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Eye, Retina, and Visual System of the Mouse EYE, RETINA, AND VISUAL SYSTEM OF THE MOUSE Edited by Leo M. Chalupa and Robert W. Williams THE MIT PRESS CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS LONDON, ENGLAND © 2008 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. For information about special quantity discounts, please email [email protected] This book was set in Baskerville by SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong. Printed and bound in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Eye, retina, and visual system of the mouse / Leo M. Chalupa and Robert W. Williams, editors. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-262-03381-7 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Mice—Sense organs. 2. Eye. 3. Visual pathways. I. Chalupa, Leo M. II. Williams, Robert W., 1952– QL737.R6E94 2008 573.8′819353—dc22 2007047445 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 INDEX Note: Page numbers followed by f indicate fi gures; page numbers followed by t indicate tables. A taste ability in, 23 gain and response axis of, adaptation of, visual acuity of, 20 96–98, 97t A and A/J strain Albinism, retinal ganglion cell projections Anophthalmic mice, 269, 271 auditory evoked brainstem response in, 22 and, 397 Anterior chamber, cell types in, 644–645 conditioned taste aversion in, 29 Albino mice, 61 Anterior chamber–associated immune hearing and visual abilities in, 15t, 16 pattern discrimination in, 18 deviation (ACAID), 521–522 mutation and effect in, 62t visual acuity of, 20 pigmentary glaucoma and, 483 pattern discrimination in, 18 Aldose reductase, diabetic retinopathy and, Antiangiogenic gene therapy, 607 taste ability in, 24 552 Antibodies, against neurofi lament H, as visual acuity of, 20 Alleles. See also specifi c alleles retinal ganglion cell marker, 193 ABCA4 mutations, 723 defi ning disease progression, clinical Antigen-presenting cells (APCs), Abca4/Abcr null mutant mice, Stargardt outcome, or important domains, experimental autoimmune uveitis macular degeneration in, 540–542, 650 and, 519 541f defi ning response to treatment, 651 Anxiety-related behavior tasks, 29 Ablation, targeted, to assess role of defi ning responses to environmental AP1, in cornea and lens development, 703 photoreceptors, 595–596 infl uences, 650–651 AP2, in cornea and lens development, 703 ab-LIM, directed growth of retinal ganglion phenotypic variation due to, 649–651 AP2α, lens development and, 277 cell axons toward optic disc and, 384 Allen Brain Atlas, search of, for RALDH3 AP2α-Cre mice, 275 AC Master, 78, 78f colocalized genes, 370–371, 372f Apo-cellular RBP (CRALBP), 724 Acanthamoeba infections, 508–509 All-trans-retinol dehydrogenase, in visual Apoptosis. See Cell death αA/CAT transgenic mice, 273 cycle, 722–723 Aquaporin, cataracts and, 495 Achromatopsia, gene replacement therapy Amacrine cells Aqueous humor for, 612–613 cholinergic (starburst) infl ow of, 129, 129f Acoustic startle test, 22 mosaic architecture of, 150–151, 151f outfl ow of, 129–131 Adenoassociated virus (AAV) gene therapy, study approaches for, 598 uveoscleral, 132–133 605–614 dopaminergic Astrocyte(s) antiangiogenic, 607 genetic labeling of, 597–598 in optic nerve, 201–202, 202f for choroidal neovascularization, 610 mosaic architecture of, 151–153 retinal vascularization and, 287 future directions for, 613–614 gap junctions of, 167 Astrocyte progenitor cells (APCs), 390, gene replacement strategies and, 610–613 glucagon, in mouse versus chicken eye, 390f for functional defects in retina, 611–613 82–83 Atoh7, retinal ganglion cell development for structural defects in retinal disease, transgenic mice for study of, 597–598 and, 194 610–611 V-amacrine, 597 ATP-binding cassette A4, in visual cycle, for retinal neovascularization, 607, AMPA, excitatory lateral geniculate nucleus 723 609–610 responses and, 420, 422 Atropine, myopia development and, 83 vectors for, 605–607, 606t, 608t–609t AMPA receptors (AMPARs), 223–225 Auditory evoked brainstem response (ABR), Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), long-term depression and, 470 20, 22 diabetic retinopathy and, 552 in reticulogeniculate synapses, 431, 439 Autism spectrum disorders, visual cortical African pygmy mice, 3, 5, 8 Anaphase-promoting complex (APC), retinal functions in, 245 Age-related eye diseases, 581–588 ganglion cell axon growth ability and, Autoimmune uveitis. See Experimental cataracts as, in human and mouse eyes, 408 autoimmune uveitis (EAU) 588 Anesthesia dolorosa, model of, 25 Automated visual responses, measures of, in mice, search for, 581–582, 583t–584t Angioblasts, 285 111–115, 114f, 115f mouse models for, 581 Angiogenesis, 285–286, 639–641 Avoidance conditioning, active and passive, Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) hyaloid vessel regression versus, in norrin 27–28 gene therapy for, 607 defi cient mice, 532, 533f a-waves, cone, 138 in human and mouse eyes, 582, 584–588 sprouting, failure in, in norrin defi cient Axial length, changes in, measurement, Age-related retinal degeneration (ARRD), in mice, 531–532 77–79, 78f human and mouse eyes, 582, VEGF-A in, 640–641 Axons, of retinal ganglion cells. See Retinal 584–588, 585f–587f, 585t Angiopoietin, diabetic retinopathy and, ganglion cells (RGCs) Akita mice, diabetes in, 549 552–553 retinal neurodegeneration induced by, 551 Angiopoietin/Tek system, retinal B AKR/J strain vascularization and, 292 auditory evoked brainstem response in, Angiostatin, anti-angiogenic properties of, Bacterial artifi cial chromosome (BAC) 22 610 transgenesis, 594, 594f hearing and visual abilities in, 15t, 16 Angular vestibulo-ocular refl ex (aVOR), Bacterial infections, 506–508 pattern discrimination in, 18 88–91, 89f, 90f Bagg, Halsey J., 13 737 BALB strains, 62t synaptic transmission in outer retina Cadherin4, retinal vascularization and, 287 BALB/c and, 176f, 176–179, 177t Calcium anxiety-related behavior tasks and, 29 gap junctions of, 167 retinal ganglion cell axon growth ability auditory evoked brainstem response in, hyperpolarizing, 136 and, 408 22 synaptic transmission in outer retina synaptic transmission in outer retina and, conditioned odor preference in, 28 and, 176f, 176–179, 177t 177–178 learning and memory in, 27 ON and OFF pathway segregation and, Calcium currents, in dorsolateral geniculate pain sensitivity in, 25 353–354, 357 nucleus, 220 photoreceptor response damage by light in Rb-defi cient retinas, 315 Calcium imaging and, 575, 577 role of gap junctions in, transgenic mice to of direction-selective retinal ganglion cell BALB/cByJ study, 596–597 responses, 598 hearing and visual abilities in, 15t, 16 synaptic output of, control by GABACR- for retinal wave measurement, 343 pattern discrimination in, 18 mediated inhibition, 182–183 with two-photon microscopy, for ocular visual acuity of, 20 Birdshot retinochoroidopathy, 516 dominance plasticity assessment, BALB/cJ Blind-sterile mutant, 501 441–442, 442f conditioned taste aversion in, 29 Bmp4, lens development and, 276 Calmodulin kinases (CaMKs), retinal hearing and visual abilities in, 15t, 16 Bmp7, lens development and, 276 ganglion cell axon growth ability and, pain sensitivity in, 25 Bone morphogenic protein (BMP) receptor 408 pattern discrimination in, 18 1b, targeting of retinal ganglion cell cAMP, retinal ganglion cell axon growth visual acuity of, 20 axons to optic disc and exit from eye ability and, 408 Barnes maze, 27 and, 385 cAMP response element–binding protein Basic fi broblast growth factor (bFGF), retinal Brain (CREB), retinoic acid and, 366 ganglion cell axon growth and, 401 electroporation and, 626 Candida albicans infections, 508 Batten disease, 612 environmental enrichment and, 450 Capecchi, Mario R., 35 Bcl-2 retinoic acid actions in, 364–365 Carbohydrates, protein-bound, cataracts Bcl-2-overexpressing retina, 152 Brain Gene Expression Map (BGEM), and, 499–500 cell death and, 337f, 337–338 search of, for RALDH3 colocalized Carrageenan, subcutaneous injections of, 25 retinal neovascularization and, 293 genes, 370 Caspases, cell death and, 338 Beaded fi laments, 499 Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) CAST/Ei strain, taste ability in, 23 Behavior, environmental enrichment and, acceleration of visual system development CAST/EiJ 450 and, environmental enrichment hearing and visual abilities in, 15t Behavioral studies of mouse vision, 107–116 compared with, 453, 454 pattern discrimination in, 18 applied measurement of, 115–116, 116f cell death and, 336 Cat3, 501 idiosyncrasies associated with whole environmental enrichment and, increase Cat5, 501 animal behavior and, 108–109 due to, 457–458 Cataracts measures of, 109–115 retinal ganglion cell axon growth and, 401 age-related, in human and mouse eyes, of automated visual responses, 111–115, Brief-access taste test, 24 588 114f, 115f Brightness detection, measurement of, 16, gene expression leading to formation of, of visual perception in reinforcement- 17f, 18 273 based tasks, 109–111, 111f–113f Brn-3b, chiasm patterning and, 396–397 genetics of, 493–501 rationale for, 107–108 Brn-3b−/− mice, retinal ganglion cell axon mouse models for metabolic cataracts Behavioral tasks, for sensory function growth ability and, 407–408 and, 499–500 measurement, 15t, 15–16 Brn-3b−/− Brn-3c−/− mice, retinal ganglion cell mouse models for senile cataracts and, future directions for use of, 30 axon growth ability and, 407–408 500 of hearing, 20, 22 Brn-3c, chiasm patterning and, 397
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