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<I>Efavirenz</I>, New Therapeutic Agents for AIDS
CONFERENCE REPORTS 295 CHIMIA 1999. 53. NO.6 CONFERENCE REPORTS Chimia 53 (1999) 295-304 © Neue Schweizerische Chemische Gesellschaft ISSN 0009-4293 Second Swiss/German Meeting on Medicinal Chemistry Fruhjahrsversammlung 1999 der Neuen Schweizerischen Chemischen Gesellschaft (NSCG) 22./23. Marz 1999, Basel Vier Mini-Symposia uber Virologie, Multidrug Resistance, Immunologie und Gene Therapie Organisiert von der Sektion Medizinische Ghemie der NSGG, der Fachgruppe fUr Medizinische Chemie der GDGh und der Basler Chemischen Gesellschatt mit Unterstutzung der Pharmazeutischen Industrie. Report by the Research Team of G. Folkers' 'Correspondence: Prof. Dr. G. Folkers Department of Pharmacy Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057Zi.irich E-Mail: [email protected] Discovery of Indinavir and Efavirenz, New Therapeutic Agents for AIDS Terry A. Lyle, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA For the treatment of HIV infection, two enzymes are of major interest: The HIV-l Protease (PR) and the Reverse- Tran- scriptase (RT). The HIV -Protease, an aspartic-acid pro- tease active as a dimer, is responsible for H 0 the cleavage of polypeptides assembled at o N~' the cell membrane. The inhibition of the Y I( ; N 1\ 0 = H protease-mediated cleavage of the viral "0 o o o precursor polyproteins results in the pro- duction of noninfectious progeny viral par- ticles. The development of lndinavir start- ed with screening a collection of renin inhibitors. A seven-amino-acid analog 1 1 which contains the hydroxyethylene tran- CONFERENCE REPORTS 296 CHIMIA 1999, 53. No.6 prevents the spread of the virus. Different nucleoside inhibitors like AZT, ddI, ddC, d4T and 3TC are already known, but new QH non-nucleoside inhibitors (NNRTI) are U'O developed to decrease the cytotoxicity and N : to improve the selectivity of the viral polymerases vs. -
Anaesthesia and Past Use Of
177 Correspondence were using LSD. It is more popular than other commonly Anaesthesia and past use of used hallucinogens whose quoted incidence of clients are: LSD ketamine 0.1% (super-K/vitamin K.I), psilocybin and psilocin 0.6% (the active alkaloids in the Mexican "magic To the Editor: mushroom"), and 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine We report the case of a 43-yr-old lady who was admitted ~MDMA" 1% (ecstasy). The effects of the concurrent to the Day Surgery Unit for release of her carpal tunnel ingestion of LSD on anaesthesia are well described. 2-4 retinaculum. During the preoperative visit, she reported The long-term effects of the past use of LSD are largely no intercurrent illnesses, drug therapy or allergies. She unknown. We wonder if the hallucinations experienced did say, however, that she was frightened of general anaes- by our patient during anaesthesia were due to her LSD thesia, since she had experienced terrifying dreams during intake many years before. We would be interested to surgery under general anaesthesia on three occasions dur- know if others have had experience anaesthetising patients ing the previous ten years. On further questioning, she who are past users of phencyclidine-derived drugs. admitted that she had used lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) during the late 1960's, the last occasion being 1968 Geoffrey N. Morris MRCGPFRCA when she had experienced characterstic hallucinations. Patrick T. Magee MSe FRCA She had not experienced hallucinations in the ensuing Anaesthetic Department years, except on the surgical occasions mentioned. Royal United Hospital One of the three previous operations had been per- Combe Park formed at our hospital and the anaesthetic record was Bath BA1 3NG checked. -
Evidence for the Involvement of Spinal Cord 1 Adrenoceptors in Nitrous
Anesthesiology 2002; 97:1458–65 © 2002 American Society of Anesthesiologists, Inc. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc. Evidence for the Involvement of Spinal Cord ␣ 1 Adrenoceptors in Nitrous Oxide–induced Antinociceptive Effects in Fischer Rats Ryo Orii, M.D., D.M.Sc.,* Yoko Ohashi, M.D.,* Tianzhi Guo, M.D.,† Laura E. Nelson, B.A.,‡ Toshikazu Hashimoto, M.D.,* Mervyn Maze, M.B., Ch.B.,§ Masahiko Fujinaga, M.D.ʈ Background: In a previous study, the authors found that ni- opioid peptide release in the brain stem, leading to the trous oxide (N O) exposure induces c-Fos (an immunohisto- 2 activation of the descending noradrenergic inhibitory chemical marker of neuronal activation) in spinal cord ␥-ami- nobutyric acid–mediated (GABAergic) neurons in Fischer rats. neurons, which results in modulation of the pain–noci- 1 In this study, the authors sought evidence for the involvement ceptive processing in the spinal cord. Available evi- Downloaded from http://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article-pdf/97/6/1458/337059/0000542-200212000-00018.pdf by guest on 01 October 2021 ␣ of 1 adrenoceptors in the antinociceptive effect of N2O and in dence suggests that at the level of the spinal cord, there activation of GABAergic neurons in the spinal cord. appear to be at least two neuronal systems that are Methods: Adult male Fischer rats were injected intraperitone- involved (fig. 1). In one of the pathways, activation of ally with ␣ adrenoceptor antagonist, ␣ adrenoceptor antago- 1 2 ␣ nist, opioid receptor antagonist, or serotonin receptor antago- the 2 adrenoceptors produces either direct presynaptic nist and, 15 min later, were exposed to either air (control) or inhibition of neurotransmitter release from primary af- 75% N2O. -
5-HT2A and 5-HT2C/2B Receptor Subtypes Modulate
5-HT2A and 5-HT2C/2B Receptor Subtypes Modulate Dopamine Release Induced in Vivo by Amphetamine and Morphine in Both the Rat Nucleus Accumbens and Striatum Grégory Porras, M.S., Vincenzo Di Matteo, Ph.D., Claudia Fracasso, B.S., Guillaume Lucas, Ph.D., Philippe De Deurwaerdère, Ph.D., Silvio Caccia, Ph.D., Ennio Esposito, M.D., Ph.D., and Umberto Spampinato, M.D., Ph.D. In vivo microdialysis and single-cell extracellular neuron firing rate in both the ventral tegmental area and recordings were used to assess the involvement of the substantia nigra pars compacta was unaffected by SR serotonin2A (5-HT2A) and serotonin2C/2B (5-HT2C/2B) 46349B (0.1 mg/kg i.v.) but significantly potentiated by SB receptors in the effects induced by amphetamine and 206553 (0.1 mg/kg i.v.). These results show that 5-HT2A morphine on dopaminergic (DA) activity within the and 5-HT2C receptors regulate specifically the activation of mesoaccumbal and nigrostriatal pathways. The increase in midbrain DA neurons induced by amphetamine and DA release induced by amphetamine (2 mg/kg i.p.) in the morphine, respectively. This differential contribution may nucleus accumbens and striatum was significantly reduced be related to the specific mechanism of action of the drug by the selective 5-HT2A antagonist SR 46349B (0.5 mg/kg considered and to the neuronal circuitry involved in their s.c.), but not affected by the 5-HT2C/2B antagonist SB effect on DA neurons. Furthermore, these results suggest 206553 (5 mg/kg i.p.). In contrast, the enhancement of that 5-HT2C receptors selectively modulate the impulse accumbal and striatal DA output induced by morphine (2.5 flow–dependent release of DA. -
2D6 Substrates 2D6 Inhibitors 2D6 Inducers
Physician Guidelines: Drugs Metabolized by Cytochrome P450’s 1 2D6 Substrates Acetaminophen Captopril Dextroamphetamine Fluphenazine Methoxyphenamine Paroxetine Tacrine Ajmaline Carteolol Dextromethorphan Fluvoxamine Metoclopramide Perhexiline Tamoxifen Alprenolol Carvedilol Diazinon Galantamine Metoprolol Perphenazine Tamsulosin Amiflamine Cevimeline Dihydrocodeine Guanoxan Mexiletine Phenacetin Thioridazine Amitriptyline Chloropromazine Diltiazem Haloperidol Mianserin Phenformin Timolol Amphetamine Chlorpheniramine Diprafenone Hydrocodone Minaprine Procainamide Tolterodine Amprenavir Chlorpyrifos Dolasetron Ibogaine Mirtazapine Promethazine Tradodone Aprindine Cinnarizine Donepezil Iloperidone Nefazodone Propafenone Tramadol Aripiprazole Citalopram Doxepin Imipramine Nifedipine Propranolol Trimipramine Atomoxetine Clomipramine Encainide Indoramin Nisoldipine Quanoxan Tropisetron Benztropine Clozapine Ethylmorphine Lidocaine Norcodeine Quetiapine Venlafaxine Bisoprolol Codeine Ezlopitant Loratidine Nortriptyline Ranitidine Verapamil Brofaramine Debrisoquine Flecainide Maprotline olanzapine Remoxipride Zotepine Bufuralol Delavirdine Flunarizine Mequitazine Ondansetron Risperidone Zuclopenthixol Bunitrolol Desipramine Fluoxetine Methadone Oxycodone Sertraline Butylamphetamine Dexfenfluramine Fluperlapine Methamphetamine Parathion Sparteine 2D6 Inhibitors Ajmaline Chlorpromazine Diphenhydramine Indinavir Mibefradil Pimozide Terfenadine Amiodarone Cimetidine Doxorubicin Lasoprazole Moclobemide Quinidine Thioridazine Amitriptyline Cisapride -
Neurological Complications of Nitrous Oxide Abuse
Katherine Shoults, MD Case report: Neurological complications of nitrous oxide abuse A patient who presented with limb paresthesia and B12 deficiency was eventually diagnosed with subacute combined degeneration neuropathy secondary to nitrous oxide abuse. Case data ABSTRACT: A 34-year-old female ary to nitrous oxide (“laughing gas”) A 34-year-old female presented with with a history of alcohol and crystal abuse that had affected B12 activa- a 2-week history of progressive bilat- methamphetamine abuse presented tion. The patient was continued on eral limb paresthesia and tenderness, to the emergency department with B12 therapy, neurology follow-up as well as an inability to balance. She limb paresthesia and difficulty walk- was arranged, and addiction coun- had been well previously, although ing. At a primary care visit a week seling services were recommended. she did have a history of alcohol and earlier her progressive neurological Unfortunately, the patient was lost crystal methamphetamine abuse. She compromise had been viewed in the to follow-up after discharge from the had abstained from crystal metham- context of anemia and she was start- hospital. Physicians should be aware phetamine for 5 years and from alco- ed on daily B12 injections. Further that nitrous oxide is easy to acquire hol for 2 months. She was working as a investigations in hospital revealed in the form of commercially available care aid and denied using illegal drugs diminished proprioception, hyperal- cartridges or whipped cream canis- currently, but reported she had been gesia with pinprick and temperature ters called “whippits” and abuse of inhaling nitrous oxide (“laughing tests, a wide-based high-steppage nitrous oxide is increasingly com- gas”) for 6 months, with an escalation gait, elevated levels of B12 and ho- mon. -
Pharmacology – Inhalant Anesthetics
Pharmacology- Inhalant Anesthetics Lyon Lee DVM PhD DACVA Introduction • Maintenance of general anesthesia is primarily carried out using inhalation anesthetics, although intravenous anesthetics may be used for short procedures. • Inhalation anesthetics provide quicker changes of anesthetic depth than injectable anesthetics, and reversal of central nervous depression is more readily achieved, explaining for its popularity in prolonged anesthesia (less risk of overdosing, less accumulation and quicker recovery) (see table 1) Table 1. Comparison of inhalant and injectable anesthetics Inhalant Technique Injectable Technique Expensive Equipment Cheap (needles, syringes) Patent Airway and high O2 Not necessarily Better control of anesthetic depth Once given, suffer the consequences Ease of elimination (ventilation) Only through metabolism & Excretion Pollution No • Commonly administered inhalant anesthetics include volatile liquids such as isoflurane, halothane, sevoflurane and desflurane, and inorganic gas, nitrous oxide (N2O). Except N2O, these volatile anesthetics are chemically ‘halogenated hydrocarbons’ and all are closely related. • Physical characteristics of volatile anesthetics govern their clinical effects and practicality associated with their use. Table 2. Physical characteristics of some volatile anesthetic agents. (MAC is for man) Name partition coefficient. boiling point MAC % blood /gas oil/gas (deg=C) Nitrous oxide 0.47 1.4 -89 105 Cyclopropane 0.55 11.5 -34 9.2 Halothane 2.4 220 50.2 0.75 Methoxyflurane 11.0 950 104.7 0.2 Enflurane 1.9 98 56.5 1.68 Isoflurane 1.4 97 48.5 1.15 Sevoflurane 0.6 53 58.5 2.5 Desflurane 0.42 18.7 25 5.72 Diethyl ether 12 65 34.6 1.92 Chloroform 8 400 61.2 0.77 Trichloroethylene 9 714 86.7 0.23 • The volatile anesthetics are administered as vapors after their evaporization in devices known as vaporizers. -
Sustiva, INN-Efavirenz
ANNEX I SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1 1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT SUSTIVA 50 mg hard capsules SUSTIVA 100 mg hard capsules SUSTIVA 200 mg hard capsules 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION SUSTIVA 50 mg hard capsules Each hard capsule contains 50 mg of efavirenz. Excipient with known effect Each hard capsule contains 28.5 mg of lactose (as monohydrate). SUSTIVA 100 mg hard capsules Each hard capsule contains 100 mg of efavirenz. Excipient with known effect Each hard capsule contains 57.0 mg of lactose (as monohydrate). SUSTIVA 200 mg hard capsules Each hard capsule contains 200 mg of efavirenz. Excipient with known effect Each hard capsule contains 114.0 mg of lactose (as monohydrate). For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1. 3. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM Hard capsule SUSTIVA 50 mg hard capsules Dark yellow and white, printed with "SUSTIVA" on the dark yellow cap and "50 mg" on the white body. SUSTIVA 100 mg hard capsules White, printed with "SUSTIVA" on the body and "100 mg" on the cap. SUSTIVA 200 mg hard capsules Dark yellow, printed with "SUSTIVA" on the body and "200 mg" on the cap. 4. CLINICAL PARTICULARS 4.1 Therapeutic indications SUSTIVA is indicated in antiviral combination treatment of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV- 1) infected adults, adolescents and children 3 months of age and older and weighing at least 3.5 kg. SUSTIVA has not been adequately studied in patients with advanced HIV disease, namely in patients with CD4 counts < 50 cells/mm3, or after failure of protease inhibitor (PI) containing regimens. -
Title 16. Crimes and Offenses Chapter 13. Controlled Substances Article 1
TITLE 16. CRIMES AND OFFENSES CHAPTER 13. CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES ARTICLE 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS § 16-13-1. Drug related objects (a) As used in this Code section, the term: (1) "Controlled substance" shall have the same meaning as defined in Article 2 of this chapter, relating to controlled substances. For the purposes of this Code section, the term "controlled substance" shall include marijuana as defined by paragraph (16) of Code Section 16-13-21. (2) "Dangerous drug" shall have the same meaning as defined in Article 3 of this chapter, relating to dangerous drugs. (3) "Drug related object" means any machine, instrument, tool, equipment, contrivance, or device which an average person would reasonably conclude is intended to be used for one or more of the following purposes: (A) To introduce into the human body any dangerous drug or controlled substance under circumstances in violation of the laws of this state; (B) To enhance the effect on the human body of any dangerous drug or controlled substance under circumstances in violation of the laws of this state; (C) To conceal any quantity of any dangerous drug or controlled substance under circumstances in violation of the laws of this state; or (D) To test the strength, effectiveness, or purity of any dangerous drug or controlled substance under circumstances in violation of the laws of this state. (4) "Knowingly" means having general knowledge that a machine, instrument, tool, item of equipment, contrivance, or device is a drug related object or having reasonable grounds to believe that any such object is or may, to an average person, appear to be a drug related object. -
Problematic Use of Nitrous Oxide by Young Moroccan–Dutch Adults
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article Problematic Use of Nitrous Oxide by Young Moroccan–Dutch Adults Ton Nabben 1, Jelmer Weijs 2 and Jan van Amsterdam 3,* 1 Urban Governance & Social Innovation, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 2171, 1000 CD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; [email protected] 2 Jellinek, Department High Care Detox, Vlaardingenlaan 5, 1059 GL Amsterdam, The Netherlands; [email protected] 3 Amsterdam University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The recreational use of nitrous oxide (N2O; laughing gas) has largely expanded in recent years. Although incidental use of nitrous oxide hardly causes any health damage, problematic or heavy use of nitrous oxide can lead to serious adverse effects. Amsterdam care centres noticed that Moroccan–Dutch young adults reported neurological symptoms, including severe paralysis, as a result of problematic nitrous oxide use. In this qualitative exploratory study, thirteen young adult Moroccan–Dutch excessive nitrous oxide users were interviewed. The determinants of problematic nitrous oxide use in this ethnic group are discussed, including their low treatment demand with respect to nitrous oxide abuse related medical–psychological problems. Motives for using nitrous oxide are to relieve boredom, to seek out relaxation with friends and to suppress psychosocial stress and negative thoughts. Other motives are depression, discrimination and conflict with friends Citation: Nabben, T.; Weijs, J.; van or parents. The taboo culture surrounding substance use—mistrust, shame and macho culture— Amsterdam, J. Problematic Use of frustrates timely medical/psychological treatment of Moroccan–Dutch problematic nitrous oxide Nitrous Oxide by Young users. -
Efavirenz) Capsules and Tablets 3 Rx Only
1 SUSTIVA® 2 (efavirenz) capsules and tablets 3 Rx only 4 DESCRIPTION 5 SUSTIVA® (efavirenz) is a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) specific, non- 6 nucleoside, reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI). 7 Capsules: SUSTIVA is available as capsules for oral administration containing either 8 50 mg, 100 mg, or 200 mg of efavirenz and the following inactive ingredients: lactose 9 monohydrate, magnesium stearate, sodium lauryl sulfate, and sodium starch glycolate. 10 The capsule shell contains the following inactive ingredients and dyes: gelatin, sodium 11 lauryl sulfate, titanium dioxide, and/or yellow iron oxide. The capsule shells may also 12 contain silicon dioxide. The capsules are printed with ink containing carmine 40 blue, 13 FD&C Blue No. 2, and titanium dioxide. 14 Tablets: SUSTIVA is available as film-coated tablets for oral administration containing 15 600 mg of efavirenz and the following inactive ingredients: croscarmellose sodium, 16 hydroxypropyl cellulose, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline 17 cellulose, and sodium lauryl sulfate. The film coating contains Opadry® Yellow and 18 Opadry® Clear. The tablets are polished with carnauba wax and printed with purple ink, 19 Opacode® WB. 20 Efavirenz is chemically described as (S)-6-chloro-4-(cyclopropylethynyl)-1,4-dihydro-4- 21 (trifluoromethyl)-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one. 22 Its empirical formula is C14H9ClF3NO2 and its structural formula is: 1 of 45 Approved v2.0 F C 3 Cl O NO 23 H 24 Efavirenz is a white to slightly pink crystalline powder with a molecular mass of 315.68. 25 It is practically insoluble in water (<10 µg/mL). -
SUSTIVA Safely and Effectively
HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION • Embryo-Fetal Toxicity: Avoid administration in the first trimester of These highlights do not include all the information needed to use pregnancy as fetal harm may occur. (5.6, 8.1) SUSTIVA safely and effectively. See full prescribing information for • Hepatotoxicity: Monitor liver function tests before and during treatment in SUSTIVA. patients with underlying hepatic disease, including hepatitis B or C SUSTIVA (efavirenz) capsules for oral use coinfection, marked transaminase elevations, or who are taking medications associated with liver toxicity. Among reported cases of SUSTIVA (efavirenz) tablets for oral use hepatic failure, a few occurred in patients with no pre-existing hepatic Initial U.S. Approval: 1998 disease. (5.8, 6.1, 8.6) ---------------------------INDICATIONS AND USAGE--------------------------- • Rash: Rash usually begins within 1-2 weeks after initiating therapy and SUSTIVA is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor indicated in resolves within 4 weeks. Discontinue if severe rash develops. (5.7, 6.1, 17) combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of human • Convulsions: Use caution in patients with a history of seizures. (5.9) immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in adults and in pediatric patients at • Lipids: Total cholesterol and triglyceride elevations. Monitor before least 3 months old and weighing at least 3.5 kg. (1) therapy and periodically thereafter. (5.10) • Immune reconstitution syndrome: May necessitate further evaluation and -----------------------DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION---------------------- treatment. (5.11) • SUSTIVA should be taken orally once daily on an empty stomach, • Redistribution/accumulation of body fat: Observed in patients receiving preferably at bedtime. (2) antiretroviral therapy. (5.12, 17) • Recommended adult dose: 600 mg.