Vol. 15, No.4 nternatlona• October 1991 ctlO• Renew-at in Mission Studies? Yes and No

ave mission studies experienced renewal in recent years? to mission executives in the 1950s to guide agency policies and H Yes. Is all therefore well? No. decision-making? Furthermore, states Anderson, "The revi­ In February 1991, for a project funded by the Pew Charitable talization in world mission studies has not been matched by a Trusts of Philadelphia, a score of scholars from North America, revitalization in world mission involvement in many churches. Britain, and the Third World gathered at the Overseas Ministries Why?" Study Center, publisher of this journal. Their task: Assess the We face exciting and promising prospects-but there's still a state of studies in mission and world Christianity and identify long way to go. problems and prospects. A proper assessment demands careful nuancing. On one hand, missiology has established itself as an academic discipline worthy of the best minds. On the other hand, as Andrew F. Walls On Page points out in the feature article of this issue, there are serious, even systemic problems to be faced. For instance, he foresees a 146 Structural Problems in Mission Studies danger that the professionalization of mission studies could lead Andreu: F. Walls to the isolation of mission scholars to the field of missiology. What is needed is a thoroughgoing interpenetration of mission studies, 148 Noteworthy not only with theology but with such secular disciplines as so­ ciology, anthropology, history, and economics. Most serious of 155 North American Library Resources for Mission all is the still minimal awareness in Western circles of the realities Research and needs of the Christian communities of the Southern conti­ Stephen L. Peterson nents. Mission studies must be immersed in those realities, and the principle of collaborative work with the churches and scholars 165 Mission Research, Writing, and Publishing: of the Third World must be lifted up as a sine qua non if the 1971-1991 study of mission and world Christianity is to have integrity. Gerald H. Anderson This latter concern is borne out in regard to documentation from the Third World. Even such premier libraries as the Day 174 The Legacy of Helen B. Montgomery and Lucy Historical Library of Foreign Missions at Yale Divinity School, W. Peabody and the Missionary Research Library at Union Theological Sem­ William H. Brackney inary, offer very little by way of materials originating from the burgeoning Christian communities of the Third World. The sit­ 180 Book Reviews uation regarding this and other concerns, with proposals for a way forward, are surveyed here by Stephen L. Peterson. 187 Dissertation Notices In the third article of this issue, Gerald H. Anderson presents convincing evidence of the remarkable growth of mission studies 188 Index, 1991 that has taken place in the last twenty years. Yet he is forced to ask, where is there today the kind of research that was available 192 Book Notes of Isslonary• • search Structural Problems in Mission Studies

Andrew F. Walls

The Critical Significance of Mission Studies revival") does not even occur in the indexes. There is one ref­ erence to the Church Missionary Society (in relation to the early he proper definition of mission studies could occupy us career of John Henry Newman) and one to the London Missionary T a long time, but probably everyone could agree that cer­ Society (in relation to Congregationalist interest in centralized tain topics belong to it. I am not concerned here with the relative funding). I have noticed the names of only three individual mis­ importance of these topics within mission studies, nor with their sionaries: Livingstone (in relation to burials in Westminster Ab­ degree of centrality to it, but with the fact that they illustrate the bey); and the South Africa bishops J. W. Colenso and Robert critical significance of mission studies as a discipline. Gray-bishops with a reputation for heresy or schism, or who Let us begin with old-fashioned "missions." Studies of excommunicate other bishops, tend to make headlines." the activities of Western missionaries-and of the movement that A valuable feature of The Victorian Church is its barometric produced them-nowadays often need an explanation or apology. sense of balance and movement; the events of the time, as seen Yet on any reading of history the missionary movement must by the central, normative ecclesiastical world of England, are dis­ have at least something to do with the most striking change in played in the proportions accorded them by that world. In other the religious map of the world for several centuries. One part of words, Chadwick's work reveals that the British missionary the globe has seen the most substantial accession to the Christian movement at its height was only peripheral to the Victorian church. faith since the conversion of the northern barbarians; another, One of the features of nineteenth-century Western Christianity the most considerable recession from it since the rise of Islam. that most determined the future of the faith made quite a small impression on its contemporaries, and has made a correspond­ ingly small one on their historians. This suggests that mission studies, and even the rather un­ The global transformation fashionable "missions" studies, may now have a major inter­ of Christianity requires the pretative role to play in the understanding of the history of the complete rethinking of the church in the West. (No doubt a history of Christianity composed in Jerusalem about A.D. 66 would have shown the Gentile mission church history syllabus. as rather peripheral to Christian development. It is our possession of the "mission studies" documents by Paul and Luke that makes possible another interpretation.) The most obvious center of accession is tropical Africa, which even a century ago was statistically marginal to Christianity; the Subverting the Curriculum most obvious center of recession is Western Europe, which a century and a half ago would certainly have been identified as But the change in Christianity's center of gravity has still greater the most dynamic and significant Christian center. implications for Christian scholarship. Let us stay for the moment There must be some connection between these events and in the sphere of historical study. The church history of Africa, of the missionary movement; and the modern missionary move­ Asia, of Latin America, of the Pacific, cannot be comprehended ment, thoughaffected in importantways by earlierinfluences, took under "mission studies." The missionary period in these his­ shape as recently as the nineteenth century. Yet how is the con­ tories is only an episode. In many cases it was a very short epi­ temporary student of Christianity to understand this important sode, and in many others it is one that closed long ago. But in motor of modern Christianity? It may be instructive to consider relation to the various Christian communities of the Southern a standard work on British nineteenth-century church history, continents, "mission history" and "church history" do not remembering that nineteenth-century Britain was the principal just represent different periods, but different kinds of history. source of Protestant missionaries and the main base of the mis­ Anyone who has used both mission archives and local church sionary movement. sources, oral or written, will be aware of the totally different Owen Chadwick's The Victorian Church! is a work of immense dynamics, perspectives, and priorities these different sources re­ learning and profound scholarship. Furthermore, the author is veal. The church histories of the Southern continents are clearly perhaps the outstanding living example of a church historian not of special concern to the churches, the peoples, and the scholars tied to a single specialization; he has even written a valuable work of those areas. But they are not an exclusive possession or interest; on missions to Africa. 2 The more noteworthy then, that this splen­ the whole history of the church belongs to the whole church. did, many-sided study, of two volumes and 1116 pages, contains This does not mean that Christian history in Africa or Asia is, for no chapter or section on the Victorian missionary movement. The people who are not Africans or Asians, simply a source of inter­ word "missions" (except for "missions, parochial, see also esting additional options in the curriculum. Still less does it mean that these histories can simply be appended to existing syllabuses as though they were an updating supplement. Andrew F. Walls, a contributing editor of this journal, is Director of the Centre The global transformation of Christianity requires nothing for the Study of Christianity in the Non-Western World at the University of less than the complete rethinking of the church history syllabus. Edinburgh, Scotland. Heworked in Sierra Leone and Nigeria, andwasthefound­ Most conventional church history syllabuses are framed, not al­ ing editor of the Journal of Religion in Africa. ways consciously, on a particular set of geographical, cultural,

146 INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH International Bulletin and confessional priorities. Alas, such syllabuses have often been taken over in the Southern continents, as though they had some of Missionary Research sort of universal status. Now they are out-of-date even for West­ Established 1950 by R. Pierce Beaver as Occasional Bulletin from the ern Christians. As a result, a large number of conventionally Missionary Research Library. Named Occasional Bulletin of Missionary trained ministers have neither the intellectual materials nor even Research 1977. Renamed INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH the outline knowledge for understanding the church as she is. 1981. The only hope of such things being acquired in perhaps the ma­ jority of theological institutions is from what is currently thought Published quarterly in January, April, July, and October by the of as "mission studies." Indeed, the most recent phase of Christian expansion raises Overseas Ministries Study Center fundamental questions about the very nature of Christian faith. 490 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, U.S.A. This is not because the issues raised by the global transformation Telephone: (203) 624-6672 of Christianity are new in Christian history, but because they Fax: (203) 865-2857 have recently been obscured by some aspects of Western history­ Editor: Associate Editor: Assistant Editor: notably the Christendom model of the church, and the legacy of Gerald H. Anderson James M. Phillips Robert T. Coote the Roman Empire. It is easier to recognize now than it was even Contributing Editors a century ago that cross-cultural diffusion has always been the Catalino G. Arevalo, S.J. Lamin Sanneh lifeblood of historic Christianity; that Christian expansion has David B. Barrett Wilbert R. Shenk characteristically come from the margins more than from the cen­ Samuel Escobar Thomas F. Stransky, C.S.P. ter; that church history has been serial rather than progressive, Barbara Hendricks, M.M. Charles R. Taber a process of advance and recession, of decline in areas of strength Norman A. Horner Ruth A. Tucker Mary Motte, F.M.M. Desmond Tutu Lesslie Newbigin Anastasios Yannoulatos C. Rene Padilla Andrew F. Walls Cross-cultural diffusion Dana L. Robert has always been the Books for review and correspondence regarding editorial matters should be addressed to the editors. Manuscripts unaccompanied by a self-ad­ lifeblood of historic dressed, stamped envelope (or international postal coupons) will not be Christianity. returned.

Subscriptions: $18 for one year, $33 for two years, and $49 for three years, and of emergence, often in new forms, in areas of previous weak­ postpaid worldwide. Airmail delivery is $16 per year extra. Foreign sub­ nesses. Some of the implications of this, the relation to the themes scribers should send payment by bank draft in U.S. funds on a U.S. bank of translation and Incarnation (the great act of translation on or by international money order in U.S. funds. Individual copies are $6.00; bulk rates upon request. Correspondence regarding subscriptions and which Christian faith depends), have been explored by Lamin address changes should be sent to: INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY Sanneh" and others. But the most obvious method of examining RESEARCH, Subscription Services Dept. IBM, P.O. Box 3000, Denville, New such basic questions about the Christian faith is by studying Jersey 07834, U.S.A. Christianity as expressed in the experience of the Southern churches. Such studies reveal how these shared and acquired Advertising: Ruth E. Taylor attributes of a community which we call culture (and of which 11 Graffam Road, South Portland, Maine 04106, U.S.A. language is a working model) are the proving ground of Christian Telephone: (207) 799-4387 faith, the workplace of Christian theology. One much-needed contribution that mission studies can make to theological practice Articles appearing in this journal are abstracted and indexed in: in the West is to raise the theological issues concerning Western culture with seriousness. (I take for granted that such seriousness Bibliografia Missionaria excludes simplistic instrumental views of culture which treat it as Christian Periodical Index though it were some sort of evangelistic technique.) Guide to People in Periodical Literature Guide to Social Science and Religion in Periodical Literature Missionalia The Workplace of Christian Theology Religion and Theological Abstracts Religion Index One: Periodicals If culture is the workplace of Christian theology it follows that Opinions expressed in the INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN are those of the the present Christian interaction with the cultures of the South­ authors and not necessarily of the Overseas Ministries Study Center. as intricate and far-reaching in their different ways as the Hel­ lenistic Roman-marks a new creative stage in Christian theology. Copyright © 1991 by Overseas Ministries Study Center. All rights Once again there will be a tendency, as in the historical sphere, reserved. to try to add "African theology" or "Latin American the­ ology" or even (miserere nobis) "Third World theology" to a Second-class postage paid at New Haven, Connecticut. preexisting syllabus. It is the very concept of a fixed universal POSTMASTER: Send address changes to INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF compendium of theology, a sort of bench manual which covers MISSIONARY RESEARCH, Subscription Services Dept. IBM, P.O. Box 3000, Denville, New Jersey 07834, U.S.A. every situation, that mission studies challenge. In mission studies we see theology "en route':" and realize its "occasional" ISSN 0272-6122 nature, its character as response to the need to make Christian decisions. The conditions of Africa, for instance, are taking Chris­

OCTOBER 1991 147 tian theology into new areas of life, where Western theology has does not take responsibility for the missionary movement; no no answers, because it has no questions. But Christians outside Western response to other faiths can show Christian integrity if Africa will need to make some response to the questions raised it by implication cuts itself off from the Christian believers of the in the African arena. As Christian interaction proceeds with In­ non-Western world. And a Western response must be seriously dian culture--perhaps the most testing environment that the impoverished that takes no note of the accumulated experience Christian faith has yet encountered-the theological process may of interreligious encounter forged in the missionary movement reach not only new areas of discourse, but resume some of those and in the discourse of Christians who every day of their lives which earlier pioneers--Origen, for instance--began to enter. participate in cultures shaped by the great non-Christian faiths Lamin Sanneh's explorations of the nature of Christian faith of the world..Pluralism may be a new issue for the West; it has have been striking because they have been presented in coun­ been the normal experience for most of the world's Christians. terpoint with the character of Islamic faith." It is in interaction that the nature of commitment appears. Perhaps one of the most A Renaissance of Mission Studies urgent areas of study at the moment is the Christian interaction with the primal religions, the religious infrastructure of millions We could go further. We have not, for instance, yet mentioned of Christians, historically the background from which most large biblical studies, where the Southern continents provide plenty of movements into Christian faith have always come. It is, however, evidence of fresh readings and understandings of the Scriptures. another issue, that of pluralism, which has brought the question But perhaps enough has been said to show the challenge that of the relations of Christianity with the other faiths into promi­ now lies before mission studies. Contemporary theology needs nence in the West. renewal by mission studies. It needs the knowledge, the disci­ It can only be a good thing if Christian theologians are taking plines, the skills, the sources within mission studies. It needs to seriously the other faiths of the world. And yet I confess to a grapple with the history, thought, and life of the churches of the good deal of unease about the terms in which much of the Western non-Western world, the history and understanding of the mis­ debate is proceeding. There are several related reasons for this. sionary movement that was their catalyst, the understanding of One is the lack of serious engagement with the primal religions, Christian history and of the nature of Christian faith which studies the background of a large portion of the human race, and of of these topics bring, the constant concern with culture and reg­ multitudes of Christians. Another is an evident assumption that ular critique of cultural assumptions that they encourage. The we are suddently at Day One of the interreligious encounter, an theological scholarship of the churches of the Southern continents assumption that bypasses the accumulated experience of many needs these things; but at least it knows it needs them. The primacy generations, and still worse, implicitly locks Christianity into a of mission studies is well recognized there; it is the resources for Western framework. Worst of all, and a direct result of that West­ it that are often lacking. Western theology, however, resembles ern conceptual frame (shot through with colonial guilt) is a shame­ Singapore in 1942: though well equipped with heavy weaponry, facedness about the missionary movement that undercuts the most of it points in the wrong direction. Western theological position of the majority of Christian believers. For the majority equipment requires to be turned-requires conversion, a fresh vi­ of Christians live in the Southern continents, and their coming sion that could come from mission studies. The theological task to Christian faith is ultimately related to the missionary move­ throughout the oecumene, East and West, North and South, needs ment. No Western response to other faiths can hold water that a renaissance of mission studies. Note-worthy Personalia Pietro Rosanno, Auxiliary Bishop of Rome and Rector of the Lateran University, died June 15, 1991,in Rome at the age Bread for the World, a grass-roots, anti-hunger organization of 68.Born in Alba, North Italy in 1923,Mons. Rosanno taught based in Washington, D.C., appointed David Beckmann as at the seminary of Alba until he was called to serve in the president, effective September 1, 1991,to succeed Arthur Si­ Vatican in 1959. He was appointed an official of the newly mon who founded the 43,OOO-member organization in 1974. established Secretariat for Non-Christians in 1964 and later Beckmann, 43, an economist, author, and ordained Lutheran became its Under-Secretary in 1965, and Secretary from 1973 minister, has been a senior advisor with the World Bank. Prior until he was made Auxiliary Bishop of Rome in 1983. He was to the World Bank he served in Bangladesh with the Lutheran widely regarded for his involvement and publications in in­ World Federation Department of World Service. He is a grad­ terreligious dialogue. uate of Yale University, Christ Seminary, and London School of Economics. George E MacLeod, founder of an ecumenical religious community on the Scottish island of lona, died June 27, 1991, Paul Rees, former president of the National Association of in Edinburgh. He was 96.A ministerof the PresbyterianChurch Evangelicals and a founding board member of Christianity To­ ofScotland, MacLeod wenttolonain 1938,during the Depres­ day, died May 20, 1991, in Boca Raton, Florida. He was 90 sion, with a dozen unemployed craftsmen and members of years old. An ordained minister of the Evangelical Covenant the clergy. They restored the ruins of the abbey where the Church of America, Rees pastored First Covenant Church of Irish missionary S1. Columba landed with 12 companions in Minneapolis from 1938-1958, and was vice president at large 563, and began putting into practice his ideas for people of of World Vision during 1958-1978, and editor of World Vision different backgrounds to live and work together for at least magazine. He served on the boards of Asbury College, Wil­ part of each year. He led the lona Community until 1967; he liam Penn College, World Vision, and Bread for the World. was the first Fosdick visiting professor at Union Theological

148 INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH The nineteenth-century theological agenda was transformed comparable with the rich discoveries and new science of a century by new discoveries. New dimensions in biblical scholarship were ago. It has fallen to those of us in mission studies to have our opened up by archaeology, by the papyri, by new activity in text humble daily labor in the very territory that includes the path to criticism, by deepened understanding of the worlds that sur­ El Dorado. rounded old Israel and the early church. The theological task expanded to take account of new developments in the historical Mission Studies and the World of Learning sciences and in the natural sciences, and of changes in society. While all this was happening, a still greater fund of new discov­ All this may seem an excessive prelude to an account of structural eries was coming to light in Asia and Africa, with the capacity problems in mission studies. But it is not really a prelude. The for still greater impact on the Christian mind; but its importance root of many of our structural problems in mission studies lies in for theology was not immediately recognized. It was secular learn­ the relationships of mission studies to the rest of the world of ing that first felt the impact of the missionary encounter with learning. Africa and Asia. Missionary scholarship established new bound­ The theological sector has not yet come to terms with that aries, it established whole new disciplines (African linguistics is fundamental shift in the center of gravity of the Christian world a direct fruit of mission activity) and revolutionized others. Sci­ whereby the Southern continents have become the heartlands of entific anthropology was made possible by the missionary move­ the Christian faith. Even where the shift is recognized as a fact, ment; it was not something the early missionaries simply omitted the implication that this requires something analogous to a Cop­ to take with them. The same is true of the comparative study of ernican revolution in theological discourse is not recognized, and religion and the phenomenology of religion that is its product. would certainly not be welcome. So theological institutions go on For a long time there was little understanding of other cultures. believing they are assisting the Third World by bundling African When Robert Morrison was appointed a missionary to China in and Asian students into programs that take no cognizance of that 1807, the entire Chinese resources of British academic libraries world and have no intellectual space for it; and they minimize consisted of one manuscript in the British Museum and one in the benefit they themselves could gain from the contact by their the Royal Society, and not a person in Britain read or spoke assumptions about what their programs are able to do for such Chinese. When Morrison returned on his first and only furlough students. Or they compass sea and land to get a Third World (now the translator of the Bible and author of a massive Chinese professor as a figurehead and then think they have become ecu­ dictionary), he took steps to establish an Oriental philological menical and comprehensive by including "the Third World" institute. Missionaries such as James Legge, the greatest English­ viewpoint. A distinguished historian of the impact on Europe of speaking sinologist of the nineteenth century, and ]. N. Farquhar, the discovery of the New World has pointed how long it took for who did so much to interpret Indian literature in the twentieth, the discovery to register. The discovery of America did not mean helped to open up the West to classical religious, philosophical, that people threw their maps away and got new ones; still less and historical texts of Asia. But no one, not even missionaries for did it mean that learned people abandoned ideas about humanity the most part, realized the theological implications of all this and society that were the product of European ignorance of the learning. Theology was still a datum. Today, with a new phase world beyond their own." In fact, the new discoveries were in­ of Christian history well launched in the lands that gave rise to tellectually threatening, requiring the abandonment of too many this new knowledge, we have a theological El Dorado wholly certainties, the acquisition of too many new ideas and skills, the

Seminary in New York,and in 1989he was given the Temple­ General Secretary of lAMS, Mittelweg 143, D-2000, Hamburg ton Prize for adapting "the monastic ideal and spirit to 13, Germany. modem life and religious activity." The Task Force on Historical Research of the Continuing Committee on Common Witness (representing the National Council of Churches and the U.S. Catholic Mission Associa­ tion) is seeking to assess what work is now in progress re­ Announcing garding the history of joint efforts in mission between U.S. Catholic and Protestant mission bodies working in Asia, Af­ The Latin American Theological Fraternity announces the Third rica or Latin America. It is the hope of the Task Force that Latin American Congress on Evangelization (CLADE III), persons and groups undertaking such historical research may August 24-September 4, 1992, in Quito, Ecuador, on the theme be cognizant of what others are doing in the field, and what "The Whole Gospel to the Whole World Out of Latin ways may be found to share the knowledge of such efforts in America." For further information, contact: Guillermo Cook, Common Witness. If you or your church or agency has such General Coordinator CLADE ill, Apartado 6-2050, San Pedro work in progress, either for publication or as a dissertation, Montes de Oca, Costa Rica. Tel(506) 25-11-75; Fax (506) 31-23­ the Task Force will greatly appreciate your sharing such in­ 50. formation with the chairperson of the Task Force: Charles The next conference of the International Association for Forman, Chairperson; Task Force on Historical Research, 329 Mission Studies will be held August 3-11, 1992, at Hawaii Downs Road, Bethany, cr 06525. Where possible, please in­ Loa College, Kaneoku, Oahu, Hawaii. The theme of the con­ clude a precis or progress report regarding the work. ference is "New World, New Creation: Mission in Power and Faith." For membership applications in lAMS and further information on the conference, write to: Joachim Wietzke,

OCTOBER 1991 149 modification of too many maxims, the sudden irrelevance of too for speculative theories of Christian origins. Such solidity com­ many accepted authorities. It was easier to ignore them and carry bined with such sensitivity and wakefulness made the giants on with the old intellectual maps (and often the old geographical of those days open to visions beyond their natural sight. When maps too), even while accepting the fact of the discovery and Westcott predicted that the great commentary on the Fourth Gos­ profiting from the economic effects. pel would come from an Indian Christian scholar, this was proph­ The modern "secular" world of learning poses problems ecy that comes from integrity of faith and scholarship.9 of another sort. The nineteenth century, as already indicated, saw But the task cannot be performed solely with the acknowl­ scholarship immensely enriched by the missionary movement in edged resources of theological scholarship. We have already re­ (one is tempted to say) every department of learning except the­ called that part of the inheritance of the missionary movement ology. The legacy passed to the learned world in various ways; has been absorbed into "secular" learning, and that the in­ it helped to create new sciences (linguistics), helped to shape or tellectual developments of the century have divorced this learning was absorbed into new ways of organizing knowledge (anthro­ from the theological task. Our theological institutions taken alone pology), contributed to new clusters of subjects that brought the do not have the resources within themselves to effect the needed non-Western world within the parameters of Western learning renaissance. Mission studies must interact with ongoing work in (Oriental and African studies). But the other great modern reli­ the history, languages, political, economic and social organiza­ gious development-the recessionfrom the Christian faith in West­ tion, cultures, literature of the Southern continents (not to men­ ern lands and the consequent marginalization of theology-has tion many aspects of the Northern). Therein are some of the intervened. The secularization of thought has submerged the mis­ twentieth-century equivalents of Assyrian inscriptions and de­ sionary connection of learning with the missionary movement. motic Greek papyri with the potential to reorder much sacred The association of missions with colonialism has sometimes added and much profane learning. a layer of embarrassment or even hostility; and several genera­ A renaissance of mission studies will not be effected simply tions of secularism have blunted the capacity of Western scholars by increasing the number of faculty posts and the output of books to cope with the sheer quantity, the resilience, and the ebullience and doctorates. It will require not just rigorous scholarship, but of religion in the non-Western world. This is particularly the case depth of scholarship, the depth of which the Lightfoots and West­ when that religion is Christian. It is remarkable that the immense cotts are exemplars. It will require integrated scholarship, which Christian presence in Africa is so little a feature of modern African engages with all the existing theological disciplines and in doing so enriches them. It will need to bring to the task a range of disciplines and sources of which most even of the best theologians are innocent. It will need to demonstrate learning and profes­ The world of learning is a sional competence in the phenomenology and history of religion mission field too. and in the historical, linguistic, and social sciences too, for those disciplines also need the renaissance of mission studies. We must also face a structural problem that is especially our studies, and how much of the scholarly attention devoted to it is own. Mission of its nature is about practice, and its ethos is concentrated on manifestations that in Western terms seem most frequently activist. Traditionally many teaching posts in mission exotic. (We know more about Bwiti than about Baptist religious are envisaged as providing practical training for intending mis­ life, and Iamaa is probably the best-illuminated aspect of African sionaries. The decline (happily now showing signs of reversal) in Catholic devotion.)" the number of teaching posts in mission partly reflected the decline in the number of missionaries sent by the older church agencies. I propose that we recognize the renaissance of mission stud­ But the agencies and traditions-that seek to maintain missionary ies not only as a call from the church throughout the oecumene, numbers naturally put a high value on the practical relevance of but as a crying need of the whole world of scholarship, sacred study. This is obviously not the place to discuss the proper place and profane. That places certain responsibilities upon those who of the expatriate missionary in mission (nor even to discuss if and work in mission studies. when the Koreans will take over that role). Whatever our view First, mission studies will need theological integration; we of that question, I do not see that good practice is remotely likely must insert the shape of the church as it is today onto intellectual to suffer from the quest for such transforming, mission-related and theological maps that were drawn according to the canons scholarship as is here proposed. But I am quite sure that good of what it used to be. people, and financially influential good people, will fear that it Something of the nature of the task may be deduced from may. It is necessary therefore to realize that the world of learning pursuing the analogy of the revitalization of nineteenth-century is a mission field too. Quality, depth and range of scholarship scholarship through new discoveries. Revitalization did not take are the marks of a vocation-and a collegial and demanding vo­ place simply by parading "discoveries," nor sloganizing them, cation, needing all the traditional missionary attributes of devo­ nor by mixing conjecture and hypothesis with them in generous tion, perseverance, and sacrifice. proportions. To abandon the labor of integrating old and new The considerations advanced so far have arisen from the learning would have been simply destructive. The nineteenth vocation of mission studies and the structural relationship with century saw plenty of wild theorizing, plenty of unbalanced slo­ theology and other parts of the world of learning. What follows ganizing. But the agents of revitalization, the abiding influences relates to structural problems of a lower order (many, indeed, for good, were those with depth of scholarship, who sought its might properly be called problems of infrastructure) that arise integrity with the ongoing faith and life of the church. from the conditions under which as practitioners, we currently It is no accident that we can still turn with refreshment to work. They are only a selection and reflect one person's, perhaps the New Testament commentaries of J. B. Lightfoot and B. F. jaundiced, experience. They are raised with no order of impor­ Westcott, or derive benefit from the insight of F. J. A. Hort and tance or priority. the lexical erudition of W. F. Moulton. It is no accident that the solidity of Lightfoot's patristic learning could crowd out the space

150 INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH Instruments of Study of resources (and this applies to library collections as much as to archives) and the development in different countries of distinct In view of the parallels offered in this paper with the movements traditions of scholarship mean that study of the quality and depth that renewed theological study during the last century, let us turn we are considering will need application to resources held partly to the large-scale compendium reference works that support the in North America, partly in Britain, and partly in Continental active student from day to day. The nineteenth century produced Europe. I know no single library-not even the Day Missions Li­ (or established the conditions which made possible) outstanding , brary at Yale Divinity School, for which my admiration and grat­ lexical works, grammars, and dictionaries, the great critical texts itude are unbounded-thatcan be regarded as fully representative, and large-scale assemblages of central scholarship drawn together let alone comprehensive in the field. I find myself, in order to do in the great Bible encyclopedias. It produced-or led to the pro­ my job as a mission historian, a peripatetic, an academic equiv­ duction of-the still larger fundamental works used mainly by alent of the Flying Dutchman. It will need both transatlantic think­ specialists but used by them constantly: the repertories of in­ ing, and a variety of cooperation, both formal and informal, in scriptions, the major collected editions, the great dictionaries of scholarship and fellowship, to overcome this structural divide. scholarship. Even the older established branches of learning pro­ The real hazard comes from the fact that, unless you move on duced excellent works of reference: think of the weight of patristic both sides of the dividing line, the built-up traditions mean that learning still made accessible behind the splitting spines of the it is easy not to notice that the line is there at all. four volumes of William Smith's Dictionary of Christian Biography10 A second major structural difficulty lies in the location of or the two of his Dictionary of Christian Antiquities.11 The devotion unpublished documentary sources. Generally speaking, the mis­ of such scholars as Otto Bardenhewer summarized sources of sion archives are in Europe and North America, in varying de- information and piloted the reader through the multitudes of patristic editions available in a dozen countries.V My own coun­ tryman James Hastings spent his working life as a theological Is not the whole heritage toolmaker. 13 I am sure there is no department of theological study in which of the church the heritage the scholarly instruments are so few and so primitive as in mission of the whole church? studies. We all value the Concise Dictionary of the Christian World Mission of Neill, Anderson, and Goodwin": but it is modest in size and now twenty years old. For a larger scale dictionary of grees of security and accessibility. Again generally speaking, the mission (and even that is only of single-volume scope) it is nec­ church archives are in the Southern continents under still more essary to go back to Dwight, Tupper, and Bliss15 at the beginning variable conditions. I leave out of consideration here the vital of the century, though it was far from satisfactory even then. And subject of the location and preservation of those records; the fact these are only works of general handy reference, not scholars' is that even now more are currently available for scholars than tools. are ever used. There is a further price to pay for this: in the major general The result of this is that the scholarly task of interpretation theological works of reference, such as Religion in Geschichte und can only be carried out by the activity in both areas with both types Gegenwart (not to mention the smaller but more widely used ones, of material. Scholars from the Southern continents need access such as the Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church), the mission to mission archives; those resident in the North need access to studies sphere is inevitably under-represented. This in tum means those in the South. Two sets of considerations, one .prudential that Africa and Asia and Latin America and the Pacific and the and one ethical, arise. The prudential may be illustrated from an Caribbean-now major centers of Christianity-are underrepre­ experience of the early 1960s, when I was involved in a project sented in works that are meant to cover the entire field of Christian intended to recover materials for Nigerian Christian history. In knowledge. one area of southeastern Nigeria, we found hundreds upon It is a propitious time for toolmaking. A vast amount of pri­ hundreds of documentation registers, baptismal registers, disci­ mary research has been devoted both to the missionary movement pline books, documents of every sort, kept by people in varying and to Southern Christianity that was not available to such schol­ ways according to the standard of their education, documents in ars as Latourette (whose bibliographies are still turned to). Much which a missionary hardly ever appeared: documents in which of it is locked away in unpublished theses or little-known journals. an African church could be observed worshiping and evangelizing Modern methods of data storage and transfer make large-scale and sinning and repenting over a period of fifty, sixty, seventy cooperative work easier to handle than ever before. Surely a ren­ years. We collected that material in a safe place in reasonably aissance of mission studies will be marked by some first-rate environmentally sound conditions. We were always going to copy instrument making. it photographically "next year"; photocopying was still a cum­ bersome matter in those days, and relatively expensive, and next Resources year would do. Then came the Nigerian Civil War. The building took a direct hit and the entire collection was destroyed. What This section will be brief, since libraries are the subject of another was meant as a gift to posterity became a victim of criminal folly. article. Let me refer only to some of the fundamental structural We had never made the photographic copies. problems that arise partly from history and partly from geog­ About the same time, the last expatriate bishop of another raphy. country, transferring his authority to a national successor and not The first particularly affects those who study the missionary trusting the future, brought the diocesan records with him to movement, especially in its Protestant aspects. The missionary Britain. They suffered in an unexpected flood. Hazards to docu­ movement was a transatlantic phenomenon. The influences shap­ ments are not confined to the Third World. ing and sustaining it were the fruit of constant and complex in­ Ethical considerations arise from the acknowledgment that, teraction between Europe and America. The consequent fallout in whatever degree of danger we believe materials to be, they

OCTOBER 1991 151 belong to their owners. Scholars have no inherent right to any exceptions, including Gustav Warneck himself) had substantial material and must be grateful for what they get. The documents missionary service, had learned a language at some depth, had of the Southern churches belong to them, whether they are pres­ acquired some inner knowledge of another culture. To a greater ently being used or not. But, on reflection, do not the mission or lesser extent, similar considerations applied down to quite archives belong to them too? And is not the whole heritage of recent times; those involved in mission studies had a fair degree the church the heritage of the whole church? This is not the place of active cross-cultural experience and had been in some way for specific proposals, but in order to deal with these structural part, and a working part, of a church elsewhere than in their difficulties confronting mission studies, certain topics will need homeland. But now such experience is less readily available, and examination. One is mobility; much of the work in our field at a new generation of mission scholars is arising, with all the nec­ doctoral level really requires work in more than one continent. essary skills and equipment but without the opportunity of over­ This has implications for the way programs are planned, and seas service. Perhaps one of the structural questions to be addressed perhaps for interinstitutional cooperation. Another is the possi­ in the renaissance of mission studies will be the development of bility of team study. Yet another is investment in shared re­ means whereby those involved in teaching can gain the "im­ sources, using appropriate technology, whether photocopy or mersion experience" denied them by their birth date. microform or electronic storage, so that the same records are Another set of structural problems affects students. Experi­ accessible both North and South. Not only would this assist se­ ence suggests that many who come to the West for advanced curity; more importantly, it would undermine the principal con­ theological study are poorly served. They are taken into institu­ temporary disability of the Third World-c-colonialismof information. tions where no one in the faculty has the knowledge or experience Dr. Peterson's article, which appears in this issue, deals with or the acquaintance with the relevant literature to link their course the substantive issues in this field, and therefore I will again be of study with the situation that concerns them. Respectable and content with structural questions. The study of the missionary respected biblical scholars or dogmaticians assume that the task movement and of the Southern churches has suffered from the can be done with a chapter at the end of the dissertation "re­ lating the topic to Africa." Strong-minded students sometimes meet frustration in the face of conventional selection or formu­ The rule of the palefaces lation of topics. Other students are victims of what might be called the "Pity poor Africa" syndrome, which allows weak and un­ over the academic world is formed work to pass in order to "serve the Third World"­ untroubled. when better knowledge and guidance could have produced in­ finitely better performance and could have served the "Third World" infinitely better. Meanwhile, most of the institutions geared fact that the literature produced by both movements did not at to the reception of such candidates and best able to help them the time seem sufficiently "academic" to interest major li­ are aware of promising applicants held up by lack of funds. braries. The literature from the Southern continents presents li­ These problems are interwoven into the deeper structure of braries with further problems-cataloging nightmares, storage theology that we have considered. There can be no final solution anomalies, uncertain availability, "gray" material in abun­ until those are overcome; but in the interim it may be worth dance. We need, therefore, to give serious curatorial attention to considering ways to ameliorate the situation. what appears to be literary detritus. Researchers raised on the In the last three decades literally hundreds of Africans and codex and the archival letter book will need to learn a new set of Asians have qualified at doctoral or equivalent level in Western habits. theological institutions. Many of them did work of high quality In many countries there is now a flourishing Christian liter­ in the process, and not a few contributed substantially to knowl­ ature that is not systematically collected even within those coun­ edge by their research. The expectation was that these would be tries. Again the fine lines between trusteeship and colonialism the standard-bearers of the theological scholarship of the South­ will need consideration, but there are major collecting tasks ahead. ern continents. Clearly there are among them those who are I will deliberately eschew comment on mission studies bib­ standard-bearers in any company, who exercise an impact liography to avoid saying too much. It is an area where inter­ throughout the world. But equally clearly, the impact on schol­ national cooperation is being actively developed, not least under arship of this corps of highly qualified people, taken as a whole, the aegis of the International Association for Mission Studies. Let does not seem commensurate with their talents or training. Leave me suggest only that the really urgent needs of the moment lie out of account those who have stayed in the West, and those less in bibliography than in accessibility. We could face the pos­ who are no longer teaching; there are still many serving in the sibility of drowning in information about items that cannot be universities, colleges, and seminaries of the Southern continents. obtained. Meanwhile a letter from a professor in Zaire can bring But the rule of the palefaces over the academic world is untrou­ a heartcry for a handful of items that would be in any Western bled. The expected publications do not materialize; or they have library with the most modest pretensions to mission studies. The little international effect. And this seems to hold even in studies most important cooperative schemes for sharing information will specifically directed to regional questions. probably relate also to sharing supplies. There are a variety of structural reasons for this. Teaching loads are often crushingly heavy. Any persons of ability soon Faculty and Students become burdened with a range of responsibilities for the insti­ tution, the church, the state. They will undoubtedly be subject For purposes of this paper we are concerned with mission studies to endless demands on time and energy from family and com­ scholarship rather than with missionary training. When we think munity. Ecumenical representative responsibilities may simply of the scholars and teachers who will be needed in the renais­ add to the consumption of time. sance, we face a change from the situation that produced the Economic and resource questions are still more desolating. great pioneers of missiology. Most of them (even then there were The heady days when the Theological Education Fund aimed to

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The E. Stanley Jones School of World Mission and Evangelism spread first-class libraries throughout the Southern continents That is to say, neither in the North nor in the South can seem far distant. The reality for many African institutions now researchers be self-sufficient. Northern researchers need the re­ is a famine of important books, scrambles of students for copies sources located in the South; Southern researchers need the re­ of texts, books with missing sections, libraries that cannot touch sources located in the North. the cost of modern printed books; journal runs that terminated In the North we have many scholars who would benefit from years ago when the national currency regulations changed. In all the experience of living in a non-Western community. In the these difficulties, the wonder is, not that so little, but that so South there are scholars who never make the scholarly impact much research and publication is done in Africa. But even so they should because the conditions of their ordinary work pre­ African scholars do not have the weight that their number and vents it. ability indicate. The local journals may proliferate; in the inter­ In the North we have a confident, if rather tired, tradition of national journals (even in the specifically African field) Africa is theology, bearing the fossil marks of Western history and culture still underrepresented. plainly upon it. We then sell this to students from the Southern If Africa-and to varying extents the same applies to other continents as though the fossil marks were not there. In the South, parts of the Southern continents also-is to fill its proper place in processes are going on that require the redrawing of the whole mission studies, African scholars will need the time and the re­ theological map. These two traditions are both alike necessary for sources to renew their scholarship. Many a Western institution a universal church; but the people who might mediate between couldbe enrichedby an African sabbatical visitor-notheadhunted them-those from the South who have been theologically'trained in the North-are sometimes incapacitated by their very training from doing so. We stand at the threshold A possible test for the efficacy of the international aspect of the renaissance is the presence or absence of the principle of of an explosion of demand reciprocity. for mission studies. But the renaissance must also be integrative. Mission studies do not exist in themselves; they cannot be separated from the other academic disciplines. They are potentially subversive be­ as a faculty acquisition and not burdened with heavy teaching, cause they are concerned with what happens elsewhere in the but welcomed as a colleague with a contribution to make and a curriculum. Old texts may often be illuminated from the expe­ scholarly task to pursue. The biggest single obstacle is financial; rience of Christian encounter today. The responses to Christianity in many cases, national currency regulations prevent money being amid the old religions of Europe that we meet in Patrick or Bede taken out of the country. Some investment in sabbatical schemes or Gregory of Tours are worth taking side by side with the Chris­ (sometimes, perhaps, on an institution-to-institution basis) could tian interaction with the primal religions of Africa. Biblicalstudies have multiple effects: in cross-fertilization, in cooperation, in col­ could receive an infusion of new research tasks; and only through legiality (perhaps sometimes expressed in writing and publishing mission studies are Western biblical scholars and theologians likely together), in raising sights and broadening vision, in deepening to learn of the work done in their own fields by their African, scholarship, and in enabling scholars from the Southern world Asian, and Latin American colleagues. to contribute internationally. It could be argued that the nurture This further underlines the point made earlier, the resources and refreshment of the scholars and teachers who are already at of which workers in mission studies are trustees are the equivalent work is more urgent than the quest for others. of the archeological and literary discoveries of the last century, of the Greek texts of the Renaissance. They have the same po­ Toward the Renaissance of Mission Studies tential to redirect theological methods and perspectives. But it will be necessary also to build and sustain skills outside the sphere I am convinced that we stand at the threshold of an explosion of both of mission studies and theology as strictly interpreted. The demand for mission studies (by whatever name) as the implica­ study of the phenomenology and history of religion has been tions of the situation of the Christian faith in the world begin to strangely neglected among us; this applies to the study of the dawn. It is the quality of the response that matters. It will need primal religions in particular, despite their being historically the a depth and range of scholarship, and of library and resources basis on which most large movements to the Christian faith have provision that do not at present exist. And it will need activity taken place. All the sciences dealing with language, history, and that is international, integrative, and cooperative. culture will occupy mission studies in the renaissance. Our duty It must be international, because the gifts of the church belong to theology cannot be carried out with the resources of theology to the whole church. And as students of mission worldwide our alone. histories are interdependent, our materials and our methods cross­ Finally, the response must be cooperative. It will demand cultural. We are all-Northern continents and Southern, American teamwork, for none of us is self-sufficient. Such studies as we and European-dependent on one another. Each has resources, have envisaged here could produce a series of bilateral and plur­ knowledge, skills, insights that the other needs. ilateral links, person to person, institution to institution, both In the Northern continents we have great mission archives; within North America and intercontinentally. All this requires but it was the South that brought them into being. In the Southern trust; the best arrangements are usually those between people continents we have vast quantities of material falling daily prey who already trust one another and want to work together. But to time and termite, affording a view of the Christian story that the aim will be to raise the quality, the range and the depth of often strikingly differs from that reflected in the mission archives. our scholarly work; the rigor and comprehensiveness of its method, We have mountains of literature, daily increasing, that reflect the its fidelity to sources, its attention to detail, its vision and insight, contemporary life of the Southern churches and that the great its sense of holy vocation. In the providence of God a renaissance libraries pass over; and in the South there reside crucial repre­ of mission studies could be the prelude to the reordering of the­ sentatives of a living (but also departing) oral tradition. ology and the refreshment of the human and social sciences.

154 INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH Notes

1. Owen Chadwick, The Victorian Church (London: Black, vol. I, 1966, De Craemer, The ]amaa and the Church: A Bantu Catholic Movement in vol. 2, 1970). Zaire (Oxford: Clarendon, 1977). 2. Mackenzie's Grave (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1959) is a study 9. David Newsome, Godliness and Good Learning: Four Studies on a Vic­ of the early phase of the universities' mission to Central Africa. Pro­ torian Ideal (London: Cassell, 1961), pp. 105ff, shows how Westcott, fessor Chadwick has more recently produced a revision of Stephen Lightfoot, and E. W. Benson (also a fine patristic scholar and a future Neill's volume on Christian Missions in the Pelican History of the archbishop of Canterbury), fellow pupils at school and fellow students Church Series. at Cambridge, dedicated themselves with missionary seriousness to 3. G. A. Selwyn, bishop of New Zealand, also occurs several times, but the spiritual resuscitation of the English universities and the cathe­ mainly by virtue of his later career as Bishop of Lichfield. drals, because (as Benson wrote later), "The conclusion was pressed 4. Especially in Lamin Sanneh, Translating the Message: The Missionary on us with overwhelming force that there was no effective spiritual Impact on Culture (Maryknoll N. Y.: Orbis 1989). See also Lamin San­ power in England able to bring the Faith into living contact with all neh, "Gospel and culture: ramifying effects of scriptural transla­ the forms of human activity and thought." A.C. Benson, Life ofEdward tion," in Bible Translation and the Spread of theChurch: Thelast200 years, White Benson, 2 vols. (London, 1899-1900), 2:690f. ed. P. C. Stine (Leiden: Brill, 1990), pp. 1-23, and A. F. Walls, "The 10. William Smith, Dictionary ofChristian Biography (London: Murray, 1877). translation principle in Christian history," ibid, pp. 24-39. 11. Dictionary ofChristian Antiquities,edited by William Smith and S. Chee­ 5. I borrow the expression from the title of K. Appiah-Kubi and S. Torres, tham (London: Murray, 1875). Westcott, Lightfoot, and Benson con­ AfricanTheology en Route: Papers from the Pan-African Conference of Third tributed both to this set and to the Dictionary of Christian Biography. World Theologians (Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books, 1979). On the oc­ 12. Otto Bardenhewer, Patrologie (Freiburg-im-Breisgau, 1901 and later casional nature of theology, see also A. F. Walls, "The Gospel as the editions). prisoner and liberator of culture," Missionalia 10, no.3 (1982): 219-33. 13. Besides the five-volume Dictionary of the Bible, an entirely distinct one­ 6. See Lamin Sanneh, Translating the Message, above, chapter 7. volume dictionary, and the vast Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics 7. J. H. Elliott, The Old World and the New, 1492-1650 (Cambridge: Cam­ (until quite recently the only attempt in English at a full-scale survey bridge Univ. Press, 1970). of the phenomenon of religion), Hastings edited other specialist works, 8. Bwiti, the Fong cult in Gabon, has been particularly thoroughly de­ including Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels and Dictionary of the Ap­ scribed, analyzed, and documented in numerous publications by J. ostolic Church. W. Fernandez (e.g., Bwiti:An Ethnography of the Religious Imaginations 14. Concise Dictionary of the Christian WorldMission (London: Lutterworth in Africa [Princeton Univ. Press, 1982]) and by Stanislaw Swiderski. Press 1971), ed. Stephen Neill, G. H. Anderson, and J. Goodwin. On [amaa, an important devotional movement in Katanga originating 15. See The Encyclopedia of Missions: Descriptive, Historical, Biographical, in connection with the work of Fr. Placide Tempels, but often frowned Statistical, ed. Edwin Munsell Bliss (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, on by the church authorities, see J.Fabian, ]amaa: A Charismatic Move­1891; 2nd ed., 1904). ment in Katanga (Evanston: Northwestern Univ. Press, 1971) and W.

North American Library Resources for Mission Research

Stephen L. Peterson

his article surveys and assesses North American library 4. some concluding comments about strategies and bibliographic resources in two areas: the study of missions and mission projects that might constructively advance scholarship in mission T 1 history; and, Third World church history and Christian thought. studies and Third World church history.

This is an IIarmchair" survey in that it was conducted from my office and telephone; it is not the result of a survey instrument Libraries and Mission Research or site visits. Under the area of mission studies I include materials and resources that deal with this field regardless of origin. Under Research in the fields we are considering is supported in a variety the area of Third World historical and theological studies I refer of North American libraries. Some of these libraries provide un­ more narrowly, although not exclusively, to materials originating usual and unexpected support and have been used extensively outside of the West. The focus here is on primary materials, or by mission scholars. Others have been mined only superficially. what may be described as source documents, originating in Chris­ Unfortunately, few of these libraries truly are comprehensive for tian communities of the Third World. research in the topics of interest to this essay. What follows, then, The essay is organized into four sections: 1. a survey of li­ is a sampling of library types, not an exhaustive list or directory braries that provide exceptional service to mission studies; 2. a of significant libraries. Additional comments are registered only review of the types of resources that scholarship in the disciplines about specific libraries that are well known to the author. under consideration requires; 3. selected general observations about the bibliographic structure and coverage of mission studies; and Missions Libraries"

Since the latter part of the nineteenth century two missions li­ Stephen L. Peterson is College Librarian, Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut. braries have been founded in North America, the Day Historical Previously he served eighteen years as librarian of Yale Divinity School. He has Library of Foreign Missions (DML) (1890) and the Missionary written widely on issues of library collections, particularly collections pertaining Research Library (MRL) (1914). The Hartford Seminary Founda­ to mission studies. Currently he is completing a bibliographic history of the tion established a third and relatively strong missions collection American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions.

OCTOBER 1991 155 to support its Kennedy School of Missions in Case Memorial rection of collecting material from the newer mission agencies Library. 3 based in the Third World. Third, these are missionary libraries­ The MRL and DML were developed virtually side by side their strength is the literature and related documents of missions over approximately the same era. While both are extensive and and missionaries. To be sure, these collections hold substantial rich collections, there are profound differences between these two valuable research material for the study of church history in the libraries. The MRL at Union Theological Seminary was founded non-Western world, but they cannot be considered comprehen­ to serve the mission boards, many of which were based in New sive collections of Third World historical documentation. 10 York. Subsequently, "it was organized as a department of the The development of these mission libraries essentially is a Foreign Missions Conference of North America which in 1950 North American phenomenon. In Britain and Europe the domi­ became the Division of Foreign Missions of the National Council nant pattern has been for mission libraries of a much smaller scale of Churches.':" In its original focus, the MRL served as the official to emerge along with the archives of a particular mission agency. repository for mission agency records (both from Canada and the In North America there is at least one solid example of this type United States). In this sense it is a grand archive. This is not to of development in the library at Maryknoll. Here the archives say its book and periodical collections are not distinguished, but and collection of personal papers of members of the Catholic the research heart of the MRL is its institutional, Le., mission Foreign Mission Society of America and the Congregation of agency records. S Maryknoll Sisters are well preserved in the context of a small but A second focus was to document issues facing the churches notable mission library. 11 Its strengths, of course, reflect the areas and mission fields. In providing this documentation we see the of primary interest to Maryknoll missionaries-China and Central MRL fulfilling its research mandate to the mission agencies. A America. third purpose was to provide public reference service about the missionary enterprise. Another purpose of the MRL was to gather Denominational Libraries and disseminate survey data to the mission agencies to inform policy making. Finally, MRL played an active role in promoting Many churches have denominational libraries or archives. Some research and was an important publisher of mission research of these libraries are official depositories for virtually all of the material. documents of their sponsoring body, while others gather re­ The Day Library, founded at the Yale Divinity School a quarter sources more selectively and even independently. The status of of a century earlier, had a different focus and developed in quite mission documents in these libraries, given the original scope of different ways. Its chief characteristic was that it was a special the MRL, is unclear. Many of these libraries do have official mis­ collection of a research university that was aggressively strength­ sion agency documents. Some of them may have significant de­ ening is programs of graduate education." Its proper name de­ posits of relevant published material. To compound the matter notes its basic purpose, the Day Historical Library of Foreign one has the impression that many of these denominational li­ Missions. George Edward Day defined the original scope of the braries are underfunded and provide only limited staff services. library to include 1. missionary biography, 2. history of missions, This deters the work of the researcher, for material of high im­ portance may be difficult and time-consuming to locate. Never­ theless, these libraries cannot be overlooked in any full assessment Most theological libraries of libraries important for mission research. are not true research Theological Libraries libraries. It must be stated that, on balance, theological libraries, i.e., those libraries directly supported by, and serving theological schools, 3. histories and reports of mission agencies, 4. missionary peri­ are not strong repositories for missiological research. The author odicals, 5. literature written by missionaries for use in the field, conducted an extensive survey of theological libraries in North and 6. missions to the Jews. Linguistics and Bible translation, due America in 1980 and only three institutions identified missions to the early interest of William E. Dodge, also were prominent. 7 as a collection strength;" There is no reason to believe that the Although intended to be a Protestant collection, by 1895Day was situationhas changed over the intervening years-indeed, it would collecting Roman Catholic material as well, particularly Catholic be technically impossible for it to have changedl'" periodicals. Early, and again more recently, important institu­ Actually, there is a second problem lurking here. Most the­ tional archives were added to the DML collection. These archives ological libraries are not true research libraries. While there are include the Student Volunteer Movement, the World's Student notable exceptions, even many of the seminaries that offer doc­ Christian Federation (through 1938), and the United Board for toral degrees have only modest library collections and many sup­ Christian Higher Education in Asia. Also, personal papers early port their libraries only modestly. 14 began to play an important part in the development of the Day Library. 8 University Libraries In spite of the fundamental differences, the MRL and DML share three common dominant features." Both are large compre­ Beyond the primary mission libraries discussed above, mission hensive collections (the DML easily numbers 120,000 items and study probably is best served by the country's large university the MRL exceeds 100,000 volumes). Their quite different origins research libraries. The fields of foreign travel and exploration, and initial focus mean that scholars must use these collections in cultural anthropology, linguistics, and general history required a complementary fashion. Few topics may be researched thor­ that many of these great libraries gather, albeit unwittingly, much oughly or exclusively in either library. Second, to date, the over­ mission material. This is true especially for the nineteenth cen­ arching strength of both libraries is in the literature of Western tury. To catch a minor glimpse of this feature, consider Archie mission activity. Neither has made a substantial turn in the di­ Crouch's study of China documents." A cursory glance at the

156 INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH table of contents of this work reveals the exceptionally wide range Historical Books and Periodicals of institutions that hold sources pertaining to Christianity in China. 16 Those libraries serving universities with area studies pro­ Chiefly due to the strength of the large mission libraries, the pub­ grams may be especially useful for mission research;" Library lished record, i. e., books and periodicals including annual and resources for area studies usually are gathered on a geographical other reports, is exceptionally strong. The nineteenth century is principle. That is, substantial documents published within a given unusually well covered, but the earlier periods also are quite well area are acquired with somewhat less regard for subject content. documented." Essentially, this is as true for Roman Catholic ma­ This practice produces collections of unusually wide scope, good terials as it is for Protestant records. depth, and, depending on the area, necessarily includes mission The weakness in the printed record comes with the twentieth and much other documentation as a matter of course. century. There are three dimensions to this problem. First, over Many great university libraries also have departmental col­ recent decades the older mission agencies altered their patterns lections of exceptional strength. One thinks, for example, of the of publication. The number of publications increased during the Tozzer Anthropology Library at Harvard. This library of anthro­ earlier part of the century and then declined significantly after pology and ethnography provides a significant and well-orga­ World War II. It has become substantially more difficult for li­ nized collection of value to mission studies. braries to acquire the documentary record as thoroughly as they once did. Special Libraries Second, it is not clear that the large mission libraries were adroit at collecting the records of the nondenominational and faith The realm of special libraries is a relatively untapped resource for mission agencies that emerged in the middle decades." This may mission studies. I refer both to independent libraries that are not have occurred partly because many of these agencies did not attached to a university college or theological school as well as mount the systematic publishing programs that characterized the those special research libraries that operate within a unversity older agencies. No doubt, also, the mission libraries may not have environment. placed a sufficiently high value on these publications. Whatever Strong examples of the first type are the American Anti­ the causes, a not insignificant initiative in North American mis­ quarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts, and the American sions is, to my judgment, underepresented in our libraries. Bible Society Library, New York, to name but two. What do these libraries produce for the mission scholar? The focus of the Amer­ The third ma.jor weakness in the printed record is the virtual ican Bible Society Library is perhaps self-evident, but it also has absence of the publications of the newer mission agencies based a fine linguistic collection that extends its general usefulness." in non-Western countries. It has been estimated that there are This library also probably is the least overlooked by mission schol­ ars. The American Antiquarian Society has solid collections on The status of North most American agencies, including ecclesiastical and mission or­ American mission agency ganizations as well as unusually strong periodical and newspaper collections. archives is a black hole. An obvious example of the second type of special library is Harvard's Houghton Library with the archives of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM). Less now more than 1,000 mission sending agencies based in non­ obvious is the fact that Yale's Beinecke Library has perhaps the Western countries.f An analysis of Pate's directory indicates that country's best collection of western Americana. This collection many of these agencies are very small, many do not have per­ contains a considerable store of mission material. sonnel under appointment, and it would appear that few are An increasingly important library that differs somewhat from engaged in publishing activity.23Nevertheless, there is some type each of these examples is the library of the Billy Graham Center of documentary record of this activity. Indeed, random publica­ in Wheaton, Illinois. While its book and periodical collections tions the author has viewed appear to be similar to early publi­ would not equal those of many theological institutions, research­ cations from Western mission agencies. Nevertheless, it is doubtful ers will find the manuscript and archival collections excellent. that the record of these newer Third World agencies is being Fortunately, there is now a reliable guide to these collections." collected in North American libraries. By the same token, even In summary we observe that North American libraries cur­ if only a modest number of these Third World agencies were rently provide stronger resources for mission studies than for the engaged in publishing, the resulting impact on North American study of contemporary international Christianity; the libraries libraries would be substantial. It is doubtful if anyone institution containing important mission research material are more numer­ could hope to collect this material in a comprehensive fashion. 24 ous than generally imagined and, lacking a reliable directory, may be too numerous for productive research use; and many theo­ Mission Agency Archives" logical institutions, including those actively engaged in mission studies, have not nurtured or supported strong mission libraries. The status of North American mission agency archives is a black hole, or so it appears to this observer. The archival record for Holdings and Materials many agencies, if it survives it all, survives in a fragmented corpus between the MRL and various denominational libraries. Three Permit now an even more tentative assessment of the extent of factors hamper the accessibility and eventually the survival of the documentary record held in these various libraries. In partic­ agency archives. ular, this is a tentative assessment of the adequacy of these re­ First, it turns out to be quite difficult to locate agency archival sources in light of the research aspirations of scholars working in material. While some reference tools, e.g., the bibliography and the disciplines under consideration. We will proceed by looking directory produced by Robert Shuster, reveal some archival hold­ at categories of research material. ings,26 they tend to report scattered parts. In order for such di­

OCTOBER 1991 157 rectories to be truly useful, we need an agency-by-agency departments of most research libraries. This dispersal means that reconstruction of the whole of the record. While a sustantial un­ works such as Crouch's are indispensable to gain access to these dertaking, the task is not as daunting as it sounds and the results materials. Here is the dilemma. Given the length of time and the it would produce would be widely useful. amount of money this directory required, it is unlikely that this Maintaining and organizing large archives is an expensive level of cataloging can be extended to the whole of the mission proposition. Not a few agencies have abandoned the enterprise enterprise." Yet, without such directories, how can these mate­ altogether. In some instances they seek to find another institu­ rials be utilized for research? tional home for the material-usually a research library. These institutions, however, increasingly are reluctant to take on large Contemporary Documents archives without financial support for their care and feeding-the very obstacles that caused the originating agency to give up the Under this heading we will consider issues germane to the study material in the first place. of world Christianity. That is, it is assumed that the documen­ Microfilming often is suggested as a solution. Yet, this too tation problems for the field we designate world Christianity es­ is an expensive undertaking. Material must be fully organized sentially are problems of contemporary documentation. At the before microfilming. Often the extent of this work required by least it is only from the twentieth century that we have any re­ microfilming surpasses the organization required if direct physical alistic hope of gathering primary resources that have not already access to the material is maintained! The actual cost of filming is been collected or published. considerable. Several firms have undertaken the microfilming of It is the judgment of this observer (subject hopefully to re­ vision) that with very few exceptions the history and current thought of Christianity understood as a world religion cannot be Christianity understood as adequately researched in North American libraries. Having com­ mented elsewhere at length on the nature and scope of this prob­ a world religion cannot be lem,32I limit the discussion here to one aspect of the issue only­ adequately researched in primary sources. One might cite a text for this point, i.e., Acts 2:6c: "because each one heard them speaking in his own lan­ North American libraries. guage" (RSV). Can there ever be an understanding of the inter­ national shape and nature of Christianity, can church history ever achieve its proper world dimension without hearing international large mission archives. Most of the collections filmed are of Eu­ voices in their own language, both figuratively and literally? Yet, ropean provenance. These collections are expensive to purchase it would appear that virtually no North American institution is and most often difficult to use, but they do present the researcher attempting to gather primary Christian documents from the Third with vast amounts of primary documentation." World. The apparent exception is the African Church History project at Emory.:" Some collecting is being done, again inad­ Manuscripts and Personal Papers vertently, in universities with area study programs and large his­ tory departments. Some denominational material is finding its The manuscript record of Western missionaries and mission ac­ way into historical societies and seminaries with strong denom­ tivity is extensive, including personal papers, diaries, unofficial inational affiliations. Yet, to state the issue bluntly, the evidence field reports, circular letters, memoirs, etc. The research value of is that theological libraries still are expending more effort to collect this material is mixed, but much of it provides an important coun­ European material from the sixteenth century than they are ex­ terbalance on archival sources, official documents, and publica­ pending to collect contemporary Christian documents from the tions. These manuscripts pose substantial problems of acquisition Third World! and bibliographic description. To rectify this situation will require a fundamental shift in The China Records Project (CRP) at Yale Divinity Library institutional habits. One attempt to deal with this issue is being illustrates the problems of acquisition. This project, launched in made by the International Christian Literature Documentation 1969 at the urging of a number of organizations and individuals, Project (ICLDP), sponsored by the American Theological Library assumed, rightly as it turns out, that many former China mis­ Association under a grant from the Pew Charitable Trusts. The sionaries as well as members of their families had collections of ICLDP plans to produce an index to contemporary Christian doc­ personal papers, but were uncertain about what to do with them." uments originating in the Third World. By addressing the fun­ The CRP provided such a home, although its posture was not to damental complexities (and cost!) of bibliographic description by compete with other institutions." While the initial efforts to alert means of a cooperative program, the project intends to stimulate missionaries and their families were extensive (and tedious), the institutions to enlarge their acquisitions program in the direction results produced a substantial collection of papers. The collection of Third World Christianity. Unfortunately, the early progress of has relatively high research value and receives constant use. New this project suggests that few institutions are willing to counte­ material is received annually, even though it has been impossible nance such a change. in recent years to call attention to the project systematically or Thus, at this point in time, truly front-rank scholarship in extensively. Were these "recruiting" efforts extended, no doubt world Christianity will be limited to relatively few areas of the even more material would be recovered. 30 What also is clear is world for which there is adequate documentation, and even fewer that similar projects are needed for virtually every region in which North American institutions will be able to provide access to such Western missionaries were active. material. Personal papers of missionaries are widely held in academic libraries. Indeed, judging from the successful work done by Crouch Preservation in tracking down China missionary manuscripts, we may infer that missionary manuscripts are held in the special collection There is Widespread discussion these days about the need for

158 INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH preservation of research collections, especially those representing the simple fact that Crouch's work really should be "volume 34 materials published between c. 1870-1950. All of the general one" of a large bibliographic project. observations and alarms about paper deterioration hold true for The other work of special note is Kathleen Lodwick's The mission publications. Furthermore, the field of mission studies is Chinese Recorder Index." While there are relatively few mission susceptible to two further threats in this arena. First, the number periodicals of the stature of The Chinese Recorder, yet would that of truly outstanding research collections is very small. As the each of these titles were as thoroughly and as usefully indexed deterioration of primary sources progresses, the general lack of as the Recorder. The older missionary periodicals are underused mission materials may put scarce documents at relatively higher in scholarship, given the relatively high value of their contents. risk of total loss. Second, such mission material that is scattered Furthermore, an index of the scope offered by Lodwick actually in our university research libraries is not likely to receive as high provides indirect access to an even wider range of materials. a preservation priority as would the same material in a theological Again the financial support and effort this work required were collection. In short, theological schools, and especially those in­ substantial, yet the results clearly justify the effort and expense. terested in mission studies, will need to shoulder the preservation Mission studies can no longer avoid the advances of the task themselves with little support from general research insti­ computer age. Indeed, it is turning out that the computer may tutions." prove to be an important ally in strengthening resources for mis­ Several observations should be registered to summarize this sion research. Reference already has been made to the ICLOP section. (International Christian Literature Documentation Project). The goal of establishing a cooperative database indexing Christian 1. Library resources for mission study and the study of world documents from and about the non-Western world remains viable Christianity are unusually scattered. Given the relatively and important. This project is designed to produce a significant cohesive nature of the disciplines, this scattering appears database of such documents only if and as these documents are to be wider than that in most other historical disciplines. acquired by participating libraries! Nevertheless, as schools modify 2. Relative to other theological disciplines and most historical their acquisitions profile, the ICLDP database should yield an fields, there are fewer centers of substantial research increasingly helpful index to documents pertaining to Third World strength in the disciplines under consideration. The con­ Christianity.39 verse of this statement also is true. There are many insti­ Related conceptually to the ICLOP is the work of the Doc­ tutions that presume to have major teaching and research umentation, Archives and Bibliography (DAB) working group of programs in mission studies and world Christianity that the lAMS (International Association for Mission Studies). The do not have major research library collections to bolster objective of this initiative is nothing less than "to compile a the teaching programs. Union Catalogue of all mission materials throughout the world 3. There are at least three areas of ample opportunity for collection development: personal papers of missionaries; the documents of mission agencies based in the Third World; and contemporary Christian documents originat­ Mission studies can no ing outside of the West. 4. Research in mission studies may be limited in range and longer avoid the advances scope for lack of awareness of extant resources. The work of the computer age. of developing a reasonably reliable guide to the extant resources for our disciplines has yet to be undertaken. Guides, Directories, Bibliography on ... micro-computers. This catalogue will be published on CO­ RaM to share this 'knowledge-base' in an economical way.,,40 This is not the occasion to review in detail the bibliographic un­ The lAMS/DAB project plans to proceed on the basis of shared derpinnings of mission studies, although some general obser­ cataloging records contributed by an expanding number of mis­ vations may prove of interest. Most missiologists are well aware sion libraries and research centers." A particularly attractive idea of the tools of their trade and grateful for them. Only occasionally is the proposal to use CD-ROM as the medium of the final prod­ do they lament the absence of certain tools that other disciplines uct. While this does not preclude linkage with large electronic take for granted. Who can gainsay the value of a Protestant Streit databases and networks, it may facilitate use and participation and Dindinger?" Surely I am not the only person who has la­ by smaller centers located in the Third World. This ambitious mented the fact that there is no published catalog of the full Da~ project is actively seeking financial support for its first phase, but Library to complement the fine G. K. Hall catalogs of the MRL. 7 now may be hindered by the lack of a strong central European We finally may expect a full cumulation of the International Review home office. of Mission bibliography. All of these are big tools, tools that are Bibliographically speaking, at least in North America, we difficult and expensive to produce, yet tools the discipline should have entered the era of the very large electronic database and and must have. constantly expanding library networks. Scholars and librarians But there are other items that should be added to our desi­ think and talk of access to material through OCLC (Online Com­ deratum file. Consider two special works, both to acknowledge puter Library Center) along with its several regional affiliates, and our appreciation for them, but also to recognize how vast is the RLIN (Research Libraries Information Network). Increasingly work that still needs to be done. We have already mentioned scholars now have direct or dial-up computer access to the da­ Crouch's Christianity in China. This is a very ambitious work; it is tabases of these bibliographic utilities. Indeed, remote access also a work with certain methodological and organizational short­ through BITNET or INTERNET is available, at least theoretically, comings; yet it indicates the type of guide that must be prepared worldwide. Obviously, this international networking and biblio­ for each region of the world. In stating this we must not under­ graphic access should be a decided advantage to mission studies. estimate the effort and expense required. Rather, we are recording For example, the results of both the ICLDP and lAMS/DAB efforts

OCTOBER 1991 159 could be virtually universally available through these biblio­ • Retrospective conversion of the cataloging records of the graphic networks. MRL, DML, and perhaps the Case Library remnant at Pitts As stimulating as these initiatives are, their strengths will be Library would be the single most important endeavor. When in contemporary documentation. The missing piece, of course, is completed, this project would make the catalogues of these the older historical material, chiefly the material found in the three outstanding libraries widely available to all scholars. These rec­ major mission libraries. Surely one of the most important boons ords readily could be incorporated in the lAMS/DAB product to mission scholarship would be a program to include the biblio­ and hence distributed even more widely. Furthermore, this graphic records of the great mission libraries in the major elec­ project would greatly facilitate the preservation of these collec­ tronic databases. This process, which librarians refer to as tions before they deteriorate irreparably. retrospective conversion, would provide missiologists with com­ • A program, perhaps on the model of the Library Devel­ puter catalogues of the full range of missiologicalliterature. opment Program;" to stimulate the acquisition of Christian doc­ uments from outside of the West should be explored. Summary • Resources directed toward the creation of sophisticated bib­ Permit, finally, an overall summary of these musings and a short liographic tools, e.g., collection directories and guides, bibli­ list of projects worth considering. ographies, handbooks, and proper registers for manuscript collections, must be enlarged. Such tools constitute the infra­ 1. The published historical sources for mission studies are structure of humanities research; this infrastructure must be among the best to be found. enlarged and its overall quality improved. 2. Nevertheless, too few institutions, including institutions Foremost among these tools should be a detailed directory that offer or are planning graduate degree programs, have of North American institutions that hold collections important for library resources sufficient for high-quality scholarship. mission studies. The directory anticipated must be of a structure 3. There has been and continues to be strong interest in and quality quite different from most current tools of this type. preserving mission archives and making them widely In short, in addition to being a directory of institutional resources, available through micropublication. it should be able to serve as a strategic planning tool for collection 4. Materials documenting and indeed analyzing contempo­ development and collection preservation. Furthermore, it should rary Christianity internationally are not being adequately serve as the foundation for a growing international network of collected. research institutions and scholars. 5. Documents of contemporary missions based in the Third In aggregate, these recommendations suggest that the com­ World are not being collected adequately. munity of scholars (and perhaps institutions) with vested interests 6. There is a general lack of specialized collection directories, in mission studies and the study of contemporary international bibliographies, and especially bibliographic guides to re­ Christianity needs to consider the formation of an agency to at­ search materials. tend systematically and aggressively to the research resource needs Many of the observations throughout this report may suggest of these disciplines. Self-evidently, the American Society of Mis­ projects and initiatives that hold promise for mission studies. In siology (ASM) might consider such an enterprise. Alternatively, my judgment, however, there are three broad priorities that de­ could a North American subcommittee of lAMS/DAB produce serve first attention in any strategy to strengthen research re­ effective results? Or, do we need some new, interinstitutional sources for mission studies: consortium to do the work?

Appendix A

Selected Schools, in the Association of Theological Schools, Offering Doctoral Degrees'" Expenditures for Library Materials44 Library Holdings Expenditures for Library Materials Library Holdings

Under $50,000 $150,001-$200,000 Emmanuel College of Victoria Univ. 63,500* Iliff School of Theology 190,400 McGill Univ. 79,500* Lutheran School of Theology 439,500 Knox College 69,700* Trinity Evangelical Div. Sch. 174,700 Trinity College Faculty of Div. (Toronto) 38,300* Chicago Theo. Seminary 108,300 $200,001-$250,000 Southwestern Baptist Theo. Sem. 362,200 $50,001-$100,000 Graduate Theological Union 566,000 Andover Newton Theo. School 211,000 Southern Baptist Theo. Sem. 354,900 Andrews Univ. Seminary 158,900* Union Theo. Seminary (NY) 694,200 Boston Univ. School of Theology 137,000* Yale Divinity School 450,100* Catholic Univ. of America 294,100* Columbia Theo. Seminary 107,500 $250,001 and Over Westminster Theo. Seminary (Pa.) 106,200 Candler School of Theology 494,300* Luther Northwestern Theo. Sem. 204,300 Perkins School of Theology 319,100 Princeton Theological Seminary 353,300 $100,001-$150,000 Notre Dame Univ. Dept. of Theo. 252,700* New Orleans Baptist Theo. Sem. 210,200 Vanderbilt Divinity School 162,300* Union Theo. Seminary (Va.) 301,600 * Does not include university library holdings/expenditures. Concordia Seminary 229,900

160 INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH Appendix B

University Graduate Area Studies Programs in North-America45 Institution Africa Asia East. Latin Near Institution Africa Asia East. Latin Near Euro. Amer. Middle Euro. Amer. Middle East East Alabama x Michigan x x x Alberta x Minnesota x American Univ. x x Monterey Inst. x x x x Arizona x New Mexico x Arizona State x x New York x x Boston College x North Carolina x Brandeis x Northwestern x x BrighamYoung x x Ohio State x x British Columbia x Ohio Univ. x x Brown x Oregon x California x x x Ottawa x California, L.A. x x x x Pennsylvania x x California, Santa Bar. x x Pittsburgh x x Cal. State, Long Beach x Princeton x x x x Catholic Univ. x Puerto Rico x Centro de Estudio Rutgers x Avanzados x St. John's x Carleton Univ. (Ottawa) x San Diego State x Chicago x x x x San Francisco State x Columbia x x x x x Saskatchewan x Connecticut x x Seton Hall x Cornell x x x Southern Cal. x Duke x Southern Methodist x Fairleigh Dickinson x x x x Stanford x x x Florida x SUNY, Albany x x Florida International x Texas x x x Florida State x Toronto x x Georgetown x x x Tulane x George Washington x x x Universite' de Montreal x Harvard x x x Univ. of the Pacific x Hawaii x Utah x Howard Univ. x Vanderbilt x Hunter College, CUNY x Vassar x Illinois x x x Virginia x Indiana x x x Washington x x x Iowa x Washington Univ. x x Kansas x x x Wayne State x x Johns Hopkins x x x x x Wisconsin x x x Manitoba x Yale x x x McGill x x

Appendix C Missionary Agency Archives in Microform46 American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. Papers, 1811­ Church Missionary Society. Records of the Uganda Mission, 1910-1934. 1919. Woodbridge (CT): Research Publications, 1982. East Ardsley (Yorkshire): Microform Academic Publishers, 1987. American Sunday School Union Papers, 1817-1915. Imprint not available. Church Missionary Society, West Indies Mission. Records, 1819-1861. East Australian Joint Copying Project: Church Missionary Society Archives Ardsley (Yorkshire): Distributed by E.P. Microforms, 1967. (incomplete collection). Private Microfilm. Congregational Home Missionary Society. Records, 1816-1936. Glen Rock Australian Joint Copying Project: London Missionary Society Archives (NJ): Microfilming Corporation of America, 1975. (incomplete collection). Private microfilm. Council for World Mission Archives, 1775-1940,incorporating the archives Baptist Missionary Society Archives, 1792-1914. Nashville: Southern Bap­ of the London Missionary Society. Geneva: Interdocumentation Co., tist Convention Historical Commission, n.d. 1978. Berliner Missionsgesellschaft. Extracts from the Archives of the Berlin Documents from Catholic Mission Stations in Bandundu, Zaire. Private Mission, 1883-1892. Zimbabwe: National Archives of Rhodesia, n.d. microfilm. British and Foreign Bible Society Archives, 1807-1914. East Ardsley (York­ Evangelical Lutheran Church of Papua New Guinea, Archives. Private shire): Microform Academic Publishers, n.d. microfilm. Church Missionary Society. Proceedings of the CMS for Africa and the Evangelische Missionsgesellschaft in Basel. Ghana Archive of the Basel East. East Ardsley (Yorkshire): Microform Academic Publishers, 1967. Mission, 1829-1917.East Ardsley (Yorkshire): Distributed by E.P. Mi­ croforms, 1978.

OCTOBER 1991 161 International Missionary Council Archives, 1910-1961. Geneva: Interdo­ Paris Evangelical Missionary Society. 1822-1935. Geneva: Interdocumen­ cumentation Co., 1986. tation Co. Jerusalem and East Mission Archives. 1842-1976. Geneva: Interdocumen­ Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. Board of Foreign Missions. Corre­ tation Co. spondence and manuscript records for Korea, Siam, Mexico, Phil­ Joint International Missionary Council/Conference of British Missionary ippine Islands, Laos, Africa, West Africa dating 1840-1964. From Societies Missionary Archives: Africa and India, 1912-1954. Geneva: originals in the Presbyterian Historical Society. Philadelphia: Graphic Interdocumentation Co., 1977. Microform Co., 1955. Lingnan University. Archives of the Board of Trustees, 1884-1951. Harvard United Society for Christian Literature Archives. 1799-1960. Geneva: In­ University Library microfilm. terdocumentation Co., n.d. Methodist Missionary Society Archives. Geneva: Interdocumentation Co., United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. African Missionary 1981. Archives, 1819-1900. Private microfilm. Methodist Missionary Society, London. Letters, 1804-1889. Letters and United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. Archival Records, 1836­ other material relating to Australia, New Zealand and the South Seas. 1952. East Ardsley (Yorkshire): Microform Academic Publishers, 1986. London: Recordak Division of Kodak, n.d. United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. Calendar of African Mount Silinda Mission, American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Letters, 1837-1896. East Ardsley (Yorkshire): Microform Academic Missions. Records, 1894-1934. Zimbabwe: National Archives of Rho­ Publishers, n.d. desia, n.d. United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. Gold Coast Records, Nederduits Gereformeerd Kerk and Sudan United Mission, Capetown, 1753-1933. East Ardsley (Yorkshire): Distributed by E.P. Microforms, South Africa. Private microfilm. n.d. Papers of the Wesleyan Methodist Church in Salisbury, Rhodesia, 1891­ 1938. Zimbabwe: National Archives of Rhodesia, 1977. Notes------­

1. This paper was presented at a consultation, February 8-9, 1991, at the theological libraries. The DML was incorporated into the Yale Divinity Overseas Ministries Study Center, under a grant from the Pew Char­ School Library in 1932 when the Divinity Library was founded. Most itable Trusts. The nature of the consultation required that the paper of the DML collection has been reclassed and is reported in the cat­ focus on North America. Also, the purpose of the paper was to pro­ alogues of the Divinity Library. A small section of the former DML vide background information and not present an exhaustive survey. is still reported in a separate catalogue for the Day Library. 2. The topic was addressed several years ago by Frank W. Price, "Spe­ The MRL was incorporated into the collection of Burke Library of cialized Research Libraries in Missions," Library Trends 9(1960): 175-85. Union Theological Seminary (N.Y.) in 1967. Almost all of the collection 3. The Kennedy School of Missions was founded in 1911in the aftermath is reported in the catalogues of the Burke Library. of the 1910 Edinburgh World Missionary Conference. Case Library 10. The part of Case Library that is owned by Emory University has been has been divided, with the bulk of the historical collection now re­ developed with a special interest in African Christianity. See Chan­ siding in Pitts Library of Emory University. A smaller segment, almost ning Jeschke, "Acquisitions and the African Project at the Pitts exclusively dealing with Islamic and near eastern studies, continues Theological Library," ATLA Proceedings 40 (1986):75-87. to reside at the Hartford Seminary. The part of the library remaining in Hartford has not grown sig­ Earlier mission libraries were founded. The American Board of nificantly in recent years. Its chief research value is in Islamic studies. Commissioners for Foreign Missions and presumably other mission Also, it retains the A. C. Thompson collection and papers. societies established house libraries. While the American Board Li­ 11. Although Maryknoll apparently was using MRL as late as 1955 as its brary survives, in diaspora, at Harvard University and the Andover primary bibliographic source. (See "Memorandum," p. 5.) Newton Theological School, this author is not aware of the survival 12. Again these were the special mission libraries, i.e., the MRL, Day of any other early mission libraries. and Pitts libraries. See Peterson, Theological Libraries for the Twenty­ 4. "Memorandum: Re Yale, Union, Missionary Research Libraries," first Century: Project 2000 Final Report, published as a supplement to January 14, 1955. Hereafter cited as "Memorandum." Typescript, Theological Education 20(1984):80-81. in the Special Collections Department, Yale Divinity School Library. On the other hand, of the sixty-one libraries analyzed by Blumhofer This memorandum records an "Informal Conference" held in New and Carpenter, sixteen are reported as having a collecting interest or Haven, in which the following participated: M. Searle Bates, R. Pierce noteworthy holdings in missions. See Edith L. Blumhofer and Joel Beaver, Robert F. Beach, Charles W. Forman, Norvin W. Hein, Ray­ A. Carpenter, Twentieth Century Evangelicalism: A Guide to the Sources mond P. Morris, and Helen B. Uhrich. (New York: Garland, 1990), chapter 2. 5. This is clear from the MRL collection priorities that Pierce Beaver 13. The one outstanding exception to these generalizations is Speer Li­ outlined at the January 14, 1955 meeting (see "Memorandum," brary at Princeton. Price, "Specialized Research Libraries," iden­ p.6). tifies it as a strong mission library (p. 182). It has several manuscript 6. Having awarded the nation's first Ph.D. degree in 1861, Yale was collections and, due chiefly to the interest and support of former pres­ poised to establish its Graduate School iri 1892. The university then ident John Mackay, has exceptional strength in the literature of ecu­ encouraged the founding of several semiautonomous special research menical developments. More recently, Speer Library has been collections. strengthening its holdings from Latin America. 7. William Earl Dodge, Sr., was a merchant and prominent religious 14. Appendix A contains a table showing library collections and expend­ philanthropist. He served as a corporate member of the American itures for theological institutions offering doctoral work. Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions and strongly supported 15. See Christianity in China: A Scholar's Guide to Resources in the Libraries the American Bible Society. A few years prior to the founding of the and Archives of the United States, ed. Archie R. Crouch, et al (Armonk, Day Library, Dodge gave Yale a collection of Bibles representing the N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1989). international scope of the American Bible Society. This collection be­ 16. Further evidence of the importance university libraries hold for mis­ came part of the nucleus of the Day Library. sion scholarship is provided by the production of missiology doctoral 8. The author has not been able to gain comparable information about dissertations in North American institutions. See E. Theodore Bach­ Case Memorial Library of the Hartford Seminary Foundation. One mann, "North American Doctoral Dissertations on Mission: 1945­ must note that a representative of the HSF did not attend the January 1981," International Bulletin of Missionary Research 7(1983):98-134. 14, 1955 meeting at Yale. 17. Appendix B contains a directory of several area study programs of­ 9. Both of these missionary libraries are now organic parts of larger fered in North American universities.

162 INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH

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\ To You ... \. If you already have a bachelor's degree and are looking for graduate level coursework that you can complete while you work full time in ministry, the Fuller School of World Mission In-Service Program is for you. The ISP is a high-quality program utilizing tapes ofactual class lectures and syllabi backed by the largest resident faculty of world mis­ sion anywhere. Work on a master's degree while you master your cross-cultural ministry. The ISPis for missionaries, professors, pas­ tors, mission agency workers, national church leaders and others interested in cross-cultural ministry. All work for each course can be completed off campus. Credit can be earned in a number of courses includingChurchGrowth,Foundations of Lead­ ership, Introduction to Islam , Historical Dy­ angelism, Biblical Founda­ thers. nations serving in 76 s have taken part in 18. See Price, "Specialized Research Libraries," pp. 180-81. Christianity," Library Acquisitions: Practice and Theory 15(1991):177-84. 19. Researching Modern Evangelicalism: A Guide to the Holdings of the Billy (The special title of this issue is "Collection Development of Re­ Graham Center, with Information on OtherCollections, compiled by Robert ligious Materials" and all the articles deal with this problem). Shuster, James Stambaugh, and Ferne Weimer (Westport, Conn.: 33. Yale is attempting to significantly increase its acquisition of historical Greenwood Press, 1990). documents pertaining to Third World Christianity, but its focus re­ 20. It should be noted, however, that in 1990Yale and Asbury Theological mains on mission materials. Seminary jointly purchased the library of the London Baptist Mis­ 34. Scholars are now generally aware of the dangers of deteriorating book sionary Society. The initial checking at Yale indicated that the Day paper. Acidic sizing was introduced into the manufacture of paper Library was lacking about 50 percent of the items offered. This sug­ in the 1870s. The presence of this acid accelerates the oxidation proc­ gests that there are still significant lacunae at least of European de­ ess. Also, many publications of the decades surrounding the two nomination material in even the large mission libraries! world wars were produced on paper of unusually poor quality. 21. Although according to Beaver some "faith" missions "unoffi­ 35. As mentioned above, one source of help may come from the com­ cially" deposited material with the MRL. See "Memorandum," p. mercial microfilming sector. Several companies have shown varying 5, para. 2. levels of interest in microfilming mission collections. 22. Larry Pate, From EveryPeople: A Handbook of Two-thirds World Missions 36. Robert Streit and Johannes Dindinger, Bibliotheca Missionum (Freiburg: with Directory/Histories/Analysis (Monrovia, Calif.: MARC, 1989). Herder, 1916-1974). This encompasses twenty-nine volumes. 23. To this writer, one of the simplest and most helpful aids to mission 37. There is a published catalog of the Day Library as it stood after the scholarship would be the inclusion of periodical, serial, and report first decade of its existence. Actually this work is the serial cumulation titles in the various MARC directories, e.g., Mission Handbook and of six separate catalogs that were intended to appear annually. See Pate's From Every People. MARC elicits its data from questionnaires Catalogue of the Foreign Mission Library of the Divinity School of Yale and the addition of a request for this publication information and its University (New Haven: Tuttle, Morehouse, and Taylor), no. 1, 1892; inclusion in these directories would be most useful. no. 2, 1893; no. 3, 1895; no. 4, 1897; no. 5, 1899; no. 6, 1902. 24. The Day Library, because of its substantial endowment for acquisi­ 38. The Chinese Recorder Index: A Guide to Christian Missions in Asia, 1867­ tions, might be an exception. 1941, 2 vols., compiled by Kathleen Lodwick (Wilmington: Scholarly 25. See Patrick Lambe, "Non-Book Materials in Mission Libraries: A Resources, 1986). Future for Theological Librarianship," Bulletin oftheAssociation of Brit­ 39. The ICLDP steering committee is not unaware that the index itself ish Theological and Philosophical Libraries 2(1990):33--48 for a broader will create a demand for the documents. It has agreed to formulate discussion of the materials discussed in the following sections of this proposals for a document preservation and distribution program in paper. the near future. 26. Robert Shuster, "Documentary Sources in the United States for 40. From a case statement with the working title Knowledge to Share? Foreign Missions Research: A Select Bibliography and Checklist," prepared by the DAB steering committee. International Bulletin of Missionary Research 9(1985):19-29. See also Ap­ 41. Among the early active participants are the Selly Oak Colleges Central pendix I: "Select List of Archive and Manuscript Repositories in Library, CENERM (Center for New Religious Movements), and the the United States with Documents Relevant to the Evangelical Move­ Islamic Centre-all of Birmingham; Centre for the Study of Christianity ment," in Researching Modern Evangelicalism, Shuster, Stambaugh, and in the Non-Western World and the IRM Bibliography Project-both of Weimer. Edinburgh; MISSIO-Aachen; CEDIMin Paris; ISEDETin Buenos Aires; 27. See Appendix C for a partial list of mission-related archival collections Bibliographia Missionaria (Rome); lIMO (Leiden); and the ASM Bibli­ available in microform. ography Project (Dayton, Ohio). 28. See Martha Lund Smalley and Stephen L. Peterson, "Resources 42. The Library Development Program operated in the 1960sunder grants in Yale Divinity School Library," International Bulletin of Missionary from the Sealantic Fund. It encouraged and aided qualifying theo­ Research 9(1985):104--6. Smalley discusses the original scope of the logical libraries to strengthen their collection development programs. China Records Project. It has generally been judged as one of the most significant programs 29. The CRP discovered, to its satisfaction, that some collections were in strengthening theological libraries in North America. destined for denominational historical libraries. Indeed, the project 43. Accredited schools reporting full library statistics. Several doctoral stimulated many people to carry out their intentions of long standing. institutions do not report their library data. The schools listed offer Also, of course, institutions already holding mission agency archives one or more of the following degrees: Ph.D., Th.D., S.T.D., or D.Miss. tend to attract personal papers as well. No school offering only the D.Min. degree is listed. Some schools 30. The Billy Graham Archives have been successful in attracting the offer their degree jointly with another institution(s). papers of a number of missionaries. See Researching Modern Evangel­ 44. Expenditures for library materials reported to the American Theolog­ icalism by Shuster, Stambaugh, and Weimer. ical Library Association for FY 1989, the latest year for which data are 31. On the other hand, the UCBWM (successor to the ABCFM) is un­ available. Schools that report their library operations with a larger dertaking the publication of a master list of persons appointed to college or university library are not included. serve under the American Board. This suggests that where such mis­ Holdings include books, periodicals and microforms. Nonprint media sion agency name lists exist, it is at least possible to begin the work are excluded. of checking likely repositories for manuscript material. 45. Compiled from Peterson's Graduate Programs in theHumanities and Social 32. See Peterson, Libraries for the Twenty-First Century, pp. 39-42.; "On Sciences, 1991 (Princeton: Peterson's Guides, 1990). Capturing Greece: Resources for New Perspectives on Mission His­ 46. Based on holdings and files in the Yale Divinity Library. This list is tory," in Bulletin of the Scottish Institute of Missionary Studies, Nos. 3­ not exhaustive. A number of agencies currently are engaged in mi­ 4 (1987):2-6; and most recently and thoroughly, "From Third World crofilming projects. to One World: Problems and Opportunities in Documenting New

164 INTERNATIONAL- BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH Mission Research, Writing, and Publishing: 1971-1991

Gerald H. Anderson

wenty years ago I published a chapter on "Mission for Applied Research in the Apostolate, in Washington, D.C., T. Research, Writing, and Publishing" in the Festschrift for that was earlier concerned with world mission and the unevan­ R. PIerce Beaver, The Future of the Christian World Mission. 1 This gelized, has been totally reorganized and is now focused on the essay is an update and sequel to that survey of the situation in ministry of the church in the United States. 1971. Friendship Press, the publishing imprint of Education for Mission of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the Retrospect U..S.~., still publishes educational materials concerning the church's rrussion at home and abroad for churches in the United States First, let us recall the situation in mission studies two decades and Canada, but it is a much smaller operation than it was twenty ago. In 1968 R. Pierce Beaver reported that North American years ago. The National Council of Churches (NCC) closed its "students are now cold, even hostile, to overseas missions"; Office of Research, Evaluation and Planning on December 31, t~at r~ace missiol~gy the of as a discipline in the seminary cur­ 1988. While not strictly missiological, this office did provide a nculum IS most precarIous, and I expect its rapid decline and research capacity for the NCC that generated valuable data for even its elimination from most denominational seminaries.i" The evangelism programs in the denominations." decade 1963-73 saw the demise of mission studies and training Some mission research and documentation centers in Europe a~ the Kennedy School of Missions at Hartford Seminary, at Scar­ that I did not mention in 1971 include IDOC (International Doc­ Colle~e Chri~tian rltt. for Workers in Nashville, at the Missionary umentation/Communication Center on the Contemporary Church) Orientation Center In Stony Point, New York, and at the Lutheran School of Missions near Chicago. Only sixteen professors at­ tended the meeting of the national Association of Professors of Missions (APM, founded 1952) in 1970. A whole generation of In 1971 I noted "the sharply declining interest of the IIgiants" in mission studies c~ur~hes in North America, Great Britain, and Europe for the rrussion of the church beyond the North Atlantic Region ... with is no longer with us. concern for mission at home preempting concern for mission around the world ... [and] a shrinking market for books dealing in Rom~ and Pro Mundi Vita in Brussels. Both became very im­ with the Christian world mission.i" At the same time I mentioned portant In the 1970s and 1980s, but activities of IDOC have been a few signs of hope and vitality in publishing and in some centers curtailed, and Pro Mundi Vita closed on December 31, 1990. of mission research. Actually, a number of research centers related to FERES (In­ As we look back over the last twenty years we are conscious, ternati.onal Federation of Institutes for Socio-religious Research, first of all, that a whole generation of "giants" in mission Louvain, publisher of Social Compass) were closed in the 1970s studies is no longer with us: ·D. S. Amalorpavadass, M. Searle and 1980s, sometimes because church authorities did not like the Bates, R. Pierce Beaver, Johannes Beckmann, Shoki Coe (C. H. information and issues being reported. Hwang), John J.,Considine, Orlando Costas, Horacio de la Costa, Still very active is SEDOS (Servizio di Documentazione e Lynn A. de Silva, Norman Goodall, Kenneth G. Grubb, Melvin Studi)., ~stablished ~n Rom~ in the wake of Vatican Council II by Hodges, J. C. Hoekendijk, Johannes Hofinger, Jean-Michel Hor­ the nusslonary and International orders of priests and sisters,which nus, J. Herbert Kane, Johannes Kraus, Arno Lehmann, Donald publishes t~e ~ED.OS Bulletin. SE.DOS holds an annual assembly A. McGavran, Hans-Iochen Margull, Marie-Louise Martin, Alfons to study m~ss~on Issues an~ maintains a computerized bibliog­ Mulders, Stephen Neill, Ronald K. Orchard, Albert Perbal, George raphy. o~ mls~lon research. The Dutch Interuniversity Institute W. Peters, Charles W. Ranson, Johannes Rommerskirchen, Ger­ for Missiological and Ecumenical Research (lIMO) was founded hard Rosenkranz, Pietro Rossano, Harry Sawyerr, Georg Schur­ in 1969. The section for missiology in Leiden (the section for hammer, Johannes Schutte, Joseph Spae, Richard W. Taylor, Alan ecumenics is in Utrecht) publishes the journal Exchange and has R. Tippett, Willem J. van der Merwe, Trevor Verryn, Gerdien ~ouri~he~.6 Sin~e 1979 the Centre de Recherche Theologique Mis­ Verstraelen-Gilhuis, W. A. Visser 't Hooft, and Max Warren, to sionaire In Paris has been developing a computerized missiol­ mention only a few. ?gical data base. Since 1984 the Institute of Missiology, "Missio," It is also sad to realize that some of those important ventures In ~achen, Ger~any, has published the semi-annual theological we mentioned twenty years ago have either ceased functioning, review Theology In Context, an annotated bibliography, with sum­ have greatly reduced their activities, or have changed their focus. maries of selected articles and reports on theological conferences For instance, the Missionary Research Library (MRL) at Union outside Europe and North America, to foster communication be­ Theological Seminary, New York, already in difficulty and cur­ twee~ theologians within the Third World itself. They also publish tailing its services twenty years ago, has since then ceased to exist a senes of special bibliographies on selected theological topics as a separate entity and its collections have been absorbed into about the church in the Third World. the Union Seminary library. CARA, the Roman Catholic Center . What no one realized in 1971-in the midst of many discour­ agIng developments-was that we were on the brink of a remark­ Gerald H. Anderson is Director of the Overseas Ministries Study Center, New able resurgence of scholarship in studies of mission and world 7 Haven, Connecticut, and Editor of the INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY Christianity. RESEARCH.

OCTOBER 1991 165 Professional Associations J. Bosch, three times a year. In addition to articles and book reviews, this journal is notable for its extensive missiological ab­ Perhaps the single most important development for pro­ stracts of articles appearing in other journals in many parts of the moting mission scholarship during the last two decades was the world. In eighteen years it published 13,590 abstracts! Bosch's emergence of a network of national and international professional own book Transforming Mission: Paradigm Shifts in Theology of Mis­ associations for mission studies that provide scholars with en­ sion (Maryknoll, N.Y.:Orbis Books, 1991) is a major achievement couragement, recognition, assistance, fellowship, organization, and will be a standard text in mission courses for years to come. and a forum for sharing, promoting, and disseminating their work. In 1979 the Indian Missiological Review began quarterly pub­ Most of all, these professional associations served to establish and lication, edited by Sebastian Karotemprel, S.D.B., at Sacred Heart gain recognition for the discipline of studies in mission and world Theological College in Shillong, India. The South Pacific Asso­ Christianity, or what is known as "missiology." ciation of Mission Studies was founded in Australia in the 1980s and began publishing the South Pacific Journal of Mission Studies In 1972the inaugural meeting of the International Association in 1989. for Mission Studies (lAMS) was held in Driebergen, Holland, and in 1984 it began publication of the semi-annual journal Mission Studies. The lAMS, an international, interconfessional, and in­ Mission Studies in the United Kingdom terdisciplinary professional society for the scholarly study of Christian witness and its impact in the world, now has over 500 In 1990 the British and Irish Association for Mission Studies was inaugurated at Edinburgh in the same assembly hall of the Church of Scotland where the Edinburgh World Missionary Conference met in 1910. Andrew Walls gave the inaugural lecture on In 1971 no one realized we "Edinburgh 1910 and the Prospect for Mission" to the seventy were on the brink of a members in attendance.V The new association unites all who are concerned about the study of mission, whether at home or over­ remarkable resurgence of seas, and whether as scholars, teachers, executives or practition­ mission scholarship. ers. The number of institutions in the United Kingdom actually involved with academic research related to mission studies is quite individual members and 80 institutional members, of which nearly small; they are situated mainly at Birmingham and Edinburgh. 200 are from the Third World. The association sponsors a contin­ In Birmingham the Selly Oak Colleges and the university offer uing project on Documentation, Archives and Bibliography (DAB) studies in many disciplines connected with mission, and at many for mission studies (more about this below). The eighth inter­ levels, including diploma, degree, and graduate. Several of the national conference of the association will be held in Hawaii in colleges-sharingcommon programs and facilities-are associated 1992.8 The lAMS provided a model and stimulus for the creation with denominational missions. There is a particularly strong Centre of several national and regional associations for mission studies. for the Study of Islam and Muslim-Christian Relations, involving Also in 1972, at an ad hoc meeting in Nashville of mission both Christians and Muslims on staff, with a full teaching pro­ leaders and academicians, the American Society of Missiology gram and several publications. A similar center has been estab­ (ASM) was founded as a broadly inclusive professional society lished more recently for Jewish Studies and Jewish-Christian for the study of mission and world Christianity." The inaugural Relations. The Centre for New Religious Movements (now re­ meeting was held in 1973 and in that same year the ASM began named Interact Research Centre) has an unrivaled collection of publishing a new quarterly, Missiology, that incorporated the jour­ materials on new religious movements in primal religions but is nal Practical Anthropology. In 1980, Orbis Books began publishing interested also in new movements in the post-Christian West. the ASM Series of scholarly studies, and by 1991 sixteen volumes The University of Birmingham has a Chair of Mission within had appeared in the series. The ASM-bringing together conserv­ the department of theology. The first professor appointed to this ative evangelicals, conciliar Protestants, and Roman Catholics in chair in 1971, Walter Hollenweger, built up a major graduate annual meetings-fostered a renewal of mission studies and fa­ program." The new incumbent since 1990, Werner Ustorf, is a cilitated the recognition of the discipline by the larger academic German historian of mission. The university is able to draw on community in North America." By 1991 the ASM had over 500 faculty from the Selly Oak Colleges for supervision of graduate members, the Missiology journal had a circulation in excess of studies. The important archives of the Church Missionary Society 2,000, and the national Association of Professors of Mission and are held at the University Library; the central library of the Selly regional associations of professors of mission had taken on new Oak Colleges holds other important resources for mission studies. life. 11 The Centre for the Study of Christianity in the Non-Western German scholars were pioneers in the field. They established World at the University of Edinburgh (since 1987; founded at the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Missionswissenschaft in 1918which Aberdeen in 1982), directed by Andrew Walls, offers graduate today continues with an international membership and provides studies at the master's and doctoral levels. Cooperative work is scholarships, assistance in research projects, and financial sup­ available with the faculty of divinity, and with African, East and port for publications in missiology. In 1979an association of French­ South Asian, and Islamic Studies in the university. The Centre speaking mission scholars and institutes was founded at Lyon, prepares the quarterly bibliography of mission studies for the Le Centre de Recherches et d'Echanges sur la Diffusion et l'In­ International Reviewof Mission (IRM), and an annual Survey of Cur­ culturation du Christianisme (CREDIC). This association, with rent Literature on Non-Western Christianity. A cumulative index of two hundred members, organizes an annual conference and sup­ the IRM 1912-1987 is ready for publication, and a cumulative ports projects of mission research and publication. bibliography of the IRM 1912-1987 is in preparation at the Centre. The Southern African Missiological Society, founded in 1968, The Bulletin of the Scottish Institute of Mission Studies, published at began in 1973 to publish the journal Missionalia, edited by David the Centre, is principally concerned with the history of mission.

166 INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH The Centre holds a large collection of religious periodicals from Paul University, Ottawa, which publishes the journal Kerygma, the non-Western world; a collection of African Christian literature; and in 1990 McMaster University Divinity College in Hamilton, a good mission book collection, including the former Church of Ontario, established the McMaster Centre for Mission and Evan­ Scotland mission library; several mission archives; and a collection gelism, and a new Professorship of World Christianity. of Christian art in the non-Western world. The archives of the Approval by the Association of Theological Schools in the main Scottish missions are held close by in the National Library United States and Canada in 1986 of standards for offering the of Scotland. Doctor of Missiology (D.Miss.) as a professional academic degree Also in the United Kingdom is the Oxford Centre for Mission provided additional incentive for mission research." Studies, established in 1984, that sponsors consultations and sem­ A survey of doctoral dissertations on mission topics for the inars, and provides postgraduate supervision through the Coun­ Ph.D., Th.D., S.T.D., and Ed.D. degrees revealed nearly 1,000 cil for National Academic Awards. Regnum Books is the Centre's dissertations accepted at theological schools and universities in publishing arm. The position of Henry Martyn Lecturer in Mis­ the United States and Canada in the period 1945-81, with Boston siology has been established in the Cambridge Federation of The­ University, University of Chicago, and Columbia University lead­ ological Colleges, and Graham Kings-a CMS missionary working ing the list. An increase from 211 dissertations accepted in 1960­ in Kenya-has been appointed to the new post beginning January 69, to 462 dissertations in 1970-79, is further evidence of the 1992. resurgence of scholarship in the period after 1971.18 It would be Other institutions that provide specialist resources and con­ useful to have a study of which theological faculties today offer duct relevant research, while not normally applying the term doctoral programs in mission studies, and to have a directory of mission studies, would include the School of Oriental and African those who are teaching in the field;" It is surprising how many Studies, University of London, whose library holds important doctoral dissertations related to mission studies are done in sec­ mission archives, including those of the London Missionary So­ ular and state universities in the United States, and how much ciety and the Methodist Missionary Society; and the Department of Theology, University of Leeds, where the presence of Professor Adrian Hastings has led to strong research and publications in Quantity of research and African Christianity (The Journal of Religion in Africa is edited there). All Nations Christian College and the Roman Catholic Mis­ publications says nothing sionary Institute in London, while not offering programs of grad­ about quality. uate academic research, do promote serious study and continuing education with their course offerings in missionary training. The U.K. Christian Handbook, edited by Peter Brierley, is an essential research and publishing about mission (mainly historical) is done reference tool for information about all mission-related organi­ by scholars in secular institutions. Of course, quantity of research zations, schools, publishers, personnel, and services." and publications says nothing about quality. North American scholars are fortunate to have rich library Developments in North America and archival resources available for research. But these resources have limits, weaknesses, and urgent needs, if they are to be Turning again to the United States, we look at other factors that maintained, developed, utilized, and shared. Stephen L. Peterson have encouraged research and revitalized studies in mission and describes and discusses these concerns in his article "North world Christianity over the last twenty years. In an earlier arti­ American Library Resources for Mission Research" in this issue cle." I mentioned the contribution of the Evangelical Missions of the INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN. Quarterly, published since 1964 by Interdenominational Foreign Mission Association and Evangelical Fellowship of Mission Agen­ cies (formerly Evangelical Foreign Missions Association); the Current Research and Publications INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH, published by the Overseas Ministries Study Center since 1977; Orbis Books, The state of current research, writing, and publishing in studies the publishing imprint established in 1970by Maryknoll; the Mis­ of mission and world Christianity/evangelization in the United sions Advanced Research and Communication Center (MARC) States may be judged by looking at the work of several scholars of World Vision founded in 1967;William Carey Library, an evan­ and projects as representative of significant work in the discipline gelical missions publishing firm in Pasadena, California, founded today. in 1969; the Billy Graham Center, with its mission archives and David B. Barrett has been an ordained missionary of the Church library, established at Wheaton College in 1974;16 new graduate Missionary Society since 1956. Anglican Research Officer since schools of mission and evangelism at Asbury Theological Semi­ 1970, he is currently Research Consultant to the Southern Baptist nary, Biola University, Columbia (South Carolina) Biblical Sem­ Foreign Mission Board in Richmond, Virginia. The publication in inary and Graduate School of Missions, Nazarene Theological 1982 of the World Christian Encyclopedia, a fact-filled, 1,010-page Seminary, and Trinity Evangelical Divinity School-in addition to volume which he edited, was a major missiological publishing the School of World Mission at Fuller Theological Seminary es­ event. Never before has there been a work of such scope and tablished in 1965. Study programs at the Overseas Ministries Study detail about the whole church in the whole world. Barrett's re­ Center, starting in 1967, at Maryknoll Mission Institute, estab­ search continues to pour forth in a steady stream of articles and lished in 1969, at the U.S. Center for World Mission/William Carey monographs. Each January the INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF International University, founded in 1976, and at the Global Cen­ MISSIONARY RESEARCH publishes his annual statistical table on ter of Samford University Beeson Divinity School, established in global mission. This is the best source (perhaps the only source) 1991, also figure in these new developments. The International for comprehensive, comparative statistical information on the sta­ Journal of Frontier Missions began publication in 1984. tus of global mission in the twentieth century. Some of Barrett's In Canada there is the Institute of Mission Studies at Saint work is historical and analytical; much is descriptive-focusing on

OCTOBER 1991 167 the actual, current state of affairs, as it affects the phenomena of Charles R. Taber, The World Is Too Much With Us: "Culture" in mission. Often he points to a major chasm between the commonly Modern Protestant Missions perceived norms of world mission on the one hand and the actual Norman E. Thomas, Missions and Unity: Lessons from History, realities of the Christian mission in the modern world on the 1792-1992 other. For instance, in his January 1991 global status report in the A. Christopher Smith, The Missionary Enterprise of Carey and INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN, Barrett stated that: His Colleagues -97 percent of all Christians are out of contact with non­ Wilbert R. Shenk, The Earth Will Be Full of the Knowledge of the Christians; Lord: Mission Theories, 1792-1992 -95 percent of all Christian activity benefits only Christians Dana Robert, American Women in Mission: A History of Mission and their world; Theory -99 percent of all the Christian world's income is spent on Jonathan J. Bonk, Rendering Unto Caesar: Mission/State Encoun­ itself. ters, 1792-1992 The "AD 2000 Series," published by New Hope (Birmingham, David A. Schattschneider, Souls for the Lamb: Origins of the Alabama), includes the following titles by Barrett: Modern Missionary Movement (1986) World-Class Cities and World Evangelization Shenk says, "The bicentennial of the publication of Carey's (1987) Cosmos, Chaos, and Gospel: A Chronology of World Evan­book is a fitting moment in which to appraise these two hundred gelization from Creation to New Creation years of Protestant missions. Many observers feel that we are at (1987) Evangelize! A Historical Survey of the Concept the end of this era and another is opening before us. In looking (1987) Unreached Peoples: Clarifying theTask(co-authored with back at this period of history, we may help the next generation H. C. Schreck) understand better the task ahead." (1988) Seven Hundred Plans to Evangelize the World (co-au­ Norman E. Thomas served as a United Methodist missionary thored with James W. Reapsome) in Zimbabwe and Zambia. He has taught at Yale Divinity School, (1990) Our Globe and How to Reach It (co-authored with T. M. Boston University School of Theology, and now is Professor of Johnson) World Christianity at United Theological Seminary in Dayton, Ne\N titles he is presently working on in this series include Ohio. In addition to preparing the volume on Missions and Unity a descriptive survey of the world's unevangelized peoples and for the series edited by Wilbert R. Shenk mentioned above, Thomas cities; a monograph on Christian martyrdom over twenty cen­ is book review editor for Missiology, serves on the executive com­ turies; a world language classification; and a detailed investigation mittee of the lAMS, and chairs the lAMS working group on Doc­ of the possibilities for mission in the twenty-first century. He is umentation, Archives and Bibliography (DAB). also editor of AD 2000 Global Monitor, "a monthly trends news- Thomas is involved with two major projects of long-term significance for mission research. First, he is general editor, with 37 sub-editors, of an annotated bibliography of 10,000 books in missiology, in all major European languages, published from 1960 A history of Catholic to 1990, indexed by author, title, subject, and language of pub­ missionary outreach from lication. This project, cosponsored by ASM and lAMS, is to be published in 1994.20 the United States has not Secondly, the lAMS-DAB project he chairs aims to enable yet been written. mission documentation centers to share their bibliographical data in mission studies, in order to increase access to it through a combined computer data base. This project has two task forces letter measuring progress in world evangelization into the 21st to deal with: 1. issues of computer software format, and 2. a century," and he serves on the editorial board of the new Encly­common thesaurus of descriptors (key words) for computer searches clopedia of the Future to be published by Macmillan on behalf of and indexing. The special software for cataloging in IBM-com­ the World Future Society in 1993. Barrett says his research has patible computers (minimum AT) is now available, and a prelim­ four objectives: 1. to analyze the annual statistical reporting of inary edition of a macrothesaurus for multilingual (four languages) global Christianity's churches and agencies; 2. to relate witness common indexing is also available." Thomas explains that when and apologetics to the secular world of scholarship; 3. to enable the project becomes operational, "users will input key words better practice in mission; 4. to facilitate better teaching of mission. in the language of their choice, and be able to search for all entries Wilbert R. Shenk, former missionary to Indonesia, executive in the data base on a given subject regardless of language input.,,22 director for overseas ministries of the Mennonite Board of Mis­ The lAMS-DAB goal is to develop a world center where biblio­ sions from 1965 to 1990, editor of Mission Focus (Elkhart, Indiana) graphical mission records can be received, compiled, indexed, since 1972, now Director of the Mission Training Center at As­ and shared. sociated Mennonite Biblical Seminaries in Elkhart, Indiana, was The technology that makes this possible, according to Thomas, secretary-treasurer of the American Society of Missiology during "is called CD-ROM. On one compact disk the size of CDs used 1979-88. To mark the bicentennial of the publication of William for sound recordings, 650 MB (megabytes) of text can be stored Carey's An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians to Use Means (up to 300,000 bibliographical records). A reader ... will enable for the Conversion of the Heathen (1792), Shenk is editing an im­ the user to read the CD. Then records can be downloaded into pressive series of eight volumes under the title "The Modern the user's data base on a PC computer using DAB software. With Mission Era, 1792-1992: An Appraisal," for publication by Mercer this technology small centers around the world will have the University Press during 1991-93. The authors and titles of the capacity to search in a large data base, a capability previously volumes are: available only at large libraries. New CD-ROM disks will provide William A. Smalley, Translation as Mission: Bible Translation in updates to subscribers each year.,,23 the Modern Missionary Movement Communication by CD-ROM opens other possibilities for

168 resourcing theological libraries in the Third World. Thomas says with trends in mission. David J. Hesselgrave from Trinity Evan­ that the DAB working group is looking at the possibility of putting gelical Divinity School, in his book Today's Choices for Tomorrow's the text of 300 books of 300 pages each on one compact disk that Mission: An Evangelical Perspective on Trends and Issues in Missions, could be sold to libraries in the Third World for $200 each ($0.66 says that "today's mission is more variegated, more complex, per book) and used with a CD reader that costs about $400. This and in quantitative terms at least, more vitally active than at any could be a means to provide much needed documentation for time in history. ,,26 He identifies ten major trends in missions theological education and mission research in the Third World. today, then does an interesting comparative thematic content The United States Catholic Mission Association (USCMA) analysis of hundreds of articles, editorials, and book reviews that publishes the annual Catholic Mission Handbook, which is the au­ have appeared in IRM, Evangelical Missions Quarterly, and Mis­ thoritative directory for United States Catholic mission statistics siology in recent years. This leads him to examine certain issues and information on sending groups.i" In addition, the U5CMA and raise questions for churches, missions, missiologists, and is sponsoring two research projects of special interest and im­ missionaries worldwide about future developments in mission. portance. Larry D. Pate, in his book From Every People: A Handbook of First, in follow-up to a 1985 consultation of U.S. Protestant Two-Thirds World Missions, With Directory, Histories, Analysis, has and Catholic missiologists and theologians convened by the Mary­ documented the growth of so-called Two-Thirds World Protestant knoll Research and Planning Department on the future of the mission agencies and missionary personnel. His study suggests Christian world mission, the USCMA initiated a research project that by A.D. 2000 the majority of Protestant missionaries in the to examine "emerging trends in mission from a global per­ spective in order to identify those issues and situations requiring further research.T" The study, "which is to examine mission Research and information from a Roman Catholic viewpoint," was done by Mary Motte, F.M.M., Director of the Mission Resource Center of the Franciscan about Roman Catholic Missionaries of Mary, North Providence, Rhode Island. A report Two-Thirds World on the first phase of her research, published in 1987 under the title A Critical Examination of Mission Today, incorporated contri­ missions is needed. butions of fifty consultants "engaged in mission in local churches throughout the world . . . to give a more complete analysis of 27 what is happening in mission today, and of what seems to be world will be persons from the Two-Thirds World. Further re­ emerging for the future" (pp.4-5). Critical areas of mission where search and documentation about the origins, operations, and sta­ new perspectives are emerging include "relations with per­ tistics of these Two-Thirds World mission agencies will be valuable. sons of other faith traditions, the search for an effective faith­ Comparable research and information about Roman Catholic Two­ culture encounter, the poor, and common witness among Chris­ Thirds World missions is needed. tians engaged in mission" (p.6). A report of phase two in the The role and contribution of Bible translation in world mis­ study, To BeHope andJoy: Presence Bearing a Glimpse of God (U5CMA, sion has been documented in two important studies: Philip C. 1991), used data from a follow-up survey of 157American Catholic Stine, ed., Bible Translation and the Spread of the Church: The Last 200 years,28 and William A. Smalley, Translation as Mission: Bible missionaries serving at the grassroots of global mission. Their 29 responses about mission priorities, missionary motivation, and Translation in the Modern Missionary Movement. Lamin Sanneh's missionary proclamation, give shape to a vision of mission for Translating theMessage: TheMissionary Impact onCulturesees Chris­ the new century. tian expansion as a "vernacular translation movement," sug­ gesting a new paradigm for understanding the history of missions. 30 Second, a comprehensive history of Catholic missionary out­ Seminal studies in mis~io~a~ ~nthropolo~y in this period reach from the United States has not yet been written, although were Charles H. Kraft, Chrisiianitu tn Culture,~ John Stott and bits and pieces of the story have been done, as some individual Robert T. Coote, eds., Gospel and Culture,32 Louis J. Luzbetak, The mission congregations in the United States have written their own Church and Cultures." and Charles R. Taber, TheWorld Is Too Much histories. Therefore the USCMA is sponsoring a project to pro­ With Us.34 duce a one-volume, scholarly history of United States Catholic For basic information on North American Protestant mission missions, 1880-1980. This project, now in the initial planning agencies and personnel, everyone relies on the Mission Handbook: stage, aims to be completed by the end of the decade. The basic Canada/U.S.A. Protestant Ministries Overseas (14th edition, 1989), directory for worldwide Catholic missions is Guida delle Missioni prepared by MARC at World Vision International, with a new Cattoliche 1989, published by the Vatican Congregation for the edition appearing every four years." Other recent reference works Evangelization of Peoples (6th ed.; Rome, 1989). of special value for mission research are the Dictionary ofPentecostal In 1987 an ecumenical mission consultation, cosponsored by and Charismatic Movements,36 the Dictionary of Christianity in Amer­ the USCMA and the NCC Division of Overseas Ministries, on ica," the Dictionary of the Ecumenical Movement,38 and Who's Who 39 the theme "Divided Churches/Common Witness: An Unfin­ in World Religions. Twenty years have passed since the Concise ished Task for U.S. Christians in Mission," was held at the Mercy Dictionary of the Christian World Mission was published." It has Center in Madison, Connecticut. A Continuation Committee on been out of print for ten years, so it is time for a new one-volume Common Witness was formed and a task force on historical dictionary of the Christian world mission. Mission scholars lack research was created. That task force, chaired by Charles W. many of the fundamental reference tools for research that are Forman, is now seeking to assess what work is being done re­ available in other disciplines. garding the history of joint efforts in mission between U.S. Cath­ In contrast to twenty years ago, the publishing of scholarly olic and Protestant mission bodies working in Asia, Africa, and studies in mission and world Christianity seems to be in a much Latin America. healthier state, judging from the flow of review books that comes Two important studies by evangelical missiologists have dealt to the INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH. Orbis

OCTOBER 1991 169 Books, in addition to publishing the ASM Series, is also publish­ Six Concluding Observations ing the "Faith Meets Faith Series," edited by Paul F. Knitter; a "Faith and Cultures Series," edited by Robert J. Schreiter; 1. There has been a remarkable turnaround in the last two also a series sponsored by the Commission on Church History of decades in the revitalization of research and scholarship Latin America (CEHILA); a series "New Directions in Mission in our discipline--only some of which has been described and Evangelization," edited by James A. Scherer and Stephen and discussed in this overview. In 1971, however, no one Bevans, S.V.D., that will follow the model of the earlier "Mis­ anticipated that this was going to happen and, if they had sion Trends" series; and a series on "Liberating the Earth and been told what would happen, they may not have believed Its Poor," edited by Jay B. McDaniel and William Eakin. it was possible. Now, in 1991, can we anticipate what is The William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company and Editions possible over the next two decades? Dare we dream dreams Rodopi, Amsterdam, are copublishing a series, "Currents of of what could happen and what needs to happen if the Encounter," emerging from an interdisciplinary research group future of scholarship in missiology is to be strengthened, expanded, and enhanced? As in 1971, are we standing­ unaware--on the brink of another new era of understand­ There has been a ing, opportunity and initiative in mission research, writ­ ing, and publishing? What will it take, with the grace of remarkable turnaround in God, to bring it about-or has it already begun? the last two decades in the 2. The revitalization in world mission studies has not been matched by a revitalization in world mission involvement revitalization of research in many churches. Why? How do we account for the de­ and scholarship in our clining interest and concern for world mission in the main­ line Protestant denominations and the Roman Catholic discipline. Church in the West-at the same time that they have more professors of mission and more studies of mission? at the Free University of Amsterdam. The series explores the Furthermore, where is the research today that guides relation between Christian faith and contemporary culture as well the policy and decision-making of American mission agen­ as the encounter between various contextualizations of Christi­ cies? In the early 1950s, the Division of Foreign Missions anity. Eerdmans also published Contemporary Missiology by J. of the NCC had a Committee on Research in Foreign Mis­ Verkuyl (1978), Earthen Vessels: American Evangelicals and Foreign sion that produced a remarkable series of more than fifty Missions, 1880-1980, edited by Joel A. Carpenter and Wilbert R. papers and reports by mission executives and seminary Shenk (1990), and will soon publish Ecumenical Introduction to professors, on mission theology, policy, and strategy, in Missiology by a team of Dutch Protestant and Catholic scholars. preparation for the Willingen meeting of the International The Edwin Meilen Press publishes "Studies in the History Missionary Council. Charles W. Forman says, "Noth­ of Missions"; E. J. Brill in Leiden is publishing "Studies in ing so ambitious was ever attempted before-or since-in Christian Mission," edited by Marc R. Spindler; Kok Publishing the way of mission studies, and the product of that effort House in Kampen has launched "Studies in Interreligious Dia­ may well stand as a landmark, an Ebenezer, for American logue"; and "Studies on Islam and Christianity," edited by missiology of 150 years. ,,42 While mission studies have the Centre for the Study of Islam and Christian Muslim Relations multiplied in academic circles in the last twenty years, it at Selly Oak Colleges, is published by Grey Seal Publishers in is not clear that anything so systematic and serious as London. Forman describes from the 1950s actually finds its way These are in addition to the long-standing, continuing series into the executive offices of the typical mission agency of "Missionswissenschaftliche Forschungen" from the Deutsche today. Gesellschaft fur Missionswissenschaft, published by Giitersloher 3. Another problem is that despite the positive develop­ Verlagshaus Gerd Mohn; "Studies in the Intercultural History ments in mission studies during the last two decades, of Christianity," edited by Professors Friedli, Hollenweger, Sun­ missiology is still peripheral to the mainstream of theo­ dermeier, and Jongeneel and published by Peter Lang; "Er­ logical studies, and even more marginal to the historical langer Monographien/Dissertationen aus Mission und Okumene," and social sciences. That is one of the observations made published by Verlag der Ev.-Luth. Mission; the S.V.D. series pub­ in a study undertaken at the Overseas Ministries Study lished by Steyler Verlag; the Swiss Catholic NZM series; the Uppsa­ Center about the present status and future prospects of la Mission Institute series; and several series published by the mission studies.Y There is a concern that the very suc­ Christian Literature Society in Madras, India-to mention only cesses we have described could help to perpetuate the some of the more prominent scholarly series. marginality of the discipline; that professionalization may contribute to isolation. For instance, whereas most mis­ Successor to the Japan Christian Yearbook is Christianity in Japan, 4 1 sion scholars in the past had their academic grounding in 1971-1990. MARC Publications of World Vision International another discipline, many young specialists entering the has published A Directory ofChristian Organizations in Canada (1986), field today, do so by means of graduate programs in mis­ and handbooks of churches and missions in Finland (1988), Den­ siology. To meet this challenge, mission scholars should mark (1989), Norway (1990), French-speaking Switzerland (1990), be encouraged to engage in research and teaching that South Africa (1990), and China (1989). involves collaborative, cooperative, and interdisciplinary To keep abreast of the vast output of missiologicalliterature opportunities. in books and journals, scholars rely on the quarterly bibliography Another factor contributing to the declining interest in in the IRM, the annual Bibliographia Missionaria from the Vatican world mission is the spread of a radical relativism in the mission library, and the abstracts in Missionalia.

170 INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH theology of religions since 1971, as represented in TheMyth institutes in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the South of Christian Uniqueness, edited by John Hick and Paul F. Pacific. There are many obstacles and constraints to these Knitter. 44 efforts, but new initiatives need to be explored. Already 4. Wilbert R. Shenk and others have argued that the Chris­ there are mission study centers in Japan, South Korea, tian mission is now in the midst of a paradigm shift toward India, Philippines, Truk, Papua New Guinea, Ghana, Puerto a fundamental reorientation to a consciousness that the Rico, Bolivia, and Peru, to mention a few. mission of each church begins with its own culture and 6. Attention needs to be given to defining and clarifying basic extends to the whole world. This is required in order to terms and concepts to avoid confusion. One illustration recover a genuinely missionary existence within Western is the terminology of inculturation, acculturation, inter­ culture to re-evangelize the West. culturation, indigenization, contextualization, adaptation, Lesslie Newbigin wrote a book in 1982 called The Other accommodation, vernacularization, and translation. An­ Sideof 1984: Questions forthe Churches, in which he pleaded other group is witness, evangelism, evangelization, and for a "genuinely missionary encounter with post-En­ mission. lightenment culture." The argument was carried forward Colleagues such as David Barrett also point to a widening in his book Foolishness to the Greeks (1986). In response to chasm between what may be called normative studies of mission his plea, the British Council of Churches (now the Council (what mission should be or is meant to be if done properly) and of Churches for Britain and Ireland) established a program empirical studies of mission (objective, descriptive, factual studies on "The Gospel and Our Culture" to address the issues the churches must face if they are to be effective in the West. Wilbert Shenk has been seconded by the Mennonite Attention needs to be Board of Missions to the Gospel and Our Culture program, to serve as liaison with those in other countries who share given to defining and this concern. Shenk says, "It is my conviction that clarifying basic terms and Western culture represents a major and formidable fron­ tier for mission in the 21st century." As he contacts church concepts. and mission leaders in Europe and North America, Shenk is "testing whether there are ways we might work to­ gether within the West in the interest of a more effective of the reality of mission today). In current literature, says Barrett, approach to training and with a view to laying on the mission studies "have a strong preference for the normative. conscience of the church its responsibility for mission to When they deal at all with the empirical realities of mission, there its own society. This of course must be undergirded by a is this bias for selecting only good applications, success stories, training program that will prepare a new generation of and mission being properly prosecuted." Related to this, says people committed and equipped to bear witness to the Barrett, is the problem of innumeracy in mission-"the inability gospel in Western culture.i" A North American network to understand numbers, to see the importance of numbers, and relating to the Gospel and Our Culture project has been to handle numbers in everyday life." This statistical illiteracy, established and publishes a newsletter. George R. Huns­ according to Barrett, is preventing missiological analysis of the berger at Western Theological Seminary in Holland, Mich­ vast data available in annual reports and questionnaires that have igan, is the convener and editor. This project poses a radical "enormous potential for creating new outreach" in mission challenge for mission research and theological education strategies." These problems reflect the dichotomy between theo­ in the West. retical and practical concerns. 5. As the center of ecclesiastical gravity shifts from the north­ Finally, there is much to suggest that we are, indeed, on the ern to the southern hemisphere (to use Walbert Buhl­ brink of a new era in mission or, more likely, that we are already mann's terms), it is vital for the future of mission scholarship in a new era. Twenty years from now we hope it can be reported that greater effort be made to recognize, include, encour­ that mission scholarship was faithful and effective in pointing the age, support, and cooperate with colleagues and centers/ way toward fulfillment of God's mission in the Third Millennium. Notes ------­

1. Anderson, "Mission Research, Writing, and Publishing," The Fu­ editor of The Yearbook of Americanand Canadian Churches, produced by ture of the Christian World Mission: Studies in Honor of R. Pierce Beaver, the Research Office of the NCC, raises concern about the future of ed. William J. Danker and Wi [o Kang (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Wm. this valuable research tool. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1971), pp. 129-40. 5. Papers from the important SEDOS research seminar at Rome in 1981 2. R. Pierce Beaver, "The Meaning and Place of Missiology Today in on "The Future of Mission" were published in Mary Motte and the American Scene." Unpublished paper given at the European Con­ Joseph R. Lang, eds., Mission in Dialogue (Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis sultation on Mission Studies, Selly Oak Colleges, Birmingham, Eng­ Books, 1982). See also the collection of essays celebrating the 25th land, April 1968, p. 3. anniversary of SEDOS in Helene O'Sullivan and William Jenkinson, 3. Anderson, "Mission Research," The Future of the Christian World eds., Trendsin Mission: Toward the ThirdMillennium (Maryknoll, N.Y.: Mission, p. 129. Orbis Books, 1991). 4. See "Reflections 'Down the Tubes' of Ecumenical Research: The 6. See the report on lIMO in Mission Studies 7, no. 1 (1990): 92-93. Role and Impact of Research in an Ecumenical Institution," by Peggy 7. For some of the information in this survey I am indebted to David B. L. Shriver, who was director of the Research Office of the NCC for Barrett, Wilbert R. Shenk, Norman E. Thomas, and Andrew Walls, thirteen years before it was closed. Unpublished paper dated Sep­ in personal correspondence. tember 1990. The death in late 1990 of Constant Jacquet, long-time 8. See Olav Guttorm Myklebust, "On the Origins of lAMS," Mission

OCTOBER 1991 171 Studies 3, no. 1 (1986): 4-11. The address of the lAMS, General Sec­ (DAB) Progress Report," Mission Studies 7, no. 2 (1990): 238. retary, is Mittelweg 143, D-2000 Hamburg 13, Germany. 23. Ibid., p. 240. 9. Some of this I have discussed previously in my essay "American 24. Copies may be purchased from USCMA, 3029 Fourth St. N.E., Wash­ Protestants in Pursuit of Mission: 1886-1986," International Bulletin of ington, D.C. 20017. Missionary Research 12, no. 3 (July 1988):112. See also Wilbert R. Shenk, 25. Mary Motte, F.M.M., A Critical Examination of Mission Today: Research The American Society of Missiology 1972-1987 (Elkhart, Indiana: Amer­ Project Report-Phase One (Washington, D.C.: United States Catholic ican Society of Missiology, [1987]). Mission Association, 1987), p. 4. See also Mary Motte, F.M.M., 10. When the Council on the Study of Religion voted to accept the ASM "Mission in the 1990s," International Bulletin of Missionary Research as one of its constituent member societies, effective January 1, 1976, 14, no. 3 (1990): 102-5. Louis J. Luzbetak, S.V.D., then president of the ASM, declared, 26. (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan Publishing House, 1988), p. 28. "This is a historic landmark; on this day 'missiology' becomes a 27. (Monrovia, Calif.: MARC/World Vision International, 1989). An up­ fully recognized academic discipline in North America" ("Mis­ date of Pate's research was published in his article "The Changing siology Comes of Age," Missiology 4, no. 1 [1976]: 11). See also the Balance in Global Mission," International Bulletin ofMissionary Research discussion of this event and developments in the years that followed, 15, no. 2 (1991): 56-61. by James A. Scherer, "The Future of Missiology as an Academic 28. (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1990). Discipline in Seminary Education: An Attempt at Reinterpretation and 29. (Macon, Georgia: Mercer Univ. Press, 1991). Clarification," Missiology 13, no. 4 (1985): 455ff.; and Scherer, "Mis­ 30. (Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books, 1989). siology as a Discipline and What It Includes," Missiology 15, no. 4 31. (Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books, 1979). (1987): 507-22. 32. (Pasadena, Calif.: William Carey Library, 1979);another edition of the 11. The Eastern Fellowship of Professors of Mission grew out of meetings same work was published as Down to Earth: Studies in Christianity and that began about 1917;a Midwest Fellowship began to meet informally Culture (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., sometime during the 1950s and was formally organized in 1957; a 1980). Western Association of Missiologists started in 1990. The Association 33. (Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books, 1988). of Evangelical Professors of Missions, organized in 1968, was reor­ 34. (Macon, Georgia: Mercer Univ. Press, 1991). ganized in 1990 as the Evangelical Missiological Society. See Ander­ 35. Edited by W. Dayton Roberts and John A. Siewert (Monrovia, Calif.: son, "American Protestants in Pursuit of Mission," pp. 105, 110, MARC/World Vision; and Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan Publish­ 112. ing House, 1989). 12. See T. E. Yates, "Edinburgh 1990---New Prospects for Mission: An 36. Edited by Stanley M. Burgess and Gary B. McGee (Grand Rapids, Inaugural Event in Mission Studies," Anvil: An Anglican Evangelical Mich.: Zondervan Publishing House, 1988). Journal for Theology and Mission 8, no. 2 (1991): 123-29. 37. Edited by Daniel G. Reid, Robert D. Linder, Bruce L. Shelley, and 13. Lists of doctoral dissertations on missions prepared under the su­ Harry S. Stout (Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press, 1990). See pervision of Professor Hollenweger at Birmingham were published also J. D. Douglas, ed., New 20th-Century Encyclopedia of Religious in the International Bulletinof Missionary Research in July 1982, January Knowledge (2nd. ed.; Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Book House, 1991). 1989, April 1990, and July 1991. 38. Edited by Nicholas Lossky, et al (Geneva: World Council of Churches; 14. Refer to 1989/90 edition (Bromley, Kent: MARC Europe; London: and Grand Rapids, Mich.: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1991). Evangelical Alliance; Swindon, Wilts: Bible Society, 1988). See also 39. Edited by John R. Hinnells (London: Macmillian Press; and New York: 'Christian England': What the 1989 English Church Census Reveals, by Simon and Schuster, 1991). Peter Brierley (London: MARC Europe, 1991). 40. Edited by Stephen Neill, Gerald H. Anderson, and John Goodwin 15. Anderson, "American Protestants in Pursuit of Mission," p. 112. (Nashville: Abingdon Press; and London: Lutterworth Press, 1971). 16. See Robert D. Shuster, James Stambaugh, and Ferne Weimer, com­ 41. Compiled and edited by Kumazawa Yoshinobu and David L. Swain pilers, Researching Modern Evangelicalism: A Guide to the Holdings of the (Tokyo: Kyo Bun Kwan, 1991). Distributed in the United States by Billy Graham Center, With Information on Other Collections (Westport, Friendship Press, P.O. Box 37844, Cincinnati, Ohio 45222-0844. Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1990). 42. Charles W. Forman, "A History of Foreign Mission Theory in 17. For the standards established by the ATS, see "Doctor of Mis­ America," American Missions in Bicentennial Perspective, ed. R. Pierce siology Degree in North American Theological Schools," International Beaver (South Pasadena, Calif.: William Carey Library, 1977), p. 109. Bulletin of Missionary Research 10, no. 4 (1986): 177. See listings of 43. This was also the conclusion in a recent global and ecumenical survey D.Miss. dissertations in the International BulletinofMissionary Research by Olav Guttorm Myklebust, "Missiology as a theological disci­ for Fuller Theological Seminary School of World Mission, 1971-84 pline is largely unknown to the academic world, or, when known, (July 1985), and for Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, 1981-85(April not always correctly interpreted by scholars.... In the majority of 1986). theological institutions the place accorded to Missiology is only a 18. E. Theodore Bachmann, "North American Doctoral Dissertations marginal one." "Missiology in Contemporary Theological Edu­ on Mission: 1945-1981," International Bulletinof Missionary Research 7, cation: A Factual Survey," Mission Studies 6, no. 2 (1989): 87, 99. no. 3 (1983):98ff. A new survey of dissertations accepted in the period 44. (Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books, 1987). In response to this approach, 1982-91 is planned by the International Bulletinof Missionary Research. see Gavin D'Costa, ed., Christian Uniqueness Reconsidered: TheMyth of 19. The last such information was the 1982 edition, Directory: NorthAmer­ a Pluralistic Theology of Religions (Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books, 1990), ican Protestant Schools and Professors ofMission (Monrovia, Calif.: MARC/ and Paul Mojzes and Leonard Swidler, eds., Christian Mission and World Vision International, 1982). Interreligious Dialogue (Lewiston, N. Y.: Edwin Mellen Press, 1990). See 20. It will probably be published in the bibliographical series of the Amer­ also Gerald H. Anderson, "Christian Mission and Religious Plu­ ican Theological Library Association (Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, ralism: A Selected Bibliography of 175 Books in English, 1970-1990," 1994). International Bulletin of Missionary Research 14, no. 4 (1990): 172-76. 21. lAMS-DAB, Mission Studies Macrothesaurus: Preliminary Draft Edition 45. Wilbert R. Shenk, "Report on a European Assignment," The Gospel (Birmingham, England: lAMS, 1991).Available from lAMS-DABCentre, and Our Culture 2, no. 2 (October 1990): 1-2. See also Shenk, "Mis­ c/o Central Library, Selly Oak Colleges, Birmingham B29 6LQ, Eng­ sionary Encounter With Culture," International Bulletin of Missionary land. Research 15, no. 3 (1991): 104-9. 22. Norman E. Thomas, "Documentation, Archives and Bibliography 46. AD Global Monitor 9 (July 1991): 1.

172 INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH Trends in Mission

FACES OF JESUS IN AFRICA Edited by ROBERT j. SCHREITER Faith and Cultures Series Paper $16.95 THE CHURCH IN THE AFRICAN CITY AYLWARD SHORTER Paper $19.95 COMMUNICATION THEORY FOR CHRISTIAN WITNESS Revised Edition CHARLES H. KRAFT Paper $19.95 WHITHER THE U.S. CHURCH? Context, Gospel, Planning JOHN A. GRINDEL, eM Paper $16.95 HISPANIC DEVOTIONAL PIETY Tracing Biblical Roots GILBERT C. ROMERO Paper $16.95 UNCOMPLETED MISSION Christianity and Exclusivism KWESI A. DICKSON Paper $16.95 TRENDS IN MISSION Toward the Third Millennium Edited by WILLIAM JENKINSON and HELENE O'SULLIVAN Paper $26.95

- New in The American Society of Missiology Series· MISSIONS AND MONEY Affluence as a Western Missionary Problem JONATHAN j. BONK Paper $16.95

ORBIS BOOKS Maryknoll, NY 10545 1-800-258-5838 In NY Collect 914-941-7687 The Legacy of Helen B. Montgomery and Lucy W. Peabody

William H. Brackney

he missionary enterprise is more than the involvement Helen was a superior student and took high commendation T of persons directly engaged in evangelical ministries. It to her first position as principal at Wellesley Preparatory School is also the educational, promotional, and spiritual work that pro­ in Philadelphia in 1887. Her time in Philadelphia was brief for vides support for preaching, healing, and social witness. In North she soon married a wealthy industrialist named William A. Mont­ America in the early nineteenth century a "benevolent empire'" gomery (1854-1930), seven years her senior. The couple decided of agencies assumed leadership for the support of missions. to move to Helen's hometown, Rochester, New York, where Wil­ Prominent among these, from the very first, were women's or­ liam continued his business interests." She was remembered by ganizations.i In the last quarter of that century, there was a co­ friends in the 1880s as a tall, graceful, attractive woman who alescing of "women's work for women" that may be directly commanded attention in every gathering. attributed to singularly gifted leaders. Two of those leaders were Early in their marriage, William Montgomery pledged to He­ Helen Barrett Montgomery and Lucy Waterbury Peabody, who len his support for her far-reaching interests in civic life and left a joint legacy of publication, promotion, and prayer on behalf Christian mission. This proved to be a considerable commitment of women across denominational lines and particularly among of funds for travel and support of missionary work around the Baptists. world, plus sharing his spouse for extended periods of time with Helen Barrett was born July 31, 1861, in Kingsville, Ohio, the speaking tours and administrative assignments. Montgomery eldest of two daughters and a son born to Adoniram Judson busied himself with building a thriving subsidiary company to Barrett and Emily B. Barrows. Owing to her father's job as a what became the General Motors Corporation; he was also on schoolteacher, the family moved to western New York, then char­ the board of trustees of Rochester Theological Seminary and served acterized religiously as the "Burned-Over District.,,3 Her child­ as chairman during the period when merger negotiations with hood was spent in Lowville, New York, a village north of Albany; Colgate Theological Seminary were completed. With Helen's en­ most of her adult life was spent in the city of Rochester. By her couragement, William quietly contributed the funds for construc­ own admission, her father was a dominant influence on her de­ tion of the new president's home, later named Montgomery House.9 velopment." Together with their adopted daughter, Edith, the couple lived in A. J. Barrett was heir to a long line of Baptists, hence his a modest home in Rochester, choosing to give much of their being named in honor of the pioneer Baptist missionary to Burma, income to missions. Adoniram Judson (1788-1850). Deeply devoted to education, Bar­ From 1890 to 1900 Helen divided her time between parental rett taught in several academies as a self-trained person with a care for daughter Edith and a growing interest in civic and in­ keen interest in the classics. Later in his career, and at great stitutionallife in Rochester. It would prove to be good experience personal sacrifice, he attended the newly formed University of for her later career in Christian endeavor. In 1893 at the urging Rochester. In 1872 he responded to a call to Christian ministry of her friend, Susan B. Anthony (1820-1906), she helped to form and entered Rochester Theological Seminary. Rochester was a the Women's Educational and Industrial Union to assist women newer, prorevival school under the aegis of the young and gifted in self-improvement and working conditions. This was to be a theologian, Augustus Hopkins Strong (1836-1921).5 Barrett, his persistent interest throughout her life. Her stake in the women's wife, and three children knew the seminary faculty intimately, movement amounted to a massive educational campaign: and he prospered in the student body. In 1876 upon graduation he became minister at Lake Avenue Baptist Church in Rochester, The greatest foes that menace the womanhood of America are the which became a prestigious congregation in the city's Baptist pagan ideals that are coming to dominate our theatres and social community. There he remained a beloved pastor until his sudden life. Luxury, easy divorce, indolence, and indulgence can make death in 1889 following an extended overseas tour. Helen later American women sources of temptation and objects of contempt like their sisters in the buried civilizations of the past." compiled a memorial book to her father and she helped to estab­ lish the Barrett Bible Class at Lake Avenue in his honor, which She took on two projects that brought her much attention in she taught personally for over four decades." the city press. In the late 1890s she chaired a committee to open Like her father, Helen sought a good education and pursued a women's college at the University of Rochester (a Baptist-related literature and classics at Wellesley College. Following her grad­ institution) and raised $100,000 to launch the program. In 1899 uation from Wellesley in 1884, she took an M.A. degree at Brown she became the first woman to be elected to the Rochester City University. Of her collegiate studies she said, "I knew what School Board, thereafter spending a decade advocating manual it was to be a poor girl in college, and I have as my richest training, vacation classes (summer school), art education and possession the memory of four years that were the inspiration of teacher training programs, especially for women. A sympathetic my life. I believe in education with all my heart and soul. ... I editor in Rochester's principal newspaper remarked that Helen am told that I am a college woman. Yes, I am.,,7 had "more than a woman's tender heart and fine tact; ... she has breadth of mind, earnestness of purpose, energy of execution, and high ideals". 11 An elementary school in the city was later named in her honor.12 William H. Brackney is Principal andProfessor ofHistorical Theology at McMaster Divinity College, McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario. Previously hehas Active in the Lake Avenue Baptist Church, which licensed taught at Houghton College, Colgate Rochester Divinity School, and Eastern her to the ministry, and in the regional Monroe County Baptist Baptist Theological Seminary, where he was also vice president and dean. Association of churches, Helen began to expand her religious

174 INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH horizons. Lucy Peabody recalled that their debut as platform Its purpose was to coordinate information about the needs speakers occurred at the 1887Monroe Baptist Association meeting of Christian women worldwide and to provide publications and in Penfield, New York, where they both nervously anticipated educational events that would rouse women to the missionary speeches on behalf of missionary work. 13 From that time on Helen cause;" Commencing with $25.00 capital, and Lucy and Helen was frequently in demand at Baptist and then ecumenical meet­ in its membership, the committee produced a steady flow of two ings where she organized support for women's mission organi­ study books per year for twenty-seven years (publishing a total zations and overseas projects. In 1914 she was elected the first of four million volumes), earning it Pierce Beaver's assessment president of the newly unified (east and west) Woman's American as the most successful publisher of mission books." In addition, Baptist Foreign Mission Society (W.A.B.F.M.S.), following similar annual summer conferences were developed at Northfield (Mass.), roles in the predecessor state and regional bodies among Northern Chautauqua (N.Y.), Chambersburg (Pa.), and Winona Lake (Ind.), Baptists. Except for the year she served as president of the North­ where missionary speakers had close exposure to vacationing ern Baptist Convention, Helen was the uncontested presidential laypersons. Lucy was chair of the committee and Helen was its choice for the W.A.B.F.M.S. for a decade. She wrote countless most popular author, providing a dozen books and a million editorials, filled pulpits, and presided over meetings that sought copies to its ministry. Helen's best-known book, Western Women to organize women's work in local church circles, associational in Eastern Lands (1910), sold over 100,000 copies." bands, and in a national network. Lucy and Helen also shared in the development of the In­ A few months older than Helen Barrett Montgomery, Lucy ternational Jubilee of Woman's Missions, which occurred in 1910. Whitehead McGill was born in Belmont, Kansas, March 2, 1861, the daughter of John and Sarah Hart McGill. Like Helen, Lucy was raised in a Christian home in Rochester, New York. She was Luc~ graduated from high school in that city and, as an "eclectic Peabody said the student," attended classes at the University of Rochester, which jubilee was an uprising was then closed to women degree candidates. At age twenty she against everything partly realized her Christian ambitions by marrying Norman Mather Waterbury. The couple had met at Lucy's church, East Avenue involved in militarism, Baptist, while Norman was a student at Rochester Theological oppression, and violence. Seminary and Lucy taught at the Rochester School for the Deaf. In 1881 Norman (with Lucy) was appointed a missionary to India by the American Baptist Missionary Union and they took up Helen had originally proposed the idea in her book, Western Women, residence as Telugu specialists at Madras." After five and a half and she was one of the major promoters. Lucy later described years' work, Norman Waterbury died in India; Lucy and two of the year of activities of the Jubilee as their three children, Norma Rose and Howard Ernest, returned to the United States, first to Rochester then to Boston." a spontaneous uprising of the womanhood of the United States The Woman's Baptist Foreign Mission Society of the East against the entire conception of society as a selfish, sectional, ma­ soon recognized Lucy's considerable administrative skills and ap­ terial paganism. To everything that is involved in militarism, pointed her in 1887 to the position of home secretary, a post she oppression, violence; here was a pointblank answer-arrangements filled in Boston, Massachusetts. This allowed her to provide ad­ for the care of mothers, for the upbringing of children, for the equately for her children; she spent over eighteen years in the kindly progress of the community under the influence of Christ. 20 position. During this period she took charge of the Society's lit­ Helen made a whirlwind coast-to-coast speaking tour, at one erature production and edited the popular Helping Hand and point delivering 197 addresses in a two-month period! Every­ Everyland juvenile missions papers. Part of her responsibilities where she challenged the "privileged educated woman of lei­ also included recruitment of new female candidates and the su­ sure to form a great sisterhood of service and league of love." pervision of children's education. Her official photographs por­ A second important achievement in the legacy of Helen and tray her as a person of medium stature with an intense but pleasant Lucy was their firsthand awareness as missionary educators and disposition. promoters of overseas work. For Lucy, of course, this knowledge In 1906 Lucy resigned her secretaryship to marry Henry stemmed from her own missionary experience in India in the Wayland Peabody of Beverly, Massachusetts. Peabody was a 1880s; Helen had looked forward to an extended trip since her wealthy Salem import/export merchant twenty-three years her father's European tour in 1888. When John R. Mott announced elder. The couple had met during Henry's service on the board a meeting in 1913 of the International Missionary Council in of the American Baptist Missionary Union. Henry promised faith­ Amsterdam, Holland, Helen and Lucy decided to make an around ful support for his spouse's mission interests which accorded with the world tour. Accompanied by their daughters (recent college his own philanthropic pursuits. He died, however, in 1908, leav­ graduates), the two women journeyed from London to Tokyo in ing her again a widow. She spent several months compiling a just over six months, November, 1913 to April, 1914. 21 In biography" of her late husband and then returned to active mis­ Amsterdam, they enjoyed a personal interview with Queen sion work. Wilhemina, who received special editions of Helen's books. From The Central Committee on the United Study of Foreign Mis­ Holland they traveled through Central Europe to the Middle East. sions provided the structural context for an important component Throughout Asia Helen assessed the needs and possibilities of the joint legacy of Helen Montgomery and Lucy Peabody. for women's education. At Vellore, the two Americans conversed Beginning in 1900 as a committee of the New York Ecumenical extensively with the famed Ida S. Scudder, who gave to Helen a Missionary Conference, and sponsored by the Woman's Union plan for village education, girls' high schools, and a medical col­ Missionary Society, the committee drew together from across lege for Indian girls. In Burma they visited sites associated with the United States representatives of all the women's missionary the three Judson wives of a former generation, and in South China efforts.

OCTOBER 1991 175 they focused on the work of the William Ashmores, Baptist mis­ women's societies--over $450,000; at the same session she was sionaries known to them from Rochester days. Finally, in Japan elected the first woman president of a national Protestant de­ the great Christian statesman, Nitobe, appealed to the women nomination." In her presidential address in 1922, she responded for a Japanese women's college. In her literary account of the trip to the organized "fundamentalists" in the convention by re­ in India, Helen wrote, minding delegates that they were trustees of great Baptist prin­ ciples including soul competence (the capability of the individual Here is the situation: the evil conditions of society, the oversexing to approach God without human intermediary), voluntary co­ and under-moralizing of life make it undesirable and dangerous to operation, and world evangelization. She criticized confession­ subject girls to the temptations of attending classes with men in alism, defended denominational promotion, and called for a government colleges. Christian schools for girls are multiplying renewed commitment to the convention's goal of one hundred rapidly and increasing in size daily. They must have trained Indian million dollars for the Northern Baptist "New World Move­ teachers, since it it impossible to secure a large enough mission­ ary teaching force, and even were it possible, it would not be ment." President Montgomery was especially vocal in her support desireable." of academic freedom in Baptist schools, a point of bitter conten­ tion for the Fundamental Fellowship.i" In the years following their famous tour, the names Mont­ Following a year of speaking engagements as NBC president, gomery and Peabody became synonymous with women's work Helen was set free to return to her first loves, overseas women's and overseas Christian education. Seven schools in India, China, work and her enlarged writing ministries. She traveled abroad to and Japan benefitted from either Helen and Lucy's personal ad­ address the Baptist World Alliance on the role and work of women vice or fundraising efforts. and she continued to raise funds for institutional projects. In Helen reached the pinnacle of her public life as president of Czechoslovakia and Burma she dedicated "Peabody-Mont­ the Northern Baptist Convention in 1921-1922, while Lucy took gomery Homes" for convalescing women patients; elsewhere she an active interest in missionary work in the Philippines and a raised money for women's colleges in India and China, in several cases inducing the Rockefeller family to make substantial match­ ing grants. The social historian follows with interest Helen's (and Seven schools in India, Lucy's) support for the Volstead Act during Prohibition-Helen applied her missionary strategies to organizing public opinion of China, and Japan women on the issue through the religious press." benefitted from Helen and Perhaps Helen's greatest literary achievement came in 1924 Lucy's advice on when Judson Press published her Centenary Translation of theNew Testament, the first ever completed by a woman scholar. Using fundraising. suggestions from D. L. Moody (1837-1899) and A. T. Robertson (1863-1934), plus her own fresh nuances, Helen rroduced a su­ perior translation in the eyes of important critics. 2 Proceeds from new American missionary organization. They corresponded fre­ the sale of the translation went directly to mission projects. quently, pressed much the same social concerns agenda, and met Lucy Peabody followed a somewhat different course from together from time to time at their summer residences in Florida. Helen's in the 1920s. Lucy was drawn into the moderate wing of Both Helen and Lucy early on realized that Baptist women the Northern Baptist fundamentalist movement and she cam­ could not accomplish their worthy goals alone. They engaged in paigned heavily for certain issues. Her daughter Norma had mar­ the ecumenical sphere at every logical point. From her work with ried an American Baptist medical missionary, Raphael C. Thomas the Central Committee and the Jubilee celebrations, Helen gained (1874-1956), who was the administrator of the Baptist Hospital a wide collegiality with American and international Christian at [aro, Iloilo, Philippines. A disagreement over personnel issues leaders, including such well-known people as Isabella Thoburn, ensued between the Thomases and the board, eventuating in an American Methodist in India; Abbie Child, the Congregation­ Raphael's resignationin 1927. Lucy used herconsiderableinfluence alist secretary; and John R. Mott of the International Missionary and organizational skills to help start a new, independent "his­ Council. Lucy, too, served on countless cooperative bodies such torically Baptist" agency, the Association of Baptists for Evan­ as the International Committee on Educational Missionary Work, gelism in the Orient. Their plan was to continue an evangelism­ as vice president of the Foreign Missions Conference of North based ministry in the Philippines." Under heavy lobbying from America, the Education Committee at Edinburgh in 1910, and the convention loyalists, who several times tried to induce her to Federation of Woman's Boards of Foreign Missions." return to mainstream mission work, Lucy defended her separa­ Perhaps their outstanding ecumenical accomplishment, tion as a necessary response to the rigid control of the mission though, was their coordination of what would become a World board: Day of Prayer. One biographer thinks that Lucy and Helen came After more than forty years' association with the American Baptist up with the proposal as early as 1890. Certainly the idea crystal­ Foreign Mission Society and the woman's board, it was not easy lized for the two women as they traveled in the Orient and met for the writer to separate from them ... Our missionaries are a with leaders who consistently requested prayer for their common noble company, with few exceptions. Authority vested in a small tasks. Upon their return in 1914 the Federation of Woman's Boards group in a small mission with bureaucratic control at home and of Foreign Missions adopted a resolution for a "Day of Prayer wrong dispositions account for the acute situation in the Philip­ for the Women of the World.,,24 pines. Add to this undue emphasis on the minor work of education and neglect of Bible-trained evangelists and pastors and you have By 1920 Helen Barrett Montgomery at almost sixty had proven a mission that has lost its way. 30 vividly that there was power and purpose in the women's mis­ sionary enterprise. At the Northern Baptist Convention (NBC) In 1927 Lucy Peabody actually walked out of the Northern meeting at Des Moines in 1921, she proudly brought forth the Baptist Convention meetings at Chicago and resigned from all of results of a "Jubilee" financial campaign among the Baptist her Convention responsibilities.

176 INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH Even in the new doctrinally orthodox mission organization, dominated boards because, she reasoned, women would soon Lucy could not avoid difficulties. Following the lead of the Thom­ become fundraisers for men. Helen seriously questioned whether ases (who became the senior missionaries of the new association), men-particularlyBaptist men-were preparedto work with women Lucy contended with dispensationalists on the board and in the unless the women were subordinate to the men. She argued that Philippines. Her postmillennial position was ultimately margin­ the "caste of sex" could be broken by a laymen's missionary alized by a doctrinal statement that was "premillennial, Bap­ movement parallel to women's work." tist, fundamental, faith mission.":" Yet another troublesome issue In their twilight years, Lucy Peabody and Helen Montgomery was the "matriarchal" leadership of Mrs. Peabody; a signifi­ continued to write "from under the orange blossoms," as Lucy cant number of supportive pastors and some of the missionaries put it,36 on their cherished concerns. Helen lent her name to were opposed to female leadership. After seven years as founder and president of the Association of Baptists for Evangelism in the Orient, Lucy relinquished her position. In her letter of resignation she wrote, Helen Montgomery wrote: "Jesus Christ is the My major reasons for resigning are the propriety and wisdom of electing a man to fill this important office since it deals with churches great Emancipator of and pastors, as well as with questions which properly belong to women." masculine leadership in the church. 32 After 1934 Lucy reduced her involvement in mission work to writing, editing, and support services on behalf of missionary several fundraising projects in mission and in the mid-1920s Lucy personnel. became a major advocate and board member with her close friend, In the half century of their joint involvement in Christian Marguerite T. Doane (1868-1954), of the Houses of Fellowship, mission, Helen and Lucy persisted in creating a firm theological later to become the Overseas Ministries Study Center." basis for a globally emerging womanhood. Both argued that in Both women also believed that the sphere of Christian wom­ the New Testament women found a new sense of value: "[esus anhood was larger than the church, for, as Helen wrote, "some Christ is the great Emancipator of women," wrote Helen. Further, women should be selected in each circle whose duty it will be to keep watch on the course of state and national legislation, to He alone among the founders of the great religions of the world circulate petitions.,,38 Close to the progressive Republican political looked upon men and women with level eyes seeing not their tradition, Lucy and Helen opposed military conflict, gambling, differences, but their oneness, their humanity ... In the mind of child labor abuse, and exploitation of women. Both women ideal­ the Founder of Christianity there is no area of religious privilege 33 ized international disarmament in the "treaty of Bethlehem," fenced off for the exclusive use of men. by which they meant that the angelic declaration at Christ's birth Lucy went on to list areas of achievement in the church which should have an impact on foreign policy.39 women could naturally pursue. These included caretakers of chil­ Lucy and Helen found, however, that the 1930s were a dif­ dren, teachers, doctors, nurses and organizational directors. In a ferent era both for women and social activism, from the pre-War broader context, Lucy also believed that women are responsible years of triumph. Helen, still vigorous, with dark hair at seventy­ for conditions in their communities, the religious life of churches, three, died October 18, 1934. Lucy survived her to age eighty­ and for public decency and morality, as illustrated in amuse­ eight; she died on February 26, 1949. ments, the press, and literature.34 The enduring legacy of Helen Barrett Montgomery and Lucy Helen and Lucy agreed that "so democratic a body as the Waterbury Peabody lies not in the positions they each held in the Baptists should be among the first to further and to recognize the mission enterprise, or their roles in the tumultuous battles of the emancipation of women." Helen was in fact much less tolerant 1920s, nor even in the many dollars each raised. Rather, their of paternalism than Lucy. She was wary of denominational pro­ legacy was a burden for the international plight of women and posals to merge women's mission agencies with the larger male- the power of concerted action by women in being faithful to the Great Commission.

Notes ------

1. The term ''benevolent empire" is found in several secondary sources; 5. Jesse L. Rosenberger, Rochester: TheMakingofA University(Rochester: see especially Winthrop S. Hudson, Religion in America: An Historical Rochester Univ. Press, 1927);Howard D. Williams, A HistoryofColgate Account of the Development of American Religious Life(New York: Scrib­ University 1819-1969 (New York; Van Nostrand, 1969), pp. 106-39. ners, 1973), 153ff.; Charles 1.Foster, An Errand ofMercy: TheEvangelical 6. Helen B. Montgomery, In Memoriam: A. Judson Barrett, Born April 1, United Front (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1954). 1832. Died October 20, 1889 (Rochester: H. L. Wilson, n.d.). 2. The story of perhaps the first such organization among the Baptists 7. Montgomery, HBM, p. 87. is Albert L. Vail, Mary Webb and theMotherSociety (Philadelphia: Amer­ 8. Originally William made his fortune in the shoe business. Later in ican Baptist Publication Society, 1914). Rochester he bankrolled an unknown inventor who perfected an elec­ 3. This unique region was a virtual "psychic highway" in the nine­ tric starter for automobiles. From this beginning came Rochester Prod­ teenth century. See Whitney R. Cross, The Burned-Over District: The ucts, Inc. HBM pp. 95-96; Winthrop S. Hudson, "Helen Barrett Social and Intellectual Historyof Enthusiastic Religion in Western New York Montgomery," in Notable American Women 1607-1950: A Biographical 1800-1850 (Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 1950). Dictionary, Edward T. James, ed. (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 4. In her autobiography, Helen reminisced, "To this child, God al­ 1971),. 3, pp. 566--68. ways looked like her father": Helen Barrett Montgomery, Helen 9. Montgomery was chairman of the Rochester Theological Seminary Barrett Montgomery: From Campus to World Citizenship (New York: Re­ Board 1928-1930 and spearheaded the reunification of the two schools vell, 1940), p. 22. Hereafter cited as HBM.

OcrOBER 1991 177 which enjoyed a common parent in Hamilton Literary and Theological 26. Helen Barrett Montgomery, "The Tasks that Confront Us," The Institution. The merged seminaries were called Colgate Rochester Baptist,June 17, 1922, pp. 625-26. While the Interchurch World Move­ Divinity School, for which a new campus was constructed in 1929­ ment experienced severe difficulties, Northern Baptists continued to 30 on Mt. Hope in Rochester. support the cooperative effort and their own "New World Move­ 10. Helen Barrett Montgomery, "Women and the New World Move­ ment" campaign. See Annual of the Northern BaptistConvention, 1920 ment", Watchman-Examiner, April 15, 1920, p. 503. (Philadelphia: American Baptist Publication Society, 1920), pp. 122­ 11. Rochester Democrat and Chronicle, November 5, 1899. 23. 12. City School Number 50, located at 301 Seneca Avenue and known as 27. Helen Barrett Montgomery, "Civic Opportunities Of Christian Helen Barrett Montgomery Elementary School, was opened in 1956. Women," The Baptist,August 28, 1920, p. 1073, and The Baptist, 1922, 13. Minutes of the Monroe Baptist Association, 1887. The story is also told pp. 396, 468. On Lucy's involvement with Prohibition, see Cattan, in Louise A. Cattan, Lamps arefor Lighting: The Story of Helen Barrett Lamps Are For Lighting, p. 113. Montgomery and Lucy W. Peabody (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Wm. B. 28. Henry C. Vedder, "Translating the New Testament," The Baptist, Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1982). April 11, 1925, p. 312; June 27, 1925, p. 617; Watchman-Examiner, June 14. The ABMU, later known as the American Baptist Foreign Mission 26, 1924. Society, did not appoint women and yet expected male missionaries 29. Mrs. Henry W. Peabody, "Reply to the Statement of the American to find a suitable spouse. Lucy, therefore, was technically not a mis­ Baptist Foreign Mission Society in the Watchman-Examiner of June 6," sionary! Watchman-Examiner, June 13, 1929, pp. 759-61. 15. One of their children, a daughter, died on the return journey. Lucy 30. Ibid, p. 761. briefly taught school in Rochester in 1886--87. 31. Harold T. Commons, Heritage and Harvest: TheHistoryof theAssociation 16. Lucy's anonymous biography was entitled HenryW. Peabody: Merchant for World Evangelism, Inc. (Cherry Hill, N.J.: The Association, 1981), (West Medford, Mass.: M. H. Leavis, 1909). pp. :>-15. 17. Ruth A. Tucker, in Guardians of the Great Commission: The Story of 32. Quoted in Ibid., p. 36. Women in Modern Missions (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan, 1988), 33. Helen Barrett Montgomery, "The New Opportunity for Baptist p. 108, gives a very brief account. Women," The Baptist, August 25, 1923, pp. 944-45. 18. R. Pierce Beaver, American Protestant Womenin WorldMission: A History 34. Lucy W. Peabody, "Women's Place in the World," Missions, Jan­ of the First Feminist Movement in North America (Grand Rapids Mich.: uary 30, 1920, pp. 216-17; Lucy W. Peabody, A WiderWorldFor Women Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1968, 1982), pp. 155--65. (New York: Revell, 1936), p. 109. 19. HBM, p. 124. 35. Quoted in Beaver, American Protestant Women . . ., p. 183. 20. Ruth Lowrie, Story of the Jubilee 1860-1910 (New York: Central Com­ 36. Lucy W. Peabody, "Under the Orange Blossoms," Watchman-Ex­ mittee, 1910); HBM, p. 123; Tucker, Guardians, p. 109, contains a aminer, April 26, p. 1934. Lucy whimsically referred to the plan to photograph of the executive committee. merge the women's societies with the male-dominant societies as 21. Norma Waterbury wrote a popular account of the trip under the title, "the New Deal." She was no Rooseveltian! Around the World with Jack and Janet (Medford, Mass.: Central Com­ 37. This friendship had started in Baptist women's missionary work in mittee, 1915). the Northern Convention. In 1927 Doane joined Peabody as a major 22. Helen Barrett Montgomery, The King's Highway: A Study of Present supporter of the Association of Baptists for Evangelism in the Orient. Conditions on the Foreign Field (New York: Central Committee, 1915), See Robert T. Coote, Six Decades of Renewal for Mission: A History of p.73. the Overseas Ministries Study Center formerly known as the "Houses of 23. Margaret Tustin O'Hara, "Lucy W. Peabody: An Appreciation," Fellowship," established by thefamily of William Howard Doane (Ventnor, Watchman-Examiner, August 11, 1921, p. 1008. N.J.: Overseas Ministries Study Center, 1982), pp. 11-16. 24. Compare Susan T. Laws, "Lucy W. Peabody," Watchman-Exam­ 38. Montgomery, "Civic Opportunities ...," p. 1073. iner, March 17, 1949, p. 251 and HBM, p. 134. 39. Peabody, A Wider World . . ., pp. 57-63. 25. Yearbook of the Northern BaptistConvention, 1921, p. 47. Bibliography

Selected Works by Montgomery and Peabody Works about Montgomery and Peabody

Montgomery, Helen B. Western Women in Eastern Lands. Medford, Mass.: Beaver, R. Pierce. American Protestant Women in World Mission: A History Central Committee, 1910. of the First Feminist Movement In North America. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1980. First ed. (1968) published Montgomery, Helen B. The Kings Highway: A Study of Present Conditions under the title All Loves Excelling. on the Foreign Field. New York: Central Committee, 1915. Cattan, Louise A. Lamps Are For Lighting: The Story of Helen Barrett Mont­ gomeryand Lucy W. Peabody. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Wm. B. Eerdmans Montgomery, Helen B. Centenary Translation of the New Testament. Phila­ Publishing Co., 1972. delphia: American Baptist Publication Society, 1924. O'Hara, Margaret T. "Lucy W. Peabody: An Appreciation." Watchman­ Examiner, August 11, 1921. Montgomery, Helen B. From Jerusalem To Jerusalem. Cambridge, Mass.: Peabody, Lucy W. "Helen Barrett Montgomery" Watchman-Examiner, Central Committee, 1929. November 1, 1934. Tucker, Ruth A. Guardians of the Great Commission: The Story of Women In Montgomery, Helen B. The Preaching Valueof Missions. Philadelphia: Jud­ Modern Missions. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan Publishing Co., son Press, 1932. 1988. Waterbury, Norma. Around the World with Jack and Janet. Medford, Mass.: Montgomery, Helen B. Helen Barrett Montgomery: From Campus to World Central Committee, 1915. Citizenship. New York: Revell, 1940.

Peabody, Lucy W. A Wider World For Women. New York: Revell, 1936.

Peabody, Lucy W. Just Like You: Stories of Children of Everyland. Boston: M. H. Leavis, 1937.

178 INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH

Book Reviews

Transforming Mission: Paradigm Shifts in the Theology of Mission.

By David Bosch. Maryknoll, N. Y.: Orbis Books, 1991. (American Society of Mis­ siology Series, no. 16). Pp. xvii, 587. $44.95; paperback $24.95.

The publication of this weighty volume verse. He brings a high level of her­ menical mIssIonary paradigm." It is by the well-known South African mis­ meneutical sophistication, relying on a ecumenical inasmuch as he sees a con­ siologist can only be hailed as a mile­ wide range of European, North Amer­ vergence in attitudes represented in stone in late twentieth-century ican, and South Africanbiblical schol­ documents from the Vatican, World missiological thought. There is no work arship. He notes that there is no single Council of Churches and the Lausanne comparable to it available in English. word for "mission" in the Bible (in­ Covenant. Indeed, what he sees as a Indeed, the only conceivable rival in deed, the term "mission" is not in­ paradigm for this postmodern situa­ any language is the Dutch Oekumen­ troduced until much later in history); tion is derived largely from documents ische inleiding in de missiologie, pub­ instead, he identifies some ninety-five formulated under the auspices of these lished by a team of missiologists in 1988. different expressions relating to what three bodies (or their twentieth-cen­ What Bosch offers us is both a we call mission. He goes on to explore tury predecessors). comprehensive assessment of the the­ in detail the meaning of mission in In a chapter of over a hundred ological resources available to devel­ Matthew, Luke-Acts, and Paul. What pages, he develops and assesses the oping a relevant theology of mission emerges is a far more complex and rich current state of this new paradigm un­ as well as a historical review of what understanding of mission than what der thirteen headings: Mission as has brought us to our current state. He grows out of centering on Matthew church-with-others; Missio Dei; me­ sees the present state of missiology as 28:19, 20, Luke 4:14 or Acts 16:9, to cite diating salvation; quest for justice; being in crisis, attacked from within by three beloved texts in this regard. Bosch evangelism; con textualization; libera­ a debilitating loss of purpose, and from synthesizes a "missionary para­ tion; inculturation; common witness; without by charges of having become digm" from Matthew, Luke-Acts, and ministry by the whole People of God; an anachronism. He asserts that the Paul, again not to provide a slim base witness to people of other living faiths; crisis can only be met by the kind of for a certain kind of mission, but to theology; and action in hope. The as­ assessment he provides in this book­ evoke the wealth of resources upon sessment deals with issues raised one that traces where we have been which a biblically based theology of around-each of these elements, and his and how we got there. mission can draw. reading of where things might go. The title and the subtitle of the book The second part of the book looks The book closes with some reflec­ give a clear sense of what Bosch is about at the history of mission, conceived as tion on how to imagine mission today, here. "Transforming Mission" is a a series of paradigms or somewhat rather than any sharp definitions. Bosch clear grammatical wordplay. Mission cohesive ways of imagining and then admits we are not through (or perhaps has to be transformed and is itself carrying out mission: the Eastern even deep enough into) the paradigm transforming if properly pursued. And Church paradigm, the Latin medieval shift to draw the contours more tightly the transformation that mission is paradigm, the Protestant Reformation than this. undergoing is at the level of a para­ paradigm, and the Enlightenment par­ The range of scholarship is awe­ digm shift, as understood sociologi­ adigm. Within these paradigms he re­ some, and the sensitivity to the range cally by Thomas Kuhn and theologically views mission history, but also looks of evangelical, conciliar, Roman Cath­ by Hans Kung: more than a rearrange­ critically at what forces were shaping olic, and Orthodox viewpoints is ex­ ment of concepts, it is a questioning of the style of missionary activity, the emplary. Bosch writes out of a conciliar the very foundations of mission itself. sense of urgency of mission, and the Protestant perspective, but readers from The book falls into three parts, each understanding of what constituted ef­ other traditions will find themselves at of them a significant monograph in it­ fective and faithful mission. He dwells home and their approaches to mission self. He begins by looking at what con­ the longest on the Enlightenment par­ taken seriously. stitutes a proper hermeneutic for adigm, which covers the eighteenth There is so much to affirm and to uncovering and interpreting the bibli­ century down to the present. He charts agree with in this book that it seems cal foundations of mission. This is an deftly how Enlightenment presuppo­ almost picayune to raise critique. As important advance over the kind of sitions shaped mission through this was noted above, the only comparable proof-texting that often goes on under period, among Roman Catholics as well contemporary work is a multiauthor the guise of a biblical theology of mis­ as Protestants, conservatives as well as one, and that work does not reach the sion, trying to build a theology of mis­ liberals. Interactions of church and state, depth of theological analysis that sion upon one or other isolated biblical and of colonialism receive special at­ Bosch's presents. Yet there are some tention. questions to be raised, more for further These all set the stage for the third clarification and discussion than to raise part, which is the paradigm shift Bosch fundamental objections to the book. Robert J. Schreiter, C.PP.S., isProfessor ofThe­ sees mission now undergoing. He sees The language of "paradigm shift" ology at the Catholic Theological Union in Chi­ the emergence of a new, postmodern has become popular in theology, and cago. In 1990-91 hewas president oftheAmerican paradigm that he calls "the ecu­ caution must be taken not to see a par­ Society of Missiology.

180 INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH adigm shift in every change. Paradigm they set up their home and raised their hand account of the Boxer dis turb­ shift can becom e for theologians wha t little family, at the sa me time offering ances (for that, see The Origins of the cultural decline is for cultural critics: the Christian gospel to the largely il­ Boxer Uprising by Joseph W. Esherick, every age imagi nes itse lf to be in one. literate Chinese through a small school, University of California Press, Berke­ Bosch is very good at delineating par­ chapel, an d street preaching. ley, 1987). adigms up th rough the Enlighten­ This book consists of excerpts from These, rather, are letters writ ten ment. His postmodern paradigm is less their letters and journals, some over (except for the few by Charles) by a convi ncing, since it looks more like an one hundred years old, found in a va liant, dedicated young wife and extensio n or fulfillme nt of the Enlight­ wicker basket in an Iowa attic and ed­ mot her to the folks at ho me, describing enment paradigm than any new one. ited for publication by three grand­ life in this remote and lonely north His description of the postm od ern sit­ nieces. Altho ugh the reader knows from China miss ion station over an eleven­ uation could have profited by more en­ the beginning tha t their story ends in year period. Often homesick and lonely gagement with the literature on that tragedy- the parents and last surviving ("Every week here is jus t about like subject (in fact, at one point he iden ­ child were killed by an an tiforeign mob theone before-no place togo, no friends tifies Jiirgen Habermas as a postmod­ in the Boxer Uprising- this book is not to visit, no callers coming in . ..") , Eva ern, something that wo uld surprise a tragic story . Neithe r is it a local, first­ made the best of it, de termined to make Habermas grea tly). This would have given him a firmer gras p on the con­ dition s sha ping the postm od ern situ­ ation for mission, a gras p that would eq ua l hi s mast erful earlie r descrip­ tion s. Lacking this, we get more of a "I\nastonishingly early four yearsDiction in the~ryof ... status quaestionis than any glimpse into Nmaking, the the future. the Ecumenical Movement promises But that having been said, it must thorough and also be noted that here we have a book t o be an indispensable reference that, bett er than any thing else avail­ eminently useful for students and scholars , church able, tells us where we have come in reference book... leaders and pastors . For anyone mission at the end of the twe ntieth involved and interested in the century. It is upon these broad shoul­ I cannot imagine that anyone ders that the next generation can firmly issues, history, and events of the who has to deal with relations stand. ecumenical movement, this book between the churches could do - Robert J. Schreiter, c.rr.s. provides a wealth of up-to-date without this work." information available in no other JAROSLAV PEUKAN single source . Yale University China Journal, 1889-1900: An American Missionary Family During the Boxer Rebellion, with the Letters and Diaries of Eva Jane Price and Her Family.

Introductory notesandannotations by Rob­ ert H. Fe/sing. New York: Charles Scrib­ ner's Sons, 1989. Pp. xxiii, 289. $22.50. Pr: i ~to its pages are more In 1889, the year that Cha rles and Eva than 600 alphabetical Price , Co ngregationalists from Des entries, fully cross-referenced Moines, Iowa, arrive d in China, there and indexed , written by a range were only 1,296 Pro testant mission ar­ ies in the w hole country, spread of leading figures in the ecumeni­ th rou gh out the eig htee n provinces. cal movement from every Chris­ After an arduous four-month journey, tian confession and all parts of the final stages by canal houseboat and the world . Many of the art icles mule cart, they settled in to a two -acre mission compound in a remote coun­ are enhanced by short bibliog­ try town of interior north China, pro­ raphies , and the text is illustrated tected from the teemin g, gawking with 130 photographs. multitudes by a fifteen-foot wall. Here

Donald Maclnnis's latest book, Religion in China Today: Policy and Prac tice, (Orbis Books), was published in 1989. A second book, Religio n Under Socialism in China (ShmlghaiAcademy of Social Sciences, 1987), translated by Donald Maclnnis and Zheng Ki'an, was published by M. E. Sharpe Co. in 1991.

OCTOBER 1991 181 a home like the one she grew up in, pending famine, the social curse of seventy Chines e women. Charles , planting familiar flower seeds, raising opium, and the ever-present threat of however, in his school with a handful her own chickens, celebrating Thanks­ contagious disease-dys entery, ty­ of boys, his chapel, and street preach­ giving and Christmas in familiar ways, ph oid, cholera, smallpox, bubonic pla­ ing, did most of the mission work. struggling to keep her home clean and gue . De spite th e protection of th e Antiforeign disturbances el se ­ her family healthy in a dusty, dirty, compound, her children picked up lice where in the region are first mentioned unhygienic, and often malodorous en­ and skin diseases. "Outside our in a March, 1892 letter, but "we have vironment. Two of her three children compound there is so much dust and no cause for alarm. It is only fair to add died of illnesses picked up in China, filth that we seldom go out except as that there is great opposition to for­ and she constantly deplored the dust our work calls us. Most of our work is eigners, especially missionaries, in a that coated her furniture, the oppres­ done on our home place ." Even so, few of the disturbed provinces." She sive summer heat, the garbage in the their work did take them into Chinese mentions the murders of ten mission­ streets, the "vile smells," the con­ homes, and she records several dinner aries in the 1895 incident in distant Fu­ stant peeking and peering, an im­ parties in their home, one with over kien province; but, until th e final months, judging by her letters, the Boxer threat seemed remote. In the year before their deaths Charles wrote, "1 do not think I ever passed a more peaceful, happy year than the last." With the mail cut off, Eva kept a journal, miraculously saved by a loyal Chinese colleague. Cut off from relia­ ble news reports, rumors reach them. Thirty-three missionary friends in a neighboring station, including twelve SnmmerSession: J nly 5 - 25, 1992 children and two pregnant women, are T beheaded. She writes of the "dreadful suspense of the pa st six Peacemaking, J usttce and Faith weeks ." Near the end she writes, "May God keep us in his Safe Shel­ Joan Chittister, u.S.A.· Tom Clarke, U.S.A. ter at the last even as He is now-when Gerry Hable, U.S.A. • Bryan Hehir, U.S.A. we know not what an hour may bring David Hollenbach, U.S.A.• Otto Maduro, VENEZUELA forth . . .. The Grace of God is suffi­ cient." Tissa Balasuriya, SRI LANKA • Maria Riley, U.S.A. - Dona ld MacInnis Thomas A. Kane, U.S.A. • Carla DeSola, U.S.A. Laurenti Magesa, TANZANIA hands-on Praclica for r:ducators and Peacemakers No Longer Strangers: Selected Writings of Bishop K. H. Ting. • Curriculum Development • Ritual and Liturgy • Community Organizing and Non-Violence Training Edited by Raymond L. Whitehead. Mary­ • Creative Arts knoll, N. Y.: Orbis Books, 1989. Pp. xii, 199. Paperback $16.95. :-:-;: . .~<: ~ . '. K. H. Ting, bishop of th e former Global Classroom 1992: MEXICO Ch inese An glican di ocese of Chek­ iang, has been-to borrow a phrase­ 'Peacemakers: The Quest for Peace' the "great helmsman" of the rev­ oluti on within the Protestant churches July B7-August 9 of China and the chief interpretor of • 3 Optional Graduate Credits their experience to the rest of the world . Born in 1915, th e grandson of on e of •S1250 Including Airfare the first Chinese Anglican priests, he first becam e known in the West after Please Send Me More Information About: World War II as a secretary of the Ca­ nad ian SCM and the World Student o SummerSession 1992 Ch ristian Federation. He and his fam­ o The Global Classroom 1992: MEXICO ily returned voluntarily to China after the Communist victory. He was an or­ Name Tel: (day) ganizer and later nati on al chai rman of

Address Cha rles Henry Long is publisher of Forward City State Zip Movemen t Publications in Cincinnati, Ohio, and afomler Episcopal missionary in China and Hong Dean of Admissions Kong. He has edited selections from Roland Maryknoll School of Theology • Maryknoll, NY 10545-0304 Allen, The Compulsion of the Spirit andthree Tel: (914) 941-7590· Fax: (914) 941-5753 sermons by K. H. Ting, Christianity with a Chinese Face.

182 INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY R ESEARCH the Three Self movement, which he Josef Schmidlin (1876-1944): describes simply as "a patriotic Papsthistoriker und Begriinder movement of Chinese Christians" (p. der katholischen M is sions­ 173). When the parallel churchly struc­ wissenschaft. ture, the China Christian Council, was formed, he became its president. Since By Karl Milller. Nettetal: Steyler Verlag, 1953 he has been principal of what was Wort und Werk, 1989. Pp. 441. DM 58.00. for man y years the onl y Protestant seminary in China, the Nanjing The­ Martyrdom for the sake of mission has and, as such, a staunch defender of his ological Seminary. been familiar in the church from St. Catholic faith. Karl Muller, himself an For decades Ting has guided the Stephen's time till today. Martyrdom church through crises of survival, in­ for the sake of missiology must have dige nization and adaptation, perse­ been extremely rare. It was probably Hans-Werner Gensichen, now retired after thirty cution, and, now, explosi ve growth. left to custodians in a Nazi concentra­ years as proiessor of the history of religions and Tho ugh he has bee n, and in some cir­ tion camp in 1944 to put a man to death missiology at the University of Heidelberg, West cles continues to be, a figure of con­ in a most beastly way because he hap­ Germany , was the founding president of the In­ troversy, there is no doubting the pened to be a professor of missions ternational Association for Mission Studies. importance of his contributions to a distinctivel y Chinese theology and to the postliberation strategy of the church. Chinese theology and church life are still evolving their ow n forms, and no systematic or comprehensive ac­ count of that evolution, as seen from withi n China, has yet been published. INTERNATIONAL THEOLOGICAL COMMENTARY Raym on d L. Whitehead has per­ Fred rick C. Holmgren and George A. F. Knight, editors formed a great service in gathering and International in both scope and authorship, and theological in organizing representative selections approach, the International Theological Commentary series moves from Bishop Ting's occasional articles, beyond a descriptive-historica l approach to offer a relevant exegesis of the Old sermons, and addresses, covering the Testament and to emphasize the relevance of each book for the life of the church. forty year period from 1947 to 1987. Authors from more than seventeen countries, representing a wide range of Man y are translated or published here ideological and ecclesiastical backgrounds, read the Hebrew text of the Old for the first time. Whitehead, Professor Testament in the twin contexts of Israel and our present day. of Ethics at the Toronto School of The­ ology, is a recognized authority on RECENTLY RELEASED ALSO AVAILABLE contemporary China and has had Ting's personal collaboration in this project. JUDGES GENESIS I-I I DANIEL At Risk in the Promised From Eden to Babel Signs and Wonders The editor's preface and introduc­ Donald E. Gowan $10.95 Robert A. Anderson $10.95 Land tion give biographical information not E. John Hamlin $12.95 JOSHUA HOSEA available elsewhere and a summary of Inheriting the Land Grace Abounding the historical and cultural context of E. John Hamlin $10.95 H. D. Beeby $12.95 1 KINGS Ting's life and work. The selections EZRA and NEHEMIAH JOEL and MALACHI themselves are grouped thematically Nations under God Israel Alive Again A Promise ofHope ­ in four parts and twe lve chapters, the Gene Rice $10.95 Fredrick Carlson Holmgren A Call to Obedience $10.95 Graham S. Ogden and titles of which are sometimes mislead­ Richard R. Deutsch $10.95 TIlE SONG OF SONGS ing. "Solidarity with Socialism" (p. PROVERBS and AMOS and and JONAH 118), for ins tance, does not begin to ECCLESIASTES Revelation ofGod LAMENTATIONS describe the theological content of the Who Knows What Is George A. F. Knight God sPeople in Crisis Good? and Friedemann W. Golka Robert Martin -Achard and chapter and its implications for the S. Paul Re'emi $10.95 church in any society. Every chapter Kathleen A Farmer $10.95 $15.95 MICAH is, however, preceded by brief editorial ISAIAH 1-39 Jus tice and Loyalty notes indicating the source, occasion, The Lord Is Savior: Juan I. Alfaro $9.95 Faith in National Crisis and main theme of each selection, and EZEKIEL S. H. Widyapranawa $14.95 NAHUM, OBADIAH, an index at the end of the book pro­ A New Heart ESTIlER vides helpful cross referencing. There Bruce Vawte r and ISAIAH 40-55 Israel among the Nations Servant Theology Richard J. Coggins and are four pages of photographs and, for Leslie J. Hoppe $15.95 George A. F. Knight S. Paul Re'emi $10.95 the nonspecialist, an annotated bibli­ $10.95 HABAKKUK and ography of recent books on the Chinese ISAIAH 56 -66 ZEPHANIAH church and the Chinese revolution. FORTHCOMING The New Israel Wrath and Mercy Two minor criticisms: one regrets George A. F. Knight Maria Eszenyei Szeles $10.95 $10.95 that proper names are given only in JEREMIAH 26-52 HAGGAI and roman transliteration and ne ver in To Build, to Plant JEREMIAH 1- 25 To Pluck Up, to Tear Down ZECHARIAH Chinese characters. And it seem s ironic Walter Brueggemann Walter Brueggemann Rebuilding with Hope that the por trait of K. H. Ting chosen $15.95 $10.95 Carroll Stuhlmueller $10.95 for the cover shows him in the crimson robes of Western academic dress. The gentle Protestant pastor might be mis­ taken for a Roman Catholic cardinal. - Charles Henry Long

OCroBER 1991 183 accomplished historian as well as a academic standing to missiology as a formidable scholarship and energy, dis­ missiologist, has given the first full and subsidiary subject to colonial studies. played both in literary output and po­ scholarly account of Josef Schmidlin, a Schmidlin, however, had no sympathy lemical zeal, did contribute to the growth simple country priest in the Alsace re­ at all for this idea when he accepted the of an ecumenical consciousness in mis­ gion who first advanced to some fame call to teach missions at Munster Uni­ sions. His Catholic Mission History as a historian of his home church, later versity in 1907. His main motive seems (German edition, 1925; English edition, by completing Ludwig von Pastor's to have been to introduce into his Cath­ 1933) remains an indispensable tool of monumental History of the Papacy. But olic Church the in-depth study of mis­ missiological research. Having finally eventually he came to be known as the sions that the great Protestant scholar fallen a victim to a regime that despised founder of Roman Catholic missiology. Gustav Warneck (1834-1910) had inau­ him and his field of study, he was not Not even Muller can indicate any gurated at Halle University. This, as even considered worthy of a decent bur­ single clue to so abrupt an about-face. Muller rightly says, does not make ial. Until today his name is not regis­ The German authorities did want to give Schmidlin an ecumenical figure. But his tered in many a leading encyclopedia. Thus Muller is even more to be credited with vindicating the memory of a great missiologist of our age. -Hans-Werner Gensichen 1992-1993 A Japanese New Religion: Doane Missionary Scholarships Rissho Kosei-Kai in a Mountain Overseas Ministries Study Center Hamlet. New Haven, Connecticut By Stewart Guthrie. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Center forJapanese Studies, Univ. ofMich­ igan, 1988. Pp. xiv, 245. $21.95.

The new religions of Japan have at­ tracted a great deal of attention from both Japanese and Western scholars, and for good reasons. Japan has been host to virtually all of the world's re­ ligions, as well to the latest scientific and technological knowledge. Since the nation's wartime defeat in 1945, there has been growth not only in the traditional religions of the nation, The Overseas Ministries Study Center announces the Doane Missionary Shinto, Buddhism, and the relative Scholarships for 1992-93. Two $2,000 scholarships will be awarded to mission­ newcomer Christianity, but also in aries who apply for residencefor eight months to a yearand who wish to earn the new religions, which may trace some OMSC "Certificate in Mission Studies." The Certificate is based on participa­ of their origins to prewar years but tion in fourteen or more Mission Seminarsat OMSC and writing a paper reflec­ which have seen phenomenal growth ting on the scholarship recipient's missionary experience in light ofthe studies in the postwar atmosphere of religious undertaken at OMSC. freedom. In short, Japan presents liv­ Applicants must meet the following requirements: ing case studies of how religious peo­ • Completion ofat least one term in overseasassignment ple respond both to traditional and to modern, scientific worldviews. • Endorsement by their mission agency • Commitment to return overseasfor another term ofservice Stewart Guthrie, now an associate • Residence at OMSC for eight months to a year professor of anthropology at New York • Enrollment in OMSC Certificate in Mission Studies program City's Fordham University, became in­ terested in Japan's new religions from The OMSC Certificate program allowsample time for regular deputation and a short visit to the country, and re­ family responsibilities. Families with children are welcome. OMSC's Doane turned with his wife to carry out ex­ Hall offers fully furnished apartments ranging up to three bedrooms in size. tensive research on the religious Applications should be submitted as farin advance as possible. As an alternative groups of a rural mountain hamlet, but to application for the 1992-93 academic year,applicants may apply for the 1993 in particular on the members of Rissho calendar year, so long asthe Certificate program requirement for participation in Kosei-kai. This neo-Buddhist group is at least fourteen Mission Seminars is met. Scholarship award will be distributed the second largest of the new religions, on a monthly basisafter recipient isin residence. Application deadline: February an offshoot of the Nichiren sect. Guth­ 1, 1992. For application and further information, contact: rie began his studies with a desire to test the rationalistic approach to reIi- Gerald H . Anderson, Director Overseas Ministries Study Center 490 Prospect Street New Haven, Connecticut 06511 James M. Phil/ips served as a Presbyterian mis­ (203) 624-6672 sionary in Japan from 1959 to 1975, teaching church historyat Tokyo Union Theological Sem­ inary. He is Associate Director of the Overseas Ministries Study Center.

184 INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH gion of some anthropologist s, who tians among th ose stud ied. Mean­ conclude that religious believers while, Guthrie's book makes genuine THIRSTY FOR FRESH IDEAS? "are seeking quick, emotionall y sat­ contributions toward a better under­ isfying solutions to problems wh ose standing of the subject. complexity they do not correctly un­ - James M. Phillips T ry Catholic derstand" (p. 3, Guthrie qu otin g N . Th eological Unio n's Hardacre). World Mission From living in the village for a Program . Whether year, conducting extensive int erviews Global Dust Bowl : Can We Stop you're coping with of its people, and returning for shorter the Destruction of the Land fresh water ad ditiona l visits, Guthrie came up with Before It's Too Late? conclusions that, while still rational­ shortages in the Philippines, water istic, wo uld slightly modify the older By C. Dean Freudenberger. Minneapolis, view s. The chapters of his book pro­ Minn .: Augsburg, 1990. Pp. 126. Paper­ conservation in rural vide a well-nuanced and sy mpathetic back $8.95. America, or helping picture of the view s of those he en­ parishes meet urban countered, including follower s of In his latest book Global Dust Bowl, C. challenges, Shinto, traditional Buddhism, Rissho Dean Freudenberger cites many of the Kosei-kai, and those of minimal reli­ ways in which we are damaging our giou s backgrou n d . There w er e no Catholic Th eological Union offers contemporary most valuable, life-giving natural re­ responses to missionaries at home and abroad. Christians among those interviewed, sources. Freudenberger, who teaches for indeed, Christians are few in many environmental ethics and rural minis­ Creative missiologists include: Claude-Marie Barbour, rural areas. Guthrie concludes from his try at the Schoo l of Theology in Clare ­ Stephen Bevans, SVD, Eleanor Doidge, LoB, studies that there is not such a great mont, California, draws on the lessons Archimedes Fomasari, MCa, Anthony Guuns. CSSp, gap between religiou s and scientific he learned during his years as a Meth- John Kaserow, MM, Jamie Phelps, 01' , Ana Maria wo rldview s as the older anthrop olog­ Pineda, SM, Robert Schreiter, CI'I'S. Contact: ical approaches maintained , but that people join religiou s groups and leave the m on the basis of benefits that they Brooks A. Anderson, agraduatestudent in rural C~TIJ()LlC THEOLOGICAL UNION have or hav e not received from them . sociologyat the University of Wisconsin-Mad­ Admissions Ollice-lJlUK In short, religious people are not so ison, has studied the green revolution in South 54U1 South Cornell • Chicago. IL 60615 USA queer after all. India , and was an intern at the Land Institute, (312) 324-8000 Does this mean that the mo untain Salina, Kansas, in 1989. of the wri ter's labors has brought fort h only a mo use? Not necessarily. For Guthrie has presented a moving ac­ count of how religions operate in a country village , how they interact with each other, and how they develop in growth or decline as they react to changing circumstances. By indi cating that his informa nts believe what the y say, he resp ects their intelligence, and thus sets the stage for more realistic analysis of the total scene. The wri ter has mad e good use of the Englis h-lang uage literatur e in this field, especially the writings on rural Japan by Ronald Dore and John Em­ bree, and on Rissho Kosei-kai by H. Byron Earhart, Clark Offner and Henry van Straelen, Kenneth Dale, and others. He introduces the se and other scholarly insights into his de­ scriptions of religious happenings in the village without due intrusion into his narrative. Sometimes one feels, however, that he has not carried his ana lysis far enough. He reports, for in­ stance, th at mo st Rissho Kosei-kai members came to the faith in connec­ tion with their encounters with illness. I Admissions Director When Kenneth Dale approaches the WHEATON COLLEGE GRADUATE SCHOOL same phenomenon in his Circle of Har­ f- Wheaton, Illinois 60187-5593 Phone: 708-260-5195 mony (1975), he do es so as a Christian Wheaton College complies with federal and state requirements on thebasis of handicap, sex, race, color, nationalor pastor and counselor, and the resulting ethnicorigin in admissions aridaccess to its programs and activities. picture seems more fully developed. One may hope that there will be other studies of the roles of religion in rural Japa n, which will include Chris-

O CTOBER 1991 185 odist agricultural missionary in Africa . President" is designing a New World He is on the side of the small family As a warning, he describes nations Order that disregards the require­ owned and operated farm. He is in fa­ which, after centuries of abusing their ments and limits of our habitat. To show vor of minimizing-if not totally elimi­ land and water, are now desert. that change is possible, Freudenberger nating-the use of petrochemicals on His message is simple: North cites an example of legislation passed farms. Americans must radically alter their in France specifically to integrate fam­ Given his biases, it is difficult to parasiticalandprofligateuseof the land. ily farms back into a larger role in that understand how he finds so many good They must develop regenerative agri­ nation's economy. He gives sugges­ things to say about the green revolu­ cultural practices which mimic nature, tions as to how the United States should tion. According to Freudenberger, the halt urban sprawl, and reverse rural use its human, institutional, and nat­ basic goals of the green revolution were emigration if they hope to pass on a ural resources to create a more healthy, "self-determination and self-reli­ viable and desirable society to their productive, economically viable, and ance" (p. 75). But these were not really children. decentralized system of food produc­ the goals of the green revolution. The This message is desperately needed tion. green revolution was an effort by mul­ in a nation whose "environmental Freudenberger's biases are clear. tinational corporations and the United States government to get farmers all over the world hooked on hybrid seeds, petroleum-based biocides, and chem­ ical fertilizers-all products of United States-based corporations. The motive LOUVAIN was profit and the consequence was dependency. As a result of the green THEOLOGICAL & PASTORAL revolution many ancient indigenous varieties of crops are now no longer MONOGRAPHS available in underdeveloped nations Volume 1 that participated (voluntarily or oth­ erwise) in the green revolution. The book suffers from other prob­ lems as well. The style is choppy and repetitive. For example, in the two-page DIALOGUE section on United States farm policy, Freudenberger states three times that WITH mE OTHER "United States agriculture has been colonialized" (pp. 81-83). THE INTER-RELIGIOUS DIALOGUE Basically the book is too brief for such a large and complex subject. Its 111 pages of text simply do not provide David Tracy enough space for effective discussion or explanation of the problems that concern the author. The broad scope of the book is apparent from the ex­ Inspired by Louvain's long tradition of theological ex­ tensive bibliography that contains the cellence within the Roman Catholic tradition, the work of the most serious thinkers and volumes in the Louvain Theological and Pastoral Mon­ writers in the field of agroecology. According to Freudenberger, we ographs series express some of today's finest reflection must change our "understanding on current theology and pastoral practice. of human purpose, our dominant val­ Dialogue with the Other reflects David Tracy's ongoing ues, our world view, and our agricul­ ture and technology" (p. 38). His interest in the other and The Other. His discussion enters concerns are important. However, other into dialogue with figures as diverse as Meister Eckhart writers have made the same points more and William James, and traditions as different as those cogently. of Buddhism, Christianity, and Judaism. -Brooks A. Anderson

ISBN 0-8028-0562-0 Paper, $12.95

At your bookstore, or call 800-253-7521 FAX 616-459-6540 WM. B. EERDMANS _ 133 1~ PuBLISHING CO. 255 JBFFBRSON AVE. S.B. I GRAND RAPIDS, MICH. 49503

186 INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH Dissertation Notices This Publication Athyal, Sakhi Mariamma . Park, Timothy Kiho. "Women's Roles in Ministries in "A Two-Thirds World Mission on is available in Select Churches in India After the Move: The Missionary Movement Microform. Independence." of the Presbyterian Church in Korea." Ph.D. Pasadena, Calif.: FullerTheological Ph.D. Pasadena, Calif. : FullerTheological Seminarf, 1991. Seminarq, 1991 .

Berry, Donald Lee. Shipley, Gregory. 'The Thought of Fazul Rahman as "Turbulent Times, Troubled Isles: an Islamic Response to Modernity." The Rise and Development of Ph.D. Louisville, Ky.: Southern Baptist Puritanism in Bermuda and the Theological Seminars, 1990. Bahamas, 1609-1684:' Th.D. Philadelphia , Pa .: Westminster Chao, Samuel Hsiang-En. Theological Seminary, 1989. "John Livingston Nevius (1829­ 1893): A Historical Study of His Life Waldstein, Michael . and Mission Method." "The Mission of Jesus in John: Ph.D. Pasadena, Calif.: Fuller Theological Probes into the Apocryphon of John Seminars, 1991 . and the Gospel of John." Th.D. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard ..-'----­ Gude, George. Divinity School, 1990. "The Home Mission Work of the Evangelical Lutheran Synodical Wattimury, Robert J. Conference: A Description and "A Christological Model for Evaluation." Indonesia:' Th.D. St. Louis, Missouri: Concordia Ph.D. Waco , Texas: Baylor Unio., 1991 . Seminarq, 1991 . Kraft, Marguerite G. OMSC "Reaching Out for Spiritual Power: A Study in the Dynamics of Felt January 1992 Needs and Spiritual Power." Ph.D. Pasadena, Calif.: Fuller Theological Seminarq, 1991 . Whom

Lee, Ken Ang. Shall I end? "Watchman Nee: A Study of His Major Theological Themes." Ph.D. Philadelphia, Pa .: Westminster University Microfilms Theological Seminary. 1989. International Mosoma, David Luka. "Political Struggle and Cooperative Please send additio na l info rma tio n Visions for Change: An Anal ysis of fo r _ the Political and Theological Thought of Major Black Leaders in South Seminarians from theo logical Name _ Africa." schools around the U.S. will Institution; _ gather with missionaries and Ph.D. Princeton, N.].: Princeton Street, _ Theological Seminary, 1991. overseas national church lead­ ers to discuss contemporary City _ Nyomi, Setriakor Kobla . issues in Christian mission . State Zip__ "A Pastoral Theological Perspective Come for the weeks of yo ur on Ministry to Persons Dealing with choice and earn cred it from 300 North Zeeb Road Loss Due to Natural Disasters in participating schools. Cospon­ Dept. P.R . Ghana." sored by the seminaries. Ann Arbor , Mi. 48106 Ph.D. Princeton, N.].: Princeton James M. Phillips. Associale Direclor Theological Seminary, 1991 . OVERSEAS MINISTRIES STUDY CENTER 490 Prospecl SI., New Haven, CT 06511

GcrOBER 1991 187 INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH

INDEX-VOLUME 15

January through October 1991

(pages 1-48 are in the January issue; pp. 49-96 in April; pp. 97-144 in July: and pp. 145-192 in October)

.ARTICLES

Annual Statistical Table on Global Mission, 1991, by David B. Barrett, Missionary Encounter with Culture, by Wilbert R. Shenk, 15:104-109. 15:24-25. Mooneyham, W. Stanley [Obituary], 15:116-117. A Boon or a "Drag"? How North American Evangelical Missionaries Morris, Raymond P. [Obituary], 15:29. Experience Home Furloughs, by Robert T. Coote, 15:17-23. My Pilgrimage in Mission, by William A. Smalley, 15:70-73. The Changing Balance in Global Mission, by Larry D. Pate, 15:56-61. The New Missionary: John Hick and Religious Plurality, by Gavin D'Costa, The Christian Gospel and World Religions: How Much Have American 15:66--69. Evangelicals Changed? by Ralph R. Covell, 15:12-17. North American Library Resources for Mission Research, by Stephen L. "Come, Holy Spirit" (Excerpt)--Canberra Assembly Message, 15:100. Peterson, 15:155-164. "Come, Holy Spirit-Renew the Whole Creation": The Canberra As­ Noteworthy, 15:28-29, 116-117, 148-149. sembly and Issues of Mission, by David A. Kerr, 15:98-104. Personality Disorders and the Selection Process for Overseas Missionaries, Encyclical Letter Redemptoris Missio (Excerpts), by John Paul II, 15:50-52. by Esther Schubert, M.D., 15:33-36. Evangelical Perspectives from Canberra (Excerpt), 15:101. Reader's Response [to "The Legacy of Sadhu Sundar Singh,"] by T. Fifteen Outstanding Books of 1990 for Mission Studies, 15:39. Dayanandan Francis, and Author's reply, 15:23. The Foreign Mission Impulse of the American Catholic Church, 1893­ Reader's Response [to "The Legacy of Robert P. Wilder"], by Watson 1925, by Angelyn Dries, O.S.F., 15:61-66. A. O. Omulokoli, 15:127. Interpreting Reality in Latin American Base Communities, by J. Stephen Rees, Paul [Obituary], 15:148. Rhodes, 15:110-114. Reflections of Orthodox Participants from Canberra (Excerpt), 15:102-103. The Legacy of Thomas Fowell Buxton, by Andrew F. Walls, 15:74-77. Rosanno, Pietro [Obituary], 15:148. The Legacy of Fredrick Franson, by Edvard Torjesen, 15:125-128. Social Concern and Evangelization: The Journey of the Lausanne Move­ The Legacy of Helen B. Montgomery and Lucy W. Peabody, by William ment, by Valdir R. Steuernagel, 15:53-56. H. Brackney, 15:174-178. Spae, Joseph J. [Obituary], 15:28-29. The Legacy of John Livingston Nevius, by Everett N. Hunt, [r., 15:120­ Structural Problems in Mission Studies, by Andrew F. Walls, 15:146-155. 124. Victorian Images of Islam, by J. Clinton Bennett, 15:115-119. The Legacy of Robert P. Wilder, by James A. Patterson, 15:26-32. The Yogi and the Commissar: Christian Missions and the African Re­ MacLeod, George F. [Obituary], 15:148-149. sponse, by Lamin Sanneh, 15:2-12. Mission Research, Writing, and Publishing: 1971-1991, by Gerald H. An­ derson, 15:165-172.

188 INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH CONTRIBUTORS OF ARTICLES

Anderson, Gerald H.-Mission Research, Writing, and Publishing: 1971­ Omulokoli, Watson A. O.-Reader's Response [to "The Legacy of Rob­ 1991, 15:165-172. ert P. Wilder"], 15:127. Barrett, David B.-Annual Statistical Table on Global Mission, 1991, 15:24­ Pate, Larry D.-The Changing Balance in Global Mission, 15:56-61. 25. Patterson, James, A.-The Legacy of Robert P. Wilder, 15:26-32. Bennett, J. Clinton-Victorian Images of Islam, 15:115-119. Peterson, Stephen L.-North American Library Resources for Mission Re­ Brackney, William H.-The Legacy of Helen B. Montgomery and Lucy W. search, 15:155-164. Peabody, 15:174-178. Rhodes, J. Stephen-Interpreting Reality in Latin American Base Com­ Canberra Assembly Message-"Come, Holy Spirit" (Excerpt), 15:100. munities, 15:110-114. Coote, Robert T.-A Boon or a "Drag"? How North American Evan­ Sanneh, Lamin-The Yogiand the Commissar: Christian Missions and the gelical Missionaries Experience Home Furloughs, 15:17-23. African Response, 15:2-12. Covell, Ralph R.-The Christian Gospel and World Religions: How Much Schubert, Esther, M.D.-Personality Disorders and the Selection Process Have American Evangelicals Changed? 15:12-17. for Overseas Missionaries, 15:33-36. D'Costa, Gavin-The New Missionary: John Hick and Religious Plurality, Shenk, Wilbert R.-Missionary Encounter with Culture, 15:104-109. 15:66-69. Smalley, William A.-My Pilgrimage in Mission, 15:70-73. Dries, Angelyn, O.S.F.-The Foreign Impulse of the American Catholic Steuernagel, Valdir R.-Social Concern and Evangelization: The Journey Church, 1893-1925, 15:61-66. of the Lausanne Movement, 15:53-56. Hunt, Everett N., Jr.-The Legacy of John Livingstone Nevius, 15:120-124 .. Torjesen, Edvard-The Legacy of Fredrik Franson, 15:125-128. John Paul II-Encyclical Letter Redemptoris Missio (Excerpts), 15:50-52. Walls, Andrew, F.-The Legacy of Thomas Fowell Buxton, 15:74-77. Kerr, David A.-"Come Holy Spirit-Renew the Whole Creation": The __Structural Problems in Mission Studies, 15:146-155. Canberra Assembly and Issues of Mission, 15:98-104.

BOOKS REVIEWED

Abraham, William J.-The Logic of Evangelism, 15:141. Gittins, Anthony J.-Gifts and Strangers: Meeting the Challenge of In­ Arathoon, Alice, and Pam Echerd, eds.-Planning for MK Nurture: Com­ culturation, 15:93-94. pedium of the International Conference on Missionary Kids, Quito, Gracie, David McI., ed. & narr.-Gandhi and Charlie: The Story ofa Friend­ Ecuador, January 4--8, 1987, 15:84--85. ship as Told through the Letters and Writings of Mohandas K. Gandhi __Understanding and Nurturing the Missionary Family: Compen­ and the Rev'd Charles Freer Anderson, 15:88. dium on the International Conference on Missionary Kids, Quito, Grimshaw, Patricia-Paths of Duty: American Missionary Wives in Nine­ Ecuador, January, 4--8, 1987, 15:84--85. teenth-Century Hawaii, 15:130. Asedillo, Rebecca C., and B. David Williams, eds.-Rice in the Storm: Faith Guthrie, Stewart-A Japanese New Religion: Risshd Kosei-kai in a Moun­ in Struggle in the Philippines, 15:86. tain Hamlet, 15:184-185. Ateek, Naim Stifan-Justice, and Only Justice: A Palestinian Theology of Hastings, Adrian-African Catholicism: Essays in Discovery, 15:39-40. Liberation, 15:78-80. Hauser, Albrecht, and Vinay Samuel, eds.-Proclaiming Christ in Christ's Barrett, David-World Class Cities and World Evangelization, 15:80. Way: Studies in Integral Evangelism, 15:36. Bosch, David-Transforming Mission: Paradigm Shifts in the Theology of Hovemyr, Anders P.-In Search of the Karen King, 15:93. Mission, 15:180-181. Kirkpatrick, Dow, ed.-Faith Born in the Struggle for Life, 15:129. Burnett, David-Unearthly Powers: A Christian Perspective on Primal and Kraft, Charles H.-Christianity with Power: Your Worldview and Your Folk Religions, 15:41-42. Experience of the Supernatural, 15:81-82. Caulfield, Casper, C.P.-Only a Beginning: The PassionistsinChina, 1921­ Kwantes, Anne C.-Presbyterian Missionariesin the Philippines: Conduits 1931, 15:80-81. of Social Change, 15:91-92. Costas, Orlando E.-Liberating News: A Theology of Contextual Evan­ Lean, Garth-On the Tail of a Comet: The Life of Frank Buchman, 15:89. gelization, 15:82. Luzbetak, Louis J.-The Church and Cultures: New Perspectives in Mis­ D'Costa, Gavin, ed.-Christian Uniqueness Reconsidered: The Myth of a siological Anthropology, 15:37-38. Pluralistic Theology of Religions, 15:78. MacInnis, Donald E.-Religion in China Today: Policy and Practice, 15:136. __John Hick's Theology of Religions: A Critical Evaluation, 15:37. Maggay, Melba, P., ed.-Communicating Cross-Culturally: Towards a New Echerd, Pam, and Alice Arathoon, eds.-Planning for MK Nurture: Com­ Context for Missions in the Philippines, 15:138-139. pendium of the International Conference on Missionary Kids, Quito, Mainwaring, Scott, and Alexander Wilde, eds.-The Progressive Church Ecuador, January 4--8, 1987, 15:84--85. in Latin America, 15:136-137. __Understanding and Nurturing the Missionary Family: Compen­ Mandelbaum, JonnaLynn K.-The Missionary as a Cultural Interpreter, dium on the International Conference on Missionary Kids, Quito, 15:45. Ecuador, January 4--8, 1987, 15:84--85. Miller, William McElwee-My Persian Pilgrimage, 15:43. Elliston, EdgarJ.-ChristianReliefandDevelopment: DevelopingWorkers Mojzes, Paul, and Leonard Swidler, eds.-Christian Mission and Inter­ for Effective Ministry, 15:88. religious Dialogue, 15:129. Ewert, D. Merrill, ed.-A New Agenda for Medical Missions, 15:131. Mugambi, J.N.K.-African Christian Theology: An Introduction, 15:137­ Felsing, Robert H., ed.-China Journal, 1889-1900:, An American Mis­ 138. sionary Family During the Boxer Rebellion, with the Letters and Muller, Karl-Josef Schmidlin (1876-1944): Papsthistoriker und Begrunder Diaries of Eva Jane Price and Her Family, 15:181-183. der katholischen Missionswissenschaft, 15:183-184. Freudenberger, C. Dean-Global Dust Bowl: Can We Stop the Destruction Nolan, Albert-God in South Africa: The Challenge of the Gospel, 15:91. of the Land Before It's Too Late? 15:185-186. Nunez C., Emilio A., and William D. Taylor-Crisis in Latin America, Geisendorfer, James V.-ADirectory of Religious and Parareligious Bodies 15:132. and Organizations in the United States, 15:85. Oh, Bonnie B.C., and Charles E. Ronan, S.J., eds.-East Meets West: The Gilliland, Dean S., ed.-The Word among Us: Contextualizing Theology Jesuits in China, 1582-1773: 15:38-39. for Mission Today, 15:134. Padilla, Washington-La Iglesia y los Dioses Modernos (Historia del Pro­ Girardi, Guilio-Faith and Revolutionin Nicaragua: Convergence and Con­ testantismo el Ecuador), 15:134-135. tradictions, 15:40-41.

OcrOBER 1991 189 Pate, Larry D.-From Every People: A Handbook of Two-Thirds World Taylor, William D., and Emilio A. Nunez C.-Crisis in Latin America, Missions with Directory/Histories/Analysis, 15:142. 15:132. Pobee, John S.-Kwame Nkrumah and the Church in Ghana, 1949-1966, Ting, Bishop K. H.-No Longer Strangers: Selected Writings of Bishop K. 15:92-93. H. Ting, ed. by Raymond L. Whitehead, 15:181-182. Price, Eva Jane-China Journal, 1889-1900:An American Missionary Fam­ Tucker, Ruth A.-Another Gospel: Alternative Religions and the New Age ily During the Boxer Rebellion, with the Letters and Diaries of Eva Movement, 15:139-140. Jane Price and Her Family, ed. by Robert H. Felsing, 15:181-183. Tyson, Joseph B., ed.-Luke-Acts and the Jewish People: Eight Critical Ronan, Charles E., S.J., and Bonnie B.C. Oh, eds.-East Meets West: The Perspectives, 15:140-14I. Jesuits in China, 1582-1773, 15:38-39. Verstraelen, F. J., ed.-Oecumenische Inleidung in de Missiologie: Teksten Samuel, Vinay, and Albrecht Hauser, eds.-Proclaiming Christ in Christ's en Konteksten van het Wereldchristendom, 15:89-90. Way: Studies in Integral Evangelism, 15:36. Whitehead, Raymond L., ed.-No Longer Strangers: Selected Writings of Sanneh, Lamin-Translating the Message: The Missionary Impact on Cul­ Bishop K. H. Ting, 15:182-183. ture, 15:86-87. Wickeri, Philip L.-Seeking the Common Ground: Protestant Christianity, Sargant, Norman C.-From Missions to Church in Karnataka: 1920-1950, the Three Self Movement, and China's United Front, 15:90. 15:133. Wiest, Jean-Paul-Maryknoll in China: A History, 1918-1955, 15:80--8I. Schildgen, Robert-Toyohiko Kagawa: Apostle of Love and Social Justice, Wilde, Alexander, and Scott Mainwaring, eds.-The Progressive Church 15:42-43. in Latin America, 15:136-137. Schipani, DanielS., ed.-Freedom and Discipleship: Liberation Theology Williams, B. David, and Rebecca C. Asedillo, eds.-Rice in the Storm: Faith in an Anabaptist Perspective, 15:135. in Struggle in the Philippines, 15:86. Scott, William Henry-A Missionary Prophet: The Church and Colonialism Wilson, Marvin R.-Our Father Abraham: Jewish Roots of the Christian in the Philippines, 15:85-86. Faith, 15:83-84. Shermis, Michael-Jewish-Christian Relations: An Annotated Bibliog­ Woodberry, J. Dudley, ed.-Muslims and Christians on the Emmaus Road: raphy and Resource Guide, 15:137. Crucial Issues in Witness Among Muslims, 15:130-136. Shibley, David-A Force in the Earth: The Charismatic Renewal and World World Council of Churches---The Theology of the Churches and the Jewish Evangelism, 15:132-133. People: Statements by the World Council of Churches and Its Member Spykman, Gordon, et al-i-Let My People Live: Faith and Struggle in Central Churches, 15:44. America, 15:94. Swidler, Leonard, and Paul Mojzes, eds.-Christian Mission and Inter­ religious Dialogue, 15:129.

REVIEWERS

Anderson, Brooks A., 15:185-186. Heim, S. Mark, 15:37. Phillips, James M., 15:184-185. Anderson, Gerald H., 15:85, 15:137. Hiebert, Paul G., 15:41-42. Rodgers, Peter, 15:140-14I. Apilado, Mariano P., 15:91-92. Hunter, George, D., III, 15:14I. Schreiter, Robert J. C.PP.S., 15:180­ Bakke, Raymond J., 15:80. Johnson, R. Park, 15:43. 18I. Berryman, Philip, 15:94. Kraft, Charles, H., 15:37-38. Sharpe, Eric J., 15:78. Bosch, David J., 15:89-90. Kwantes, Ann C., 15:86. Shorter, Aylward, 15:93-94. Bruner, F. Dale, 15:81-82. Larson, Donald N., 15:138-139. Smith, Donald K., 15:142. Burrows, William R., 15:129. Lewis, Gordon R., 15:139-140. Smith, Simon E., S.J., 15:39-40. Cadorette, Curt, 15:136-137. Lewis, Paul, 15:93. Stockwell, Eugene L., 15:129. Clooney, Francis X., S.}., 15:38-39. Long, Charles Henry, 15:182-183. Stowe, David M., 15:44. Clymer, Kenton J., 15:85-86. MacInnis, Donald, 15:181-182. Taber, Charles R., 15:45. David, M. D., 15:133. McClung, L. Grant, Jr., 15:132-133. Tienou, Tite, 15:137-138. Ellenberger, John D., 15:86-87. McGarry, Michael, 15:78-80. Torstrick, Shirley, 15:84-85. Escobar, Samuel, 15:132. McIntosh, Estuardo, 15:134-135. Troll, Christian W., S.J., 15:130-13I. Fleming, John, 15:90. Moodie, T. Dunbar, 15:9I. Tucker, -Ruth A., 15:130. Gensichen, Hans-Werner, 15:183--184. Mulholland, Kenneth B., 15:82. Unsworth, Virginia, S.C., 15:136. Gittins, Anthony J., C.S.Sp., 15:134. Neely, Alan P., 15:40-4I. Webster, Warren, 15:36. Glasser, Arthur F., 15:83-84. Northup, Robert W., 15:42-43. Wilde, Theodore, 15:88. Gray, Richard, 15:92-93. O'Connor, Daniel, 15:88. Xu Rulei, 15:80-8I. Hall, Douglas John, 15:135. Patterson, James A., 15:89. Youmans, Roger L., M.D., 15:131.

DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS

Dissertation Notices [from the U.S.], 15:46. Dissertation Notices [from the U.S.], 15:94. Dissertation Notices [from the U.S.], 15:187. Dissertation Notices from the University of Birmingham, England, 1990, 15:142.

BOOK NOTES

On back page of each issue-15:48, 15:96, 15:144, 15:192.

190 INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH Looking for renewal in mission? Join respected • colleagues at OMSC, January-April, 1992:

Jan. 20-24 : Contextualization in Mis­ Mar. 23-27: Christian Art in Asia and Phot o: Dr. Harvie Co nn, with friend s. Dr. Con n sion. Case Studi es with Alan Neely, Africa. Andrew Walls, Univ. of Edin­ is OMSC Senio r Mi ssion Scholar in Resid ence, Princeton Seminary. burgh, Scotland. Janu ary-May 1992. Jan. 27-31: Workshop in "Base Chris­ Mar. 30-Apr. 3: The Gospel in Multi­ tian Communities," led by BCC spec­ Cultural Urban Settings. Roger Greenway, D Send more information ialists Jose M arins, Carolee Chano na, Calvin Seminary, w ith case studies by and Teolide Trevisan. D Here's my tu iti on ($90 exce pt Paul Preti z, Eldin Villafane, and Richard as marked); register me for Feb. 10-14, Reading Week: Di scu ss William s. Cos ponsored by Christian th e fo llow ing semin ars: David Bosch 's Transforming M ission : Reform ed World M ission s and World Paradigm Shifts in Theol ogy of Mission. Vision. (No tuition) Feb. 18-20 : American Cities: Reclaim­ Apr. 6-10: Community Development ing our Mission. Harvie Conn, West­ and Health Care. Richard Crespo and minster Seminary. Tuesday-Thur sday, in Deborah Dorztbach, MAP Int'l. Cospo n­ Richmond, Va . $35 sored by American Leprosy Mission s.

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Barrett, David B., and Todd M. Johnson. Our Globe and How to Reach It: Seeing the World Evangelized by A.D. 2000 & Issues Beyond. Birmingham, Alabama: New Hope, 1990. Pp. vii, 136. Paperback $6.95. Inculturation and the Concern About Syncretism Campbell, William S. Peter Schineller, S.J. Paul's Gospel in an Intercultural Context: Jew and Gentile in the Letter to the Romans. Wilfred Cantwell Smith and New York: Peter Lang Publishing Co., 1991. Pp. 213. Paperback $46.80. Kenneth Cragg on Islam as a Way of Salvation Chao, Jonathan, ed. Richard J. Jones The China Mission Handbook: A Portrait of China and Its Church. Hong Kong: Chinese Church Research Center (Box 312 Shatin CPO), 1989. Pp. 272. Riding the Third Wave Paperback. No price given. Douglas J. Elwood

Fisher, Eugene J., and Leon Klenicki, eds. Olyphant and Opium: A Canton In Our Time: The Flowering of Jewish-Catholic Dialogue. Merchant Who "[ust Said 'No' " Mahwah, N.J.: Paulist Press, 1990. Pp. 161. Paperback $8.95. Robert Charles

George, Francis E. My Pilgrimage in Mission-A Series, Inculturation and Ecclesial Communion: Culture and Church in the Teaching of with articles by Pope John Paul II. Mortimer Arias Rome: Urbaniana Univ. Press, 1990. Pp. 380. Paperback. No price given. Simon Barrington-Ward H. Daniel Beeby Griffiths, Paul J., ed. Adrian Hastings Christianity through Non-Christian Eyes. Donald R. Jacobs Maryknoll, N. Y.: Orbis Books, 1990. Pp. xiv, 286. $34.95; paperback $14.95. Louis J. Luzbetak, S.V.D. Samuel H. Moffett Henkel, Willi, ed. William Pannell Ecclesiae Memoria: Miscellanea in onore del R. e. Josef Metzler, O.M.I. John V. Taylor Rome: Herder, 1991. Pp. 495. Paperback. No price given. and others

Jongeneel, Jan A. B., ed. In our Series on the Legacy of Experiences of the Spirit: Conference on Pentecostal and Charismatic Research in Outstanding Missionary Figures of Europe. the Nineteenth and Twentieth Frankfurt, Germany: Peter Lang, 1991. Pp. xiv, 277. Paperback $49.80. Centuries, articles about Charles H. Brent McKnight, Scot. William Carey A Light Among the Gentiles: Jewish Missionary Activity in the Second Temple Amy Carmichael Period. Samuel Adjai Crowther Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1991. Pp. x, 205. Paperback $12.95. Melvin Hodges J. C. Hoekendijk Martin, Sandy D. Jacob [ocz Black Baptists and African Missions: The Origins of a Movement 188B-1915. Lewis Bevan Jones Macon, Georgia: Mercer Univ. Press, 1989. Pp. xii, 242. $24.95. John Alexander Mackay W. A. P. Martin Tallman, J. Raymond. Henry Martyn An Introduction to World Missions. Lottie Moon Chicago: Moody Press, 1989. Pp. 271. $24.95. Constance E. Padwick John Philip Thomas, P. T., M. J. Joseph, andM. Kurian, eds. Timothy Richard Heritage and Mission: New Frontiers of the Church in Kerala. Ruth Rouse Manganam, South India: Kerala Council of Churches, 1989. Pp. xiii, 173. Paperback. No William Taylor price given. W. A. Visser 't Hooft Franz Michael Zahn Wright, Christopher, and Christopher Sugden, eds. One Gospel-Many Clothes: Anglicans and the Decade of Evangelism. Oxford, England: Regnum Books, 1990. Pp. 190. Paperback £9.95.