on recentl.y deposited geologic materials . The Gleyed Deorcic, Deorcic, Gleyed Orthic, and Orthic subgroups of Regosol soils were identified on the lowlands of the -Hission map area . .

Gle,yed Deorcic Rcgosol Soils

Gleyed Deorcic Regosol soils have developed under imperfect drainage conditJ .ons and profile development is restricted to organic accumulation in the surface (Ah) horizon and weak mottling and gleyinp, in the subsoil. These soils are represented by the Bates and Fai.rfield series on the h3ission area lowlands .

Bates Series

The Bates soils occur mainly in Hatzi.c Valley and occupy a relatively minor area below 25 feet elevation . Topographically, they are gently undu- lating to undulating with most slopes below nine percent . Seventy-three acres were classified as Bates series and 102 acres as Bates-,;n, soil com- plex . ... 40 --

This series is derived from local stream deposits similar to those forming the parent material of the Sim series . Silty materials eroded from deposits at higher elevations were redeposited during flood stages as natural levees along present and abandoned stream courses . These levees, which exceed two feet in thickness, generally overly Fraser floodplain sediments . Surface and subsurface textures vary from silt loam to silty clay loam and are stone-free . Water permeability is moderate and root penetration is good .

The Bates series is imperfectly drained and is classified as a Gleyed Deorcic Regosol . Profile development consists of organic matter accumulation in the surface horizon and weak gleying and mott ling in the subsoil . The natural vegetation ; remnants of which occur only in a few, scattered areas, consists of cedar, cottonwood, alder, willow, blackberry, salmonberry, and others . A typical profile, located in a hay field approxi- mately three-quarters of a mile north of Hatzic Lake, was described as follows :

Depth Horizon Inches Description

Ap 0 - 7 Very dark gray (l0YR 3/1, moist) silt loam . 'Moderate, medium, subangular blocky structure . Firm when moist . Abundant roots . pH 5 .!,. . Abrupt boundary :

Cgjl 7 -14 Grayish-brown (2 .5Y 5/2;, moist) silt loam . Aioderate, medium, psuedo-subang,ular blocky structure . Firm when moist . Horizon weakly vesicular . Few, fine, distinct, yellowish-red .~to strong-brown (5YR 5/8 - 7 .5YR 5/G, moist) mottle : . Abundant roots . pH 5 .6 . Gradual boundary :

Cgj2 74 -21,. . Grayish-broti,m (2 .5Y 5/2, moist) silt loam . Moderate, medii,un, psuedo-subanEular blocky structure . Firm when moist . Horizon weakly vesicular . Common, fine, distinct, yellowish-red (5YR LF/7, moist) mottles . Common to occasional roots . pH 5 .7 . Diffuse boundary :

Cgl 24 -32 Grayish-brown to olive (2 .5Y 5/< - 5Y 5/3, moist) silt loam . t~:assive . Firm when moist . l,iany, medium, prominent, strong-bro:"m ( ; . 5YR 5/6, moist) mottles . Occasional roots . p'r: 5 . 8 . Diffuse boundary :

Cg2 32 + Grayish-brown to olive (2 .5Y :~/2 - 5Y 5/3, moist) silt loam or silty clay loara . ~~:assi~,rc . Firm when moist . i'Iany, medd.,um, pI'O1T11.7L^TTi , :tron-brown (7 .5YR 5/7, moist) mottles . pH 5 . . . ~. -41-

Land Use

The Bates soils are used chiefly for hay and pasture production and yields are high . Although the soils are imperfectly drained, legumes in the sward are not generally affected by excess moisture . Tile drainage is not required for most crops although crops very sensitive to '-;wet feets~ may suffer some damage during the wet winter and spring months . Water holding capacity is high and only infrequent irrigations are required during most years for good crop production .

The Bates soils occur in small or irregular shaped areas often requiring them to be managed similarly to the surrounding soil series . The undulating topography precludes the production of crops requiring uniform maturity.

Fairfield Series

The Fairfield series, one of the major soils in the lowland area, occurs at elevations below 25 feet and has topography varying from very gently to moderately undulating . Gradients are below nine percent . Frequently the series is mapped in complexes with the Monroe and Page series . Ninety-eight acres of Fairfield silt loam, 504 acres of Fairfield series and 217 acres of Fairfield :shallow phase were mapped . In addition, numerous soil complexes dominated by Fairfield soils occupy another 3,818 acres .

The parent material of this series consists of silty lateral accre- tion deposits of the Fraser River and in the ridge-and-swale topography this soil occupies the intermediate slopes, shallow depressions and low ridges . Surface and subsurface textures are generally silt loam or silty clay loam, and occasionally vary to loam in the shallow phase . The shallow phase is mapped where the underlying sands occur less than 18 inches below the soil surface . These soils are stone-free, have .moderate permeability and good root penetration.

Drainage is imperfect with mottling usually beginning within 12 inches of the soil surface . A water table is present in the solum during the freshet stage of the Fraser River and undyked areas are subject to flooding and seepage during periods of above-average runoff . After heavy rains a temporary perched water table also exists .

Fairfield soils are classified as Gleyed Deorcic Regosols . Profile development is restricted to slight organic matter accumulation in the surface and mottling in the subsoil. Buried, old surfaces occasionally occur at various depths . Uncleared areas support cottonwood, alder, vine and broadleaf maple, hazelnut, birch, waxberry, thimbleberr1T, stinging nettles, bracken, and other deciduotzs species as well as occasional cedar and spruce . A typical profile located about 175 yards south of the Highway P-Sterling Road intersection was described as follows : Depth Horizon Inches Description

Ap 0 - 6 Dark-gray (l0YR 4/1, moist) silty clay loam . Moderate,, medium, subangular blocky structure . Friable when moist . Abundant roots . pH 5 .3 . Abrupt boundary :

Cgjl 6 -12 Dark grayish brown (lOYR 4/2, moist) silty clay loam. Moderate, medium, psuedo-subangular blocky structure . Friable when moist . Common, fine, faint, dark-brown to brown (7 .5YR 4/4, moist) mottles . Common roots . pH 5 .6 . Gradual boundary :

Cgj2 12 -22 Dark-brown to brown (l0YR 4/3, moist) silty clay loam. Moderate, medium, psuedo-subangular blocky structure . Friable when moist . Many, medium, faint, dark-brown to brown (7 .5YR 4/4, moist) mottles . Common roots . pH 6 .0 . Clear boundary : moist) Cg 22 -29 Dark grayish brotivn to grayish-brown (l0YR 4,5/2, silt loam . ~ffeak to moderate, medium, psuedo- subangular blocky structure . Friable when moist . Many, fine, distinct, reddish-brown (5YR 4/4, moist) mottles . Common roots . pH 6 .1. Abrupt boundary :

IICg 29 + Grayish-broti,m to light brownish gray (l0YR 5 " 5/2, moist) sand . Single-grained . Loose when moist . Few, fine, mottles of variegated colour . Occasional roots . pH 6 .3 .

Land Use

Fairfield soils are among the best in the map area and good produc- tion of a wide range of crops is possible . Uncleared acreage occurs only on some of the islands, the remainder has been cleared and is used primarily for hay, pasture and silage corn production . A small acreage is also devoted to raspberries and strawberries . Because of the undulating topo- graphy and close association with other soils of different drainage charac- teristics, the Fairfield soils are generally not suitable for crops requir- ing uniform maturity .

Tile drainage is not required In_ these imperfectly drained soils . Poor drainage conditions exist for only short periods and do not greatly restrict crop growth . Fertility is generally good and power requirements for cultivation are moderate . During dr,y sLrarers these soils, particularly the shallow phase, respond to irrigation altliou;~h their drought resistance is high . -. 43 -

Deorcic Regosol Soils

Deorcic Regosol soils are well to moderately well drained soils whose profile development is restricted to slight to moderate organic matter accumulation in the surface horizon (Ah) . They are found on the lowlands of the map area and arc represented by the Monroe series .

Nionroe Series

. The Monr.oe soils occupy a substantial acreage on the lowlands of the map area . Most areas are below 30 feet elevation and have very gently to moderately undulating topography with slopes below 10% . Monroe soils are closel;y associated with the Grevell arid Fairfield series and are often mapped in soil complexes with them . In addition to 126 acres of Monroe series and 340 acres of 1;onroe :shallow phase, numerous soil complexes in which Monroe soils occupy the dominant acreage amount to 4,465 acres .

These soils have developed from lateral accretion deposits of the Fraser River and occupy the tops and upper slopes of the ridges iii the ridge-and-swale topography . Surface and subsurface textures, usually silt loam or loam, occasionally .var~f to fine sandy loam or silty clay loam. At depth, sand or grave.lly sand is encountered and, where these coarse under- lying materials occur within 18 inches of the surface, the soil is mapped as Monroe :shallow phase . In .some profiles, scattered sandy lenses also occur in the silty materials . Hionroe soils are stone-free, friable and have good permeability and rooting depth . Earthworm activity is evident in most, areas .

. Monroe .soils are. moderately well to well drained . Mottling generally begins two or more feet below the soil surface . During uncom- monly high water on tne Fraser River a temporary water table occurs in the solurn in some places and -Lzndyked areas may flood for short periods .

This soil series is classified as a Deorcic Regosol with profile development generally confined to organic matter accumulation in the sur- face horizon .

Most of the native vegetation has been cleared . Remnants indicate it to be mainly deciduous and consists of, among others, vine and big leaf maple, hazelnut, birch, alder, and cottonwood with an understony of trail- ing blackberry, thimbleberry, stinging nettles, waxberry, bracken, and moss . Scattered Douglas fir, cedar and Sitka spruce also occur . A culti- vated profile, located in a pasture about one-half mile south of the inter- section of Newton and Hyde-Buker roads was described as follows :

Depth . Horizon Inches DescriDtior.

Ap 0 -10 Dark-gray to dark grayish brown (l0YR 1+/1.5, moist) . silt loam . Pioderate, mediwn, subangular blocky structure . Friable when moist . Abundant roots . pH 5 .5 . Abrupt bo~ondary : --44 -

Depth Horizon Inches De scri tion

Cl 10 -2S Dark-brown to brown (l0YR 4/3, moist) silt loam . Moderate, medium, psuedo-subangular blocky structure . Friable when moist . Common roots . pH 6 .0 . Abrupt boundary :

IICl 28 36 Brown (l0YR 5/3 .5, moist) loamy sand . Weak, fine, psuedo-subangular blocky structure . Very, friable when moist . Occasional roots . 6 .7 . Abrupt boundary :

C2 36 -41 Yellowish-brown (l0YR 5/4., moist) silt loam . Weak, medium, psuedo-st:bangular blocky structure . Friable when moist . Occasional roots . pH 6 .4 . Abrupt boundary :

IIC2 1}1 + riedinm sand of variegated celour . Single-grained. Loose when moist . pH 6 .7 .

Land Use

I.ionroe soils are among the best in the map area and most cleared acreage is used for hay and pasture . Some parts are also used for silage corn and small fruit, mainly raspberries and strawberries . These soils, due to undulating relief, are not well suited for canning peas and other crops requiring uniform maturity .

i~ionroe soils are friable, have good rooting .depth and are relatively easy to cultivate . Vlater holdinr, c.apacities~are moderate and irrigation, especially on the shallow phase, is required for optLnum crop production .

If land levelling is attempted care should be taken to avoid exposing the underlying sands by removing the silty surface horizons, levelling the subsoil sands and returninE.; the silty material to its original position .

Gleved Orthic Rezosol Soils

These are imperfectly drained soils which exhibit weak gleying or mottling in the subsoil and which may have s, thin, weak Ahj horizon on the surface . They are usually developed on recently deposited fr,eoloFic materials . The only soil in the lowlands classified as Gleyed 0Ahic Regosol is the. Seabird series .

Seabi rd Series (21)

The Seabird series, . occupying a re.lativel~= m~1nor acreage on the floodplain, occurs below elevations of 30 feet, Th.- topography varies from very gent7;% -to gently undulating~ ; most slopes are below five percent . This series --'Ls frequently closely associated wit}; the Greve11 and Page - 45 ._ series which occupy slightly higher and lower topographic positions, respec- tively . One hundred and forty-six acres acres of Seabird series and another 264. acres of three soil complexes dominated by Seabird soils were classified .

Seabird soils have developed from recently deposited lateral accre- tion sediments of the Fraser River and are usually found on the islands in the river or along the outer margins of the river floodplain . Both surface and subsurface textures are coarse, usually loamy sand or sand, although silty bands sometimes occur at various depths in the profile . These soils are-stone-free ., very friable and have good root and moisture penetration .

Drainage is imperfect in these soils . High water tables and some flooding during the freshet season and after heavy, prolon;ed rainfall is common . Where present, the silty strata sometimes cause perching of a temporary water table . Soil reactions are generally neutral reflecting the effect of the sli~htly alkaline Fraser River water and se-ai.rments .

Seabird soils are classified as Gle,yed Orthic Regosols . Profile development is restricted to mottling and some gleying in the subsoil, and occasionally slight organic matter accumulation in the surface . In areas not cleared the vegetation is .mostly d~:ciduous and a typical profile under a moderate cover of cottonwood and willow understoried by trailing black- berry, stinging nettles and various grasses, was described as follows :

Depth Horizon Ii:c.Ies Description

C 0 - 4 Very dark grayish brown (? .5Y 3/2, mo-st) medium to fine sand . Single-grained . Loose ui1en moist . Com- mon roots . pH 6 .9. Clear boundary : .

Cgjl 4-9 Very dark grayish brown (2 .5Y 3/2, moist) loamy sand or loam,~r fine sand . y~cak, medium, psuedo-subangular blocky structure, breaking to single-grains . Very friable to loose when moist . Few, r:cdiWli, faint, mottles . Common roots . pit' 7 .3 . Clear boundarJ :

C ;j2 9 -1Ja. Very dark gra-,%,rish brovm (2 .5Y 3/2, moi st ) loamy fine sand . -Weak, medium, psuedo-subarigular blocky struc- ture . Very friable when moist . Common, medit:m, distinct, dark reddis~; brown to strong-brol-m ( 5YH. 3A - 7 .5YR LA, moist) mottles . Common to occasional. roots . pH 7 .5 . Abrupt boundary :

IICgl 1.L,. -22 Olive-gray to dark grayish brown (2 .5Y L,/2 -- 5Y 4/2, moist) silt; loan or s:i.lt,y clay loam, i~ioderate, coarse, psuedo-subar.;ular block-y st.ructur~e . Firr.i . when moist . Common, mcdium, promia:=.nt, dark- reddish brown to reddish-brown (5Y:1 3 .5/4, moist) mottles, -- 46 --

Depth Horizon Inches Description

mainly along root channels . Occasional roots . pH 7 .2 . Clear boundary :

IICg2 22 -28 Dark grayish brown (2 .5Y 4/2, moist) silt loam . Moderate, medium, psuedo-subantular blocky structure . Friable when moist . Common to many, medium, distinct, brown to dark-brown (7 .51'.R 4/4, moist) mottles . Occasional roots . PIT 7 .1 . Clear boundary :

Cgj3 2$ + Dark ara~Tish brown (2-5Y 4/2., moist) fine sand . Slightly firm in place, breaking to single-grains when disturbed . Loose when moist . Few, medium, faint mottles . Occasional roots in upper part . pH 7 .2 .

Land Use

Most of the Seabird soils are located outside the dyked area and are susceptible to flooding . For this reason they mostly are uncleared . Culti- vated areas are used mainly for the production of hay and pasture . Yields are average although droughtiness during the latter part of the growing season restricts production . lioisture holding capacities arc low and irri- gation is required for maximum yields .

A portion of the Seabird soils on :~-:atsqui Island are utilized for cottonwood plantations .

Orthi c Rep,osol Soils

Orthic Regosol soils generally occur on recently deposited geologic materials and are well to moderately well drained . Horizon development is laclcina or restricted to a thin or very weak l.hj surface horizon. In the lowland area, Ortliic Rerosol soils are represented by the Grevell and Isar series .

Grevell Series (00)

Although Grevell soils occupy. scattered areas throughout the flood- plain, usually below 30 feet elevation, the lareest acrear;e is located near the river margins or on the islands in the river . The ust:al topography is 1"enl,ly sloping and undulating with gradients to sc:voi: percent . Frequently, Grevell soils are closely associated with t}-.c: Seabird and Monroe series . Forty-two acres of Grevell loamy sand and 211,, acres of Crevell series were differentiated . An additional 606 acres are included in .four soil cbr.iplexes dominated by Grevell .soils . - 4,7 ._

These soils have developed on recent lateral ucc:rei.J__on dc.posits of the Fraser River . Surface textures vary from sand to sandy loam althour-h loamy sand is most common . The subsoil is generally sand, occasionally varying to gravelly sand and sometimes coi:taininC thin, finer textured bands . These soils are stone-free and have good rooting depth and moisture permeability. . . .

Grevell soils are well to rapidly drained and only during the freshet season of the Fraser River is there a water table in the solam . A few areas may flood for short periods . Profile development, if any, is restricted to a weak Ahj surface horizon resulting in this series being classified as an Orthic Regosol . Soil reaction varies from neutral near the river to weakly acid at some distance from the river .

Uncleared areas indicate the native vegetation to be mainly deciduous including cottonwood, alder, willow, vine maple, birch, and hazelnut iczder- storied by brapken, thin, bleberrti-, waxberry, stinr;ing nettle, arid other species . Occasional Douglas fir and cedar also occur . A typical, undis- turbed profile was described as follows :

Dept h Horizon Inches Des cription

L--H 2- 0 Undecorr:posed grass and forest litter . pH 7 .0 .

Cl 0 - 9 Gray (10Y:~ 6/1, dry) or dark-gray t,o ~.,ra~- (l0YR 4 .5/1, moist) mediuri sand . Single-&rairred . Loose when moist . Common roots . pH 7 .1~ Abrupt boundary :

C2 . 9 -12 Light brownish gray (101"R 6/2, dry) or grayish-brown (l0YR 5/2, moist) loamy fine sand . ~~teak, fine, psuedo-suban¬;ular blocly structure . Loose when moist . Occasional roots . pH 7 .3 .- Abrupt boundanr :

iTlolvli C< 12 -22 Gray (l0YR 6/1, dr7r) or brourn ( .1_4, 513 ) ) medium sand . Sin,.,le-;rained . Loose when moist. . Few, fine, faint, mottles . Occasional roots . pH 7 .4 . . Abrtkpt boundary : . C3 2_^ + Light brownish gray ( lOti.'R 6/2, dry) or Eray to grayish-brown (J.OYR 5/1.5, moist) medium sand . Single-jrained . Loose when moist . t~ p.{ l . ~E "

Land Use

tJliere cleared, the Grevell soils are utilized ~~'iainly for hay and pasture . Because of the coarse textures, the moisture holding and excaange capacities are low, and manuring., fertilizinn and irri~.ation are required . - 4 E.- for satisfactory .crop production .

Since these soils frequently occupy small areas or are intimately intermingled with other soils, they generally hav6 to be' managed similarly to the surrounding soils .

Isar Series

. Isar soils occur throughout the map area on both .the uplands and lowlands below elevations of 300 feet . The topography is variable, rang- ing from gently sloping with gradients below five percent to steeply sloping with gradients to 40%. Four hundred and four acres of Isar gravelly loamy sand, `JO acres of Isar gravelly sandy loam and 1,089 acres of Isar series were differentiated . Three soil complexes in which Isar soils dominate occupy another 410 acres .

These soils have developed on relative7,y recent alluvial and occa- sionally alluvial-colluvial fan deposits, eroded from the higher mountainous areas . Surface and subsizrface textures var7 from sandy loam to stony gravel . .Stones and cobbles frequently occupy a large portion of the solum. Fan apexes are steeper and.coarser textured than the fan aprons which some- times have a thin finer textured capping mantling the coarse underlay .

Isar soils are well to rapidly drained . Water movement through the profile is good, although saturation di.:e to seepage occurs during heavy rainfall when the water level in the associated streams is high .

The Isar series is classified as an Orthic Rc:gosol . Profile develop- ment is lacking except for a thin, weak Ahj surface horizon in some loca- tions . The original vegetation was dominantly coniferous but logged areas presently support a~mixture of deciduous and sE:cond prowth coniferous . species including vine and big leaf maple, cottonwood, alder, cedar,, and hemlock . Undergrowth consists of thimbleberry, sal.monberrjr, huckleberry, bracken, salal, and others . A thin moss grourid cover is also present in some areas . A typical, undisturbed profile, located on the Cascade Creek fan east of Sy3.vester Road v,ras described as follows : .

-Depth . Horiz on Inches Description

L 22- 2: Leaves, torigs and other izndecomposed deciduous . material . pH 5-1 . Abrupt boundary :

H 2 - 0 Black (10YR 2/1, moist) well decomposed organic material . t~ieak, fine, subangular blocky breaking to granular structure . Very friable when moist . Abun-, dant fine roots . ~ pH 1+ .3 . Abrupt boundary : -49-

Depth Horizon Inches Description

Ahj 0 - 3 Dark rayish brown to grayish-brown (.10YR l~ .5/2, moist) sandy loam. Weak, fine, subangular blocky . structure . Very friable when moist . Abundant roots . pH 4.4. Clear boundary :

Cl 3 -13 Stony gravel.of variegated colour . Single-grained . Loose when moist . Approximately 50% of horizon is composed of stones three inches or more in diameter . Abundant to common roots . pH 5 .3 . Diffuse boundary :

C2 13 -26+ Stony gravel of variegated colour . Single-grained . Loose when moist . Fifty percent or more of horizon is composed of stones three inches or more in diameter. Occasional roots 3.n upper part . pH 5 .5 .

Land Use

' Most of the Isar soils are uncleared and used for rough pasture . The scattered cultivated areas are used for hay and pasture production and generally produce poor yields because of droughtiness and ].ow fertility . For satisfactory crop production heavy manuring, fertilization and irriga- tion is required . Many areas are sufficiently stony to be non-arable and are best used~for native pasture and building sites .

OROAILIC SOILS

Soils which contain 30% or more organic matter and have a depth of at least 12 inches of consolidated or 18 inches of unconsolidated organic matter are classified as Organic soils . They are very poorly drained and have a water table at or near tile surface for substantial parts of the year .

The wet environment has reduced decoinposition of the organic material to the extent that the accumulation rate has beer. faster than the rate of decay. Remains of sedges, reeds, wood and moss are the chief com- ponents of organic soils . The degree of decomposition is variable, ranging from well decomposed muck in which individual plant remains are unrecogniz- able to -raw peat in which individual components are easily 'identified .

1iack soils are the only Organic soils . occurring in the IfLission map area .

.Muck Soils

These are very poorly drained soils which have well. to moderately well decomposed organic surface horizons . Subsurface organic horizons may be at various stages of decomposition and the underlying mineral material is strongly gleyed . Shallow mucks consist. of 12 to 2!,. inches of organic material while deep mucks have organic accumulations exceeding 24 inches in depth .

Banford muck, a shallow muck, and Gibson muck, a deep muck, were differentiated on the lowlands of the map area .

Banford iiuck (30)

Banford muck may be found in small, scattered areas throughout the lowlands of the map area; generally below elevations of 25 feet . Topogra- phically ; it is depressional or very F;entl-y sloping with gradients below two percent . This soil often occurs in association with the Annis series with no topographic or other distinguishing surface features and the two are sometimes mapped as a soil complex. Fifty-five acres of Banford muck, 126 acres of BanfordAnnis soil complex and 29 acres of Banford-Elk soil complex were differentiated .

Banford muck has developed from accumulations of sedge, reeds .and other organic material, 7_2 to 24 inches deep, which generally overlie silty or clayey Fraser River floodplain sediments . Near fans and streams the mineral subsoil sometimes is medium to moderately coarse textured . The surface horizon is well decomposed while subsurface organic horizons are usually moderately decayed . Strong gleying is dominant in the mineral subsoil . Soil reaction is strongly to extremely acid .

Banford soils are very poorly drained . The water table is at or near the surface for most of the year . Runoff and seepage from higher surrounding land and occasional flooding during the freshet stage of the Fraser River contribute large amounts of excess water .

The Banford soil, classified as a shallow muck, developed under swamp vegetation consisting of sedges, reeds, hardhack, sweet gale, skunk cabbage, various grasses, scattered tirillav4, cottonwood., cedar, and bog birch . A typical cultivated profile was described as follows :

Depth Horizon Inches Description

Hp 23 -16 Very dark gray to dark-gray (l0YR 3 .511, dry) or black (1.0YR 2/1, moist) muck . Very friable when moist . Common roots . pH 4 .3 . Clear boundany :

FI-I 16 -11 Very dark grayish brown to dark-brown (l0YR 3/2 .5, dry) peaty muck . 'Friable when moist . Common roots . pH 1+ .2 . . Gradual boundary : Depth Horizon Inches Description

FCg 11 - 0 Light-gray and dark grayish brown (l0YR 7/1 and l0YR 4/2 .5, moist) alternating bands of silty and mucky material. ldeak, medium, subangular blocky structure . Few, fine faint mottles . Firm when moist . Abundant roots . pH 4.7 . Abrupt boundary :

Cgl 0 -14 Light-gray (10YR 7/1, dry) or grayish-brown (l0YR 5/2, moist) silty clay loam . Massive . Few, fine, distinct, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4, moist) mottles . Firm when moist . Common roots . pH 4.7.

Cg2 1L,. + Light-gray (l0YR 6 .5/1, dry) or gra~T (5Y 5/1, moist) silt loam . Massive . Few, medium, distinct yellowish- brown (l0YR 5/6, moist) mottles . Firm when moist . pH 4 .6 .

Land Use

This soil is similar in use to Gibson muck. Refer to the land use section under Gibson muck on page 52 .

Gibson Muck (22)

Gibson muck occurs on several areas of the lowlands below 25 feet elevation . The topography is slightly depressional to very gently sloping; gradients are less than two percent . A total of 218 acres of Gibson muck and 129 acres of Gibson-Banford soil complex were classified .

These soils have developed from organic accumulations of sedges, reeds, moss, wood, and otber organic material which exceed 24 inclies in depth . They generally overlie silty or clayey textured floodplain sediments but, in the vicinity of fans and local streams, may have medium to moderately coarse textured mineral subsoils . The surface horizon is generally well to moderately well decomposed while underl,y-ing organic horizons may be at various stages of decomposition . The mineral subsoil is strongly gleyed and soil reaction is strongly to extremely acid .

Drainage is very poor with the vrater table at or near the soil sur- face for large parts of the ,year . Runoff and seepage from higher surround- ing areas as well as seepage and flooding from the Fraser River di.iring its freshet stage cause the high water table conditions .

Gibson r:tu.ck is classified as a deep muck with the organic materials usually between two and six feet deep. Native vegetation is swar~ip forest consisting of scattered cedar, hemlock, bog birch, hardliack, sweet gale, sedge, skunk cabbage, various grasses, arid other water tolerant species . A cultivated profile was described as follows : .. j~ .'

Depth Horizon Inches Description

Hp 0--5 Dark grayish brown (l0YR 4/2, dry) or very dark brown (10YR 2/2., moist) muck . Weak, fine, granular struc- ture . Friable when moist . Abundant roots . pH 4 .0 . Abrupt boundary :

FH1 5 -11 Dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3, moist) peaty muck . Z4eal:lj stratified . Friable when moist, hard when dry. Common roots . pH 4 .1. . Clear boundary:

FH2 11 -16 Dark reddish brown (5YR 2/2, moist) peaty muck . Partly to well decomposed . Firm when moist, hard when dry . Common roots in upper part ; occasional in lower part . pH Z;. . 6 . Clear boundary :

Fl 16 -26 Dark-brown ('] .5YR 3/2., mois-!;) mucky peat . Partly decomposed . Very firm when mo_i.st, hard when dry. Occasional roots . pH /., .£' . Gradukal boundary :

F2 26 -3S Dark-brov.~n (7 .5YR 3/2., moist) peat . Partly decom- posed reeds and sedge . Scattered one inch bands of gray (5y 5/1, rfoi SO silty clay 1oar.m . Very firm when moist . pH 5 .0 .

L 38 + Fibrous peat of variegated colour. i~iainly undecom- posed reeds and sedge . . pH 4 .8 .

Land Use

Areas of Gibson muck wliich .have been reclaimed are presently used for hay and pasture production . Sed.+;e content of the forate is usually high and the feed value low . If well mana;ed these soils are highly pro- ductive, especially for such specialized crops as blueberries and .vegetables .

Seepage and runoff from hirrher areas can often be reduced by instal- lation of interception tile lines or ditches . Open ditches are satisfactory for drainage within the bog, Tile lines are also satisfactory in the shallower bogs where the tiles can be laid on the rnir_eral subsoil . bJhen draining, care should be taken to avoid lowering -the water table more than is required for good crop growl-,h. Over draininL causes excessive subsidence of the organic deposits and often results in drcu~hty conditions during the latter part of the. growi.n,, season . -53-

Upland Soils

HUMIC PODZOL SOILS

These are well to imperfectly drained soils which have developed under forest . They have thick organic surface horizons (L-H), a light coloured, eluviated horizon (Ae) and dark coloured illuvial horizon (Bh or Bhf) in which organic matter is the main accumulation production . The Ae horizon is well developed and the upper four inches or more of B horizon either contain an average of-more than 10% of organic matter as well as appreciable amounts of oxalate-extractable iron, or very little iron with an organic matter to iron ratio of more than 20 :1, and with more than two percent organic matter. The base saturation is very low and the cation exchange-capacity is very high.

The Orthic and Gleyed subgroups of Humi.c Podzol soils were differen- tiated in the Mission map area. Two intergrades between Hwnic Podzols and Podzols were also recognized . They are an Ortstein Podzol--0rthic Iiutr~i.c Podzol intergrade and a Gleyed Ortstein Podzol-Gleyed Humi.c Podzol inter- grade .

Orthic Humic Podzol Soils

These are well to moderately well drained soils with organic surface horizons (L-H),~a light coloured eluviated horizon (Ae) generally more than one inch thick and dark coloured, illuvial T3 horizons . The upper four inches of B horizon contain an average of more than 10% organic matter and the organic matter to oxalate-extractable iron ratio is less than 20 :1 . The Bhf horizon is generally underlain by Bfh or Bf horizons .

The Cardinal and Sayres series were classified as an Orthic Humic Podzol .

Cardinal Series

The Cardinal series occupies a substantial acreage on the uplands of the map area between 600 and 2,200 feet elevation . Topography is generally steeply sloping and/or steeply rolling with gradients between 15 and 35% . Most common gradients are between 15 and 20% . Sixty-three acres of Cardinal silt loam, 356 acres of Cardinal loam, 1,142 acres of Cardinal series, and 6,050 acres of Cardinal-Steelhead soil complex were differentiated . Several other soil complexes dominated by Cardinal soils account for a further 2,685 acres .

These soils have developed from ablation till deposits into which a shallow aeol.ian overlay has been mixed by windthrow . Profile textures are loamy and stones and gravels are mixed throughout . .At depths between 24 and 36 inches, hard, compact, impermeable, basal till occurs . Root penetra- tion through the solum is satisfactory but decreases abruptly when the basal till is,encountered as evidenced by the formation of a moderately well to well defined root mat just above the basal till . _. 54 --

The Cardinal soils are usually moderately well drained and often grade into the imperfectly drained Steelhead soils . Only slight evidence of restricted water movement is evident in the profile except immediately above and in the upper part of the basal till . Here mottling and gleying indicates that water table perching and seepage occur in this zone . Few to common, hard shot occur in the upper part of most profiles .

The Cardinal series is classified as an Orthic Humi.c Podzol, although variation to Orthic Podzol occurs in some areas . Well developed Ae and Bhf horizons are general except in areas where recent churning and mixing has occurred through windthrow action . The dominant vegetation is coniferous and consists of Douglas fir, western hemlock and western red cedar . Vine maple, red alder as well as several other deciduous species form a variable undertstcry and ground cover donsists of several mosses and ferns . A typical profile, located west of McCoombQs Road was described as follows :

Depth Horizon Inches Description

L 12- i Undecomposed coniferous material and moss . pH 3 .9. Abrupt boundar~r :

HF 1 - 0 Black to dark reddish brovm (5YR 2/1.5 moist) well to partially decomposed coniferous material . Abun- dant roots . pH 3 .c^ . Abrupt boundary :

Ae Dark-gray (l0YR 4/1, moist) or gray, (5YR 5/1, dry) loam or silt loam. Weak, fine, subangular blocky structure . Very friable when moist . Horizon varies from ~ to 1~ inches in thickness . Abundant roots . pHL 4 .2 . Abrupt bowzdary :

Bhf k- 3 Dark reddish brov,rn (5YR 3/3 moist) or brovan to dark- brov,m (7 .5YR 4/4, dry) silt loam . trdeak, fine, subangular blocky, structure . Very friable when moist . Common, small to nedium, hard shot . Abundant roots . pH 5 .4 . Clear boundary :

Bfhl 3 - 8 Yellowish-red (5YR 4/6, moist) or dark-brovm to strong-brown (7 .5YR 4/4-5/6, dry) silt loam. Weak, fine, subangular bloclcy structure . Friable when moist . Scattered, hard shot . Abundant roots . pH 5 .5 . Gradual boundar=J :

Bfh2 S -15 Reddish-brown ( ;YR 4/L,~, moist) or yellowish-brown ( l0YR 5/5, dry) silt loam. Weak to moderate, fine, -55-

Depth Horizon Inches Description

subangular blocky structure . Friable when moist . Occasional hard shot . Scattered stones and gravel. Common roots . pH 5 .5 . Gradual boundary:

Bfhgj 15 -24 Dark-brown to strong-brown (7 .5YR 5/5, moist) or yellowish-brown (l0YR 5/4, dry) silt loam . Moderate., medium, subangular blocky structure . Friable to firm when moist . Scattered stones and gravel. Few, fine, faint mottles . Common roots . pH 5 .5 . Clear boundary:

BC 24 -31 Dark reddish brown to dark-brown (5YR 3/3 - l0YR 3/3, moist) loam . Moderate,, medium, subangular blocky structure . Friable to firm when moist . Scattered stones and gravel . Many, coarse, distinct yellowish- red (5YR 4/7, moist) mottles . Weak to medium root- mat present . pH 5 .5 . Clear boundary :

IICg1 31 -39 Dark grayish broti~m (l0YR 4/2, moist) fine sandy loam. I1assive, breaking to moderate, coarse, psuedo.-blocky structure . Very firm when moist . IIany coarse, prominent yellowish-red (5YR 4/8, moist~ mottles . Occasional roots in upper part : pH 5 .6 . Gradual boundary :

IICg2 39 + Dark grayish brown (l0YR L,./2, moist) fine sandy loam . Massive) breaking to strong, coarse, psuedo-blocky structure . Very firm when moist . Common, coarse, prominent yellol~rish-red to dark-red (5YR 4/s - 2 .5YR 3/6, moist) mottles, mainly aloiig~cracks and fractures . pH 6 .0 .

Land Use

The Cardinal soils are well suited for forest production . Rooting depth and texture are satisfactory and only during very dry summers will moisture deficiency seriously curtail tree, growth . Plot measurements indi- cate the mean annual increment at 161 cubic feet per acre per year .

Once logged, these soils should be replanted as soon as possible because (1) they have high site rating, (2) scrub and other undesired species may invade before desired species establish naturally, and (3) pro- bable occurrence of water erosion if there is no protective vegetative cover . Logging practises should be chosen which will minindze soil erosion. Road building is favourable because of the moderate topography . Drainage ditches are necessary because of the impermeability of the compact ba^al till. . . 56 ..

Generally these soils are unsuitable~for agricultural use due to adverse topography and stoniness . Small, scattered areas may be suitable for forage production although clearing costs are very high .

Sayres Series.

The Sayres series°occupies L,.$0 acres in the northwestern portion of the map area above 2,500 feet elevation. Although ..the bedrock controlled topography varies from steeply to very steeply sloping and hilly with gradients between 15 and 60%, the most cor.mon, slope is .-about 30N .

These soils have developed from a shallow mixture of ablation till and/or col.luviiun which usually overlies granitic bedrock or occasionally, basal till . Profiles-are stony to very stony and textures vary from loam to loamy sand, with-sandy loa~m being most common. ,Depth to the underlying bedrock or basal till is usually between 18 and 24 inches although varia- tion from.six to 36 inches occurs and bedrock outcrops in some areas . Rooting'depth is restricted and well developed root mats have developed above the impervious underlay . .

The drainage of the Sayres series generally is moderately well., but varies to imperfect . Rainfall is high and the w-sr.ter snows generally do not thaw .before late in May. Although moisture permeability is satisfactory in the solum, dotmslope seepage along the surface of the bedrock moistens the lower portions of the profiles for considerable periods .

The Sayres series is an Orthic Humic Podzol . Inclusions of Gleyed Humic Podzol occur in some depressional areas within the map units . The Ae horizons are well developed and the B horizons contain a high proportion of organic matter. It appears that the high concentration of organic matter is due to the combined effect of eluviation and decomposition of roots in place . Most horizons have variable cdlours~due to uneven distribution of organic matter.

Native vegetation, typical of coastal subalpine areas, is coniferous, dominantly western hemlock, yellow cedar, balsam fir, and scattered western red cedar in somewhat open stands . A typical profile, located at about 3,000 feet elevation on a road cut in a logged area supporting blueberry, fireweed, bracken, elderberry, queenvs cup, twisted stalk, and regrowth hemlock, yellow cedar and balsam fir was described as follows :

Depth Horizon Inches ' Description

L 6 -- 5 Undecomposed mixture of coniferous and deciduous material. Abundant roots . pH 5 .0 . ' Abrupt boundary :

HF 5 - 0 Very dusky red (^ .5Y? 2/2, moist) muck. Friable when moist . Abuidant roots . pH 3 .5 . Abrupt boundary : - 57 w

QaVLh aAIAman 0 . 2b F~,.~dftc%-WM to ViN.doh-gray (5YR 5.5/2, moist) candy . Vxts, fine, oubMgular blocky structure . Vriobbc tlkan mist. Abundant roots. PH 3 .9. Abru3t ~s . 2h. 9 Moctz to rcddiat-b~ (5YA 2A-4/4, moist) sandy loom. tbats to cstdorotoD fin3 to czsliim, cub-nngu3ar blocky ctswtm. Pism uhaa moiot. Scattered stonea and c®bbIm. Abwdtnt raats. VH 4.2. GrcsBunb bszdmT: . ~ -gy Waft to r,-ddiPh-b=n (5YI3 2/1-!,/4, moiot) loca. tbeft 4.o tmdomto, 81w to mdium, subnngular blocky Ctrocturo. Flmiablei to . fl= ahan moist, Scattered to ca== otonos ad cobbles . - Coxnon roots. pH 4.4. Gradura bordoxy: . .

Shl 15 -20 Very dusky rcd to reddishbra= (2.5YR 2/2 - 5YR 4/4, i~oiat) lospr muck. ~ Moderate, medium, subangular bloc1W structure. Fim when moist . Cnanon stones and cobbles . Comon roots. pli 4" 7. Gradual boundary:

8ha 2;D .25 Very dusky-red to dark reddish bra= (2.5YR 2/3, moist) laCM muck. Moderate, mediun, subangular blocky structure . Fira uhen moist . Moderate content of otanoo cnd cobbles . Cki=wn roots. pH 4.8. ' h Grc.dual boundorys ' ~25 "30 Vary dork grqyioh . bra= to darkTbr=m OOYR 3/2 .5, catot) oondy 2wm. .~ -Hodorate, medium, subangular ~bloctw otructure . Firm tdmn moist . ' Scattered stones od cobbloo. Variable coloured fine, distinct, ccon- h mr mottles . Occasional roots . This horison not akxyo present . pH 5 .1. . Abrupt boutMtuqs Gronitic b:drock.

Za gnMa series has no cgriculturnl use due to steep topography, otcM:eaoo. Heovy coniferous vegetation precludes any potential for ~tvu~8 g~i.ng. lFosrost grauth is fair and is mainly restricted by shall= rooting dog2hD droughti,neus during dry simmers and short groYrlng seasons .

; . . '',~. . , . . . , . . . . ~ . . . . , . . . . . 7 : . . " ~ . .~ .. . . ~' . Gleyed-Humic Podzol Soils

These ax~e imperfectly drained soils which have the same general type of profile as the previous Orthic Humic Podzol soils except for indications of excessive wetness . Mottling and occasional weak gleying occur in the upper part of the B horizon and increase in intensity downward in the pro- file . The Steelhead series was classified as a Gleye.d Humic Podzol .

Steelhead Series

The Steelhead soils occupy scattered areas throughout the uplands of the map area below 2,200 feet elevation . Topographically, they are gently to strongly .sloping and rolling with slopes varying from five to 20% . Often, they are closely associated with the Cardinal series and occupy the lower slopes and shallow depressions in the rolling topography . Four hundred and fifty-four acres of Steelhead series and 720 acres of Steelhead-Cardinal soil complex were mapped . Two smaller soil complexes in which Steelhead soils are dominant occupy a further 381 acres .

The parent material of the Steelhead soils consists of shallow aeolian materialsmi5ced with and overlyinIg ablation till . Compact, imper- vious basal till is encountered at about 30' inches . Mixing of the aeol_ian and ablation material through windthrow has produced loamy profile textures which contain stones, cobbles and boulders in varying amounts . Root pene- tration is satisfactory until the basal till is reached, then decreases abruptly w-ith the resultant formation of a well defined root mat .

The Steelhead,soils are _imperfectly drained due to restricted surface and subsurface water movement . Perching of a water table and seepage occurs near the junction between the basal till and the overlying deposits causing gleying and mottling .

These soils have been classified as Gleyed Humic Podzols although scattered areas of Gleyed Orthic Podzols also occur in the map units . 'dell defined Ae . Bhf and Bfg horizons are general except in areas recently affected by v,rindthrow . Douglas fir, western hemlock and western red cedar form the dominant vegetation with scattered red huckleberry and trillium .comprising the shrub layer and various mosses forming the ground cover . A representative profile, located near the southern end of Campbell Road was described as follows :

Depth Horizon Inches Description

I. 6 - !+ Undecomposed coniferous litter . pH 4 .1. Clear boundary :

F 4 -1 Dark reddish .brown (5YR 2/2, moist) partially decom- posed coniferous material . Occasional roots . pH 4 .0 . Clear boundary : -59-

Depth Horizon Inches Description

H 1 - 0 Black (5YR 2/1, moist) muck developed from coniferous organic matter . Abundant roots . pH 3 .8. Abrupt boundary :

Ae 0 - li Gray to grayish`-brown (l0YR 5/1.5, moist) or light- gray to light brownish gray (l0YR 6/1 .5 dry) loam. Weak, fine, subangula.r blocky structure . Friable to very friable when moist . Abundant roots . pH 4 .1 . Abrupt boundary :

Bhf 12- 5 Black to dark reddish brown (5YR 2/1-3/3, moist) or dark-brown (7 .5YR 4/4-3/2, dry) loam . Moderate ., coarse, subangular blocky structure . Friable to firm when moist . Scattered patches of weak to moderate cementation. Common roots . pH 5 .0 . Clear boundary :

Bfhgjl 5 - 9 Strong-brown to yellowish-red (7 .5YR 5/6 - 5YR 5/6, moist) or yellowish-brown (l0YR 5/4, dry) loam. Weak to moderate, medium, subangular blocky structure . Friable to firm when moist . Few, medium, distinct mottles . Scattered to common fine shot . Common roots . pH .5 .3 . Clear boundary :

Bfhgj2 9 -19 Yellowish-brown (l0YR 5/6, moist) gravelly sandy loam. Weak to medium, fine, subangular blocky structure . , Friable when moist . Many, medium, distinct yellowish- red (5YR 4/8, moist) mottles . Scattered stones and boulders . Common roots . pH 5 .4. Clear boundary :

Bfhg 19 -25 Dark-brown to brown (7 .5YR 4/3, moist) loam . Weak, fine, subangular blocky structure . Friable when moist . Well defined root mat . Common, medium, dis- tinct yellowish-red (5YR 4/8, moist) mottles . Scat- tered stones and boulders . Abundant roots . pH 5 .4 . Gradual boundar^f :

BIICg 25 -32 Dark-brown to brown (7 .5YR 4/3, moist) loam. Moderate ., very coarse, subangular blocky structure . Firm when moist . Weakly developed root mat . Common, medium, distinct yellowish-red (5YR 4/g, moist) mottles . Scattered stones and gravels . Occasional roots . pH 5 .8 . Abrupt boundary : Depth Horizon Inc'ke s Description

IICg 32 + Olive-gray (5Y 4/2, moist) gravelly sandy loam. Has- sive . . Extremely firm whep moist . Few, medium, dis- tinct yellowish-red (5YR 4/S, moist) mottles . p1I 6 .0 .

Land Use

The Steelhead soils appear to be the best for forest growth in the map area . Forest productivity plot measurements indicate mean annual increments of about 173 cubic feet per acre per year. Imperfect drainage ensures adequate moisture at all times, yet the drainage restriction is not severe enough to cause permanently high water tables . Textures, topo- graphy and rooting depth are also satisfactory, for good tree growth .

Logging should be immediately followed by planting to ensure fast and desirable stocking since non-commercial species invade quickly . Because these soils have high site quality and relatively subdued topo- graphy, thinning can be carried out economically . Due to their generally moderate topography, good litter cover- and texture, the erosion potential of these soils is low.

Some portions of the St.eelhead soils can be utilized for limited agriculture although. adverse topography, stoniness, low fertility, and restricted drainage will cause difficulties . Forest cover is dense and clearing costs are high .

Ortstein Podzol-Orthic Humic Podzol Intergrade Soils

These are soils that have the characteristics of both Ortstein Podzol and Orthic HunLc Podzol soils . They are well to moderately well drained and have developed under forest vegetation . Under natural condi- tions an organic surface horizon (L-i-i) is present, underlain by an eluvial (Ae) .horizon .and one or more B horizons in which organic matter and ses- quioxides are the main accumulation products . The upper four inches of B horizon contain more than 10% organic matter and the oreanic matter to oxalate extractable iron ratio is less than 20 :1 . Some or. all of the B horizons are cemented .

The Roach series was classified as an Ortstein Podzol-0rthic Hiuni.c Podzol intergrade . ,

Roach Series

The Roach series- occurs mainly in ~CorLpartment No . 1 of the i~Lission Tree Farm below 700 fect elevation. The topography varies from gently to steeply sloping and urldula~t:i.n~, v,"i.;:h gradients r'an`ing from five to e2_01Z. A hummocky nr3_crc-relief is present due 1,o the uprooting of trees . A large portion of the Roach soils are closely associated uTith the i~:ission series . Fifty-seven acres of Roach Jravelly loam, Jw(> acres of Roach series and 770 acres . of Roach-Hission soil complex were differentiated . A further 971 - 61- acres is included in two soil complexes dominated by the Roach series .

These soils have developed from coarse glacial outwash deposits which are generally more than 10 feet thick, and occasionally have a very shallow aeolian capping . Surface textures vary from sandy loam and loam to gravelly loamy sand, rapidly changing to gravelly sand and sandy gravel in the subsoil. Forty to 60% of the subsoil volume is occupied by stones and cobbles .

The Roach soils are classified as Ortstein Podzol-Orthic Humic Podzol ir.tergrades . The Ae horizons are well: developed except in areas recently disturbed . The upper B horizons contain a high proportion of organic matter while the lower horizons are strongly cemented and almost impermeable, causing the rooting zone to be extremely shallow. Well developed root mats occur above the cementation which usually is found within 12 inches of the surface .

The soil profiles are~moderately well drained with slight seepage and temporary perching-of water above the cemented zone . Water holding capacity is very low.

Most areas of Roach soils presently support second-growth stands of western hemlock understoried by moss and bracken . A typical profile, located about one-quarter rr.i.le north of Steelhead was described as follows :

Depth Horizon Inches Descripti on

L 3z- . 2-Z' Raw coniferous litter wid moss . pH 4 .3 . Abrupt boundary :

HF 22- 0 Black (5YR 2/1, moist) well to partially decomposed coniferous organic material. pH 3 .9 . Abundant roots . Abrupt boundary :

Ae 0-1i Dark-gray (l0YR 4/1, moist) or gray to grayish-brown (l0YR 5/1 .5, dry) sandy loam or loam . Weak, medium, suban~ular blocky structure . Very friable when moist . Abundant roots . pH 4 .0 . Abrupt boundary :

Bhf 1,--r~- 8 Dark reddish brown (2 .5YR 3/4, moist) or dark-brown to strong-brown (7 " 5YR 4/4-5/6, dry) sandy loam. Moderate, fine -to medium, subangular blocky structure . Friable when moist . Well developed root mat . Abun- dant roots . pH 5 .0 . Clear boundary :

Bfhc 8 -1J., Yellowish-red (5YR 4/8, moist) or strong-brown (7 .5YR ~ 5/6, dry) t;ravelly loamy sand . Strongly cemented in Depth Horizon inches Description

place, breaking to strong, medium, subangular blocky structure . Very firm when moist . Approximately 40% of horizon is composed of cobbles greater than three inches in diameter . Occasional roots . pH 5..4 . Gradual boundary :

Bfcl ]1,. -19 Yellowish-red to strong-brown (5YR 5/8 - 7.5YR 5/8, moist) or light yellowish brown to brownish-yellow (l0YR 6/5, dry) gravelly sand . Very strongly cemented in place breaking to strong, medium, suban- gular blocky structure . Extremely firm when moist . Approximately 1;.0i of horizon is composed of cobbles greater than three inches in diameter . Occasional fine roots . pH 5 .6 . Clear boundary :

Bfc2 19 -25 Strong-brown (7 .5YR 5/6, moist) to variegated gravelly sand . Strongly cemented in place, breaking to strong, medium, subangular blocky structure . Very firm when moist . Approximately 50% of horizon is composed of cobbles greater than three inches in dia- meter . Few, fine, faint mottles . pH 5 .8 . Gradual boundary :

BC 25 -37 Variegated gravell,T sand containing approximately 50p cobbles greater than three inches in diameter . . Moderately to strongly cemented in place, breaking to moderate, medium, psuedo-subangular blocky structure . Scattered iron staining around some pebbles and cobbles . pH 5 .9 . Diffuse boundary :

C 37 + Variegated gravelly sand containing approximately 50% cobbles greater than 3 inches in diameter . Compact in place, breaking to single~rains when disturbed . pH 5 .7 . Land Use

The Roach soils are relative.ly poor for forest growt}i . Ai .A .I . measurements show forest growth to be about 7$ cubic feet per acre per year . Rooting depths are very shallow and water holding capacities are low, resulting in these soils being droughty .

These soils are generally unsuitable for arable agriculture, due to extreme stoniness, low water holdint; capacities and shallow rooting depths . Because of the dominantly coniferous vegetation they also have little use for rough pasture . Some areas have value as sources of gravel and fill . Gle.yed Ortstein Podzol-Gle~red Huwnic_Podzol Intergrade Soils

These are, imperfectly drained soils which exhibit characteristics of both Gleyed Ortstein Podzol and Gleyed Ii.umic Podzol soils . Profile development is similar to that described for Ortstein Podzol-Orthic Humic Podzol Intergrade soils (page 60), except that mottling and gleying generally occurs within about a foot of the surface . The iiission series was classified as a Gleyed 0rtstein Podzol-Gleyed Humic Podzol Intergrade soil.

Hission Series

. Mission soils occupy a relatively minor area of the uplands below about 700 feet . The topography is generally depressional to level. Roach soils are frequently intermingled with the Hission series which occupy the lower slopes and depressional areas . One hundred and eighty-seven acres of Iiission series were classified .

These soils have developed from coarse glacial outwash deposits which occasionally have a shallow aeolian capping on or mixed into the sur- face . The outwash deposits are very stony with 40% or more of the soil volume. .occupied by cobbles, stones and boulders . Surface textures vary from sandy loam to loamy sand, rapidly changing to sandy gravel or gravelly sand with depth . . .

The Mission soils are classified as Gleyed Ortstein Podzol-Gleyed Humic Podzol Intergrade so~iils . The Ae horizon is well developed although the thickness varies depending on churning and mi~dng due to windthrow . Rooting depth is shallow due to the strong cementation, and a well defined root mat is generally present above the cemented zone . Drainage is imper- fect with seepage and a perched water table occurring above the cemented layer . . .

Vegetation is mainly western hemlock and red cedar with a ground cover of various mosses . A typical profile, located about one-quarter mile north of Steelhead was described as follows :

Depth Horizon Inches Description

L G - 5 Undccomposed coniferous litter and moss . Common . roots . ph 4 .0 . Abrupt boundary :

HF 5 - 0 Well to partly decomposed coniferous and moss material . Very friable when moist . Abundant roots . PI1 3 " } . Abrupt boundary :

0 - 3 Gray ( 5Ya moist) or gray to -light-gray (l0YR 5 .5/1, dry) loanry sand or sandy loam . i~leak to -64 -

Depth Horizon Inches Description

moderate, medium, subangular blocky structure . Friable when moist . Abundant roots . pH 4.2 . Abrupt boundary :

Bhf 3 - 7 Dark reddish brown (5YR 2/2, moist) or reddish-brown (5YR 4/4, dry) sandy loam. I:oderate, medium, suban- gular blocky structure . Friable to firm when moist . Boulders and stones occupy about 50% of volume . Well defined root mat . Abundant roots. . pH 5 .0 . Abrupt boundary:

Bfc 7 -10 Strong-brown to yellowish-red (7 " 5YR 5/S - 5YR 4/S, moist) or yellowish--brown (l0YR 5/6, dry) gravelly loamy sand . Indurated . Extremely firm when moist . Few, fine, faint, mottles . Large stones occupy approximately 50; of the horizon . Occasional roots . pH 5 .5 . Clear boundary:

Bfcgjl 10 -lla. Yellowish-brown (l0YR 5/6, moist) gravelly sand . Strongly cemented, breaking to single-grains when crushed . Extremely firm when moist . Common, fine, distinct, strong-brown (7 .5YR 5/6, moist) mottles . -Stones occupy approximatelir 50% of horizon. pH 5 .0 .

Bfcgj2 ].Ii. -23 Yellowish-brown ( l0YR 5/6., moist) to variegated gravelly sand . Strongly cemented breaking to single- grains when crushed . Extremely firm when moist . Large portion of horizon consists of stones and cobbles . Common, mediura, distinct, strong-brown (7 .5YR 5/6, moist) mottles . pH 5 .7 . Clear boundary :

Cg 23 + Gravelly,sand of variegated colour . Single-grained . Loose when moist . Few, mediwz, faint, mottles . pH 5 " 7 .

Land Use

The i~iission soils produce good forest growth even though the rooting zone is shallow . Seepage and a perched water table make water available for long periods in spite of the low water holding capacity and drouUhtiness occurs only during prolonged dry periods . Ifeaii annual increment measure- ments indicate an average growth of 168 cubic feet per acre per year . The Mission soils do not occur in large areas ; they are scattered through the poorer Roach soils . - 65 -

These soils generally are not suited for agriculture due to excessive stoniness, low fertility, shalldw rooting depth and restricted drainage . The .vegetation is generally coniferous with very little ground cover suitable for rough pasture .~

PODZOL SOIIS

These are well-to imperfectly drained soils with organic surface horizons (L-H), a light coloured eluviated horizon (Ae), and illuvial hori- zons (Bfh or Bf) of higher chrana in which organic matter and sesquioxides are ~the main accumulation products . Under virgin conditions the Ae is more than one inch thick and the upper four inches of the B horizon contain an average of less than lOb of organic matter . The organic matter to oxalate extractable iron ratio .is less than 20 :1 and the Fe + A1 (oxalate extraction) content exceeds that .of the C horizon by about 0.8% or raore . The solun generally has a low degree of base saturation and is acid in reaction .

The Orthic Podzol subgroup was identified on the uplands of the map area .

Orthic Podzol Soils

These are well to moderately well drained soils which, under virgin conditions, have organic surface .horizons (L, F, H) with light coloured, eluvial horizons (Ae) more than one inch thick and with friable Bfh and Bf ~horizons generally having a chroma of four or more. . The average organic matter content of the upper four inches of B horizon is less than 10% and the Fe + Al (oxalate extraction) content of the B horizons exceeds that of the C horizon by about 0 .$% or more .,

The Cannel, Crickmer, Florence,~Hoover, Kanaka, Keystone, Morgan, and Stave series were-all classi~ied as Orthic Podzol soils .

Cannel Series

The Cannel series occupies a substantial acreage on the uplands of the map area, mostly between elevations of 1,000 and 2,200 feet . The topo- graphy is steeply to very steeply sloping with gradients usually varying from 20 to 60% . The Cannel series is often closely associated with rock outcrops and the Hoover series . One hundred and thirty-one acres of Cannel series, 1,595 acres of Cannel-Hoover soil complex and 754 acres of Cannel series were mapped . An additional 930 acres are included in three other soil complexes dominated by the Cannel soils . .

The Cannel soils occur on or near the top of ridges, where the underlying bedrock is usually within 12 inches or less of the soil surface . The soil profiles have developed from a mixture of ablation till and colluvium which overlies the bedrock or occasionall,y, .compact basal till . Surface and subsoil textures vary from sandy loam to gravelly sandy loam . Drainage varies from well to rapid and rooting depth is poor because of -66-

shallowness to the impermeable subsurface materials . The profiles contaixl a high proportion of stones and cobbles . ,

The Cannel series is classified as an Orthic Podzol . Both the Ae and Bf horizons are well developed . Hard concretions, varying in amounts from very few to numerous occur in the B horizons of most profiles . Vegeta- tion is coniferous, dominantly Douglas fir, western red cedar and western hemlock . A typical profile, located near the north end of ZicCoombsf Road was described as follows : ,

Depth Horizon Inches Description

L 4 - 3 Raw coniferous litter and moss . Common roots in lower part . pH 3 .8 . Abrupt boundary:

FH 3 - 0 Partially to well decomposed coniferous material and moss . Abundant roots . pH 3 .6 : Abrupt boundary :

Ae 0 - l Dark-gray (l0YR 4/1, moist) or gray to .grayish-brown (l0YR 5/1.5, dry) sandy loam. Weak, fine, subangular blocky structure . Very friable when moist . Abundant root s . pH 4 .1. . Abrupt boundary :

Bfh 1 - 4 Dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4, moist) or brown (7 " 5YR ' 5/4, dry) sandy loam. Common, hard concretions . Weak, fine, subangular blocky structure . Friable to firm when moist . Common stones and cobbles . Abundant roots . pH 5 .0 . Clear .boundary:

Bf 4 - 7 Reddish-brown (5YR 4/4, moist) or brown (7 .5YR 5A, dry) sandy loam. Common, hard concretions . Weak, fine, subangular blocky structure . Friable when moist . Common stones and cobbles . Abundant roots with development of a moderate root mat in bottom inch . Abrupt boundary:

R 7 + Slightly to moderately fractured granitic bedrock.

Land Use

The Cannel soils have no agricultural value because of adverse topo- graphy, stoniness, droughtiness and shallow rooting depth. In relation to most of the other soils on the uplands, the Cannel soils are also poor for forestry with M :A .I . measurements indicating growth rates of about 82 cubic -67 - feet per acre per year. These low values are due mainly to the limited moisture supply available in these shallow, stony, moderately coarse tex- tured soils .

Low M.A .I . measurements and costly roadbuilding caused by close proximity of bedrock and steep topography indicates that Cannel soils should be considered for other uses; such .as watershed protection and wild- life . The impermeable subsurface deposits and steep topography also makes them vulnerable to erosion when logged . Any erosion of these shallow soils would result in a further decline of growth rates and would make re-estab- lishment of trees difficult .

Crickmer Series

The Crickmer series occupies one area totalling 761 acres in the vicinity of Mount Crickmer above about 3,500 feet elevation . The topo- graphy is generally very steeply sloping and rolling with most gradients between 30 and 60%.

Crickmer soils have developed on talus, landslide and other colluvial deposits eroded from the local bedrock. In a few areas some glacial till is mixed with these colluvial materials . These soils are shallow to bedrock and rock often outcrops . Profile textures are usually gravelly sandy loam and are very stony.

These soils are rapidly to well drained . The coarse textures permit good moisture permeability and because they are located near or on the mountain crests, seepage from higher elevations is small . In areas where the colluvial deposits have stabilized, the soil profiles are Orthic Podzols . Unstable areas are regosolic'in character .

Most of the area is located in the subalpine zone . The scrubby vegetation is sparse and characterized by balsam fir .and mountain hemlock interspersed with occasional yellow cedar .

Land Use

The Crickmer soils have no use for agricultural purposes due to adverse topography, stoniness and rockiness .

These soils also produce poor forest growth, partly because of low moisture holding capacity and shallow rooting . Since they occur near tree- line, the climatic limitations are also very high . The best use of these soils is for watershed purposes and wildlife .

Florence Series

The Florence soils occur only in the northwestern portion'of the map area, mostly between 2.,200 and 3,500 feet elevation . The topography varies from steeply to very steeply sloping and rolling with gradients from 15 to 60% . Usually, however, the slopes are between. 30 and 60% . One -68 -

hundred and ninety-four acres of Florence series and 366 acres of Florence- Cannel soil complex were mapped .

These soils are found on sharp and rounded ridge tops and the associated upper slopes and have developed from a mixture of ablation till and colluvium which overlie bedrock and occasionally, basal till . Bedrock outcrops occur in places and the depth of the overlay does not generally exceed 20 .inches . Surface and subsurface textures vary from sandy loam to loamy sand and gravelly loamy sand and contain a high proportion of stones and cobbles . Rooting depth is shallow, usually less than 15 inches .

Although the Florence soils occupy landscape positions similar to those of the Cannel series, they have been separated from the Cannel series due to differences in elevation, climate and vegetation. The Cannel soils where possible, have been separated from rock outcroppings . Because of inaccessibility, the Florence soils have not generally been separated from smaller rock outcrops and therefore some rock outcrops are included in the Florence soil mapping~units .

These soils are well to rapidly drained . Moisture permeability through the profile is good and, because of the topographic position, seepage from higher clewC~ions is slight . Most slopes are moderately stable and have Orthic Podrol profile development . In scattered, unstable areas, developnen~ i6 kcaa Broz,rn Wooded, or, occasionally, Regosolic .

Vegetation is dcmina.ntly coniferous, mainly western hemlock and yellow cedar inter:>persed with western red cedar, balsam fir and, at the lower elevations- Douglas fir.

Land Use

Florence scils have no agricultural use . They are very steep, stony and droughty . Forest cover is mainly coniferous and has little value for rough pasture or grazing purposes .

Forest growth is relatively poor and limited by droughtiness and shallow rooting depth . If logged, these soils tend to.erode readily and regeneration is restricted . Roadbuilding is expensive due to the shallow- ness to bedrock and rough topography . Uses other than forestry should be considered for these soils, for example, watershed protection .

Hoover Series

The Hoover series occupies a substantial acreage between 700 and 2,200 feet elevation . Topographically it is steeply to very steeply sloping with gradierits between 15 and 60%. Usually, however, the slopes are between 30 and, 60% . Four hundred and fifty-one acres of Hoover series and 2,603 acres of Hoover-Cannel soil complex were mapped, as well as 1,,548 acres of another three soil complexes 'in which the Hoover soils dominate . -69-

These soils have developed from an 18 to 30 inch mixture of collu- vium and ablation till which is underlain by hard, compact basal till or bedrock. At the lower elevations small amounts of aeolian material have also been incorporated . The mixing, caused by downslope creep and tree up- rooting, has been extensive and high contents of stones and cobbles have been mixed throughout the profiles . Surface and subsurface textures are sandy loam or gravelly sandy loam. Root and moisture permeability is good through the solum but decreases abruptly when the compact basal till is reached, resulting in the formation of a well defined root mat and mottling above the till . In this zone, a.variable amount of downslope seepage also occurs .

The Hoover soils,~usually located downslope from the Cannel soils, are generally moderately well drained with some of the lower slopes tending toward imperfect drainage . These soils are classified as Orthic Podzols . The Ae and Bf horizons are well developed . A variable content of hard con- cretions occur in the upper part of some profiles .

The vegetation is characterized by Douglas fir, western red cedar and western hemlock . A slightly deeper than usual profile located near the north end of RicCoombs4 Road was described as follows :

Depth Horizon Inches Description

LH 3 - 0 tiixture of raw to well. decomposed coniferous litter and moss . Abundant roots . pH 3 .9 . Abrupt boundary :

Ae 0 - 2 Grayish-brown (l0YR 5/2, moist) or light-gray to light brownish gray (l0YR 6/1 .5 dry) sandy loam. Moderate, medium, subangular blocky structure . Very friable when moist . Depth of horizon varies from one to four inches in sampling pit . Common roots . pH 4 .4. Abrupt boundary :

Bfhl 2 - 32 Strong-brown (7 .5YR 5/6, moist) or yellowish-brown (l0YR 5A, dry) sandy loam . Common to numerous, hard concretions . Moderate,, medium, subangular blocky structure . Friable when moist . Scattered stones.~and cobbles . Common roots . pH 5 .4. Clear boundary :

Bfh2 3-21--11 'Dark-brovm to strong-brown (7 .5YR 4/4, moist) or brown (lOYR 5/3, dry) sandy loam . Cor.unon, hard con- cretions . Iloderate, fine, subangular blocky struc- ture . Very friable when moist . Scattered stones and cobbles . Abundant roots . pH 5 .7 " Gradual boundary : - 70 -

Depth . Horizon Inches Description

Bfh3 11 -16 Brown to dark-brown (l0YR 4/3, moist) gravelly sandy loam: Common, hard concretions . Moderate, medium, . bubangular blocky structure . Friable when moist . Few, fine, faint, mottles in lower part . Scattered stones and cobbles . Common roots ., pH 5 .7 . Clear boundary :

BCgj 16 -20 Dark yellowish brown (l0YR 4/4, moist) gravelly . . sandy loam . Scattered, hard concretions . Moderate, medium, subangular blocky structure . Friable when moist . Common, fine, faint to distinct, strong-brown to brown (.7 . 5YR 4/4, moist) mottles . . Moderate con- tent of stones and cobbles . Occasional roots . pH 5 .7 . Clear boundary :

Cgl 20 -27 Dark-gray to olive-gray (5Y 4/1.5, moist) gravelly sandy loam . 1ioderate, medium to coarse, psuedo- subangular blocky structure . Friable when moist . Ifany, medium, prominent, yellowish-red (5YR 4/8, . moist) mottles . Moderate content of stones and . cobbles . Occasional roots . pH 5 .7 .

Cg2 27 -30 Dark-gray to olive-gray (5Y 4/1.5, moist) gravelly sandy loam. Moderate ., coarse, psuedo-subangular blocky structure . Friable when moist . Many coarse, prominent, yellowish-red (5YR 4/6, moist) mottles. Common roots in a well defined root mat . pH 5 .7 . Abrupt boundary :

IICg 30 38 Olive-gray (5Y 4 .5/2, moist) gravelly sandy loam. Massive . Extremely firm when moist . Few, medium, distinct mottles . pH 6 .2 . Abrupt boundary :

R 3 8 + Granitic bedrock .

Land Use

The Hoover soils are unsuitable for agricultural utilization because of adverse topography and stoniness. Vegetation is mainly coniferous and of little value for grazing purposes .

These soils support good forest growth, averaging about 111 cubic feet per acre per ,year . The main limitation to forest growth appears to be moisture deficiencies during dry surruner periods . Thinning should be moderate because of windthrow susceptibility . Roadbuilding is costly due ._ 71 -- to the steep slopes and shallow depth to bedrock.

Kanaka Series

The Kanaka series occurs above 1,000 feet elevation in the north- western portion of the map area where 899 acres were mapped . This series occupies the very steep slopes along mountain streams and has gradients of about 50 to 60% .

The colluvial materials comprising the parent material of the Kanaka soils vary in origin . Colluvium derived from ablation till dominates, but in many areas weathered basal till, glacial outwash, deltaic and lacustrine materials have also been incorporated by downslope creep and windthraw . Rooting depth is variable but is generally restricted at about three feet by compact basal till or bedrock, These soils are usually stony and while profile textures vary from loam to gravelly loamy sand, sandy loam is most common .

Drainage varies from well drained on the upper slopes to moderately well drained near the bottom . Permeability in the solum is good, but root mats and mottling generally occur-above the subsurface restricting layer.

These soils are moderately stable and exhibit Orthic Podzol charac- teristics . Some profiles in less stable areas appear Acid Brown Wooded and occasionally regosolic . The vegetation is mostly western hemlock and western red cedar interspersed with yellow cedar and Douglas fir at the higher and lower elevations, respectively .

Land Use

Kanaka soils have no use for agriculture due to the very steep topography .

Forest growth is good, especially on Lhe lowla:r slopes vrhere seepage from upslope provides adequate moisture for all but the very dry summer months . When logged these soils will tend to erode rather easily and should be replanted immediately. Roadbuilding costs are high due to the steep topography and relatively shallow depth to bedrock.

Keystone _aeries

The major acreage of Keystone soils occur east, of Rusk-in Dam and are usually below 1,000 feet elevation . Topographically, they are gently to moderately sloping and undulating with gradients below 15% except where entrenched by streams . Here the gradients may be as high as 60% . One hundred and seventy-three acres of Keystone grdvelly loam, 100 acres of Keystone loam and 524 acres of Keystone series were --lassified . Several soil complexes in which Keystone soils dorrcuiat~ ~~ncorr.pass a further 2,154 acres . . .. 72 -

The parent material of the Keystone soils consists of shallow aeolian deposits overlying or mixed with glacial outwash . The overlay generally does not exceed 12 inches and scattered stones and gravel occur in the upper surface due to mixing by windthrow . Surface textures vary from loam to sandy loarim and~gravelly sandy loam . Below about 12 inches, the textures change to gravelly sand or sandy gravel. Root and moisture penetration through the solum is good . In some areas cementation in the lower subsoil abruptly restricts moisture and roots and has resulted in the formation of a root mat and mottling above the cemented strata .

Keystone soils are moderately well.to well drained depending on whether the subsoil cementation is present . These soils generally have Orthic Podzol profiles with well developed Aeand Bf horizons . Variable amounts of hard concretions occur in the upper soliun .

These soils have developed'under coniferous vegetation dominated by western hemlock, Douglas fir and western red cedar . A typical profile, located near the east end of School Road, was described as follows :

Depth Horizon Inches Des_cription

FL 22- 11 Party decomposed to raw coniferous material and moss . Occasional roots . PHI 4 .2 . Abrupt boundary :

H 12- 0 'Black (7 .5YR 2/0, moist) well decomposed organic residues . Abundant roots . pH 3 .9 . Abrupt boundary :

Ae 0 - 12 Dark-gray (l0YR 1p/1, moist) or gray to light-gray (5YR 6/1, dry) loam. -Weak, fine, subangular blocky structure . Very friable when moist . Common roots . pH 4.5 . Abrupt boundary :

Bfhl 12- 3 Dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2 .5, moist) or brown to dark-brown (7 .5YR 1}/4, dry) silt loam. Common to numerous, hard concretions . Moderate, medium, subangular blocky structure . Friable when moist . Abundant roots . pH 5 .3 . Clear boundary :

Bfh2 3 - 6 Dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4, moist) or brown (7 .5YR 5/4, dry) loam . Common to numerous, hard concretions. Moderate, fine, subangular blocky structure . Friable when moist . Abundant roots . pH 5 .6 . Clear boundar,;- :

Bf 6 -10 Dark reddish brown to reddish-brown (5YR 3 .5/4., moist) or brown (7 .5YR 5/4, dry) loam. Common to -- '73 -

Depth Horizon Inches Description

occasional, hard, fine concretions . Moderate, medium, subangular blocky structure . Friable when moist . Common roots . pH 5 .7 . Clear boundary :

BIIC~ 10 -12 Reddish-brown (5YR 4/4, moist) or brown (7 .5YR 5/4, dry) sandy loani . Neak, fine, subangular blocky structure . Very friable when moist . Occasional roots . pH 5 .8 . Abrupt boundary :

IICgj 12 -21 Gravelly sand of variegated colour . Single-grained . Loose when moist . Common ., fine, faint to distinct mottles . Occasional roots . pH 5 .9 . Gradual boundary :

IICg 21 -28 Gravelly sand of variegated colour . Single-grained . Loose when moist . Many , mediw:t, prominent, yellowish- red (5YR 5/8, moist) mottles . Abundant roots . Distinct root mat in lower part of horizon . pH 6 .0 . Abrupt boundary :

IIC 28 + Gravelly sand of variegated colour . Cemented in place, breaking to sin~,71e-grains whei: disturbed . Extremely firm when moist . pH 6 .0 .

Land Use

Most of these soils are not being used for agriculture at the present time although, in some areas, they have limited potential for agricultural production . The main limitations are low moisture holding capacity, stoniness and adverse topograp:ly . Irrigation will be -required for satisfactor-j crop prodizcti.on and clearing costs are ril-}: due to the heavy coniferous cover.

Keystone soils are productive forest soils averaging about 133 cubic feet per acre per year. Having good site index, these soils, should be planted soon after logging. Thinning is economical because o= good produc- tivity and rooting depth is sufficiently deep to allo:-r thc tre;r-;s to be windfirm . Roadbuild.ing properties are good since the -ravelly subsoil allows for good drainage . Several gravel pits are located in the Keystone soil areas .

P%Iorgan Series

The liorgan soils are: mapped in the northwestcrn portion cf the map area above 2,200 feet elevation . They are very steeply to extremely slop- ing with gradients varying from 30 to 90;5. 1Iost co.rmon slopes, however, e 74 - are 50 to 60% . Six hundred and seventy-nine acres of Morgan series, 246 acres of Morgan-Florence soil complex and 1,104 acres of Morgan-Florence- Rock Outcrop soil complex were mapped .

These soils have developed from materials similar to those forming the parent material of the Hoover and Kenworthy series . The Morgan soils, however, occur at higher elevations . The parent material consists of stony colluvi.um and ablation till,, mostly less than 30 inches deep, which over- lies bedrock or compact basal till . Bedrock outcrops are common . Surface and subsurface textures vary from sandy loam to loamy sand and gravelly sandy loam . Root and moisture penetration through the solum is good, but is severely restricted by the impervious underlay .

Morgan soils are generally moderately well to well drained with mottling occurring above the impervious subsoil, especially on the lower slopes . Orthic Podzol is the usual profile development although Acid Brown Wooded profiles also occur-because of churning and downslope creep .

The coniferous vegetation consists mainly of western hemlock, yellow cedar and western red cedar, interspersed with balsam fir and Douglas fir at the higher and lower elevations, respectively .

Land Use

None of the Morgan soils are suitable for agriculture because of the very steep topography .

The moderate forest growth is restricted by droughtiness during summer months and shallow rooting depth . Vegetated slopes are moderately stable but when logged and will tend to erode easily and consideration should be given to immediate replating . Roadbuilding is expensive because of the steep slopes and shallowness to bedrock .

Stave Series

The Stave soils occupy scattered locations throughout the forested parts of the map area, mainly below 700 feet elevation . Topographically they are gently to moderately sloping and undulating with gradients below 15% except in areas incised by streams . Here the gradients may rise to 60%. One thousand and ninety-five acres of Stave series and 278 acres of Stave-Roach soil complex were mapped .

These soils have developed from sandy glacial outwash and sandy lacustrine deposits into which a shallow aeolian capping has been mixed . These deposits, usually at least five feet deep, overlie coarser glacial outwash and occasionally glacial till . Profile textures are variable, but generally the surface is loam or sandy loam and grades to sand and loamy sand at depth . Scattered stones-and occasional boulders occur in most profiles . Rooting depth and soil permeability is good to about 30 inches depth; theirbecomes restricted by weak to moderate cementation and, occasionally, by glacial till . Mottling and weak gleying, occurs above the r

resi;rictinfr strata .

Stave soils are moderately well .drained with a water tablc perching above the restricting subsurface layers for variable time periods . Soil profiles are classified as Orthic Podzols . Well developed Ae horizons up to two inches thick and B horizons enriched with orcanic matter and ses- quioxides are general except .in areas where recent churning has occurred . Scattered concretions occur in the upper solum .

Dominant vegetation is western hemlock and western red cedar in second growth areas and mixed with Douglas fir on u.ndisturbea sites . A typical profile, located near the intersection of Keystone and Shaw roads was described as follows :

Depth Horizon Inches Description

If-H 1~E- 0 FZavr to well decomposed coniferous litter and moss . Abundant roots . pH 4 .0 . Abrupt boundary.:

Ae 0 - 1 Gray to .reddish-c;ra~~ (5YR 5/1-5, moist) or gray (10YR 5 .5/1, dn") loar.l. *L-.Teak, fin,::, subangular blocky structure . Friable trhf:n :::oist . Abundant roots . pl~l 1_f . 2 . Abrupt boundary :

Bfh 1 - 6 Dark rcddish brown to reddish-brown (5YR 3- 5/4, moist) or brown to strong-brown (7 . ;YR 5/5, dry) loam . Ueak, fine, wubanr;ular blocky structure . Friable when moist . Common, fine, hard shot . Abun- dant roots . pH 5-4 . Gradual boundary :

Bfl b -15 Reddish-browri (5YR 4/4, moist-) or broiTr: to yelloti~rish- brown (7 .5YR 5/4 - l0YR 5/1*, dr5r) loam or silt loam. Weak, fine to medium, subanbular blocky structure . Friable when moist . Scattered, fine, hard shot. . Common roots . pH 5 .7 . Gradual boundary :

Bf2 15 -19 Dark-brown to brown (7 .5Yii 1,A moist) or yellowish- brown to light yellowish broUrn (lO1rR 5 .5/4~, dry) loam. vfeak to moderate, medi~an ; subanpular blockv structure . Friable to firm when moist . Common roots . pH 5 .9 . Gradual boundary :

BCg-j 19 -24 Yellowish-broi,rn to dark-brown (l0YR 1* . >13. . .5, moist.) or light ,ycllowish brown ( 1,J_rP GA, urY) loam. Moderate, medit.um to coarse , suban~,ular blocktT ctru:.- - 76 -

Depth Horizon Inches Description

ture . Friable to firm when moist . Few, fine, faint mottles . Scattered, moderately cemented patches . Occasional roots . pH 5 .8. Diffuse boundary :

Cg 24 -35 Olive (5Y 5/3, moist) loamy sand or sandy loam. Y-:`~ , . ate to strong, medium to coarse, psuedo-subangular b: .a,y structure . Very firm to firm when moist . Common, medium, prominent yellowish-red (5YR 4/6-5/8, moist) mottles . Moderately to weakly cemented . Scattered stones and boulders in lower part of hori- zon . Occasionalroots in upper part . pH 5 .8.

IICg 35 + Coarse gravelly sand of variegated colour . Sixty percent of-horizon consists of boulders-greater than one foot in diameter. pH 5 " 9 .

Land Use

Mhere topography is not severe, the Stave soils have some potential for agricultural use . V1hen cultivated, the main linitations are low mois- ture holding capacity, low fertility and, in some areas, adverse topography . The cost of clearing presently forested areas is high due to dense forest cover .

The Stave soils sustain good forest growth with mean annual incre- ments averaging 160 cubic feet per acre per year . Rooting depth is adequate but during dry summers some moisture deficiency occurs . Roadbuilding properties are good owing to the relatively coarse subsoil and gentle topo- graphy . Logged areas should be replanted because of the good site quality.

ACID BROVJN IMODED SOILS

Refer to page lE; of Lowland Soils section for a generalized descrip- tion of Acid Brown Wooded Soils .

The Degraded, Orthic and Gleyed Orthic subgroups of Acid Brown Wooded goils occur on the uplands on the Kission map area.

Degraded _Acid Brrn~m Wooded Soils

Refer to page 18 of Lowland Soils section for a generalized descrip- tion~of Degraded Acid Brown Wooded soils . The Durieu and Lynden series were classified as Degraded Acid Broti~m Wooded soils on the upland area. -77-

Durieu Series

The Durieu series occurs only in the Hatzic Valley between 50 and 400 feet elevation . The topograpl^.-y is gently to moderately undulating with most slopes below 10% except along streams where the slopes may rise to 60%. A hummocky micro-topography also exists . One .thousand, two hundred and thrity-five acres of Durieu silt loam, 534 acres of Durieu series, 508 acres of Durieu-Scat soil complex, and 35 acres of Durieu-Keystone soil complex were classified .

The Durieu soils have developed mainly from t;laciomarine deposits although scattered, small. glacial till areas are also included . A shallow aeolian capping has been incorporated into the upper solum . Surface tex- tures are bilt loam varying occasionally to loam, and grade to silty clay loam and clay loam when the unweathered glaciomarine matePial is reached at about 30 inches . The solum is friable but the subsoil is hard and com- pact . Rooting penetration is good through the soluwn, but decreases abruptly when the subsoil is reached and weak root mats have developed in this zone . Occasional stones may be present in some profiles .

These soils are moderately vJell drained . Mottling below about 20 inches indicates that a water table perches above the unweathered glacio- marine materials for variable lengths of time . A few, shallow, depressional areas have imperfect drainage .

Classification of these soils is Degraded Acid Brown %Jooded . Thin, discontinuous Ae horizons are general and the Bf horizons are well developed mid sometimes contain scattered concretions . P-lost of the original coni- ferous vegetation has been logged . Regrovrth consists of western hemlock, western red cedar, scattered Douglas fir, alder, vine niaple,. sword fern, bracken, .and salmonberry . A typical profile, located about 200 yards north- east of Stave Lake-Hartley roads intersection was described as follows :

Depth Horizon Inches Description

L 2~- 2 ilndecomposed mixture-of coniferous, deciduous, moss and fern litter . pH 5 .1. Abrt:pt boundary :

H 2 - 0 Black MR 2/1, moist) well decomposed .muck contain- ing charcoal . Weak,, fine, granular . structure . Friable when moist . Common roots . pH 3 .9 . Abrupt boundai-y :

1 Aej 0 . Dark-gray to reddish-gray (5YR L~ .511.5, moist) silt loam or loam. Horizon is discontinuous . Weak, fine, subangular blocky structure . Friable when moist . Abundant roots . Abrupt boundary: Depth Horizon Inches _ Description

Bhf ~- 5 Dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4, moist) silt loam. Weak, fine to medium, subangular blocky structure . Friable when moist . Abundant roots . pH 4 .7 . Clear boundary :

Bfh 5 -11 Reddish-brown (5YR 4/4, moist) silt loam. Weak, . fine to medium, subangular blocky structure . Friable when moist . Abundant to common roots . pH 5 .1 . Diffuse boundary :

Bf 11 -17 Dark-brown to brown (7 :5YR 4/4, moist) silt loam . j4eak, fine, _ subangular blocky structure . .Friable when moist . Common roots . pH 5 .5 . Diffuse boundary :

BCgj 17 -26 Yellowish-brown to dark yellowish brown (l0YR 4 .5/4, moist) silt loam . Weak, moderate, subangular blocky breaking to weak, fine, subangular blocky structure . Friable to firm when moist . Weakly developed root mat in lower part . Contains small pieces of unweathered parent material . Few to common, fine, faint mottles . Common .roots . pH 5 .4 . Clear boundary :

Cgl 26 -34 Olive (5Y 5/3, moist) silty clay loam or clay loam . Massive, breaking to strong, coarse, psuedo-subangular blocky structure . Very firm when moist . Common to many, medium, distinct, brown to dark-brown (10YR 4/3) moi.st)mottles . Occasional roots in upper part . pH 6 .0 . ,

Cg2 34 + Olive (4 .5/3, moist) silty clay loam or clay loam . iiassive breaking to strong, coarse, psuedo-subangul.ar blocky structure along cleavage planes . Very firm when moist . Common to many, medium, distinct, dark- brown to dark reddish brown (l0YR 1b .5, moist) mottles . pH 5-8 .

Land Use

Most of the Durieu soils are uncleared and support second growth forest . Cleared areas are used for hay and pasture . In some areas the topography restricts the range of. crops able to be grown and moisture deficiences may occur during long, dry stmers . If levelling is attempted care should be -taken to avoid exposing the hard, compact glaciomarine deposits . If this occurs several ;;ears of intensive manuring and cultiva- tion will be required to restore a reasonable level of production. Forest growth appears very good with most. of the soil characteris- tics being ideal for tree growth . The size of the original forest is evidenced by the four to six feet diameter stumps which are scattered throughout the area .

Lynden ~Series

The Lynden soils occupy a small area in the vicinity of Silverdale, below 100 feet elevation . One hundred and eigthty-four acres of Lynden serie's and 150 acres of Lynden-Defehr soil complex were mapped . The topa- graphy is gently undulating and sloping with most gradients below 5% .

These soils have mainly developed from coarse textured glacial out- wash deposits although, in'some areas, post-glacial stream deposits are also included . The deposits are stony and textures vary from sandy loam and gravelly loamy sand at the surface to bravelly sand and gravel in the subsoil . Rooting depth and moisture permeability is good, even though weak cementation occurs in the subsoil of some profiles .

Draina;e varies from well to rapid . ~.Profiles, characterized by a thin, discontinuous Ae horizon underlain by relatively well developed Bf horizons, are classified as Degraded Acid Brown Vlooded . i4ost of these soils are uncleared and support second grovrth western hemlock, Douglas fir, western red cedar ., dogwood, alder, and vine maple vrith an understory of bracken, salal, huckleberry, trailing blackberry, vanilla leaf, and Moss . A typical profile, located about 200 yards north of the Highway #7-Hayward Road intersection, was described as follows :

Depth Horizon Inches Description

L-H 1 - 0 Raw to well decomposed mixture of' conifer.ous and deciduous material . Common roots in lower part . pH 5 .7 . Abrupt boundary :

Aej 0 Dark-gray: (l0YR 4/1, moist) sandy loam. Very weak, fine, suban~ular blocky structure . Friable when moist . Abundant roots . pH 4 .6 . Abrupt boundar;r :

Bfhl ~- 7 Dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4, moist) gravell,y loamy sand . Very weak, fine, subanPular blocky structurc . Friable when moist . Conmion stones . Abundant roots . pH 5 .2 . Gradual boundary :

Bfh2 7 -18 Reddish-brown to dark yellowish lbroi,m (5YR 4/4 - l0YR 4/4, moist) gravelly sand or gravelly loa:-,iy sand . Very weak, fine, suban~ular blocky structure breaking to single-grains . Very friable when moist . Coramon Depth Horizon Inches Description

stones . Abundant roots . pH 5 .5 . Gradual boundary:

CB 18 -30 GravPl of variegated colour . Single-grained. Loose when moist . Scattered iron staining around pebbles. Common stones . Abundant roots . pH 5 .3 .

C 30 + Gravel of variegated colour. Single-grained . Loose when .moist . Scattered iron staining around pebbles . Common stones . Common roots in upper part . pH 5 .9 .

Land Use

The small areas-of Lynden .soils which are presently cleared are mainly used for hay and forage . . Growth is poor because of the low water holding capacities and stoniness of these soils . These are limited use soils suitable mainly for permanent hay and ..pasture . Irrigation and fertilization is required for satisfactory,production . These soils also serve as good sources of gravel .

Orthic Acid Brown Wooded Soils

Refer to page 22 of Lowland Soils section for a generalized descrip- tion of Orthic Acid Brown Wooded soils . The Columbia, Marble Hill, Poignant, Ryder, and t1hatcom series are classified as Orthic Acid Brown Wooded .

Colwnbia Series (30)

The Columbia series occupies a small acreage in the map area at about 400 feet elevation . The topography is usually moderately sloping and undulating with gradients between 6 and 10/"0 . TZJo hundred and thirty- one acres of Columbia series, 14 acres of Columbia-Defehr soil complex and.41 acres of Co1w:1bia series-Rock Outcrop complex were mapped .

These soils have developed from gravelly and sandy, stratified glacial outwash deposits . A very thin veneer of aeoLi.an material which has been mixed into the surface by windthrow action may be present in some areas . Textures vary from sandy loam and bravelly sandy loarn in the sur- face to gravelly sand and gravel in the subsoil . Stones are common in both the surface and the subsoil . Root and moisture penetration is good .

Drainage of these soils is well to rapid although weak cementation sometimes occurs in the lower solum and upper parent material . Profile development is Orthic Acid Brovm Wooded and the I:f horizons are well defined . In a few areas weak Aej horizons occur and scattered concretions are sometimes present in the upper solwn . Iiost of the original coniferous forest has been logged and, where not cleared, present vegetation consists of second growth Douglas fir, hemlock, alder, vine maple, and cascara with an understory of bracken, salal, thimblebe-rry, and others . A typical profile was described as follows :

npptIr Horizon Inches Description

L-H 1 - 0 Raw to well decomposed leaves, needles and other organic litter. pH 5 .6 .

Bfh 0 - 4 Brown (7 .5YR 5A, dry) or dark-brown to brown (7 .5YR 4/3) moist) sandy loam . Weak, fine, subangular blocky structure . Scattered concretions . Friable when moist . Abundant roots . pH 5 .7 . Clear boundary :

Bfl . 4 -12 Brown (7 .5YR 5/4, dry) or reddish-brown (5YR 4/4, . . moist) sandy loam. Weak, fine,,subangular blocky structure . Scattered concretions . Friable when . moist . Scattered to conu7on stones . Common roots . pH 5 .7 . Gradual boundary :

Bf2 12 -1B Brown to yellowish-brown (l0YR 5f3 .5, dry) or dark yellowish brown ( l0YR 4/4, moist) gravelly sandy loam. Weak, ifine, subanL;ula.r blocky structure breaking to si.nrle-grains . Occasional concretions . Ver-y friable when moist . Common stones . Roots abundant . pH 5 .6 . Clear boundary :

IM . . lu -26 Sandy gravel of variegated colours . Sir.gle-;rained . A few iron. stains . Loose i-fhen moist . Common stones . Occasional roots . PE 5 .7 . . Clear boundary :

IIC2 26 + Sandy gravel of variegated colours . Sinqle-rrained . Loose when moist . Common stones . Occasional roots . . pH 5 .C. .

Land Use

The coarse textured Columbia series has low moisture holding and cation exchange capacities . For good crop growth irrigation and fertili- zation is necessary . Stoniness and adverse topography also limits agricul- tural utilization in most areas . Marble Hill Series

Marble Hill soils occupy a substantial acreage on the uplands in the vicinity of I~iission City and Hatzic . Topographically, they are variable,, ranging from gently undulating to very steeply sloping. The largest proportion, however, is moderately sloping and undulating with gradients between 5 and 109. One hundred and sixty-three acres of Marble Hill loam, ?_62 acres of Marble Hill silt loam, 457 acres of Marble Hill series, and 640 acres of Piarble Hill :shallow phase were mapped . An additional 1,117 acres were mapped as several soil complexes in which, Marble Hill soils occupy the dominant acreage .

The parent material of Irlarble Hill soils consists of silty aeol.lan deposits of variable depth which overlie sandy and gravelly glacial outwash and, occasionally, sandy glaciolacustrine deposits . Where the depth of the overlay is less than 18 inches, the soil is mapped as iiarble Hill : shallow phase . Surface textures ard either loam or silt loam and remain constant downward in the profile until the coarse underlay is encountered . Occasional stones and gravels occur in the solum due to the uprooting of trees . Root penetration and moisture permeability are good .

These soils are well drained and are classified as Orthic Acid Brown %dooded . The Bf horizons are well developed and, in the upper son, contain few to common, soft to hard concretions . In some areas a thin Ah surface horizon is developing, indicating a trend toward Acid Brown Forest develop- ment . The original coniferous vegetation has mostly been logged . Regrowth in uncleared areas consists of Douglas fir, hemlock, vine maple, alder, dogwood, salal, bracken, thimbleberry, trailino blackberry, moss, and others . A typical profile, located near the gravel pit east of Deroche, was described as follows :

Depth Horizon Inches Description

2- 0 Kixture of raw and partiall;- decomposed deciduous and some coniferous material . pII 5 .4 . Abrupt boundary :

Ahj 0 - 1 Dark reddish brovm (5YR 2 .5/2, moist) silt loam. VJeak, fine, subangular blocky breaking to weak, fine, fcranular structure: . Very friable when moist .Abun- dantrootroots . pH 5 .8 . Clear bound.anj :

Bfh 1 - 6 Dark reddish brown ( 5YIt 3/4, moist) silt loam . Weak, fine, subangular blocky structuru . Friable to very friable when inoist . Scat;~f~re.i, fine, soft concre- tions . Ahur_dant root.s. . _DT : 6 .0 . Gradual bo-ondai ;~ : - ~3 -

Depth . Horiz on Inches Description

Bfl 6 -16~ Reddish-brown (5YR 4/4, moist) silt loam. Weak, medium, subangular blocky structure . Friable -to very friable when moist . Scattered, fine, soft concretions . Abundant roots . pH 5 .5. Diffuse boundary :

Bf2 16 -26 Reddish-brown to dark-brown (5YR 4/4-- 7 " 5YR 4/lE, moist) silt loam . Weak, medium, subangular blocky structure . Friable when moist . Scattered, fine, soft concretions . Abundant to common roots . pH 5 .8. Diffuse boundary : '

Bf3 26 -35 Dark-brown (7 .5YR 4/4, moist) silt loan. Weak, medium to coarse, subangular . bloclnj structure . -pH Friable when moist . Common roots . 5 .6 . Diffuse boundary :

BC 35 -45 Dark yellowish broi~m (l0YR la./4, moist) loam. Weak, medium, subangular blocky structure . Friable to firm vrhen moist . Common to occasional roots . pH 5 .8 . Clear boundary :

IM 45 -53 C.ra~,-isli-brovm (l0YR 5/3, moist) to variegated gravell;j sand . Sinrrle--rained . Loose when moist Scattered, weakly cemented patches . Occasional roots . pHI 5 .5 . Gradual boundary :

IIC2 53 + Fine to medium gravel of variegated colour . Single- grained . Loose when moist . pii 5 .7 .

Land U se

A large part of the Miarble Hill soils are presently cleared and are used for growing hay and pasture, small fruits, mainly raspberries and strawberries, and some vegetables . These soils are friable and easy to manage . The main restrictions are adverse topo,-raph,y and rather low water holding capacitIT, especially in the shallow phase . If irrigation is available, good ,yields of most crops can be obtained although the variable topography may cause uneven maturity .

If land levelling is attempted care should be exercised to avoid exposing the coarse subsoil. The best method of levelling is to stockpile the silty overlay, level the coarse subsoil and replace the overlay to its original position .

From observation of the few re.nainin" areas of forest, it appears that Marble ftill soils are well suited for the proc.'~t;ction of ::rees and -- 84 -

some of the steeply and very steeply sloping areas are best utilized for this purpose .

The underlying glacial outwash provides good sources of gravel and sand .

Poignant __Series

Poignant soils occur only east of Mission City and near Hatzic bet- ween 200 and 500 'feet elevation. They occupy very steeply to steeply sloping ~areas with gradients usually between 25 and 50% . Eight hundred and seventy-two acres of three soil complexes dominated by Poignant soils were mapped .

The parerit materia7, is colluvium ronsisting of weathered glacial till, bedrock fragments and aeolian deposits well mixed by downslope creep and windthrow of trees . Depth to bedrock is usually shallow and bedrock occasionally outcrops at, the surface . The deposits are stony and variable in texture, ranging .fr.om .gravelly loam to gravelly loamy sand, although gravelly sandy loam,is most common . Root and moisture penetration is good through the overlay but is restricted abruptly by the underlying bedrock .

These soils are well drained and have Orthic Acid Brown Wooded pro- files except in unstable locations where they tend to be regosolic . Present vegetation consi5°ts-of regrowth Douglas fir and scattered cedar mixed with vine maple, alder ; salmonberr-, thimbleberry, bracken, and other deciduous species .

Land Use

None .of.the Poignant soils are arable due to the adverse topography . The dominantly .deciduous shrub and ground cover produces limited brouse and some of the less steep areas may be utilized for this purpose .

Forest growth is relatively poor due to the shallow and coarse tex- tured solum, which results in droughty conditions during the summer.

Ryder Series

The Ryder series occupies,.a substantial acreage on the uplands bet- ween Silverdale and fiatzic . lviost areas occur between 100 and 600 feet elevations, and have variable topography ranging from gently rolling to steeply sloping and strongly rolling . The most common slopes, however, 'are between 6 and20p . 'Two hundred and forty-seven acres of Ryder series, 1,032 acres, of R~fde'r -.shallow phase and 836 acres of Ryder-Ryder :shallow phase soil complex were classified . A further 2,408 acres are mapped as several soil oomplexes~in which Ryder soils occupy the dominant acreage .

, The parent material of the Ryder soils consists of a variable thick- ness'of aeolian materials overlying glacial till . In some areas the under- Tay consists of poorly sorted glaciolacustrine deposits which contain gravels, stones, and pieces of till . The aeol.ian overlay is not usually more than four feet thick, and where its thickness is less than 18 inchest the soil has been mapped as Ryder : shallow phase . The shallow phase ~isually occurs on ridges and slopes subject to erosion .

Textures of the solu¢n are silt loam, occasionally varying to loam., while that of the till underlay is gravelly sandy loam . Root penetration and water permeability through the solum is good . Stones are absent in the soltun except in shallow phase areas where a few have been raised from the glacial till by uprooting trees . .

Ryder soils are well to moderately well drained ., except for a few imperfectly drained margins around poorly drained depressions . They are classified as Orthic Acid Brown Wooded and have well developed Bf horizons which contain scattered concretions . In some areas under deciduous vegeta- tion a weak Ahj horizon is present indicating a tendency toward Acid Brown Forest development, while under coniferous vegetation weak Aej horizons sometimes occur. A typical profile, located on a road cut east of Draper Road, supporting alder, maple, .thimbleberry, snowberry, bracken, trailing blackberry, and various grasses, was described as follows :

Depth Horizon Inches Description

Ap 0 - 7 Dark-brown (7 .5YR 3/2, moist) silt loam . Weak, fine, subangular blocky structure . Friable when moist . Abundant roots . pH 5 .6 . Abrupt boundary :

Bfh 7 -71E Dark reddish brown to reddish-brown (5YR 3 .5/4, moist) silt loam . Weak, fine, subangu]..ar blocky structure . Friable when moist . Scattered, soft concretions . Abundant roots . pH 5 .7 . Gradual boundary:

Bfl 11,. -21 Reddish-brown (5YR 4/4, moist) silt loam. Weak, fine, subangular blocky structure . Friable when moist . Scattered, soft concretions . Abundant to common roots . pH 5.7 . Diffuse boundary :

Bf2 21 -30 Reddish-brown to dark-brown (5YR 4/4 - 7 .5YR 4/4, moist) silt loam . Weak, fine, subangul.ar blocky structure . Friable when moist . Scatteredg soft concretions . Common roots . pH 5 .7 . Abrupt boundary :

IIBC 30 -39 Yellowish-brown (lOYR 5/4, moist) sandy loam. Strong, coarse, psuedo-subangular blocky structure. Firm to very firm when moist . Occasional roots . ... C"6 -

Depth Horizon Inches Des cription

pH .6 .0 . Diffuse boundary :

IICgj1. 39 -50 Grayish-brown (2 .5Y 5/2, moist) sandy loam or gravelly sandy loam. Strong, coarse, psuedo-subangular blocky , structure . Firm to very firm when moist . Common, medium, distinct, yellowish-brown (lOYR 5/7, moist) mottles . Weak root mat in lower part . pH 6 .1 . . Clear boundary :

IICgj2 50 .+ Grayish-brown (2 .5Y 5/2, moist) sandy loam or~gravelly sandy loam . Moderate, coarse, psuedo-platy .structure caused by cleavage along pressure planes . Very firm when moist . Few, coarse, prominent, yellowish-red (5YR 4 .5/6, moist) mottles . pH 6 .3 .

Land Use

, Where the,topography is suitable, the Ryder soils have been cleared and are presently mainly used for growing hay .and pasture and less exten- sively for small fruits and vegetables . The main restrictions to agricul- tural use are adverse topography and droughtiness, especially in the shal- low phase . Wherever water is available, irrigation should be used . When clearing or levelling,. care should be taken to avoid exposing the subsoil glacial till at the surface . The proper method is to stockpile the silty overlay, level the subsoil,. and respread~the stockpiled material over the surface . If the subsoil is exposed, several years of intensive manuring and cultivation is required to restore a reasonable level of production . Because of the coarser texture, water holding capacities are also reduced .

Ryder soils,produce good forest growth, estimated to be about 160 cubic feet per acre per year . Steeply sloping and strongly rolling areas may be best utilized for this purpose .

Whatcom Series

Whatcom soils occur in the vicinity of Ruskin Dam between 100 and 500 feet elevation . Topographically, they vary from gently undulating to very steeply sloping . Most commonly, however, they are moderately undulat- ing with slopes between 5 and 10;b . One hundred acres of Whatcom silt loam and 961 acres of YJhatcom series were classified . An additional 690 acres of four soil complexes dominated by i^7hatcom soils were mapped .

jdhatcom soils have developed from glaciomarine deposits . The tex- tures of these deposits are .silty clay, silty clay loam and silt with minor lenses of coarser material. They are roughly stratified to massive, compact and very slowly permeable . A shallow aeolian capping occurs in parts of the area : Surface and subsurface textures are usually silt loam, ._ ,_,7 r.

although variations to loam and silty clay loam sometimes occur. The depth of the solum is generally 18 to 30 inches . Areas where the solum is less than 18 inches are mapped as Whatcom :shallow phase . Occasional stones occur in some profiles .

The Whatcom series; .moderate],y well to well drained, is classified as Orthic Acid Brown~ W°ooded . Minor imperfectly' drained areas with Gl.eyed Orthic Acid Brown Wooded development are found in some map units but were not separated because of limited areal extent . Water permeability and root penetration of the solum is good but decreases abruptly when the parent material is encountered . Perching of a temporary water table and seepage is frequently exhibited by gleying,and mottling in the lower solum and upper parent material : .Scattered to common concretions, many of which are soft, occur in the upper solum .

'The original forest cover, mainly heavy stands of hemlock, cedar and-Douglas fir, have been logged and, where riot cleared, have been replaced by dense stands of alder, birch, vine and broadleaf maple interspersed by second growth conifers . A t3,pica1, profile, west of the School-Wolf roads intersection, supporting mixed coniferous and deciduous trees understoried by bracken, sword fern, salmonberry, stinging nettles, scattered devilss clizb, and bleeding heart, was described as follows :

Depth Horizon Inches Description

L-H 1 - 0 Raw to well decomposed mixture of deciduous and coni- ferous material . Abundant roots in lower part . pH 4 " 5- -- Abrupt boundary :

Bfh 0 - 7 Dark-brown (7 .5YR 3/2, moist) silt loam . Weak, fine to medium, subangular bloclcy structure . Friable when moist . Scattered, fine concretions . Abundant roots . pH 4.7 . Diffuse boundary :

Bfl . 7 -17 Brown to dark-brown (7 .5YR 4/3, moist) silt loam. Weak, fine to medium, subangular blocky structure . Friable when moist . Scattered, fine concretions . Abundant roots . pH 5 .2 . Diffuse boundary :

Bf2 17 -28 Reddish-brown to dark reddish brown MR 3 .5/4, moist) silt loam. Weak, fine to medium, subangul.ar blocky structure . Friable when moist . Scattered concre- tions . Weak root mat . Abundant roots . pH 5 .3 . Clear boundary :

Cgjl 28 -39 Olive-brown to ~Tellowish-brown (2 .5Y 4/4 - l0YR 5/4, moist) silt loam or silt-y- clay loam . Massive . Firm Depth Horizon Inches DAscription

when moist . Few, fine, faint mottles . Occasional roots in upper part . pH 5 .4 . Gradual boundary : . .

Cgj2 39 + Grayish-brown (2 .5y 5/2, moist) silty clay loam . Strong, medium ; psuedo-subangular blocky structure caused by concoidal fracturing ., Very firm when moist . Scattered black coatings along fracture planes . Com- mon, fine, faint mottles . pH 5 .6 . ,

Land Use

Cleared areas are presently utilized for growing hay and pasture . Where the topography is not extreme, 'Whatcom soils are one of the better upland soils in the area . They are friable, well .drained, and generally have good rooting depth . During prolonged dry periods, these soils become droughty and supplemental irrigation is beneficial .

Although suitable for cultivation, substantial acreages are still uncleared and used for rough pasture . Clearing costs are high due to the dense forest cover . When clearing or levelling, care should be taken to avoid exposing the compact, nearly impervious parent material . If this occurs, several years of intensive management with manure, fertilizer and cultivation is required before 5atisfactory productivity is again achieved .

Forest groiorth is very good and steeply sloping or rolling areas not suited for-agriculture may be best utilized for forest production .

Gle.yed Orthic Acid Brown Wooded Soi ls

These are imperfectly drained soils which have similar characteris- tics to those of the Orthic subgroup, except for gleying and mottling in the lower solum and parent material. The B horizons are usually duller in colour than in the Orthic subgroup . . The Defehr arid Tunbridge series were classified as Glejed Orthic Acid Brown Wooded .

Defehr Series

The Defehr soils, usually associated with the Lehman series, occupy scattered, minor acreages on the uplands between 100 and 400 feet eleva- tion. Topographically they vary from very gently sloping to gently slop- ing and'undulating with gradients between 2 and 5ro " Forty-eight acres of Defehr-Lehman soil complex were mapped .

These soils are derived from sandy and gravelly outwash deposits which usually have less than 12 inches of aeolian or slopewash materials on the 'surface . Surface textures vary frora gravelly sandy loam to silt. loam, depending on- the depth of the overlay, while subsoil textures are gravelly sana or sandy gravel. Surface stone content is variable . Moisture and root penetration through the solum is gooa .

Seepage areas and the margins of poorly drained depressions are the usual location of these soils . They are imperfectly drained and have water table fluctuations which coincide with the seasons . Profile development is Gleyed Orthic Acid Brown Wooded with mottling and some gleying evident in the lower solum and subsoil gravels and sands .

The original vegetation has mainly been logged and where not cleared, has been replaced by a mixture of second growth Douglas fir, hemlock, and cedar mixed with alder, willow, cottonwood and others . A variable shrub cover also exists .

Land Use

Where cleared, the Defehr soils are usually used for hay and pasture production . Growth is generally good during the early part of the growing season, but, as the water table recedes, these soils become droughty and irrigation becomes necessary during the middle and late summer .

Because of the small acreage and intimate intermingling with other soils, the Defehr series generally must be managed similarly t0 the sur- rounding soils . Stones may interfere with cultivation in some places,

Tunbridge Series

The Tunbridge soils occupy a relatively minor acreage north of Mission City between 350 and 500 feet . Topographically, they are generally very gently to gently sloping and undulating with most slopes below 5%. Where gullies have eroded through these soils, the gradients may be as steep as 50p. Three hundred and fifty-six acres of Tunbridge silt loam and 111+ acres of Tunbridge-Calkins soil complex were mapped .

These soils have developed from a shallow, .usually less than two feet, capping of aeolian deposits which overlie silty glaciolacustrine deposits . In some areas, the glaciolacustrine materials contain scattered sand lenses . Surface and subsurface textures are usually silt loam, except in the sand strata where textures vary from medium sand to sandy loam. Root penetration is good through the solwn, and stones are absent .

Drainage is imperfect and mottling generally begins about 12 inches below the soil surface . Although moisture movement through the upper solum is gooci,~it is restricted~by the slowly permeable glaciolacustrine subsoil. Also, the relatively flat topography restricts surface runoff .

Tunbridge soils are classified as Gle,yed Orthic Acid Brown Wooded with the Bf horizons well developed . Thin Ah horizons are usually present indicating that these soils may he tending toward Acid Brown Forest development . Heavy grrnrth of coniferous species, now logged, dominated the original vegetation . Presently uncleared areas support .-nixed second growth cover of Douglas fir, hemlock, cedar, alder, vine maple and birch understoried by salmonberry, sword fern, bracken, elderberry, King Solomonss seal and others . A typical profile located in the Cedar-Valley area was described as follows :

~ Depth Horizon Inches Description

L A- 22 ISi.xture of undecomposed coniferous and deciduous litter . pH 4 .7 . Abrupt boundary :

HF 21- 12 Well to partially decomposed organic material . Abun- ' dant roots in loi4er part . pH k.2 . 'Abrupt boundary :

H 1-Zl- 0 Dark reddish brovan (5YR 2/2, moist) muck containing a high .proportion of mineral material . Weak, fine, subangular blocky breaking to weak, fine, granular structure . Friable when moist . Abundant roots . Abundant roots . pI? 3 .8. Abrupt boundary :

Bhf 0 :- 3 Dark reddish brown (5YR 313, moist) silt lbam. Weak, fine, subangi:lar blocky structure . Friable when moist . Abundant roots . pH 3 .9 . Clear boundary :

Bfh .3 - 9 Yellowish-red MR L~16, moist) silt loam . Weak, fine, subangular blocky structure . Friable when moist . Abundant roots . pH 4 .4 . Gradual boundary:

Bfhgj 9 -71a. Yellowish-red to bro~:an (5YR 4J6 - 7 .5YR 4/4, moist) silt loam . Weak, fine, subangular blocky structure . Friable when moist . Few, fine, faint to distinct, mottles . Common roots . pH 4 .6 . Gradual boundary : '

BIIC 14 -22 Dark yellowish brotivrn to yellowish-brown (l0YR 4 .5/5, moist) sandy loam . I~loderate, medium, subangular blocky structure . Scattered weakly cemen-ted patches . Firm when moist . Comtnon, medium, distinct, yellowish- red to strong-brohrn (5YR 5/6 - 7 .5YR 5/6, moist) mottles . Occasional roots . pH 5 .0 .

IIICgI 22 --30 Grayish-broom ( ;: .SY ;/2, moist) silt loam. Massive . Firm to ver-j firm when moist . i~~iany, fine to medium, prominent, stron_p-brown (7 .5YR.5/6, moist) mottles . Occasional roots . pli 5-5 . Diffuse boundary : _. 91 -

Depth Horizon Inches Description

IIICg2 30 + Grayish-brown to light brownish gray (2 .5Y 5 .5/2) moist) silt loam or silty cla-Nr loam. Massive ., Firm to very firrn when moist . Many medium, prominent, strong-brown (7 .5YR 5/6,~moist) mottles . pH 5 .8 .

Land Use

The cleared areas of Tunbridge soils are mainly used for growing hay'and pasture . These soils are not generally droughty, except during very dry summers . Perennial crops susceptible to ~~wet feet-; ti,ri11 suffer damage during most winters because of the relatively high water table and artificial drainage installation is beneficial if these crops are produced .

Acid Brown Wooded=Regosol Int6rgrade Soils

These are well to moderately well drained soils which have charac- teristics of both Acid Brown Wooded and Regosol soils . They have chromas and oxalate-extractable iron + aluminum contents typical of Acid Brown Wooded soils . These values however, do not appreciably decrease with depth, a condition usually found in Regosol soils . Organic surface hori- zons are general and a thin, intermittent eluviated (Aej) horizon occurs in some areas .

In the map area, these soils occur on steep, relatively unstable, colluvial slopes . The Kenworthy series was~mapped as an Acid Brown Wooded- Regosol Intergrade soil.

Kenworthy Series

The Kernworthy series occurs throughout the forested areas of the uplands, usually between 500 and 2,200 feet elevation . Slopes are very .steeply to extremely sloping . Gradients ran~Te from 30 to 90%, but most are above 60%. One thousand, one hundred and fifty-two acres of Kernvorthy series and another 2,411 acres of several soil complexes dominated by Kenworthy soils were classified .

These soils have developed from colluvium which consists of bedrock fragments, aeolian material and weathered glacial till mixed by downslope creep and windthrow. They usually occur on the middle and lower parts of steep slopes, while Hoover and Cannel soils and rock outcrops occupy the higher positions . Surface and subsurface textures vary from stony loam to gravelly sandy loam.. Most slopes are relatively unstable and localized rock outcrops are present in some areas . .Rooting depths are satisfactory except where bedrock or basal till occurs close to the surface . Profiles are very stony with a large portion. of the soil volume occupied by angular stones and cobbles .

Drainage varies from well on the higher areas, to moderately well on the lower slopes . Tentative classification of the Kenworthy series is Acid Brown Wooded-Regosol Intergrade . Due to slope instability, the Ae horizon is only weakly expressed and, in many cases, is lacking . The Bf horizons are moderately to weakly developed because of mixing by creep and do not completely meet the definition of Bf horizons .

Vegetation is mainly coniferous and consists of Douglas fir, western hemlock and western red cedar . Bracken, vine maple, sa1a1 and others form the understory and ground cover is mainly moss . A typical profile located in the northeastern part of Compartment #1 in the Mission Tree Farrn was described as follows :

Depth Horizon Inches Description

32- 3 Undecomposed coniferous litter. pH 4 .7 . Abrupt boundary :

HF 3 - 0 Black (l0YR 2/1, moist) well to partially decomposed coniferous material . Abundant roots . pH 4 .3 . Abrupt boundary :

Aej 0 - Dark reddish brovm (5YR 3/2, moist) or dark grayish brown to dark-brown (l0YR 4/2 .5, dry) loam. 'Weak, fine, subangular blocky structure . Very friable when moist . .'lbusidant roots . Horizon is discontinuous . pH 4 .8 . Abrupt boundary :

Bhfj 1- 2 Dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4, moist) or dark-brown to brown (7 .5YR 4/4, dry) loam . Weak, fine, subangu].ar bloclnf structure . Friable when moist . Common, fine, hard concretions . Approximately 205J angular stones and cobbles in horizon .. Corimon roots . pH 5 .3 " Clear boundary :

Bfjh 2 -10 Reddish-brown to yellowish-red (5YR 4/5, moist) or brot~m (7 .5YR 5/4, dry) silt . loam. Vdeak, fine, suban- gular blocky structure . Friable when moist . Common, fine, hard concretions . . Approximately 20% angular stones and cobbles in horizon . Common roots . pH 5 .6 . Gradual boundary :

Bfj 10 -25 Reddish-broym (5YR 4/4, moist) or brown (7 .5YR 5A, dry) silt loam . Weak, fine, subangular blocky struc- ture . Friable when moist . Approximately 25% angular stones and cobbles in horizon . Lbundant roots . pH 5 .6 . Gradual boundary : -93-

Depth Horizon Inches Description

BC1 25 -32 Dark yellowish brown (l0YR 4/4, moist) or brown to light-brown (7 .5YR 5 .5/4, dry) sandy loam. hoderate, medium, subangular blocky structure . Friable when moist . .Approximately 30% angular stones and cobbles in horizon. Common roots . pH 6 ..0 . . Abrupt boundary :

BC2 32 36 Brown to dark-brown (7 .5YR 4/4, moist) or yellowish- brown (l0YR~5/4, dry) gravelly sandy loam . Firm in place, breaking to single-grains when disturbed . Friable when moist . Few, weak mottles . Approximately 80% angular stones and cobbles in horizon. Occasional roots . pH 5 .9 . Clear boundary :

BC3 36 -49 Brown to dark yellowish brown (l0YR 4/3 .5, moist) or yellowish-brown (l0YR 5/4, dry) gravelly loam . Firm in place breaking to single-grains when disturbed . Friable when moist . Few, weak mottles . Approximately 80% angular stones and cobbles in horizon. Common roots . pH 6 .0 .

Cgj 49 + Gravelly sandy loam of variegated colour. Firm in place breaking to single-grains when disturbed . Very friable when moist . Common, medium, distinct, yellowish-red (5YR 5/8, moist) mottles . Approximately 80% angular stones and cobbles in horizon . Occasional roots . pH 6 .0 .

Land Use

Extreme topography and stoniness preclude the use of Kenrn,rorthy soils for arable agriculture . The dominantly coniferous vegetation also prevents their use for grazing purposes.

Forest productivity is high, averaging about 148 cubic feet per acre per year. Moisture deficiencies during long, dry periods curtails tree growth to some extent . These soils are unstable as evidenced by bent trees and buildup of soil and talus on the upper side of trees ; this situation is accelerated following logging . Owing to the good potential tree growth and the desirability of preventing erosion, prompt replanting is advisable although costs would be high .

HU142C GLEYSOL SOILS

Refer to page 22 of Lowland Soils section for a generalized descrip-- . . 94 . . tion of Humic Gleysol soils .

Only the Rego Humic Gleysol subgroup of Hum.ic Gleysol soils was differentiated on the uplands of the map area .

Re _~o Humic Gleysol Soils

Refer to page 23 of Lowland Soils section for a generalized descrip- tion of Rego Humic Gleysol soils .

The Calkins, Lehman and Scat series were classified as Rego Humi.c Gleysol soils .

Calkins Series

The Cal.ki.ns series occupies scattered, small areas throughout the uplands, mainly between 100 and 500 feet elevation . The topography is depressional or .gently sloping in relation to the surrounding land . One hundred and fourteen acres of Calkins silt loam and 122 acres of Calkins series were mapped . An additional 246 acres are comprised of several soil complexes dominated by Calkins soils .

Calkins soils have developed from relatively deep (usually 20 inches or more) silty aeolian deposits which overlie glacial till and, occasionally, glacial outwa5h or glaciolacustrine deposits . In a few areas, the overlay includeS some medium textured slopewash . Surface and subsurface textures are gpnerally silt loam, sometimes varying to loam or silty clay loam. Most areas are stone-free .

Drainage is poor, sometimes -varying to very poor . Because of their depressional nature, the Calkins soils receive substantial seepage and run- Qf,f from higher areas . At the same time, the underlying glacial till or glaciolacustrine deposits restrict downward water percolation resulting in high water tables for substantial portions of the year.

Calkins soils are classified as Rego HumicGleysols . Profile development is restricted to the accumulation of organic matter in the surface mineral horizon (Ah) and gleying and mottling in the subsoil . Organic accumulations, usually less than six inches thick, occur on the surface and are thickest around the margins of organic soils . Native vegetation is a mixture of coniferousand deciduous species including cedar, alder, cottonwood, western hemlock, and vine maple . The understory includes skunk cabbage, salmonberry, elderberry, dogwood, bracken, wild lily-of-the- valley, and moss . A typical profile, located one-eighth mile east of the corner of Cedar Valley-Rosetta roads intersection in an area where the underlay is glaciolacustrine, was described as follows : . . ., . . -95-

Depth Horizon Inches Description

H 5 - 0 Very dark brown (10YR 2/2, moist) muck . Weak, fine, subangular blocky breaking to weak, fine, granular structure . Friable when moist . Abundant roots . pH 3 .9 . Clear boundary :

Ah 0 - 7 Dark-brown (l0YR 3/3, moist) silt loam. Moderate, fine to mediun, subangular blocky structure . Friable when moist . Common roots . pH 4.6. Gradual boundary:

AC 7 -11 Olive-brown to light olive brown (2 .5Y i+ .5/4,, moist) silt loam . X~oderate, medium, subangular blocky structure . Firm when moist . Common, fine, distinct, strong-brown (7 .5YR 5/7, moist) mottles . Common to occasional roots . pH 5 .1 . Gradual boundary :

Cgl 11 -17 Olive (5Y 5/3, moist) silt loam. Weak, medium, psuedo=subangular blocky structure . Firm when moist . Common, fine., prominent, strong-brown (7 .5YR 5/g, moist) mottles . Occasional roots . pH 5 .3 . Abrupt boundary :

Cg2 17 .-22 Olive-gray to olive (5Y 5/2 " 5, moist) fine sandy loam . Massive . Slightly sticky when wet . Few, fine, faint mottles . Occasional roots . pH 5 .5 . Abrupt boundary :

Cg3 22 -33 Greenish-gray to blueish-gray (5BG 5/1 - 5B 5/1) moist) silt loam. Massive . Non-plastic when wet . Few, fine, prominent, dark-brotim to brown (7 .5YR 4/4) moist) mottles . pH 5 .1 . Abrupt boundary :

IICg 33 + Greenish-gray (5HG 5/1, moist) fine loamy sand . Massive . Slightly sticky when wet . Few, fine, prominent, dark-brown to brown (7 .5YR 4/4, moist) mottles . pH 5 .3 .

Land Use

Scattered areas now cleared are used almost exclusively for hay and pasture production .

The major restriction of the Calkins series is poor drainage . How- ever, since this soil usually occupies small areas, the cost of ditching and tile installation may be more than the value of the increased crop production . In some areas outlets for drainage works may be difficult to locate due to the depressional nature of the soil . Where the underlay is glacial till, the depressions may be deepened or dammed and used as farm ponds for livestock or irrigation use .

Lehman Series

Lehman .soils occupy a very minor acreage in the map area uplands . Topographically, they are very gently undulating and sloping or depressional in relation to the surrounding land . In addition to the 20 acres mapped as Lehman series, a few acres also occur as minor components of several soil complexes .

Lehman soils have developed from a shallow capping (usually less than 12 inches) of silty aeolian deposits and occasionally slopewash which overlies gravelly and sandy glacial outwash . Surface textures are loam or silt loam changing to gravelly sand or sandy gravel in the underlay. Variable amounts of stones occur in and on the surface due to windthrow action of trees .

Lernnan soils are poorly drained . They usually occur in areas where seepage and runoff from higher land accumulates, resulting in saturation and water table development .

This soil series is classified as a Rego Hunic Gleysol . Profile development consists of organic matter accumulation in the surface horizon and mottling and gleying in the subsoil. Scattered patches of the subsoil are also weakly cemented .

i~Tvative vegetation consists of cedar, hemlock, alder, vine maple, cottonwood, skunk cabbage, salm_onberry, and others tolerant of poorly drained conditions .

Land Use

The major portion of the Lel-inan soils are uncleared . The scattered, cleared patches are used for growing hay and pasture . Production is .unsatisfactory because the wet conditions kill or retard the more desirable clover and grass species . Sedge, reeds and other weeds invade to sward and form a high proportion of the vegetation produced .

These soils require artificial drainage to intercept seepage and runoff as well as to control the water ~tLble within the soil . bJater hold- ing capacities are relatively low and during the latter part of dry summers this soil becomes droughty and crops would benefit from irrigation .

Scat Series (22)

Scat soils occupy a minor acreage in the map area uplands, mainly in the vicinity of Hayward Lake . Topog'raphically, they are depressional in relation . to the surrounding land . Only four acres were mapped as Scat -97- series although several soil complexes occur which .contain Scat soils as minor components .

The parent material~of~the -SEat .series is glaciomarine deposits which .are hard, compact and very slowly permeable . A thin aeolian capping may be present on the surface in some areas . Surface textures are silt loam or silty clay loam, grading to~heavier textured subsails :

Surface runoff and seepage from higher elevations accumulates on. the depressional Scat areas . This excess moisture, combined with very. . slow internal drainage and nearly impervious parent material, results'in these soils being poorly~to very poorly'dxained .

The Scat soils are classified as Rego Humic Gleysols : Profile development is restricted to organic matter accumulation ih,the .surface and gleying and mottling in the subsoil. Native vegetation consists of~a .mix- ture of cedar, hemlock, alder, birch, Douglas fir, vine maple, understoried by elderberry, blackberry, salmonberry, sedge, skunk cabbage, and others . A typical profile was described'as follows :

Depth Horizon Inches Description

L-H ~- 0 I~fixture of raw to well decomposed deciduous plant material. pH 4 .4 . Abrupt boundary :

Ah 0 - 5 Dark-&ay (l0YR l+/1, dry) or black (l0YR 2/1, moist) silty clay loam . Weak, medium subangular blocky breaking to weak, medium granular structure . Friable when moist . Abundant roots . pH 5 .3 . Abrupt boundary :

Cgl 5 -11 Grayish-brawn (2 .5Y 5/2, moist) silty clay . Moderate, . medium to co.,.rse ; psuedo-blocky structure . Many) medium, prorinent, strong-brown (7 .5YR ;5/8) moist) mottles . Firm'when moist . Common roots . pH 5 .6. Gradual boundary :

Cg2 11 -1$ Grayish-brc~,m (2 .5Y 5/2, moist) silty clay . Moderate, coarse, ps~-.edo-blocky structure . Common, medium, distinct, dark yellowish brown (l0YR 4/4, moist) mottles . Occasional very dark brown (l0YR 2/2, moist) coatings along cleavage planes . Firm when moist . Occasional roots . pH 6 .0 . Gradual boundary :

lg -26 Grayish-broti~m (2 .5Y 5/2, moist) silty clay or clay. Massive . Pew, r.medium, distinct, yellowish-brown (lOYR 5A, moist) mottles . Occasional very dark r; - 9L

Depth Horizon Inches Dese_-ription

brown (l0YR 2/2, moist) 'coatings along cleavage planes . Vey-r firm when moist . Occasional roots . pH 6 .5 . Gradual boundary :

Cg4 26 + Grayish-brovm (2 .5Y 5/2, moist) silty .clay or clay . IWeakly stratified . Few, medium, distinct, yellowish- brown (l0YR 5/4, moist) mottles . Conunon, very dark broV-i (l0YR 2/2, moist) coatings along cleavage planes . Extremely firm when moist . pH 6 .5 .

Land Use

Scattered, cleared areas are used for ha~= and pasture production . The poor drainage retards growth and drainage systems are required to con- trol the water table ;,incoming seepage and r>>noff . Drainage, however, of these depressional areas is of-Len difficult due to lack of outlets and may be uneconomical in small areas .

Some areas may be developed as 1~~dugoutsii for water storage and utilized for small scale irrigation or stock watering .

ORGANIC SOILS

For generalized description of. Organic soils, refer to page 49 in the *"Lowland Soils~~ section of this report .

I-iuck soils were the only organic soils classified or. the uplands of the map area .

I~iuck Soils

Refer to page 1a.9 in the ' ;Lowland Soils;- section of this report for a generalized description of Piuck soils .

The Judson series was classified as a muck soil in the uplands of the Hi.ssion map. area. .

Judson Series

Judson soils occupy scatte-red acreages throughout the uplands mainly between 200 and 1,000 feet elevation . They occup;T depressional and seepage areas or occur alonn the margins of lakes . Four hundred and twenty-eight acres of Judson series and 271 acres of Judson-Judsor.. : shallow phase were mapped . Several soil complexes in which, Judsor. soils are dcrsnant occupy an additional 527 acres . -99-

This soil has developed from organic matter accumulations consisting mainly of moss, reeds, se~oge .and wood, at least 12 inches and more commonly over two feet thick . The surface layer has generally humified to muck while underlying organic strata vary from semi-decomposed to well decomposed . The organic matetial is generally underlain by medium to fine textured, slowly permeable, strongly gleyed mineral material . Areas where the depth of organic material exceeds 24 inches are mapped as Judson muck; those with 12 to 24 inches of organic deposits are designated Judson muck :shallow phase . Most.areas are very to extremely acid in reaction.

Drainage-is very poor. Abundant seepage and runoff accumulates in the depressional~Judson areas producing water tables which are at or near the soil surface for large parts of the year. Lateral seepage from streams and fluctuations in lake levels also produce very high water tables in some areas . Typical vegetation includes cedar, hemlock, birch and alder under- storied by skunk cabbage, false azalea, deer fern, hardhack, salal and several mosses . A representative profile, located near the margin of Stave La.ke in the northeastern corner of Compartment #1 of the Mission TrPe Farm was described . At the time of sampling (September, 1966) the water table was 16 inches below the soil surface .

Depth Horizon Inches Description

L 0 - Mixture of undecomposed coniferous materials and moss . pH 4..5 . Abrupt boundary :

HF j- 2 Very dusky red to black (2 .5YR 2/2-2/0, moist) well to partially decomposed muck . Massive . Abundant roots . pH 4 .0 .

Fl 2-6 Dark reddish brown (5YR 2/2, moist) partially decom- posed mixture of woody and moss peat . Massive . Abundant roots . pH 3 .2 . Gradual boundary :

F2 6 -10 Dark reddish brown (5YR 2 .5/2, . moist) partially decom- posed mixture of woody and moss peat . Massive . Horizon contains numerous, partially decomposed, dead tree roots .. . .Abund.ant roots . p1f 3 .9 . Gradual boundary :

FL 10 -lla. Dark reddish brown (5YR 2 .5/2, moist) partially decom- posed to raviti.ixture of woody and moss peat . Massive . Horizon contains numerous dead tree roots . Common roots in upper part, none in lower . pH 4 .1 . Diffuse boundary : - 7_00 -

Depth Horizon Inches Description

LF 11,. + Dark reddish brown MR 2 .5/2, moist) raw to partially dec.omposed mixture of woody and moss peat . Kassive . Conunon .dead tree roots present . Water table at 16 inches . pH 4.2 .

Land Use

Unless reclaimed, .most of the Judson soil areas have limited use for agriculture due to extremely high water tables and very strong acidity. If water table control is achieved and the acidity overcome, these soils would be suitable for forage and some vegetable crops . Many of the Judson soil areas, however, occur in small depressions where drainage outlets are hard to locate .

Forest growth is moderate, averaging about 104 cubic feet per acre per year . The main limitation is the very high water table .

MISCLLLAIZOUS LAIND TYPES

Gravel Pits

Several gravel pits occur in the map area and total about 51 acres . They are operated either by private firms, individuals, ti:e P~iwlicipality of Mission or the British Columbia Department of Hi7hways .

Recent Alluvium

This land type consists of gravel and sand bars, spits, and other s-'.irtilar deposits vrhicr occur in the river channels and along its margins and is usually covered by water except when the river is low. Generally, there is no covering vegetation . Gravel and gravelly sand are the dominant textures although occasionally a thin layer of fine sand or silt caps the surface . The shape and size of these areas may be modified yearly through erosion and redeposit.ion. A total oz 1,565 acres of this land type were mapped .

Rock Outcrop

On the upland areas, there is a substantie.l acreage of exposed bed- rock . Some areas have a thin mantle of forest litter over the rock and support some forest vegetation. One hundred and ninety-one acres of rock outcrops and an addition 3,489 acr,--s of several land units dominated by rock outcrops were classified . Slide Areas

In the mountainous-~regions several unstable areas occur where snow and rock slides have removed the vegetation and most of the soil materials . They consist of exposed bedrock or bedrock capped by a shallow layer of stony, coarse textured colluvium . A total of 309 acres were mapped as this land type .

Urban Areas

The residential, comniercial and industrial portions of Mission City, several other smaller subdivided, areas, and a golf'cburse collectively .encompass approximately 872 acres .

Table 3 - T~Iap Symbols and Aciveapes of the Different Soils and Miscellaneous Areas .

Soil Name ~ Map _S_ymbol Acres Total

Annis series AN 118 118

Banford muck BD 55 Banford-Annis soil complex BD-AN 126 Banford-Elk soil complex BD-EK 29 210

Bates series BT 73 Bates=Sim soil complex PIT-Si 102 175

Calkins silt loam CHsil 111+. Calkins series CN 122 Calkins-Judson soil complex CN-JN 52 Calkins-Judson : shallow phase soil complex Cl,.,-JN r sp 38 Calkins-Marble Hill : shallovr phase soil complex . 'CN-P4H : sp 21 Calk.ins-Ryder : shallow phase soil .complex CN-RD : sp 135 482

Cannel series CE 131 Cannel-Cardinal soil complex CE-CI 684 Cannel-Hoover soil complex CE-HV 1,595 Cannel-Rock Outcrop soil complex CE-RD 754 Cannel-Steelhead soil complex CE-ST 195 Cannel-Rock Outcrop-Cardinal soil complex CE-RD-CI 48 3,410

Cardinal loam CI1 356 Cardinal silt loam CIsil 63 Cardinal series CI 1,142 Cardinal-Cannel soil complex CI-CE 1,259 Cardinal-Hoover soil complex CI-ItV 489 Cardinal-Rock Outcrop soil complex CI-9J 617 Cardinal-Stave soil complex CI-SE 63 Cardinal-Steelhead soil complex CI ST 6,050 Cardinal-Cannel-Steelhead soil complex CI-CL-ST 257 10,296 - 102 -

Soil Name Map S.ymbol Acres Total

dheam series CH 39 39

ChehaLis series CS 176 . Chehalis-Isar soil complex CS-IS 55 231

Columbia series CL 231 Columbia-Defehr soil complex CL-DR ll,. Columbia-Rock Outcrop. soil complex CL-RD 41 286

Cricktner series CK 761 761

Defehr-Lehman soil complex DR-LH 48 48

Durieu silt loam DUsil 1,235 Du.rieu series DU 534 Durieu-Scat soil complex DU-SC 508 Durieu-Keystone soil complex DU-KE 35 2 312

Elk silt loam EKsil 52 Elk series EK 19 Elk-Banford soil complex EK-BD 15 Elk-Isar soil complex EK-IS 31 Elk-Judson :shallow phase soil complex EK-JN : sp 303 420

Fairfield silt loam lsil 98 Fairfield series F 504 Fairfield :shallow phase F : sp 217 Fairfield-Fairfield :shallow phase soil complex F-F : sp 111 Fairfield :shallow phase-Fairfield soil complex _ F : sp-F 167 Fairfield-I'jorth soil complex F-HJ 55 Fairfield-Kent soil complex F-KT 75 Fairfie]d-Ilonroe soil complex F-1i 804 Fairfield : shallow phase-Monroe : shallow phase soil complex F : sp-I~1 : sp 360 Fairfie7.d-Page soil complex F-PE 1,135 Fairfield :shallow phase-Page soil complex F : sp-PE 131 Fairfield :shallow phase-Page :shallow . phase soil complex F : sp-PE : sp 342 Fairfield--Fairfield :shallow phase-Page soil complex F-F : sp=PE 180 Fairfield :shallow phase-Fairfield-Page soil complex F : sp-F-PE 80 Fairfielrl-lionroe-Page soil complex F-1.1-PE 278 Fairfield-Page-ilonroe . soil complex F-PE-H 100 4, 637

Florence series FN" 194 Florence-Cannel soil complex, FPj'-CE 366 560 - 103 -

Soil Name Map Symbol Acres Total

Gibson muck GN 218 Gibson-Banford soil complex GN-BD 129 347

Grevell loamy sand Gls 42 Grevell series G 271+ Grevell-Fairfield :shallow phase soil complex G-F : sp 62 Grevell-Monroe :shallow phase soil complex G-M : sp 273 Grevell-Seabird soil complex G-SB 237 Grevell-Page :shallow phase-Seabird soil complex G-PE : sp-SB 36 564

Harrison gravelly sandy loam HRgsl 137 Harrison sandy loam HRsl 40 Harrison gravelly loam HRgl 54 Harrison loam I-IRl 559 Harrison series HR 1,250 Harrison-Isar soil complex HR-IS 706 2,746

Hatzic silty clay HZsic 330 Hatzic series HZ 29 359

Hjorth series HJ 210 Hjorth-Annis soil complex HJAN 18 Hjorth-Fairfield :shallow phase soil complex HJ-F : sp 33 Hjorth-Kent soil complex HJ-IU 1+8 Hjorth-Page soil complex HJ-PE 277 586

Hoover series HV 451 Hoover-Cannel soil complex HV-CE 2,603 Hoover-Cardinal soil complex HV-CI 109 Hoover-Rock Outcrop soil complex HV-RlJ 1,321 Hoover-Steelhead soil complex HV-ST 11& 4,602

Isar gravelljr loamy sand ISgls 404 Isar gravelly sandy loam ISgsl 70 Isar series is 1,089 Isa-r-Cheha]i..s soil complex is-CS 261 Isar-Elk soil complex : IS-EK 72 Isar-Harrison soil complex IS-HR 77 1,973

Judson muck ~J1V 428 Judson-Calkins soil complex JI3-CN 247 Judson : shallow phase-Calkins soil complex JiJ : sp-CN 58 Judson-Durieu soil complex JN-DU 35 Judson : shallow phase-Elk soil complex Jid : sp-EK 56 Judson-Judson :shallow phase soil complex JN-JN : sp 271 Judson :shallow phase-Sardis soil complex J1\1 : sp-SD 131 1,226 - 104 --

Soil Name Map Symbol Acres Total

Kanaka series . KK 899 899

Kent series KT 48 Kent-Fairfield soil complex KT-F 111 Kent-Hjorth soil complex KT-HJ " 45 204

Kenworthy series , Kw 1,152 Kenworthy-Cannel soil complex Kw-CE 525 Kenworthy-Cardinal soil .complex KI^I-CI 491 Kenworthy-Hoover soil complex KwHv 843 Kenworthy-Rock Outotop soil complex K6J-RO 209 Kenworthy-Steelhead ~soil complex .101-ST 88 Kenworthy-Steelhead-Cannel soil complex K6d-ST-CE 255 3,563

Keystone gravelly loam . ' KEgl 173 Keystone loam ' , KEl 100 Keystone series KE 524 Keystone-Missidn soil complex KE-NIS 110 Keystone-Roach soil complex KE-RH 115 Keystone-Stave soil complex KE-SE 1,026 Keystone-Steelhead soil complex KE-ST 586 Keystone=udhatcom soil complex KE-W 126 Keystone-i4ission-Judson soil complex KE-MS-JN 191 2,951

Lehman series LH 20 20

Lynden series - LY 184 Lymden-Defehr soil complex LY-DR 150 334

Marble Hill loam riI-11 163 . Marble Hill silt loam PJ~-isil 262 Marble Hill series rII-I 457 . . Marblc, Hill : shallow phase I~II-I : sp 640 I~tarble Hill : shallow phase-Calkins soil complex M1f : sp-CN 54 Marble Hill-Marble Hill :shallow phase soil complex Ni-:NH : sp 193 Marble Hill : shallow phase-Marble Hill soil complex i~1I : sp-NH 438 Marble Hill :shallow phase-Ryder : shallow phase soil complex iftH : sp-RD : s.p 405 Marble Hill-Calltins-Defehr soil complex I~iI-I-CN-DR 27 2,639

PicElvee : shallow phase ITC : sp 366 h4cElvee :shallow phase-Isar soil complex HE : sp-IS . 212 . AicElvee : shallow phase-Judson : shallow phase soil complex PIE : sp-JN : sp 61 639

Mission series i~~S 187 187 - 105 -

Soil Narag Map Symbol Acres Total

:~Ionro~ .o_snries M 126 Nonroe :shallow phase 14 : sp 340 Monroe :shallow phase-Elk soil complex M : sp-EX 27 Monroe-Fairfield soil complex Ib1-F 1,312 Monroe :shallow phase-Fairfield soil . complex M : sp-F 164 Monroe : shallow phase-Fairfield :shallow phase soil complex' I~I : sp-F : sp 687 AZonroe : shallow phase-Grevell soil complex . 1hI~ : sp-G 202 Monroe-Monroe :shallow phase soil complex 1,141 : sp 92 Monroe : shallow phase-Monroe soil complex M .: sp1M 287 Monroe : shallow phase-Fairfield :shallow phase-Fairfield soil complex M : sp-F : sp-F 160 I4onroe : shallow phase-Fairfield-Fairfield : shallow phase soil complex M : sp-F : sp 211 . Monroe : shallow phase-Fairfield :shallow phase-Grevell soil complex M : sp-F : sp-G 179 Monroe :shallow phase-Fairfield-Page soil complex i~i : sp-F-PE 194 i-ionroe :shallow phase-Fairfielti :shallow phase-Page soil complex M .: sp-F : sp-.PE 424 I~ionroe-Fairfield-Page soil . complex Ivi-F-PE 168 Honroe :shallow phase-Iionroe-Fairfield soil complex M : spIvi-F 151 P~ionroe-i4onroe : shallow phase-Fairfield soil complex 1:-I4 : sp-F 7s Monroe -shallow phase-Page-Fairfield soil complex M : sp-PE-F 59 4,861 riorgan series I'D . 679 A'Iorgan-Florence soil complex MO-FN 246 Iiorgan-Florence-Rock Outcrop soil complex 1i0-FN-RO 1,104 2.,029

Niven series NN 10 10

Page silt loam PEsil 21 Page series PE 539 Page : shallow phase PE : sp 46 Page-Annis soil complex PE-AN 15 Page-Fairfield soil complex PE-F 726 Page-Fairfield : shallow phase soil complex PE-F : sp 98 P~.ge : shallow phase-Fairfield soil complex PE : sp-i' 61 Page : shallow phase-Fairfield : shallow phase soil complex PE : sp-F : sp 184 Fw,~c-Pa~;e : shallow phase soil complex PE-PE : sp 51 Page :shallow phase-Page .soil complex PE : sp-PE 23 Page-Prest soil complex PE-PR 398 Page : shallow phase-Seabird soil complex PE : sp-SP 112 Page-Fairfield-Fairfield :shallow phase soil complex PE-F-F : sp 123 -lo6-

Soil Name Symbol Acre s Total

Page-Grevell-Fairfield :shallow phase soil complex PE-G-F : sp 62 Pagd': shallow phase-Hjorth-Page soil complex PE : sp-HJ-PE 69 Page-Monroe :shallow phase-Fairfield soil . complex PE-Ai : sp-F 53 21581

Poignant-Rock Outcrop soil complex PT-RD 27 Poignant-Marble Hill : shallow phase-Ryder : shallow phase soil complex PT-1-9i : sp-RD : SP 574 Poignant-Ryder :shallow phase-Rock Outcrop soil complex PT-RD : sp-RO 271 872

Prest series PR 572 Prest :shallow phase PR : sp 97 Prest-Annis soil complex PRAN 43 Prest-Page soil complex PR-PE 189 901

Roach gravell loam RHgl 57 Roach series RH 46 Roach-Keystone soil complex Rt{-ISE 489 RoachIRission soil complex RH-HS 770 Roach-Mission-Stave soil complex RH-NS-SE 482 1,844

Ryder silt loam RDsil 45 Ryder series RD 247 Ryder :shallow phase RD : sp 1,032 Ryder-Calkins soil complex RD-CN 161 Ryder :shallow phase-Calkins soil complex RD : sp-CN 587 Ryder : shallow phase-Marble Hill : shallow phase soil complex . RD : sp-MH : sp 498 Ryder-Ryder :shallow phase soil complex RD-RD : sp 836 Ryder : shallow phase-Ryder soil complex RD :sp-RD 719 Ryder -shallow phase-Rock Outcrop soil complex RD : sp-RlJ 259 Ryder-Sardi.s soil complex RD-SD 26 Ryder :shallow phase-Tunbridge soil complex RD : sp-TU 113 4)523

Seabird series SB 146 Seabird-Grevell soil complex SF-G 140 Seabird-Page soil complex SB-PE 60 Seabird-Pa;e :shallow phase soil complex SB-PE : sp 64 410

Sardi's"sEries SD 29 Sardis-Judson : shallow phase soil complex SD-JA? : sp 82 111

Sayres series SY 4.80 480

Scat series , SC 4 4 -107-

Soil Name Map Symbol Acres To, tal

Sim silt loam SIsil 149 Sim series SI 110 Sim-Annis soil complex SI-AN 21 Sim-Bates soil complex SI-BT 60 Sim-Sim : shalloGi phase' soil complex SI-SI : sp 211 551

Stave series SE 1,095 Stave-Roach soil complex SE-RI-1 278 1,373

Steelhead series ST 454 Steelhead-Cannel soil complex ST-CE 353 Steeltiead-Cardinal soil complex ST-CI 729 Steelhead-Stave~soil complex ST-Sr 2E 1,564

Tunbridge silt loam TUsi1 356. Tunbridge-Callcins soil complex TU-CN 114 470 tidhatcom silt loam Wsil 100 ilhatcom series YJ 961 Whatcom-Scat soil complex L4-SC 365 j1hatcom-Stave soil complex j^l-SE 257 4Jhatcom;-kiatcom : shallow phase soil complex Ld-bJ : sp 20 Whatcom-Cardinal-Stave soil complex tV-CI-SE 48 1,751

Miscellane ous Land TMes

Gravel Pits GP 76

Recent Alluvium RA 1,565

Rock Outcrop RO 191 Rock Outcrop-Canhel soil complex RO-CE 876 Rock Outcrop-Cardinal soil complex RO-CI 42 Rock Outcrop-Hoover'-soil complex RO-HV 1,820 Rock Outcrop-Calulel-Hoover soil complex RO-CE-HV 751

Slide areas 309

Urban areas 872 6,502 -,~- TOTAL ...... 78,961 78,961 -. lop'. --

Tab7_e 4 -. Approximate iicreape of Various Soil. Parent Materials in the I-Jassion Map Area .

Parent Materials Acres Total

Lowlands

Fraser River floodplain deposits - lateral accretion 15,129 Fraser River floodplain deposits - vertical accretion 487 Alluvial-colluvial fan deposits 2,621~: Colluvial slide deposits 39 Stream deposits 1,391 Organic deposits 557 20,227

Uplands

1".eolian deposits over glacial till 5,005 Aeolian deposits over or mixed with glacial out-wash 5,610 Gravelly glacial outwash 2,699 Sandy glacial outwash and/or sandy lacustrine deposits 1,373 Glaciomarine deposits 4,o67 Glacio3:acustrine deposits 470 :.llu.vial,colluvzal fan deposits 2,746 A'.blation till over basal till 11,,860 Shallow ablation till and/or colluviwn over bedrock or basal till 5,211 Aloderately d~eep coll.uvial. deposits over bedrock or basal . till 11,965 Organic deposits 1,226 52,232 iiiscellaneous land types 6,502 6,502

TOT::L 78,961 78,961 -109-

Table 5 - 1°,pproxi.mate i.creage of the Great Soil Groups in the Mission Map Area .

Great Soil Group Acres

Lowlands

.".cid Brown Wooded 270 Gleysol 4,624 I-Iumic Gleysol 1,771 Regosol 13,005 Muck 557

Uplands

Hwnic Podzol 11+,371 Podzol 16;5g5 ~^.cid Brovtn Wooded 19,544 Ht.unic Gleysol 506 Muck 1,226

Riscellaneous land types 6,502

TOTa.L ...... 78,961

Table 6 = Forest Productivity Data of Some Upland Soils in the i~iission 1-lap ,.rea .

Number 1'.verage of Plots Dominant Tree Species 1L'1I%` Measured of '14easured Plots

Cardinal 161 3 Douglas fir, western hemlock SteelheadSoilSeries 173 3 Douglas fir, vrestern hemlock Hoover 111 3 Dou,las fir, western hemlock, western red cedar "Kemforthy 11,.8 2 Douglas fir, western hemlock, western red cedar Cannel 82 4 Douglas fir, western hemlock, western red cedar ., Rock Outcrop-"-"- 56 3 Douglas fir, western hemlock, western red cedar Keystone 133 2 Western hemlock, western red cedar, Douglas fir Roach 78 3 Western hemlock, western red cedar tiission 168 2 Western hemlock, western red cedar Stave 160 6 Western hemlock, Douglas fir, western red cedar Ryder 160x - - I--Tarble Hill 11.FOx - - Judson 104 1 i~Jestern hemlock, western red cedar

-` Mean J^.r.nual Increment - expressed in cubic feet of wood produced per acre per ~rear "-, Land type X EstimatDd CHri'dICAL hNIiLYSES 1ddD THEIR YhiTERPRETI.TIOId

Chemical analyses of selected Mission map area soil profiles are given in Tables 7, £i, 9, and 10 . The analyses provide helpful soil classi- fication information and serve as a general guide to their fertility and management . They.are not intended to serve as a basis for specific ferti- lizer recommendations for any soils on individual farms .

Methods of Analyses

The pH was measured by two methods . The first method utilized a glass electrode in a 1 :1 soil-water suspension for mineral soils and a 1 :5 soilwater suspen.5ion for organic soils . The second method consisted of using 0 .01 M CaCl2 solution as outlined by Clarlc (32) . Soil organic matter was determined, by the wet combustion method, as described by Peach et al (2g) . Total nitrogen was determined by the Kjeldahl method described by Atkins©n ..et al (1), modified by- a selenium catalyst as suggested by Bremner (4) . ~Laverty?s (19).procedures, modified by John (16), were used to deter- .mine -available (Pl) and available plus acid soluble (P2) phosphorus . Total exchange: capacity-was determined using the method described by Peach et al (~28), while exchangeable cations we.re determined on ammonium acetate soil extracts using a model AA4 Tec}itron atomic adsorption spectrophotometer. Iron and aluminum were determined by the procedure outlined by I"IcKeague and Day (25) while sulphur was determined by the method of Bardsley and Lancaster (3) . Copper and zinc were extracted .acccrding to the procedure of Lundblad, Svanberg~and Ekman (20) . The Techtron .atomic adsorption spec- trophotometer was used to determine the. amount of copper and, zinc in the extracts .

Soil Reaction

Soil reaction or pH, defined as the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion activity in solution, is expressed in values from almost zero to lla. . Seven~ represents neutrality and decreasing, values below seven express increasing acidity . Increasing-values above seven represent increasing intensities of alkalinity . .

Using the soil-water rnethod, most lowland soils in the map area vary from pH 5 .0 to 7 .0 in both the surface and subsurface horizons . The upland soils range from about pH 1; .0 in the upper mineral horizons to pH 6 .0 in the subsoil . The organic soils and most of the organic material above mineral soils,vary from about pH 3 .5 to 5 .0 . The organic litter overlying mineral soils (e .g . Steelhead series) appears-to have the .lowest pH .in the most decomposed horizon . bd2th 0 .01 ii CaC12, the pH values are generally 1 .5 to 0 .5 .pH units less than with water .

Fraser River alluvium, at the tir.te of deposition, is neutral in reaction as evidenced by the values of 'the young Grevell and Seabird soils . P-ionroe, fijorth and other fl.oodplain soils developed from somewhat older deposits are meditmi acid, mainl;r due to downward leaching of calcium, magnesium, and other basic ions . The upland soils, being relatively old, are strongly leached and have strongly to very strongly acid upper horizons and medium acid subsoils .

The general terras for ranges in pH are as follows :

Extremely acid below 4 .5 Ve.ry sti-origly acid 4 .5 - 5 .0 Strong4 acid 5 .1 - 5 .5 Medium acid 5 .6 -,6 .0 Slightly acid 6 .1 - 6 .5 Neutral 6 .6 - 7 .3 Mildly alkaline 7 .4 - 7.8 Moderately .alkaline 7 .9 - g :4 Strongly alkaline 8 .5 - 9 .0 Very strongly alkaline above 9 .1

Plants vary in their ability to grow at different pH values . Although pH itself may not be responsible for limiting growth, nutrient availability to various plants at different pH values is significant . For example ; in alkaline soils of the semi-arid and arid regions, or when soils are over- limed, growth may be Limited by low availability of iron, manganese and zinc . In some acid soils, on the other hand, manganese, iron and aluminum may be solubilized to the extent of being toxic to many plants :

In the Lower Fraser Valley, pH alone cannot be used to estimate the amount and frequency of liming; Hetter criteria appear to be concentration of soluble and exchangeable aluminum or the exchangeable aluminum-calcium ratio . The importance of this ratio is borne out by the accumulating evidence that aluminum toxicity is the main factor responsible for poor plant growth in acid soils . The most important function of liming there- fore, is to reduce the concentration of soluble and exchan;eable aluminum in the soil. In soils with high organic matter content, organic matter- aluminum complexes remove significant quantities of soluble aluminum from the soil solution . This is probably the reason why many organic soils of about pH 1;.0 to 4 .5 show little response to liming . Liming to pH 4 ;$ to 5 .0 should be adequate for soils with greater than 15;)' organic matter. In soils where organic matter content is too low to ameliorate the effect of high aluminum, it may be necessary to lime to pH 5 .5 to 6 .0 '(pH measured using 1 :1 soil-water ratio) : This is roughly equivalent to a corrected lime potential of about 4.0 (33) .

Less lime per application is required on coa?"so soils with low cation exchange capacities than on heavy textured soils with higher exchange capacities to raise the pH a similar amour.t . Some soil borne diseases can be controlled by variation of pH since the disease organisms survive only in a relatively narrow pH range . Organic 1iatter

Soil organic .matter results from the decomposition and incorporation of leaves, twigs, roots and other organic material: The amount is related to precipitation, drainage, vegetation, temperature and other factors . It cari vary .from less than 1% in mineral soils to 100% in organic ones . In cultivated mineral soils, organic matter maintenance is very important .

Organic matter affects the chemical, physical and biological proper- ties of the soil . Large portions of soil nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur are held in organic combinations unavailable-to growing .plants until released by soil micro-organism activity. Satisfactory organic matter con- tents ensure good micro-organism populations for release of plant nutrients .

Good soil organic matter content also makes them less susceptible to crusting, more friable, better aerated and more resistant to erosion . Moisture holding and cation exchange capacities are also increased .

In most of the map area soils, organic matter contents are highest in the surface mineral iiorizon and decrease downward in the soil profile . In some of the Podzol soils in the Diission map area, however, vertical and lateral.eluviation of colloidal organic matter and decomposition of roots in place ~has resulted in substantial subsurface organic matter accumulation (e .g . Cardinal series) . The Humic Gleysol soils are moderate to high in organic matter content while the Gleysol soils are low to moderate . The well drained Regosolic, Brunisol_i.c and most Podzolic soils are low to moderate in organic matter content and can be rapidly depleted . On the cultivated Regosolic and Brunisolic as well as the poorly drained Gleysol soils., .soil .management should include green manure crops and/or barnyard manure to maintain adequate organic matter contents . .

p general guide to amount of organic matter as used in this report is as follows : .

. Low - less than 5% Moderate - 5 - lOp Moderately high - 10 - 20% High - 20 - 30% Very high - more than 30,5 Nitrogen

Nitrogen is required in large amounts by plants and is easily lost from the soil by leaching . Soil organic matter and commercial. fertilizers are the major nitrogen sources although small amounts are washed from the atmosphere by rain .

Micro-organisms play an important role in the provision of nitrogen to plants . The ammonifying and nitrifying bacteria convert nitrogen in organic matter and the atmosphere into foriis available for plant uptake . The total nitrogen content of Tower Fraser Valley soils varies directly with the organic matter content . The amount released depends on drainage and temperature . In many cases, organic matter accumu.ls.tion . resulted from poor drainage which retarded decomposition . Unless condi- tions are changed~by iamproved soil drainage and other cultural practises, the release of nitrogen from high organic matter soils cannot be expected to be appreciably higher than-for soils of lower organic content but which are better drained .' During cool, moist sununers the amount of nitrogen mineralized by bacteria is less than in warm years .

Only under-favourable soil and climatic conditions can total nitro- gen values aid in estimating the nitrogen supplying.power of the soil . For this purpose, the .following levels may serve as a guide : .

Very low - less than' 0.10% Low - 0 .10 - 0.25% Medium - 0.25 - 0.40% High ,~- more than 0.50%

Phosphorus

' Phosphorus is one of the major essential elements required by plants . 21ost occurs in the soil in form's not immediately available for growing plants ; rather it is-held in various organic and inorganic compounds. Plants can utilize~only inorganic forms . Therefore, organic forms must be mineralized by micro-organisms before plant uptake is possible .

Phospbate fertili2ers do not move far from the point of application, and should be~'placed near the roots to ensure that the growing plants will be supplied . Top-dressings are satisfactory for crops having abundant feeding roots near the surface but for deeper rooted crops, the best results are usually obtained by drilling or banding the fertilizer with the seed .

Results from two methods of phosphorus analysis are given in this report . The P1 method, considered an index of phosphate availability, extracts the available absorbed~forms of iron and aluminum phosphate . The P2 method extracts the foregoing as well as the relatively unavailable acid soluble calcium phosphates . Ratios between P2 and Pl values are useful in delineating soils high in calcium phosphate .

In the Mission map area, the soils formed on Fraser River floodplain deposits have rather low Pl and high P2 values indicating most of the phosphates exist in the calcium forms . Generally, plant responses can be expected from addition of phosphate fertilizers . In contrast, most of the Brunisolic upland and lowland soil's which contain aeolian materials have moderate to high Pl values expressing 'a high content of iron and aluminum phosphates . Where immediate phosphate availability is concerned, these soils are relatively high . Some of the Podzolic soils, especially those at high elevations, are low in both P1 and~P2 values indicating that the phosphorus content of the parent material is low . Cation Exchange Capacity

The ability of soils to hold exchangeable cations is .termed the cation exchange capacity and is expressed as milli-equivalents of cations required to neutralize the negative charge of 100 grams of soil at pH 7.0 . Exchange sites are mainly supplied by organic matter and clay minerals. Therefore, depending on the organic matter content and the type and amount of clay minerals present, the exchange capacities can range from near zero-to over 100 mill.i-equivalents per .100 grams of soil. The following-values may .be used as a guide to the relative levels of the-exchange capacities of .soils : .

Milli-equivalent Per-100 grams

Very low less than 3 Low 5 - 10 Medium 10 - 20 High greater than.. 20

Very high cation exchange capacities occur in heavy textured soils and those with high organic matter contents . The analyses of soils from ' the Mission map area indicate a decrease in exchange capacity with~coarser textures, .and/or decrease in organic matter content . Most of the soils in the area have, in the surface horizons, medium to high cation exchange capacities . Subsoils generally have lower exchange capacities due to decreased organic matter content and/or coarser textures .

ExchanReable_Cations and Base Saturation

Calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, aluminum, hydroxy-aluminum ions and polymers are the most abundant exchangeable cations . Their proportions vary from soil to soil depending on soil characteristics and past management practises.

Aluminum cations predominate in acid soils while calcium and magne- sium are the.most common-in near neutral soils . Strongly alkaline soils contain large proportions of exchangeable sodium as well as calcium and magnesium . Exchangeable calcium and magnesium, removed by crops and lost by leaching, are usually replaced by aluminum and results in a decrease in pH through hydrolysis .

Exchangeable potassium, as well as other cations, is in equilibrium with the fixed forms in 'the soil . The equilibrium is disturbed when plants remove the exchangeable forms and, to re-establish equilibrium, some fixed potassium is released . The maintenance of an adequate supply depends upon the reserve and the rate of release . As a guide the following levels of exchangeable potassitan may be used : '

Very low - less than 30 p.p .m.* Low - 30 - 60 p .p .m. Moderate - 61 - 90 p.p .m. Moderately high, - 91 - 120 p.p .m. High - r.iore than 120 p.p .m.

-~ Parts per million. To obtain parts per million of potassium from Tables 7, 9 and 11, multiply the values given (m.e ./100 gm.) by 391. The exchangeable cation analyses for soils from the Hiission map area indicate wide vari4tions between soils . The regosolic and gleysolic lowland soils are relatively well supplied with calcium and . magnesium while the lowland brunisolic soils are relatively low-in ~these cations . Exchangeable potassium content is variable throughout the lowlands . Except:-for .the organic .surface.materials, the upland soils are mostly very low in exchangeable calcium., magnesium and potassium. Sodium, toxic when present 3n~high amounts, is present at low, safe levels in all soils.

. Percent base saturation indicates-how much-of the total cation exchange capacity is satisfied by the sum of the calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium cations present . That portion of the total cation exchange capacity not satisfied by the basic cations is mostly occupied by aluminum and sometimes hydrogen. The uplands :soils have very low base saturation percentages . The lowland soils vary from moderate to high in base saturation with the young Grevell and Seabird soils having the highest values .

Iron, Aluminum,_ Copper and Zinc

The upland soils as well as the brunisolic lowland soils contain significant],v larger amounts of oxalate-extractable iron and aluminum than do the younger regosolic and gleysolic soils . This difference is one of the criteria for the classification of soils into different soil groups and indicates the upland soils are older and more~strongly weathered than those on the lowlands . The amounts of iron available to plants in all soils in the Mission map area are sufficient to satisfy needs .

According to the work of Lunblad,.~et al (20), the copper available . to plants in the map area is sufficient to meet their requirements . Analyses for. zinc are.also given although no correlation between plant requirements and zinc are,. available . .

Sulphur

. .Sulphur, a minor but essential element for crop growth, is present in moderate to low amounts in.the lowland .soils and in moderately high-to high amounts in the upland soils :. '

The following values may be used as a guide to the relative require- ments of available sulphur : .

Parts per Million Pounds per Acre

Very, low less than 2 less than 4 Low ~ 2- 6 .~ . k-12 I~ioderate 6 - 10 12 - 20 Moderately high 10 - 20 20 - 40 High more than 20 more than 40 Two suggestions may explain, at least in part, why the upland soils are higher in sulphur than the lowland soils .

1) Brunisolic, Podzolic and other soils high in sesquioxides tend to retain (e .g . So than do soils low in sesquioxides . more anions 4) 2) The upland soils are older than the lowlands and have received more sulphur washed from the atmosphere by precipitation .

Composite Surface Samples

Chemical analyses of composite surface samples from some cultivated soils are given in Table 2 . They indicate similarities that occur within soil series and emphasize variations due to individual farm management .

The fertility status of soils vary from farm to farm and field to field . It is advisable to sample fields with different soils and cultural practises separately for soil testing in order to determine the most economical fertilizer rates . Table 7 - Cheirdcal Analyses of Selected Lowland Soil Profiles .

Exchangeable Cations and Exchange Capacity - milli-equivalents/100 arams Base pH Organic Total Cation Satu.ra- Depth pH (0 .01 Hi Matter N C-N P1 P2 Exchange tion Horizon Inches Texture ,~k2~ CaC12Z ~`b . % Ratio p .p .m. p .p .m . Ca r~ K Na Capacity

Annis muck - Rego Gle,,sol

Hp 10 - 2 mu 5 .3 - 56.5 1.77 19.1 50 .3 78 26 .7 3 .3 0.3 0 .3 86 .6 35 .3 F11 2 - 0 mu 4.0 - 94.9 2 .44 22 .5 11.8 18 12 .5 2 .3 0 .2 0 .2 125 .5 12 .1 Cgl 0 - 4 sicl 5 .2 - 8 .8 0 .32 15 .6 8 .3 25 7-4 .4 4.8 0 .2 0.3 47 .5 41.5 Cg2 4 - 8 sic 5 .4 - 1.8 0.10 11.0 7.5 23 11 .3 5 .7 0.2 0.6 31 .0 57 .4 Cg.3 8 + sicl 6 .1 - 0.5 0.04 8.4 4.4 54 11 .5 2.6 0.1 1.0 20 .2 70 .4

Ba.nford muck - Shallow riuck

Hp 23 -16 mu 4.3 - 55 .8 1.99 16.3 30 .0 54 4 .3 1.2 0 .5 0 .3 81.7 ; .7 ' FH 16 -11 "flu 4.2 - 91.2 2.28 23 .2 5 .0 12 3 .9 1.3 0 .2 0 .3 52 .4 10 .9 FCg 11 - 0 ml.j Si 4 .7 - 38 .0 0 .96 22 .9 1 .0 12 -1 .6 3 .7 0 .2 0 .2 62 .8 18 . ; Cgl 0 -11; sicl 4.7 - . 8 .1 0.31 15 .3 3 . G. 11 `d . 6 3 .6 0 .1 0 .2 3?_ . 2 3~1 . b Cg2 71,. + sil 4.6 ------11 .8 6 .4 0 .2 0 .3 29 .4 ,1)3 .6

Bates silt loam - (=leved Deorcic Rego sol

Ap 0 - 7 sil 5 .4 4 .7 16 .7 0 .71 13 .6 31.0 56 2 .95 0.48 0 .21 0.0" 49 .9 7 .5 Cgjl 7 -14 sil 5 .6 4 .6 1.7 0 .10 9 .5 1.2 .6 30 1.06 0 .32 0 .10 0.06 20 .6 7 .~ Cgj2 14 -24 Sil 5 .7 4.7 0.6 o.o6 5 .9 18 .4 37 2.64 0.50 0.10 0.09 16 .1 20 .6 Cg1 24 -32 sil 5 .8 4 .9 0 .3 0 .01; 5 .1 20 .7 50 3 .34 0.51 0 .10 0.11 15 .3 26 .6 CE2 32 + sicl 5 .8 5 .0 0.6 0 .04 8 .2 20 .2 31+. 3 .79 0 .63 0 .16 0 .15 15 .9 29 . ;

Chehalis loamy sand_- Degraded Acid Brown Wooded

I,-H 1-21- 0 pt 5 .5 5 .0 48 .3 0 .79 35 .2 49 .5 93 20 .05 3 .90 1.23 0 .10 70.5 35 .9 Ae 0 - 2 ls 5 .1 4 .3 2 .5 0 .06 24 .7 34 .0 37 1.95 0 .45 0 .09 0 .03 7 .8 32 .1 Bfjl 2- 4 ls 5 .5 4 .8 2 .5 0 .05 27 .6 169 .5 363 0 .47 0 .04 0 .07 0 .05 9 .4 6 .7 Bfj2 4 - 8 lfs 5 .9 5 .0 1 .8 0.06 15.7 52 .0 119 0.67 0 .04 0 .06 0.05 7.2 11.1,. C 8 -14 fs 6 .o 5 .1 0 .9 0 .03 35 .0 25 .0 52 0 .54 0 .04 0 .07 0 .03 4 .3 16 .0 IIC 71~ + gs 5 .7 5 .0 - - - 21 .5 37 ------~ab1e 7 - cor_tinued

Exchangeable Cations and Exchange Capacity - milli-equivalents/100 F,rams Ba se pH Organic Total Cation Satura- Depth pH (0 .01 14 Matter VT C-N Pi P2 Exchange tion Horizon Inches Texture ,(H20 ) CaCl2) % f Ratio p .p .m. p.p.m. Ca Mg K Na Capacity :%

Fairfield silty clay loam - Gleyed Deorcic Regosol

AP 0 - 6 si cl 5 " 3 5 .1 3 " 8 0 . 20 11 . 2 1. 2 125 4 .34 1.44 0 .15 0 .11 17 .8 34 .0 Cgj1 6 -12 sicl 5 .6 5 .3 1.6 0 .10 9 .2 o .8 144 4.30 1.42 0 .16 0 .11 15 .5 38.6 Crj2 12 -22 sicl 6 .o 5 .5 1 .0 o .o6 9 .1 0.5 125 4 .08 1.43 0 .15 0 .10 13 .5 42 .8 C9 22 -29 sil 6 .1 5 .5 0 .4 0 .04 6 .5 1.2 129 3 .15 1.08 0 .11 0 .08 10 .5 42 .5 IzCg 29 + s 6.3 5 .3 - - - 2.1 88 1.74 0.63 0.07 0.07 6.0 42 .2

Gibson nrack - DeeR_Muck

Hp 0 - 5 mu 4 .0 - 38 .7 1 .33 16 .8 7 .5 22 2 .20* 0.08 0 .19 56 .2 4 .4 FH1 5 -11 mu 86 .1 2 .53 19 .6 5 .0 7 1 .84 0 .23 0 .06 0 .20 90 .4 2 .6 FH2 11 -16 mu 4 .6 - 82 .6 2 .43 1° .6 3 .5 5 6 .4.5 0.31 0 .06 0 .15 92 .6 7 .5 F1 16 -26 pt 4 .8 - 87 .0 2 .04 24 .6 3 .0 4 7 .81 2 .58 0 .06 0 .31 91 .0 11.8 ° F2 26 -38 pt 5 .0 - 40 .4 0 .84 27 .9 5 .0 17 7 .33 2 .62 0 .05 0 .27 6o .2 17 .1 L 38 + pt 4 .8 - 52 .3 0. 97 31 .1 10 .0 23 7 .46 2 . 52 Tr . 0 .33 73 .6 1.4 .0 Grevell sand - Ortr:ic Regosol

Cl 0 - 9 s 7 .1 - 0 .2 0.02 7 .5 2 .5 71 5 .3 0.2 0 .1 4 .3 100 .0 C2 9 -12 lfs 7 .3 - 0 .4 0 .02 11.9 2 .2 106 8 .o 0.2 0 .1 7 .8 100 .0 Cgj 12 -22 s 7 .4 - 0 .7 0 .04 10 .1 2 .5 57 4 .4 0 .8 0 .1 0 .1 5 .7 94 .7 C3 22 + s 7.4 - 0.2 0.01 9.2 2.2 54 3 .6 0.1 0.1 3 .5 100.0

Harrison loam - De?raded Acid BroVm Wooded

L-x 2- o pt 0.80 30 3 5.2 4.7 43 .6 .9 119.0 218 12 .66 3 .10 1.22 0.12 72.0 23 .7 Ae 0 - 1 5 .4 4 .4 7.4 0 .12 34 .9 57 .5 105 0.41 0.41 0 .09 0 .03 13 .0 7 .2 Efl 4- 5 1 5 .6 4 .8 4 .0 0 .11 21.2 184 .0 427 0.42 0.09 0 .06 0.03 16.6 3 .6 Ef2 5 -10 1 5 .6 4 .9 2.7 0 .08 18 .4 48 .0 163 0.20 0.04 0 .04 0.02 15 .9 1.9 EIIC 10 -13 sl 5 .6 5 .0 2.1 0 .10 12 .8 45 .5 154 0.27 0.04 0 .04 0.02 8.2 4.5 IIC1 13 -19 gs 5 .6 5 .1 - - - 50 .0 118 - - - - IIC2 19 + gs 5 .7 5 .4 - - - 48.0 96 - - - - Table ,7 -- continued

Exchangeable Cations and Exchange Capacity - milli-equivalents 100 -gram Base pH Organic Total Cation Satura- Depth pH (0 .01 Ni Matter N Pi P2 . Exchange tion orizon Inches exture ,iH20~, CaCl~ %,- ~ p .p .m. p.p .m. a i~ K a Capacity

Hatzic silty clay loam - Orthic Gleysol

Ap 0 - 5 sicl 5 .2 4.7 11.2 0.54 12C-N.1 12 .5 50 8.77 1.47 0.11 0.10 39 .8 26 .3 sic 0 .21 Ratio17 .7 15 .5 49 9 .26 2.46 0 .11 0.09 31.4 37 .9 Aejg 5 - 7 5 .4 4 .7 3 .7 B9tj 7 -13 sic 5 .5 5 .0 1 .8 0 .11 9 .3 8 .0 45 4 .62 3 .46 0 .09 0 .05 28.7 28.6 BC 13 -16 sic 5 .7 5 .2 1.3 0 .09 9 .1 9 .0 44 5 .01+ 4 .51 0 .09 0 .13 28 .9 33 .8 Cgl 16 -24 sic 5 .8 5 .4 - - - 3 .5 8 14.95 5 .81 0 .10 0 .13 33 .3 63 .1 Cg2 21;. + sic 6 .0 5 .5 - - - - 9 14.94 6 .53 0 .10 0 .13 29.6 73 .4

H.Jorth silt loam - Rego Humic Gleysol

Ap 0 - 7 sil 5 .9 5 .2 5 .4 0 .26 12.0 6 .7 95 5 .72 0.91 0 .11,. 0 .10 22 .1 30 .9 Cgl 7 - 82 sicl 6 .1 5 .3 1..4 0 .09 8.8 2 .7 82 4 .53 1.30 0 .14 0 .09 17 .3 35 .0 Ab 8z-10 sil 5 .8 5 .0 5 .3 0 .24 12.8 5 .9 67 4 .97 1.53 0 .13 0 .10 24 .2 27 .8 Cg2 10 -11+ sicl 6 .3 5 .3 0 .8 0.07 6 .7 4.0 84 3 .55 1.30 0 .12 0 .10 9 .9 51.7 C93 14 -33 sil 6 .3 5 .5 o.6 0.05 7.3 4.9 113 4 .53 2 .21 0 .15 0.16 9 .9 71.1 Cg1.: 33 -43 + sicl 5 .8 5 .6 0.4. 0.05 4 .7 4.8 11,.1,. 6 .58 3 .27 0 .24 0.24 12 .7 81.3

Isar sandy loam_- Orthic Reposol h 22- 2 pt 5 .1 4 .4 94 .1 1 .29 42 .3 89 .2 115 50.39 2 .55 1.48 0 .06 113 .0 48 .2 H 2 - 0 mu 4 .3 3 .5 51 .5 1 .18 25 .3 53 .1 77 20.1.3 3 .44 0.70 0 .11 82 .9 29 .4 A-hj 0 - 3 sl 4.4 4 .1 8.8 0 .32 16 .1 17 .6 30 1.50 0 .21 0.16 0 .07 22 .4 8 .7 C1 3 -13 gr 5 .3 4 .6 1.2 0 .05 15 .0 13 .1 21 0.60 - 0.03 0 .04 5 .4 13 .4 C2 13 -26 + gr 5 .5 4 .7 1.3 0 .04 20.7 3 .8 23 0 .50 - 0.03 0 .04 4.0 14.2 Table 7 - continued Exchangeable Cations and Exchange Capacit_y - mill1-equivalent s/100 -grams Base pH Organic Total Cation Satura- Depth pH (0 .01M Matter N C-Pd Pi P2 Exchange tion e Horizon Inches Texture (H20) CaC12~ N Ratio p.p.m. Q p .m . Ca ~ K Na Capacity ~_

Kent silt loam : shallow phase - Rego Humic Gle_ysol

Ap 0 - 7 sil 4.9 4.1 7 .3 0" 31 13 .7 6 .o 16 3 .02 0.58 0.08 0.05 28.3 13 .2 Cgl 7 -12 sil 5 .6 4.3 1.8 0.08 11.8 21.5 40 3 .32 0 .81 0.03 0.05 16.7 25 .2 Cg2 12 -17 sil 5 .7 4.6 o.6 0 .04 9.1E 20 .0 43 4 .62 1.16 0~03 0.05 12.0 48.9 TICE-! 17 -24 s 6 .o 4.9 - - - 65 .0 104 ------IICg2 24 32 s 6.0 4.9 - - - 61 .5 110 ------IIC;3 32 + s 5 .7 4 .9 - - - 38 .0 84 ------

McElvee loam - Rego Gle_ysol i :. 11 8.1 28 4 0 .6 0.1 0 .2 15 .9 32.1 0 AP o - 6 1 5 .6 - 4.5 0.22 .9 .2 Cgl 6 -13 sil 5.6 - 1.6 0.08 11.6 16 .1 68 3 .5 0.5 0.1 0.2 12 .3 35 .0 IICgl 13 -16 ls 5 .0 - 0 .9 0 .05 10 .5 11 .2 61 2 .9 0 .6 Tr. 0.2 7 .8 47.4 Cg~ 16 -28 sil 5 .7 - 2..8 o .15 lo. 6 14 .4 44 6 .7 1 .0 0 .1 0 . 2 20 .3 39 .4 IIICg 30 + scl 5 .8 - 0 .$ o .o6 10.6 22 .0 59 2.4 0 .6 Tr . 0 .1 7 .5 41.3

Monroe silt loam - Deorcic Reaosol

Ap 0 -10 sil 5 .5 5 .0 4.9 0 .24 12 .0 5 .7 72 4 .56 1.98 0 .16 0 .09 21.1 32 .2 C1 10 -28 sil 6 .o 5 .2 0.8 0 .05 8.0 4.7 84 4.03 0 .91 0 .11,. 0.09 14 .4 35 .8 IM 28 -36 ls 6 .7 5 .5 0.3 0 .02 7 .0 7 .9 1+4 2 .32 o . 66 0 .10 o. o6 8 .2 38 .1 0 .08 10 .4 38 .0 C2 36 -41 sil 6.4 5 .5 0 .3 0 .03 6.0 6 .1 71+5 2.72 1.04 0 .12 .06 3 .1 IIC2 41+ s 6.7 5 .5 - - - 6 .6 ~200 0.74 0 .22 o.o6 0 35 .2

FaFe silty clay loam - Rego Gle_ysol 161 1.26 0.20 0.10 19.6 32.7 Lp o - 6 sicl 5.6 5 .1 4.2 0.22 11.2 1.5 4.84 cgl 6 -23 sicl 6.o 5.5 0.9 o.o6 8.3 0.2 158 4.52 1.41 0.20 0.08 14.7 42 .1 Cg2 23 -1+1 sil 6.3 5.6 0 .7 0 .04 10 .3 2 .3 138 3 .60 1 .1,1F 0 .16 0 .07 12 .4 42 .4 0 .89 0.15 0 .05 7 .7 40 .8 GIN 41 -47 1 6.4 5 .5 - - - 2 .8 137 2.05 IIC~ 47 + s 6.4 5 .5 - - - 3 .0 96 1 .39 0 .55 0.13 0 .03 4.8 43 .5 Table 7 - continued Exchangeable Cations and Exchange Capacity - milli-ectuivalents/100 grams Base pH Organic Total Cation Satura- Depth pH (0 .01 M Matter N C-N P1 P2 Exchange tion K Capacity Horizon Inches Texture SH,CO,~ CaCl2~ % `~~ , Ratio P,.p.m. Q.p .m. Ca Mg Na

Prest silty clay loam. - Repo Glevsol

I,H 3 - 0 pt 4.5 68.2 - - 25 .4 50 6 .6 2 .9 1.3 0 .2 36 .4 30 .2 Cgi 0 -10 sicl 5 .4 4.3 0.23 11.0 5 .4 100 8 .2 5 .0 0.4 0 .2 24 .4 56.6 Cg2 10 -18 sic 5 .7 2 .5 0 .13 11.2 4 .7 147 6 .7 5 .6 o. ; 0 .2 17 .5 73 .1 IICg lg -27 US 6.4 0.9 0.11 4.6 3.8 90 4.0 3 .0 0.1 0.2 7.0 °100 .a

Seabird loamy sand - Gle.ed Orthic Regosol

C 0 - 4 s 6 .9 - 0.4 0.02 10 .8 11.0 93 4 .47 0.79 0 .25 0 .06 6 .1 91.6 Cgjl 4 - 9 ls 7.3 - o.6 0.02 13 .9 2.5 117 6.12 1.46 0.26 o.oa 7.9 100.0 Cgj2 9 -14 lfS 7.5 - 0.9 0.04 13 .8 2.5 67 12 .59 1.29 0.28 0.08 10.6 100.0 IICgl 14 -22 sil 7 .2 - - - - 4 .0 72 15 .99 1.30 0 .21 0 .10 19.7 89.3 IICg2 22 -20 5i1 7 .1 - ,- - - 1 .0 70 12.05 1.16 0 .16 0.10 15 .4 87 .6 .06 5 86 .4 Cgj3 28 + s 7 .2 - - - - 3 .5 68 4.50 0 .46 0 .08 0 .9

Sim silt loam -_Rego__Humic Gleysol

Ap 0 -10 sil 5 .5 5 .0 25 .0 0.97 14 .9 30.6 51 6 .86 1 .40 0.32 0 .09 53 .5 16 .2 20 .2 Cgl 10 -15 sicl 5 .3 4 .8 7 .7 0 .29 15 .3 1.8 5 5 .30 3 .13 0.20 0 .25 44.1 Cg2 15 -2-0 sicl 5.6 5.1 4.0 0.16 14 .7 2.4 5 5.1-+ 3.30 0.18 0.35 31 .1 28.9 Cg3 20 -26 sil 6 .1 5 .4 2 .7 0 .14 11.6 1 .5 9 4.75 2 .61 0 .14 0 .32 20 .9 37 .4 Cg4 26 + sicl 6.2 5 .6 1 .1 0.06 11.1 3 .6 176 3 .86 2 .74 0.26 0.29 17 .6 40.7

" Ca + iJIIg T Trace - 122 -

Table 8 - Iron, Aluminum, Sulphur,_ Copper, and Zinc Analyses of Selected Lowland Soil Profiles .

Available and Oxalate Organically Extraction Comr)lexed Available Depth Fe Al S Cu Zn Horizon Inches Texture I I p.p.m. p_p .m. p.p.m .

Bates silt loam - Gle_yed Deorcic_ Re~osol

Ap 0-7 si1 - - 31 .4 Cgjl 7 -lla. sil - - 12 .6 Cgj2 1.1,. -24 sil - - 7 .2 Cgl 24 -32 si1 ° . - 8.4 Cg2 32 + sicl - - 3 .6

Chehalis loamy_ sand - Dearaded Acid Brown Wooded

I-H 111- 0 pt - - - Ae 01- ~ 1s 0 .42 0.94 5 .8 Bfj 1 ~- 4 ls 0 .22 0.79 10 .8 Bfj2 4 - 8 lis 0 .30 0.86 9 .5 C 8 -1.4- fs - 0.77 10 .8 IN 7.4 + gs - 0 .44 2 .5

Fairfield silty clay loam - Gl.e.yed Deorcic Regosol

AP 0 - 6 sicl - - 1 .5 Cgjl 6 -12 sicl - - 3 .0 Cgj2 12 -22 sicl - - 1 .5 Cg 22 -21+ sil - - _ 1.5 IICg 29 + s - - 2 .0

Harrison loam - Degraded Acid Brown Wooded

L-H J- 0 pt - - - Ae 0 - 4 1 0 .28 0 .16 4 .5 Bf1 4- 5 1 0.98 1.18 9.3 Bf2 5 -10 1 0.68 1.08 1.1 .5 BIN 10 -13 sl 0 .16 0 .38 12 .0 IIC1 13 -19 gs 0 .16 0 .80 9.0 IIC2 19 + gs 0 .70 1 .44 5 .5

Hatzic silty _clay loam - Orthic GleZ-so1

Ap 0 - 5 sicl 15 .3 Aejg 5 - 7 sic 9 .5 Bgtj 7 -13 sic 6 .0 BC 13 -16 sic 6 .5 Cgl 16 -2k sic 7 .0 Cg2 24 + sic 6 .0 Table 8 - continued . Available and Oxalate Organically Extraction Complexed Available Depth Fe Al S Cu Zn Horizon Inches Texture A.p.m. .P .T11. p .p .m .

Hjorth silt loam - Rego Humic Gl,e,ysol

Ap 0 - 7 sil 4.9 Cgl 7 - 82 sicl 2 .6 Ab 8J-10 sil 3.4 Cg2 10 -14 sicl 3 .3 Cg3 14 -33 sil 0 .5 Cg4 33 -43 + sicl 0 .5

Isar sandv loam - Orthic Reposol

L 22'- 2 pt - 22 .8 91 .0 H 2 - 0 mu - 22 .2 61.6 Ahj 0 - 3 sl 14 .2 27 .2 51 .8 Cl 3 -13 gr 2.5 23 .0 39 .1 C2 13 -26 + gr 8 .2 26 .5 41.6

Kent silt loam : shallow phase - Rego Humic Gle;rsol

Ap 0 - 7 sil 10 .0 Cgl 7 -12 sil 8 .0 Cg2 12 -17 sil 5 .5 IICgl 17 -24 s 4 .8 IICg2 24 -32 s 4 .0 IICg3 32 + s 4 .8

Nionroe_ silt _loam_ -_Deorcic _ Re~osol

Ap 0 -10 sil - - 5 .9 Cl 10 -28 sil - - 3 .1 IM 28 -36 ls - - 2 .0 C2 36 -41 sil - - 3 .1 IIC2 41 + s - - 0.3

Page silty clay loam - Rego Gleysol

Ap 0 - 6 sicl - - 9.2 Cgl 6 -23 sicl - - ' 2 .6 Cg2 23 -41 sil - - 0.5 CIIC 41 -47 1 - - 2 .5 IICg 47 + s - - 3 .5 _. 124 -

Table £'s - continued

Available and Oxalate Organically Extraction Complexed Available Depth Fe Al S Cu Zn Horizon Inches Texture I'-/. % p .p .m . p .p .m . L.p .m.

Sim silt loam - Rego Humic Gleysol hp 0 -10 sil - - 22 .3 Cgl 10 -15 sicl - - 12 .5 Cg2 15 -20 sicl - - 7.5 Cg3 20 -26 sil - - 4.4 Cgt; 26 + sicl - - 3 .8 Table 9 - Chemical Analyses of Selected Upland Soil Profiles .

Exchangeable Cations and Exchange Capacity - milli-eguivalents/100 grams Base pH Organic Total Cation Satura- Depth pH (0.01 AZ Matter N C-N P1 P2 Exchange tion Horizon Inches Texture H221 CaC1.2~ % ~ `'' Ratio p .p .m . p .p .m . Ca -g K Na Capacity, ~

Calkins silt loam - Rego Humic Gleysol

H 5 - 0 mu 3 .9 3 .5 66 .9 1.91 20.3 36.4 62 2 .33 1.18 0.49 0.08 80 .4 5 .1 Ah 0 - 7 sil LF .6 4.1 10 .8 0.33 18 .9 38.8 71 0.39 0.05 0.17 0.03 32 .0 2 .0 AC 7 -11 sil 5 .1 4.4 4 .7 0 .13 20 .4 32 .7 87 0 .39 - 0 .05 0 .04 22 .7 2 .1 Cgl 11 -17 sil 5 .3 4 .3 2 .1 0.08 14.7 31.2 60 0.52 0 .14 0 .05 0 .06 19 .2 4 .0 Cg2 17 -22 fs1 5 .5 4.5 1.0 0.05 12.5 39.8 137 0.23 - 0.02 0.04 7.4 3.9 Cg3 22 33 sil 5 .1 3 .9 0.3 0 .02 6.3 18.9 46 0.95 0 .46 0 .02 0 .13 10 .9 14.3 II(:g 33 + vfls 5 .3 4 .1 0.2 0.02 4.8 15 .1 55 0.65 0.13 0 .02 0 .10 4.9 18.1

Cannel sandy loam - Orthic Podzol

L 4 - 3 pt 3.8 3.4 100.0 1.22 50 .5 59 .4 129 7.30 1.72 2.57 0.23 107.7 11.0 FH 3 - 0 m~a 3 .~ 3 .0 100 .0 1.03 59 .9 42 .7 57 5 .73 1 .75 1 .66 0 .28 71+9.4 6.3 Ae 0 - 1 s1 4.1 3 .6 4 .8 0 .07 39 .4 15 .9 23 0.24 0.10 0.11 0.04 12.4 4.0 Bfh 1 - 4 sl 5 .0 4 .5 7 .~6 0 .09 49.5 34 .3 y 40 0 .08 0 .03 0 .06 0 .03 19 .0 1.0 Bf 4 - 7 51, 5.0 4.5 6.2 0.11 33 .1 48 .4 116 0.09 0.04 0.09 0.04 17.8 1.4

Cardinal silt loam - Orthic Humic Podzol

12- 1 pt 3 .9 3 .5 80 .4 1.24 37 .7 - 54 11 .42 2 .56 2 .50 0 .34 139.4 12.1 HF 1 - 0 mu 3 .8 3.0 80 .6 1.38 33 .9 - 30 5 .30 2 .05 0.65 0.82 132.5 6 .6 Ae 0 - w 1 4 .2 3 .5 5 .2 0 .17 22 .0 1.2 .5 2 0 .94 o .16 0 .06 0 .06 15 .7 7 .8 .07 50 .5 1.2 Fhf 4- 3 sil 5 .4. 4.7 1+-2 0.39 21.5 30 .8 23 0 .35 0.10 0.09 0 Efhl 3 - 8 sil 5.5 4.9 9.1 0.24 22 .2 52 .5 27 0.13 0.04 0.04 0.03 36 .1 0.7 FA2 8 -15 sil 5.5 5.0 8.2 0.21 22.8 49 .8 24 0.17 0.05 0.03 0.03 33 .4 Efhgj 15 -24 sil 5 .5 5 .1 5 .4 0.13 24.8 66 .5 22 0.10 0.02 0.02 0.03 25 .3 0.7 EC 24 31 1 5 .5 5 .0 5 .4 0.16 19.5 26 .3 18 ------IICg1 31 -39 fs1 5 .6 5 .3 2 .1 0.05 22 .7 2~~ ~ 22 - - - - IICg2 39 + fsl 6 .o 5 .7 - - - 74 ------Table 9 - continued

Exchangeable Cations and Exchange Capacity - mil1i-eguivalents/100 grams Base pH Organic Total Cation Satura- Depth pH (0.01 IK Matter N C-N Pi P2 Exchange tion Horizon Inches Texture LH,gj CaCl,)_ -% c Ratio . .m. p .U .m. Ca 1~ K Na Capacity

I?urieu silt loam - Degraded Acid Brown Wooded

2j- 2 pt 5 .1 4 .6 72 .9 1.31 32 .2 51.1 68 28 .68 4.89 1 .50 0 .09 109.6 29 .4 H 2 - 0 mu 3 .9 3 .9 40 .2 1.05 23 .2 22 .1 38 9 .55 2 .26 0 .48 0 .06 78.9 15 .6 Bhf ~- 5 sil 4.7 4 .3 12 .0 0 .29 23 .7 2.7 5 0 .27 0.11 0 .16 0 .02 47.4 1 :2 Bfh 5 -11 sil 5 .1 4 .7 5 .7 0.17 19.5 2.2 10 0.22 - 0.06 0.03 35 .4 0.9 Bf 11 -17 sil 5 .5 5 .0 3.7 o .12 18.6 4.0 13 0.08 - 0.10 0 .04 26 .2 0.8 BCgj 17 -26 sil 5 .4 4 .9 3 .7 0.12 17 .7 4 .3 21 0 .08 - 0 .10 0.04 29 .0 0 .8 Cg1 26 34 sicl 6 .0 4.9 0 .4 0.02 10.9 43 .9 72 2.01 0.80 0.10 0.07 17 .4 17 .2 Cg2 34 + sicl 5 .8 5 .1 0.2 0.02 8.5 21 .2 134 9 .80 4.06 0.18 0 .12 21 .8 64 .9 t

Hoover sandy loam - Orthic Podzol ON" t IrH 3 - 0 pt 3 .9 3 .3 98 .7 1.00 57 .1 72 .9 104 8.93 2.02 0.60 0.22 119.5 9.8 Ae 0 - 2 51 4 .4 3 .8 1 .8 0 .04 26 .7 7 .8 13 0 .21 0 .04 0 .05 0 .04 5 .3 6 .4 Bfra 2 - 32 sl 5.4 4.7 7 .9 0.12 37 .5 23 .5 51 0.32 0.05 0.09 0.03 28 .6 1.7 Bfh2 31-11 sl 5 .7 4 .9 7 .7 0 .13 34 .9 20 .4 51 0 .27 0 .05 0 .06 0 .03 26 .5 1.5 Bfh3 11. -16 gsl 5 .7 5 .0 7 .5 0 .12 37 .3 13 .6 39 0 .17 0 .03 0 .05 0 .03 26 .5 1.1 ECgj 16 -20 gsl 5.7 5 .0 7.1 0.13 31.0 8.3 24 0.12 0.03 0.05 0.03 27 .1 o.8 Cg,l 20 -27 gs1 5 .7 5 .1 4 .7 0 .12 22 .9 6 .9 24 0 .10 0 .02 0 .04 0 .03 20 .9 0 .9 Cg2 27 -30 gsl 5.7 5 .1 5 .6 0.14 24 .1 6.o 19 0.10 0.02 0.04 0.03 27 .3 0.7 IzCg 30 -38 gsl 6.2 5 .7 0.4 0.01 23 .2 28.8 - 0.28 0.02 0.05 0.03 3.2 11 .9

Judson muck -_ Deep Muck

? 0 - I pt 4.5 4.2 100.0 1.25 50 .2 28 .2 > 40 14.21 3.17 2.73 0.26 116.6 17.5 YF 2- 2 mu 4 .0 3 .5 100 .0 1.86 32 .9 21.7 25 12.93 3.02 1.41 0.58 1+0.7 12 .8 F1 2 - 6 mu 3 .2 2.7 100 .0 1.15 54 .4 6 .0 14 5 .50 8.65 0.58 0 .64 155 .6 9 .9 F2 6 -10 mu 3 .9 3 .3 100 .0 1.56 41.4 15 .2 19 11+.01 6.36 0 .45 0 .88 165 .2 13 .1 FL 10 -14 pt 4 .1 3 .5 100 .0 1.21 51.9 8 .9 10 20.44 5 .82 0.11,. 0 .82 172 .6 15 .8 1-F . 14 + pt 4.2 3 .5 100.0 1.38 45 .1 7.1 8 23 .10 5.30 0.83 0.43 187.4 15 .8 Table 9 - continued Exchangeable Cations and Exchange Capacity - milli-eguivalents/100 Arms Base pH Organic Total Cation Satura- Depth pH (0 .01 11 Matter N C-P3 Pi P2 Exchange tion Horizon Inches Texture (H?0~, CaC12) % % , Ratio p .p .rr~. p .p .m. Ca N~ K Na Capacity ~-

Kenworthy loam - Acid Brown Wooded-Regosol Intergrade

L 32- 3 pt 4,7 4,2 100 .0 1 .37 44 .4 33 .7 46 15 " 31 2 .40 1.62 0 .17 131.4 14 .8 HF 3 - 0 mu 4. 3 3 ' 89 .2 1 . 38 37 1.1. .? 20 8 .18 0.92 0 .60 0 .23 125 .5 ~5 .7 Aej o - 2 1 4 ..88 4 .2 14 .7 0 ..3131 27 .5 0 . 9 78 4 . 04 0. 25 0 . 10 0 . 11 34 . 3 13 . 1 Bhfj ~- 2 1 5.3 4.6 11.8 0.27 25 .6 3 .8 8 1.35 0.11 0.08 0.07 36 .5 4.4 Bfjh 2 -10 sil 5 .7 5 .0 5 .2 0 .12 25 .1 3 .8 6 0 .49 0.04 0 .04 0 .04 18 .8 3 .2 Bfj 10 -25 sil 5 .6 5 .1 4 .3 0 .10 25 .6 3 .1 11 0.22 0 .03 0 .04 0 .05 19.2 1 .8 BC1 25 -32 sl 6.0 5 .4 3 .7 o.o8 27 .8 1.2 11 0.43 0.04 0.05 o.o6 19.1 3.0 BC2 32 -36 gsl 5 .9 5 .4 5 .3 0 .11. 28 .4 2 .8 11 0 .83 0 .06 0.07 0 .10 26.1 4 .1 BC3 36 -49 C,71:) 6.0 5 .5 4.3 0.08 33 .0 1.5 18 0.79 0.05 0.o6 0.07 21 .5 4.5 Cgj 49 + gsl 6 .0 5 .6 4 .6 0 .11 23 .7 3 .6 26 ------

K-2 stone loam - Orthic Podzol

FL 21- 12 pt 4.2 3 .9 98.6 1 .30 44.0 65 .2 - 17 .24 4 .39 2 .47 0 .20 126 .5 19.2 H 12- 0 mu 3 .9 3 .9 90 .3 :'.38 38 .1 66 .2 123 9 .52 3 .78 2 .17 0 .30 136 .2 11,4 Ae 0 - 1:2 1 4.5 3 .7 2 .7 0 .09 7-8 .7 24.9 41 0 .60 0 .23 0 .11 0 .05 11.9 8.3 Efhl 12- 3 sil 5 .3 4.6 7 .0 0,21 20 .3 76 .5 167 0 .33 0 .10 0 .11 0 .04 28.3 2 .1 Efr.2 3 - 6 1 5 .6 4 .9 6 .6 0 .16 21,. .1 13 .7 46 0 .27 o.o6 0 .06 0 .03 28.4 1.5 Ef 6 -10 1 5 .7 5 .2 3 .7 0 .10 21.9 8 .8 46 0 .24 0.05 0 .05 0 .03 19.5 1 .9 EIIC 10 -12 sl 5 .8 5 .3 2 .2 0 .07 17 .4 12 .2 42 0 .22 0 .04 0 .04 0 .03 12.2 2 .7 IICgj 12 -21 gs 5 .9 5 .3 1.1 0 .02 26 .0 59 .0 165 0 .20 0 .03 0 .02 0 .03 4.7 5 .9 IICg 21 -28 gs 6 .0 5 .6 0.7 0 .02 18 .7 47 .3 722 0.16 0 .02 0 .03 0 .03 4.9 4 .9 1IC 28 + gs 6 .0 5 .3 0.7 0.02 17 .0 56 .9 170 0 .15 0 .02 0 .07 0 .03 3 .5 7 .8 Table 9 - .continued

Exchangeable Cations and Exchange Capacity- mill.i-e uivalents,/100_Frams Base pH Organic Total Cation Satura- Depth pH (0 .01 M Matter N C-N Pi P2 Exchange tion Horizon Inches Texture ,KH201 CaCl2~, % % Ratio p .p .m. p.p .r~ . Ca rig K Na Capacity

L~~nden gravelly sandy loan - Degraded Acid Brown Wooded L-H 1 - 0 pt 5 .7 5 .1 49 .5 1.1+ 25 .3 > 50 .0 214 43 .47 3 .96 1.96 0.18 86 .1 57 .6 Aej 0 - ~ sl 4 .6 4 .0 8 .9 0 .21 25 .0 37 .3 98 2 .90 0 .36 0 .39 0.04 25 .7 11+ .3 Bfhl 2- 7 gsl 5 .2 4.5 9.0 0.22 24 .1 > 50 .0 218 0.82 0.11 0.23 0.03 38 .0 3 .1 Bfh2 7 -18 gs 5 .5 4 .8 5 .0 0 .14 20 .2 ~ 50 .0 197 0 .29 0 .06 0 .12 0 .02 25 .0 2 .0 CB 18 -30 gr 5 .3 4 .8 3 .5 0 .11 19.0 20 .7 70 0 .29 0 .06 0 .14 0 .03 16 .3 3 .2 C 30 + gr 5 .9 5 .2 2 .1 0 .08 15 .9 21 .6 62 0 .77 0.21 0 .16 0 .04 12 .1 9 .8

P-Zarblo Hill silt loam - Ort.hic A cid BroVm Wooded

LF ~- 0 pt 5 .4 i 5 .2 " 94 .5 2 .71 20 .3 - 221 - - - - Ahj 0 - 1 sil 5 .8 - 5 .2 ~ 11 .9 0 .40 17 .4 9.2 22 4.50 1 .31 0.76 0 .07 31 .6 22 .3 Bfh 1. - 6 s4l 41.0 5 .1 7.1 0.23 17 .7 10 .0 36 1.18 0.34 0.43 0.06 24 .4 8 .2 Bil 6 -16 sil 5 .8 5 .0 4 .7 0 .15 15 .1 36 .6 33 0 .25 0 .06 0 .18 0 .05 20 .0 2 .7 Bf2 16 -26 sil 5 .8 5 .3 3 .1 0 .13 14.1 7 .8 - 0 .0E 0 .03 0 .12 0 .05 14 .9 1 .9 B13 26 -35 sil 5 .6 5 .4 2.1 0.09 13 .3 3 .4 32 0.05 0.03 0.11 0.04 11.3 2.0 BC 35 -45 1 5 .8 5 .3 1.0 0 .06 10 .1 39.0 42 0.05 0 .03 0 .06 0.04 7 .6 2 .4 IICl 45 -53 gs 5 .5 5 .2 - - - 59.3 30 - - - - IIC2 53 + gr 5 .7 5 .1 - - - 34.6 35 - - - -

Iiission sandy_ loam - Gleyed Ortstein Podzol-Gle.yed Hur~~ic Podzol. InterZrade

L 6 - 5 pt 4.0 3 .5 100.0 1 .42 44.3 66 .1 113 10 .15 2 .49 1 .91 0 .29 132 .1 11 .2 HF 5 - 0 mu 3 .8 3 .1 97 .7 1.47 38 .1 36 .7 66 10 .39 2 .77 1 .02 0 .60 147 .9 10 .0 Ae 0 - 3 ls 4.2 3 .5 3 .3 0 .08 25 .0 2 .0 5 - - - - 9.8 - Ehf 3 - 7 sl 5.0 4.2 16.9 0 .35 24 .8 27 .2 56 0.76 0 .06 0 .04 0 .03 56.3 1.6 Efc 7 -10 gls 5 .5 5.0 4.0 0.07 32 .0 9.2 - 0.49 0.08 0.09 0.03 22 .5 3 .1 ££cgj1 10 -14 gs 5 .9 5 .5 1.2 0.02 26 .6 12 .1 - 0 .11 0 .01 0 .04 0 .02 8.8 2 .0 Efcgj2 14 -23 gs 5 .7 5 .4 1 .1 0 .02 30 .9 14 .9 - 0 .18 0 .01 0 .02 0.03 7 .4 3 .2 23 + gs 5 .7 5 .4 - - - 27 .0 79 0 .17 Tr.-, 0.02 0 .05 5 .9 4.1 Table 9 - continued

Exchangeable Cations and Exchange Capacity - milli-equivalents/100 grams Base pH Organic Total ' Cation Satura- Depth SH,91pH (0 .01 N Natter N C-M Pl P2 Exchange tion Horizon Inches Texture CaCl~ % ~ Ratio p .p .m . p .p .m . Ca _MZ K Na Capacity

Roach sand-y- loam - Ortstein Podzol-Humic Podzol Intergrade

L 31- 2z pt 4.3 3 .9 100.0 1.39 44 .3 62 .3 125 15 .81 4.35 2.80 0.21 - 126.9 _ 18.2 HF 2-2- 0 mu 3 .9 3 .2 96 .8 1 .26 44.6 47 .4 72 10 .64 3 .18 1 .37 0 .40 141 .9 11.0 Ae 0 - 12 sl 4.0 3 .4 3 .8 0.10 21.9 2.3 4 o.17 o.12 o.o6 o.o6 12 .6 3.2 Ehf 12- 8 sl 5 .0 4 .3 1+ .0 0.24 34.4 10 .2 15 0.04 0.04 0.07 0.04 34 .9 0.6 Efhc 8 -14 gls 5 .4 4.8 7 .$ 0 .12 -- 36.5 7 :5 19 0.05 0.01 0 .01 0 .02 26 .9 0 .4 Bfcl 14 -19 gs , 5 .6 5 .1 4 .5 0 .09 29.7 8 .7 - 0 .05 Tr . Tr . 0 .02 26.5 0 .3 Bfc2 19 , -25 gs 5 " 8 5 .3 2 .4 0 .06 21 .8 10 .3 32 0 .06 Tr . Tr. 0 .02 14.0 0 .6 17 .1 26 0 .11 Tr . 0 .02 0 .02 6.8 2.4 BC 25 -37 gs 5 .9 5 .4 -1 .0 -, 0 .02 27 .3 C 37 + gs 5 .7 5 .4 - - - 18.8 43 0 .09 Tr . Tr. Tr . 6.7 1.6 . Rvder silt loam - Orthic Acid Brown Wooded

Ap 0 - 7 sil 5 .6 ' 4:-8 9.0 +0 .31 25 .3 6 .5 . 18 0.23 0.05 0.49 0.06 23 .1 3 .6 Bf1. 7 -11f ' sil 5 .7 - ' 4.7 5 .6 0 .18 18 .0 0 .5 8 0 .40 0 .05 o .1o o.o6 21.1 2 .9 Bfl 14 -21 sil 5 .7 4.9 4.0 ~0 .14 16.1 1 .4 18 0 .14 0 .02 0 .07 0 .07- 17 .2 1.7 Bf~: 21 -30 sii 5.7 5 .0 2 .9 0 .11 15 .7 4 .9 20 0 .12 0.02 0 .05 o .o6 13 .1 1.9 IIBC 30 -39- sl 6.0 5 .2 - - - 17 .4 79 0 .12 0.02 0 .02 0 .05 6.9 3 .1 IICgj1 39 -50 51 6 .1 5 .3 - - - 13 .6 56 0 .16 0 .02 0 .02 0 .07 7 .4 3 .7 IICgj2 50 + sl 6.3 5 .0 - - - - 147 - - -

Salrres sandy loam . - Orthic Humic Podzol

6 - 5 pt 5.0 3 .9 50 .3 1.18 24.8 > 100.0 131 14 .19 2 .73 1.09 0 .06 80 .4 22.5 LF 5 - 0 inu 3 .5 2 .3 100 .0 1.94 34.6 52 .7 38 2 .34 8 .08 1 .22 0.23 175 .2 6 .6 Aeh 0 - 2~ sl- 3 .9 3 .3 7 .1 0 .14 29.9 0:5 4 0 .26 0 .10 0 .o6 0 .04 20.2 2 .3 Phf1 22- 9 51 1+ .2 3.6 16 .1 0.38 24.4 - 3 0.39 0.16 0.12 0.05 48 .4 1.5 Bhf2 9 -15 1 4.4 4.0 23 .4 0.46 29.4 2.2 6 0.36 0.09 0.12 0.09 66 .2 1.0 Bhl. 15 -20 nm 4.7 4.2 30 .5 0.51 34.9 2.6 3 0.26 0.03 0.07 0.05 78 .8 o.6 Bh2 20 -25 mu 4.8 4.4 39.1 0.66 37.5 3 .6 2 0.24 - 0.08 0.04 105 .4 0.3 1.0 BCg 25 30 sl 5 .1 4.3 15 .0 0.22 39.7 3 .8 7 0.27 - 0.09 0.02 36 .6 Table 9 - continued

Exchangeable Cations and Exchange Capacity - milli-equivalents/100 grams Base pH Organic Total Cation Satura- Depth pH (0 .01 M Matter N C-N P1 P2 ' Exchange tion orizon Inches exture (9.20~ CaC12Z Ratio p .p .m . p.p .m . a N~ K Na Capacity ,~

Stave loam - Orthic Podzol LH 12- 0 pt 4.0 3 .4 90 .1 1.32 39 .7 33 .5 - 9.30 2.22 1.72 0.23 160.9 8.4 Ae 0 - 1 1 4.2 3 .7 5 .3 0 .11 29.8 4.8 8 0 .82 0 .16 0.05 0 .07 17 .6 6.2 Ffh 1 - 6 1 5 .4 4 .8 8 .7 0 .19 27 .0 3 .6 13 0 .19 0 .05 0 .08 0 .03 31.2 1 .1 Efl 6 -15 1 5 .7 5 .3 3 .7 0 .11 19.8 1 .2 17 0 .29 0 .04 0 .10 0 .03 16.8 2 .7 Ef2 15 -19 1 5 .9 5 .6 1.6 0.06 16.9 3 .0 14 0.22 0.03 0 .04 0.03 11. 0 2 .9 ECgj 19 -24 1 5.8 5 .4 1.3 0.04 19 .2 8.5 17 0.31 0.01 0.03 0.03 7.7 5.0 Cc 24 -35 ls 5.8 5.4 1.0 0.03 18 .4 22 .2 74 0.15 0.01 0.02 0.03 5.7 3 .7 IICg 35 + gs 5 .9 5 .4 - - - 31.1 52 0 .16 0 .01 0.03 0 .04 6 .0 4 .0 c 0 Steelhead loam - Gle.yed Humic Podzol

L 6 - 4 pt 4 .1 3 .6 100 .0 1.41 41.4 18 .4 40 7 .99 1 .43 0 .92 0 .59 111.9 9 .8 F 4 - 1 pt 4.0 3 .1 - . - - 20 .3 31 11 .41 1 .77 0 .97 0 .77 1+9 .6 10 .0 H 1 - 0 mu 3 .8 3 .2 89 .7 1.27 41.1 13 .5 26 9 .02 1 .7.1,. 0 .57 0 .21 138 .4 7 .9 Ae 0 - 11 1 4 .1 3 .5 3 .4 0 .05 36.6 0 .9 3 0 .42 0 .09 0 .04 0.05 15 .5 3 .9 Plif 1-15- 5 1 5 .0 4.3 13 .1 0.19 40.1 0.9 1 0.20 0.12 0.04 o. o6 45 .0 0.9 Efhgjl 5 - 9 1 5 .3 4 .8 7 .8 0.13 35 .0 o .8 14 0 .10 0 .02 0.03 0 .06 27 .8 o.8 Efhgj2 9 -19 gsl 5 .4 5 .0 5 .0 0.10 28 .5 2 .3 11 0 .09 0 .02 0.02 0 .04 21.8 o .8 Ffhg 19 -25 1 5 .4 4 .8 7.8 0.15 29.3 2 .4 25 0 .05 0.02 0.08 0 .05 26 .6 o .8 EIIC 25 -32 1 5 .8 5 .0 4 .1 0.09 26 .3 4 .7 21 o .o6 0 .01 0.08 0 .04 17 .5 1 .1 IICg 32 + gsl 6 .o 5 .7 0 .3 0 .01 12 .3 19 .2 13 0 .11 0.01 0 .01 0 .10 2 .1 10 .8 Table 9 - continued

Exchangeable Cations and Exchange Capacity - milli-equivalent s/100 grams Base pH Organic Total Cation Satura- Depth pH (0 .01 N Natter N C-N Pi P2 Exchange tion Horizon Inches Texture CaCl2~ i~ % Ratio p .p .m . p .p .m. Ca Yj& K Na Capacity

Timbridge silt loam - Gleyed Orthic Acid Brown Wooded

L 32- 2A pt 4.7 4 .4 loo .o 3 .04 19.3 >100 .0 > 200 42 .20 10 .96 3 .85 0 .09 135 .8 42 .0 HF 22- 12 mu 4 .2 4 .0 85 .2 2 .52 19.6 >100 .0 168 20 .78 4.79 1.32 0 .14 129 .0 21 .0 H 12- 0 mu 3 .8 3 .3 47 .2 1 .41 19 .4 13 .7 26 3 .74 0 .49 0 .36 0.04 45 .5 10 .3 Bhf 0 - 3 sil 3 .9 3 .8 16 .3 0.55 17 .2 10 .1 20 0 .59 0 .11 0 .37 0.04 45 .5 2 .4 Bfh 3 - 9 sil 4 .4 4 .4 7 .5 0 .29 15 .1 5 .6 16 0 .37 0 .04 0 .15 0.02 31.3 1 .8 Df1:gj 9 -11+ si 1 tF .6 4 .5 7 . 5 0 .27 16 .3 7 .1 19 0 .47 0 .05 0.10 0 .04 30 .1 2 .2 BIIC 11F -22 s 1 5 .0 4 .6 3 .5 0 .11 18.6 1o .6 29 0 .47 - 0.04 0 .01 15 . 3 3 .4 IIICgl 22 -30 sil 5 .5 4 .8 1.~' 0 .07 16.0 10 .6 41 0 .57 0 .10 0 .06 0 .05 13 .9 5 .E" IIICg2 30 + sil 5 .8 4 .5 0 .5 0.04 7 .8 9 .4 23 0 .86 0 .21 0 .14 0 .08 19 .2 6 .7 tv11atcom silt loam - Orthic Acid Brown _vTooded

L-H 1 - 0 pt 4 .5 - 74 .1 1 .76 24 .4 45 .1 107 41.54 5 .08 1.24 0.12 101.9 47 .1 Bfh 0 - 7 sil 4 .7 4 .4 7 .8 0 .29 15 .4 15 .2 36 0 .79 0 .16 0.17 0 .04 29 .6 4 .0 Bf1 7 -17 sil 5 .2 4 .8 3 .4 0 .18 10 .8 10 .2 31 0.28 0 .05 0.14 0 .05 22..6 2 .3 Bf2 17 -28 sil 5 .3 4 .6 5 .4 0 .20 15 .7 5 .8 20 0.19 0 .07 0.07 0 .04 29 .2 1.3 Cf!-:jl 28 -39 sil 5 .4 4 .4 1.0 0 .30 8.5 13 .3 22 3 .22 1.90 0 .11 0 .14 21 .5 24 .9 Cgj2 39 + sicl 5 .6 4 .9 - - - 17 .2 37 12 .o6 5 .92 0 .24 o .16 26 .o 70.7

> Greater than Tr. Trace -132-

Table 7,0 - Iron, Aluminum, Sulphur, Copper, and Zinc Analyses for Selected Upland Soil Profiles .

Available and Oxalate Organically Extraction Complexed - " Available Depth Fe Al S Cu Zn Horizon Inches Texture % -%- p .p .m. p .p .m. p.p .m . Calkins silt loam - Rego Humic Gle.ysol

H 5 - 0 mu - - - 2,2 .8 28.0 Ah 0 - 7 sil - - 31 .5 15 .7 50 .7 AC 7 -11 sil - - 13 .1 21 .3 50 .6 Cgl 11 -17 sil - - 9 .1 28 .6 71 .7 Cg2 17 -22 fsl - - 8.2 18 .3 33 .0 Cg3 22 -33 sil - - 7 .0 30 .6 33 .2 IICg 33 + vfls - - 5 .0 18 .9 24.3

Cannel sandy__loam - Orthic Podzol

L 4 - 3 pt FH 3 - 0 mu Ae 0 - 1 sl 0 .71 0 .20 8,0 Bfh 1 - 4 sl 1.08 1.76 94 .0 Bf 4-7 sl 1 .08 1.66 69 .0

Cardinal silt loam - Orthic Humic Podzol

L 1-k- i pt HF 1-0 mu - - - Ae 0 - w 1 0 .36 0 .48 12 .5 Bhf 43- 3 sil 1 .34 h .26 30 .8 Bfhl 3 - 8 sil 1.33 4.20 52 .5 Bfh2 8 -15 sil 1.62 4 .08 49 .8 Bfhgj 15 -24 sil 1.11 3 :56 66 .5 BC 24 -31 1 0 .83 2 .92 26 .3 IICg1 31 -39 fsl 0 .71 1 .98 32 .5 IICg2 39 + fsl 0 .50 0 .98 29 .5

Durieu silt loam - Degraded Acid Brown Wooded

L 22- 2 pt - - - 16 .5 90.9 H 2 - 0 mu - - 57 .6 18.6 49 .7 Bhf 2- 5 sil 1.86 2 .69 36 .7 21.4 56 .0 Bfh 5 -11 sil 1 .78 3 .44 89 .8 21.6 83 :8 Bf 11 -17 sil 1 .21 2 .36 - 21.h 75 .9 BCgj 17 -26 ,il - - 69 .5 28 .1 90 .9 Cgl 26 -34 sicl 0.80 0.99 12 .3 2~ .9 60 .7 Cg2 34 + sicl - - 7 .1 4.1 .4 68 .8 - 133 -

Table 10 - continued

Available and Oxalate Organically Extraction Complexed Available Depth Fe Al S Cu Zn Horizon Inches Texture % °o p .h.m. L,P.M. p.p.m .

Hoover sandV loam - Orthic Podzol

L-H 3 - 0 pt - - - Ae 0 - 2 sl 0 .18 0 .18 4 .3 Bfhl 2 - A 51 1.48 2 .96 45 .5 Bfh2 3i-11 sl 1 .00 3 .56 34 .5 Bfh3 11 -16 gsl 0 .84 3 .56 38.8 BCgj 16 -20 gsl 0.72 3 .44 49 .3 Cgl 20 -27 gsl 0 .68 3 .32 49.5 Cg2 27 -30 gsl o.60 3 .56 42 .0 IICg 30 -38 gsl 0 .31+ 3 .20 43 .5

Kenti-torthy loam - Acid Brown Wooded-Regosol Interarade

L 3-1- 3 pt _ - .- HF 3 - 0 mu - - - Aej 0 - ~` 1 0 .75 0 .44 6 .0 Bhfj 2- 2 1 1.11 1.86 16 .3 Bfjh 2 -10 sil 0 .86 2 .44 22 .0 Bfj 10 -25 sil 0 .86 2 .74 58 .8 BU 25 -32 sl o .86 2 .50 98 .8 BC2 32 -36 gsl 0.95 3 .56 110 .0 BC3 36 -4.9 gl 0.91 3 .02 108 .3 Cgj 49 + gsl 1 .08 5 .20 97 .0

Keystone loarn - Orth7c Podzol

FL 21- 1~1~ Pt H 12- 0 mu - - - Ae 0 - 12 1 0 .25 0 .25 4 .8 Bfhl 12- 3 sil 1 .63 2 .10 23 .8, Bfh2 3 - 6 1 1 .63 2 .80 17 .5 Bf 6 --10, 1 1 .34 2 .25 27 .8 BIIC 10 -12 sl 1 .00 1 .70 41 .5 IICgj 12 -21 gs 0 .47; 0 .80 7 .8 IIC~ 21 -28 gs 0 .54 1 .03 44 .3 IIC 28 + gs 0 .38 0 .65 7 .0

LZmder pravPllTr sandy loam - Degraded Acid Brown vlooded

L-11 1 - 0 pt - - -- 23 .7 98.6 Aej 0 - 2 sl 0 .3? 0 .25 12 .9 12 .9 34 .1 Bfhl 12-- 7 gsl 0 .52 2 .62 37 .5 20 .0 126.s Bfh2 7 -18 gs 1.1E 2 .37 40 .0 26 .0 120.8 CB 18 -30 Cr - -~ 37 .5 37 . ~ 65 .9 C 30 + gr 0 .49 1 .36 29 .7 52 .3 59 .6 - 134 -

Table 10 - continued

Available and Oxalate ' Organically Extraction Complexed Available Depth Fe Al S Cu Ln Horizon Inches Texture I , I p .p .m. p .p .m. p.p.m.

Marble-Hill silt loam - Orthic Acid Brown Wooded

IF ~- 0 pt - - - Ahj 0 - 1 sil - - 60 .3 Bfh 1 - 6 sil 1.39 1.94 9 .2 Bfl 6 -16 sil 1.23 1.94 4.1 Bf2 16 -26 sil 1.28 1.82 67 .7 Bf3 26 -35 sil 1.10 1.65 73 .1 BC 35 -45 1 0 .69 1.18 7 .3 IICl 45 -53 gs 0 .36 0 .61 5 .8 IIC2 53 + gr - - 7 .2

Gleved Ortstein Podzol-Gle

L 6-5 pt, - - - - - HF 5 - 0 mu ------Ae 0 - 3 ls 0.36 0.48 3 .8 - - Bhf 3 - 7 sl 2 .24 3 .60 11 .3 -. - Bfc 7 -10 gls 0 .98 3 .36 44 .8 - - Bfcgj1 10 -11,. gs 0 .36 1 .92 41 .8 - - Bfcgj2 14 -23 gs 0 .40 1.52 20 .8 - - Cg 23 + gs 0 .30 0 .69 14 .8 - -

Roach sandy loam - Ortstein Podzol-Hwnic Podzol Interizrade

L 3~- 22 pt - - 16 .& - - HF 2,--- 0 mu - - Ae 0 - 1z sl 0 .22 0 .20 6 .3 - - Bhf 12- 8 sl 1.48 3 .00 45-5 - - Bfhc 8 -11,. gls 1 .72 4.80 44 .0 - - Bfcl 11+ -19 gs 1 .20 3 .96 33 .8 - - Bfc2 19 -25 gs 0 .60 2 .74 36 .3 - - BC 25 -37 gs 0 .43 1 .46 21.0 - - 0 37 + gs 0 .46 1.25 28 .5 - -

Ap 0 - 7 sil - - 1.9 .0 Bfh 7 -14 sil 1 .40 1-51 21 .4. Bf1 74 -21 sil 1 .02 1 .62 23 .5 Bf2 21 -30 sil 1 .03 1 .34 27 .1 IIBC 30 -39 sl 0 .59 1 .07 9 .4 IICgjl 39 -50 sl - - 12 .2 IICgj2 50 + sl - - - Table 10 - continued

Available and - Oxalate Organically Extraction Complexed Available Depth Fe Al S Cu Zn Horizon Inches Texture ,%- % p.p .m . p.p .m . P.p .ni.

Sa,yres__sandy loam - Orthic Humic Podzol

L 6 - 5 pt - - - 16 .4 48.6 HF 5 - 0 mu - - - 87 .8 60 .9 Aeh 0 - 2j sl - - 8 .9 63 .8 11.5 Bhf1 2j- 9 sl 2 .21 1 .15 18 .0 11 .5 30 .7 Bhf2 9 -15 1 2 .13 2 .50 23 .6 13 .3 47 .2 Bhl 15 -20 mu 1.13 4.01 26 .1 13 .0 34 .2 Bh2 20 -25 mu 1.24 6 .61} - 19 .2 25 .0 BCg 25 -30 sl 0.83 2.88 14 .6 21 .8 49 .8 Stave loam - Orthic Podzol

IlI 12- 0 pt - - - Ae 0 - 1 1 0 .43 0 .42 4 .5 Bfh 1 - 6 1 1.94 3 .20 61 .5 Bfl 6 -15 1 1 .28 2 .66 72 .3 Bf2 15 -19 1 1.02 2 .16 - BCgj 19 -24 1 0.75 1 .66 50 .8 Cg 24 -35 ls 0.58 1.25 32 .0 IICg 35 + gs 0 .07 1 .98 34 .5

Steelhead loam - Gleyed Hwnic Podzol L 6-4 pt - - - F 4-1 pt - - - H 1-0 mu - - - Ae 0 - 1-Z' 1 0 .18 0 .22 4 .5 Bhf 11- 5 1 0 .94. 0 .32 41 .8 Bfhgjl 5 - 9 1 1 .12 3 .20 73 .5 Bfhgj2 9 -19 gsl 0 .86 3 .32 71 .0 Bfhg 19 -25 1 0 .70 2 .96 50 .0 BIICg 25 -32 1 0.74 2.76 ~g .& IICg 32 + gsl 0.44 - 27 .0

Tunbridge silt loam - Gleved Orthic Acid Broim Wooded

L 32- 21 pt - - - 22 .0 103 .2 HF 22- 12 mu - - - 27 .2 55 .1 H 12- 0 mu - - 13 .7 17 .9 47 .1 t31if 0 - 3 sil 2 .05 1 .54 '76 .6 18.3 54 .0 Bfh 3 - 9 sil 2 .32 2 .16 54 .5 19 .5 61 .5 Bfh(,j 9 -71+ sil 1 .89 2 .64 39 .3 16 .2 59 .9 BIIC 14 -22 sl - - 24 .6 12 .4 36 .1 YIICgl 22 -30 sil - - 16 .9 . 19 .5 48 .1 zzzC,g2 30 + sil - - 9 .1 23 .9 5g .5 ~. 13(, _.

Table 10 ' - continued

Available and Oxalate Organically Extraction Complexed Available Depth Fe A1 S Cu Zn Horizon Inches Texture % % p.p .m. p,.p .m. p .p .m. titilhatcom silt loam - Orthic Acid Brown 6Jooded

L-H 1 - 0 pt - - - 22 .2 80 .1 Bfh 0 - 7 sil 1.32 1.76 39 .4. 41 .1 76 .7 Bf1 7 -17 sil 1 .38 1.94 51 .0 0.5 70 .7 Bf2 17 -28 sil 1.58 1.96 42 :2 21 .8 73 .7 Cgj1 28 -39 sil 0 .44 0 .50 13 .0 47 .6 78 .0 Cgj2 39 + sici - - 6 .5 53 .0 85 .2 i . - "I I .c .i %, l)-_ : 1._ -" >:'''L Ana 1 , . C ;iE', -

Exchangeable Cations and Hvailable L .d Exchange Capacity - Organically Milli-equivalents/100 grams Base Avail- Comp lexed pH Organic Total Cation Satura- able Sa,p1e Depth pH (0 .01 M Matter N C-N Pl P2 Exchange tion S Cu Zn Number Inches Lh:20o CaCl2~ % % Ratio p .p .m. p.p.m . Ca ~k Na Capacity o . .m. p .p .m . . .m . Fairfield Series - Gleyed Deorcic Regosol K 1 0-6 5.5 4.9 .4.3 0.23 10 .9 5.1 108 4.41 1.13 0.31 0.11 19.4 30 .7 4.6 2 0-6 5 .6 5 .0 4.5 0 .23 11 .2 7 .6 87 4.64 0 .78 0 .23 0.14 20 .7 27 .9 5 .9 3 0-6 5 .7 5.2 4.5 0.23 11 .1 22 .6 108 4.80 0.91 0.24 0.14. 20 .4 29.8 5 .6

Hatzic Series - Orthic Glevsol

1 0-6 4 .9 4.7 9.6 0 .46 12.2 9.3 23 4 .81 2 .18 0 .32 0 .16 41,. .2 16.9 7 .7 2 o-6 5 .6 4.9 6.9 0 .34 11 .7 13 .7 55 5 .83 1 .65 0 .22 0 .74 37 .8 22 .3 6 .8 ii,jorth_ Series-_Rego Humic Gleysol

3. o-6 5 .3 4 .7 7 .1 0 .34 12 .3 31 .1 81 4 .12 1.40 0 .22 0 .15 31.4 15 .8 8 .9

3F,arble Hill Series - Orthic Acid Brown Wooded

1 o-6 6 .4 5 .5 10 .9 0 .40 7.5 .9 ~-50 .0 541 18 .49 0 .10 0 .58 0 .06 28 .3 67 .9 10 .5 36 .8 114 .0 2 0-6 5 .5 4-8- 8 .9 0 .29 17 .9 47 .0 102 1.49 0 .14 0 .21 0 .03 20 .8 9-0 17 . :) 14 .4 63 .9 3 o-6 5.6 4.7 11 .2 0.39 16 .8 :>50 .0 116 2 .78 0.14 0.14 0 .08 27 .4. 11.4 47 .4 17 .9 20 .3

Konroe Series - Deorcic Re,n,osol

1 o-6 5 .6 5 .1 4 .5 0 .23 11.5 21.4 92 4 .79 0 .98 0 .27 0 .12 19 .4 31,7 8.19 - 2 o-6 5 .7 5 .2 4 .6 0 .22 12 .3 5 .2 67 4 .88 0 .99 0 .37 0 .08 18.7 33 .8 4~63 - 3 0-6 6 .3 6 .1 7 .0 0 .26 15 .6 67 .1 7i'1 7 .55 1 .17 0 .40 0 .07 23 .3 40 .7 0 .26 -

Fage Series - Rego Gleysol

1 o-6 5 .4 5 .0 4.7 0 .24 11 .5 15 .7 95 3 .89 0.87 0 .50 0 .14 19.3 28 .0 9 .0 2 0-6 6 .o 5 .4 2 .6 0 .13 11 .8 1.9 138 4 .40 1.79 0 .30 0.11 16 .3 40 .5 3 .1 Table 11 - continued

Exchangeable Cations and Available and Exchange Capacity - Organically .ts/100 grams Milli-eauivaler Base Avail- Complexed pFi Organic Total Cation Satura- able Sa~aple Depth pH (0 .01 M Hatter N C-N Pl P2 Exchange tion S Cu Zn Nc.-nber Inches L14,Pj CaCl,,) % % Ratio p.p.m. p .p .m. Ca Mg 1S Na Capacity % p .p .m. p .p .m . p .p .M.

F,,-,lei Se ries - Orti:ic ircid Brown Wooded

0-6 5 .7 4.9 12 .9 0.51 14 .7 15 .8 33 6.62 0.47 0.30 0.07 29 .1 25 .7 14. 5 20 .2 81. 5 ' 2 0-6 6 .o 5 .3 11.3 0 .41 16 .1 35 .2 74 9.35 0.42 0.26 0 .04 25 .5 39 .4 9 .2 17 .1 78.8 ,~ 3 0-6 5 .6 4.8 11.2 0 .36 18 . 2 ~-50 .0 11,.2 6 .08 0 .42 0 .15 0 .04 25 .6 26 .1 10 . 5 - -

Sim Series - Re,r;o H>>mic_Gleysol

l o-6 5 .2 4 .4 6 .5 0 .34 11 .1 15 .1 47 3 .75 0 .79 0 .17 0.14 31.4 15 .4 9.1 2 0-6 5 .1 4 .7 27 .9 1.03 15 .7 11.9 81 2 .79 0 .54 0 .28 0.25 55 .3 6 .6 34 .5

y Greater than -139-

REFERENCES

1 . Atkinson, H . J ., G . R. Giles, A . J . yiacLean, and J . R . SIright . Chemical Methods of Soil Analysis . Canada Department of Agriculture, Science Service, Chemistry Division, Ottawa . 1958 .

2 . Armstrong, J . E . . Surficial Geology of Sumas 11ap-Area, British Columbia . Canada Department of Iiiines and Technical Surveys~ Geological Survey of Canada . Paper 59-9 . Queen?s Printer, Ottawa . 1960 .

3 . Bardsley, C . E ., and J . D . Lancaster . Determination of reserve sulphur and soluble sulphates in soils . Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, Vol. 24, No . 4 . 1960 .

4 . Bremner, J . r1 . . Determination of nitrogen in the soil by the Kjeldahl method . Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol . 55, No . 1. 1960 .

5 . British Columbia Department of Agriculture . Climate of British Columbia . Annual Reports, 1916-1966 . Queen?s Printer, Victoria .

6 . British Columbia Department of Industrial Development, Trade and Commerce, Bureau of Economics and Statistics . Regional Index of British Columbia . QueenQs Printer, Victoria . January, 1966 .

7 . British Columbia Department of Iiunicipal Affairs . Municipal Statistics, 1966 . Queen4s Printer, Victoria . 1967 .

S. British Columbia Natural Resources Conference . Inventory of the Natural Resources of British Columbia . 1964 .

9. Canada Department of Forestry and Rural Development, Canada Land Inventory. The Climates of Canada for Agriculture . Report No . 3 . 1966 .

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11 . Comar, V. K., P . N . Sprout, and C. C . Kelley . Soil Survey of Chillivrack Map-Area . British Columbia Department of Agriculture, KeloVma, B. C . . Preliminary Report I1o . 4 of the Lower Fraser Valley Soil Survey. 1962 .

12 . Connor, A . J . . The Frost-Free Season in British Columbia . Canada Department of Transport, Meteorological. Division, Toronto, Ontario . 1949 .

1,3 . Corporation of the District of Mission . Financial Report, 1965 . Mission City, h. C. . _ L7,0 4.

7J.,. . Halstead, E . C . . Ground-Water Resources of Sumas, Chilliwack and Kent i~iunicipalities, British Columbia . Canada Department of Mines and Technical Surveys, Geological Survey of Canada . Paper 60-29. QueenPs Printer, Ottawa . 1960 .

15 . Holland, S . S . . Landforms of British Columbia, a Physiographic Outline . British Columbia Department of Mines and Petroleum Resources . Bulletin No . 48 . QueenQs PrinterYVictoria . 1964.

16 . John, M. K . . Soil analysis procedure in use in Kelowna for determina- tion of available phosphorus . British Columbia Department of Agriculture, Kelowna, B . C . . 1963 .

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18 . Kowall, R. C . . Soils and Soil Capability Classification for Forestry of the hiission Tree Farm. M .Sc . Thesis, University of British Columbia . 1967 .

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Several Lower Fraser Valley Stations . Ta;.)le tL - kveraCe P:onthly, Annual Mean and axtreme Temperatures Recorded at

Degrees Fahrenheit Years of Eleva- tion ~ Station Jan. Feb . March lipril May June Ju1y Au-)!-. Sept . Oct . INov . Dec . Annual HiSh Low Record

AEassiz (C .D .t. .) 35 39 43 50 56 60 64 64 60 52 43 38 50 103 -13 74 50

Abbotsford 100 - 6 21 198 (.''drport) 34 39 42 48 54 58 62 62 58 50 42 35 49 Ci-.:illiwack 35 40 42 49 55 60 64 63 60 52 43 35 50 100 - 3 16 21

Haney 600 (U .B .C . Forest) 34 30 40 46 53 58 62 62 57 49 40 37 48 99 2 20

Hore (Town) 32 35 42 49 56 60 65 65 60 51 41 35 50 104 - 9 25 152 18 Mission 36 1,.0 43 49 55 59 64 63 59 52 43 39 50 100 - 2 13 15

I~ev; Westminster 36 39 43 50 56 60 64 6L~ . 59 51 43 39 51 99 - 2 78 375 -16 Stave Falls 35 35 42 49 55 60 64 64 59 51 42 35 50 104 5(L 174

:tcveston 36 38 42 45 54 59 62 62 57 50 42 39 49 92 - 5 69 5

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:;;;sXs o'££ 6£"79 SS'6 17L'L T'7'L za'£ 90'z 6a'T Tz'£ ~7z'£ 5~r'~r LT'9 a5'9 Lz'8 (05) ('~'Q'~) ztssU2V

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Winter Snow- StationX Jan . Feb . March April NAY June July Aug . Sept . Nov . Dec . Annual fa11-~ Years

Vancouver (City Hall) (286) 7 .16 5 .14 4 .68 2 .80 2 .23 2 .17 1.37 7-.43 2 .72 Oct5 .53. 6 .37 7 .85 49 .45 1.2 .4 TYS

Vancouver (international Airport) (16) 5 .61 4 .87 3 .66 2 .30 1 .95 1.74 1.16 1.41~ 2 .16 4 .60 5 .56 6 .59 41 .64. 19 .2 28

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panuzIuoa - a aZqsy itation at Hatzic Prairie -- Elevation -

Growing Season Snow- (May-September) Year Jan . Feb. March April i'~ June Ju Aug. Sept . Oct . Dec . fallX Annual Total Average/month 1960 8 .22 6 .78 5.23 6 .90-; 11 .42* 2 .61 0 .01-, 5 .66 3 .03 12 .32-, Nov7 .40+. 7.65+ 28.9 80 .26 22 .73 4 .55 11.36 .65 11.41 5 .3 89 .14 14.58 1961 12 .26,~ 18 .24-~ 8.44 4 .20-"- 5 .55 1 .47 0 .83 3 .02 3 .71 8 , 2.92 1962 9 .42 4 .60 5 .69 6 .24 3 .54 3 .33 2-25 4 .39 6 .04 5 .32 13-56 12-37 37 .7 76 .78 119-55 3 .92 19C13 3 .88+ 7 .88 4.43 6 .10 2 .77+ 2 .90 4 .97 1.25+ 3 .16 9.04 15 .41- 12 .47 6 .5 74.26~' 15 .05 3 .01 J, 1964 10 .92~ 5 .69 10.91-~ 6 .65 5 .25 6 .36,` 5 .62-` 3 .22 7 .29 5-07+ 12 .62 9.17 1.5+27-74* 5-55;:

1965 11.37 11+ .15 2 .63+ 5 .07 3 .79 0 .69+ 0 .39 6 .02' 1 .28+ 10 .09 9.19 9 .89 _ 84-3;;,A-56 12 .17+ 2 .43+

1966 10 .71 4 .lON- 9 .35 4 .52 4 .91 2 .78 4.03 2 .44 5 .16 11 .19 11 .23 21-15'~ 64 .4 91.57~~ 19 .32 3 .86

X 10i~ snow = 1~~ inch " High + Lovr Table F - Spring and Fall Frosts and Duration of Frost-free Period for Several Lower Fraser Valle.y Stations . Average Frost-free Years Eleva- Last Frost in Spring, First Frost in Autumn Period of tion Station ~ Mean Earliest Latest Mean Earliest Latest ( Days ) Record Feet

Steveston April 15 Iiarch 7 IIay 19 Oct . 19 Sept . 23 Nov. 18 187 50 6

Vancouver March 31 Dec . 31 April 30 Nov . 5 Sept . 23 Dec . 5 219 45 10

Stave Falls April 10 Feb . 23 May S Oct . 26 Sept . 22 Nov. 23 1?9 37 245

Abtotsford (Natsqui) April 25 March 22 Nay 31 Oct . 20 Sept . 11 Nov . 19 178 24 30

North Hicomen ° (Loch Erroch) April 1`j March 9 May 15 Oct . 29 Sept . 23 Dec . 5 195 34 59

ChilliVrack April 20 March 13 May 24 Oct . 21 Sept . 24 Dec . 8 184 32 21

Lgassiz :pril 14 Feb. 25 May 24 Oct . 29 Sept . 8 Dec . 24 198 50 52

Lope (Little i~lountair_) I.pril 11 March 9 May 15 Oct . 31 Sept . 23 Dec . 4 203 37 580 _. 150 --

GIOSSI'LRY

Aeolian de~bsits - Geological materials of sand, silt and clay size which are transported and deposited by wind action . They are also some- times termed as loess .

I111uviLun - A11 materials moved and deposited by flowing water, e . g . , flood- plain deposits of the Fraser River . Soils derived from alluvium are -called alluvial soils . . .,, i,vai].aJ?k plant nutrients - Nutrients in the soil which are-present in a `'.condition suitable for uptake by plant roots . >> ,e, "~) . Base saturation percentage - The percentage of the total cation exchange capacity of the soil which is satisfied by cations other than hydrogen . , . , : , ..

Boulder - Fragment of rock two or more feet in diameter .

Cation exchange capacity - The adsorptive capacity of soil for cations or the amount of cations that can be adsorbed by a stated quantity of soil, usually expressed as milli-equivalents per 100 grams of soil..

Cobble - A fragment of rock three to 10 inches in diameter .

Colluvium - Poorly sorted material accumulated at the base or on steep slopes which has moved or is movin~; under the influence of gravity, frost action or soil creep .

Concretions - Hard concentrations of soil cemented by iron, calcium or certain other chemical compoun~ds into aggregates or nodules of various shapes and sizes .

Consistence - The mutual attraction of particles in a soil mass or their resistance to separation or deformation .

Eluvial horizon - l: light coloured mineral horizon from which material has been removed in solution or water suspension.

Floodp].ain - :.n alluvial river or stream deposit which may be subject to overflow . ?t is characterized by a series of lateral accretions near the river channel and a gentle dov,mslope to a swampy inner- margin.

Friable - a term referring to a moist soil aggregate easily crushed between the fingers but which coheres when pressed together .

Glacial outwash - All material eroded from glaciers by meltwater which is sorted and deposited beyond the ice front .

Glacial till - An unsorted, compact to loose hetero^eneous mixture of stones, gravel, sand, silt and clay deposited under or from glaciers . GIeY - !1 process in which soil material is modified by chemical reduction brought about by saturation with water for long periods in the presence of organic matter .

Gravel - Rounded or subrounded rock fragments up to three inches in diameter.

Horizon - A layer in the soil profile approximately parallel to the land surface with more or less well defined characteristics produced by the soil forming processes . Horizon boundaries are described as abrupt if less than one inch, clear if from one to two and one-half inches, gradual if two and one-half to five inches, and diffuse if more than five inches in depth .

Horizon nomenclature - Capital and lower case letter used to designate and describe soil horizons . Those used in this report are as follows :

Organic horizons (contain 30% or more organic matter)**

L - lrn undecomposed organic layer in which the original organic components are easily discernible .

F - A partly decomposed organic layer in which the original organic . components are discernible vrith difficulty.

H - h well decomposed organic layer in which the original organic components are undiscernible .

Master mineral horizons

h - l. mineral horizon or horizons formed at or near the soil surface in the zone of maximum removal of materials in solution or suspension and/or maximum in situ accumulation of organic matter . They may be (1) horizons characterized by organic matter accu- mulation (hh) ; (2). horizons eluviated of clay, iron, aluminum and/or organic matter (he) ; (3) horizons dominated by (1) and (2) but transitional to underlying B or C horizons (AB or G and B) ; (4) horizons markedly disturbed .by cultivation or pasture (l.p) .

B - h mineral horizon or horizons characterized by one or more of the following : (1) enrichment in silicate clay iron, -aluminum and/or illuvial organic matter (Bt, Bf, Bh, Bfhj ; (2) alteration by hydrolysis, reduction or oxidation to give a change in colour and/or structure but does not meet the requirements in (1). (Bn, Bg) . .

C - l. mineral horizon or horizons comparatively unaffected by the pedogenic processes operative in l. and B excepting the process of gleying (Cg) .

R - Underlying consolidated bedrock . Lower case suffixes

b - ~~ buried soil horizon (usually used with A) .

c - Q cemented (irreversible) pedonenic horizon .

cc - Cemented (irreversible) pedogenic concretions .

e - A horizon characterized by removal of clay, iron, aluminum or organic.matter alone or in combination and are lighter in colour than the underlying B horizon . It is used only with !l .

f - l. horizon enriched with hydrated iron and redder in colour than horizons above or below .

g -A horizon characterized by gray colours and/or prominent mottling indicative of permanent or periodic intense reduction . It may be used with A, B or C horizons .

h - IL horizon enriched with organic matter .

j - It horizon whose characteristics are weakly expressed . It must be used with some other suffix, and is placed to the right and . adjacent to the suffix it modifies .

m - C. horizon slightly altered. by hydrolysis, oxidation and/or solution to give a chanje in colour and/or structure .

p - h layer disturbed by manss activities, i .e ., cultivation and/or pasturing . It is used only with i. .

t - .', horizon enriched z~~rithsilicate clay . It is used only with B horizons .

l,dditional terms

W- Lithologic changes are indicated by Roman numeral prefixes (II, III, with I assumed) .

(2) - Horizon subdivisions are denoted by numbers used as suffixes, f . e . , hpl, lip2 .

'(3) - If more than one lower case suffix is required, they are . recorded .~n order of dominance, i .e ., Bfc, Bfh .

Illuvial horizon - l, horizon in which material leached from other parts of the profile. has accumulated . The material accumulated is usually . clay, s.esquioxides and/or organic matter. .

Impervious material - Materials resistant to penetration by water, roots and air . . - 153 -

Lateral accretions - Floodpl.ain deposits in which fine sands and silts are \, deposited horizontally near river margins by drifting along the bottom during freshet overflow .

Leaching - Removal of soluble constituents from the soil by percolating water .

Levee - A natural embankment along a river channel on a floodplain .

Mottled = Irregular spots or streaks of different colour in soils which indicate chemical oxidation and reduction caused by a fluctuating water table .

Muck - Fairly well to well decomposed organic soil containing 30 or more percent organic matter .

Orthic - lL term used to define the subgroup of soils considered to be the central concept of a great soil group . Other subgroups are depar- tures from the Orthic .

Parent material -*The unconsolidated geologic deposit from which the solum of a soil develops .

Peat,- Raw to partly decomposed organic material which accumulated under very wet conditions .

Percolation -. Downward movement of water through the soil .

Permeability - The quality or state of a soil or soil horizon which permits passage of water and air to all parts of the mass .

PH - 11 logarithmic designation of the relative acidity of alkalinity of soil or other materials and is expressed in values from 0 to 14 .

Plant nutrients -- The elements taken in by a plant which are essential to its grovrth and used by it in the elaboration of its food and tissue,

Plastic - Capable of being molded or modelled without rupture when wet .

Porosity - That part of the total soil volume not occupied by soil particles .

Profile - !: vertical section of the soil through all horizons and extending into the parent material .

Soil drainage - The frequency and duration of periods when the soil is free of water saturation . The following drainage classes are used in this report :

Rapidly drained - Soil moisture seldom exceeds field capacity in any horizon except immediately after water additions . - 154 -

Well drained - Soil moisture in excess of field capacity does not remain in any horizon for a significant part of the year. .

Moderatel,y well drained - Soil moisture in excess of field capacity remains for a small but significant period of the year. .

Imperfectly drained - Soil moisture in-excess of field capacity remains in the subsurface horizons for moderately long periods during the.. year .

Poorly drained - Soil moisture in excess of field capacity remains in all horizons for a large part of the year .

Very Poorly drained - Free water remains at or within 12, inches of the soil surface for most of the year .

Soil groups - Soils with similar characteristics which reflect the influence of the .environment .

Soil structure .- The morphological aggregates into which individual soil particles are arranged . The following structure descriptions are used. in this report :

Platy - Thin, horizontal plates ; the horizontal axis is longer than the vertical.

Prismatic - Large aggregates with vertical axes longer than the horizontal and with well defined surfaces and edges .

Bloc - Block-like aggregates ; the vertical and horizontal axes are about the same length, usually with sharp edges .

Subangul.ar blocky - Block-like aggregates ; the vertical and horizon- tal axes are about the same length with subrounded edges .

Granular - More or less rounded aggregates with an absence of smooth faces and edges . .

Massive - A cohesive soil mass with no observable aggregation of soil particles .

Singlegrain - A loose, incoherent mass of individual particles, as in sand .

Solum - That part of the soil profile above the parent material in which soil development is taking place . The h and B horizons .

Stones - Rock fragments greater than 10 inches but less than 2 feet in diameter .

Stratified - Composed or arranged in strata or layers . - 155-

Talus - Fragments of rock collected at the foot of a cliff or steep slopes, chiefl;,r by gravitational force3 . . .

Texture - The composition of the soil based on the amount of sand) silt and clay present . Sand consists of particles ranging in size from 2 .0 to 0 .5 mm ., silt from 0 .5 to 0.0002 mm., while clay consists or all particles less than 0 .0002 mm . in diameter. Soil textures car. vary from sand to heavy clay . If 15 or more percent of the soil volume is occupied by ;ravel or stones, the modifier 1~gravelly~~, or s ;stony~~ is used vrith the texture, e .g ., gravelly sandy loam.

Textural soil groupings - 1. grouping of individual soil textures into groups .

a) Coarse textured - sand, loamy sand .

b) Moderately coarse textured - sandy loam, fine sandy loam.

c) Medium textured - very fine sandy loam, loam, silt loam, silt .

d ) I~Ioderatel;,r fine textured - sand~T clay loam, clay loam, silty clay loar~ .

e) Fine textured - sandy clay, silty clay, cla~;~ (40 - 60/"J') .

f) Very fine textured - clay (more than 60%) .

Topography - The surface features, or a description of the surface features, of a place . The following classes were used to denote topography in this report :

% Slope

Depressional to level 0 - 0 .5 Very Lently slopin and/or gently undulating . 0 .5 - 2 Gently sloping and~or undulating , 2 - 5 1-ioderately slopinq and/or gently rolling 6 - 9 Strongly sloping and/or rolling 10 - 15 Steeply sloping and/or s-tron;ly rolling 16 - 30 Vel-y steeply sloping and/or hilly 30 - 60 Er.tremely sloping Over 60

Vertical accretion - Sediments that settle from stagnant ponds which develop on the floodplain durin the freshet season .

Water holding_ capa cit~l - The amount of water held by the soil after excess water has drained away due to gravity.

Water table - The upper limit in the soil or underlying material which is saturated by water .

Udeatherinr; - The physical and chemical disintegration and decomposition of rocks and minerals .

Windthrow - The falling of trees caused by the wind resulting in the roots being uprooted .