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1 Cooperation in Adversity: an Evolutionary Approach John Lazarus1 Centre for Behaviour and Evolution, Newcastle University
Cooperation in adversity: An evolutionary approach John Lazarus1 Centre for Behaviour and Evolution, Newcastle University This is an Author’s Original Manuscript (AOM) of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Global Discourse on 02 January 2018, available online: https://doi.org/10.1080/23269995.2017.1402426. Lazarus, J. (2017) ‘Cooperation in adversity: an evolutionary approach’, Global Discourse, 7:4, 571-598. Abstract: Throughout the organic world cooperation provides mutual benefit but is vulnerable to exploitation from free riders. Over the last thirty years work in evolutionary biology and game theory has provided understanding of the conditions necessary for the maintenance of cooperation, and advances in gene-culture coevolution theory have extended this understanding to our own species. After a preamble on the evolutionary analysis of behaviour I outline this work. I then consider how cooperation is influenced by environmental adversity and find that in non-human species it is enhanced under these circumstances in a range of taxa. In a sample of human cases the same result is found in a majority, but the opposite effect in some when socioeconomic position is the measure of quality. In anthropological studies of societies living in extremis, again the opposite effect is found. I propose a sigmoid shape for the relationship between adversity and fitness (or human well-being) and a consequent inverted-U shaped relationship between adversity and the benefit of cooperation. Most of the data presented on the relationship between adversity and cooperation are consistent with this proposal. I suggest further tests of the proposal and place the study of cooperation in the broader context of prosociality. -
Author's Personal Copy
Author's personal copy Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 35 (2011) 1042–1051 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/neubiorev Review Human threat management systems: Self•protection and disease avoidance Steven L. Neuberg a,∗, Douglas T. Kenrick a, Mark Schaller b a Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287•1104, United States b Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4 article info abstract Article history: Humans likely evolved precautionary systems designed to minimize the threats to reproductive fitness Received 8 March 2010 posed by highly interdependent ultrasociality. A review of research on the self•protection and disease Received in revised form 18 August 2010 avoidance systems reveals that each system is functionally distinct and domain•specific: each is attuned Accepted 18 August 2010 to different cues; engages different emotions, inferences, and behavioral inclinations; and is rooted in somewhat different neurobiological substrates. These systems share important features, however. Each Keywords: system is functionally coherent, in that perceptual, affective, cognitive, and behavioral processes work Self•protection in concert to reduce fitness costs of potential threats. Each system is biased in a risk•averse manner, Disease avoidance Threat management erring toward precautionary responses even when available cues only heuristically imply threat. And Precautionary psychology each system is functionally flexible, being highly sensitive to specific ecological and dispositional cues Evolutionary psychology that signal greater vulnerability to the relevant threat. These features characterize a general template Domain specificity useful for understanding not only the self•protection and disease avoidance systems, but also a broader Fear set of evolved, domain•specific precautionary systems. -
THE DESCENT of MADNESS: Evolutionary Origins of Psychosis
THE DESCENT OF MADNESS Drawing on evidence from across the behavioural and natural sciences, this book advances a radical new hypothesis: that madness exists as a costly consequence of the evolution of a sophisticated social brain in Homo sapiens. Having explained the rationale for an evolutionary approach to psych- osis, the author makes a case for psychotic illness in our living ape relatives, as well as in human ancestors. He then reviews existing evolutionary theor- ies of psychosis, before introducing his own thesis: that the same genes causing madness are responsible for the evolution of our highly social brain. Jonathan Burns’ novel Darwinian analysis of the importance of psychosis for human survival provides some meaning for this form of suffering. It also spurs us on to a renewed commitment to changing our societies in a way that allows the mentally ill the opportunity of living. The Descent of Madness will be of interest to those in the fields of psychiatry, psychology, sociology and anthropology, and is also accessible to the general reader. Jonathan Burns is chief specialist psychiatrist at the Nelson Mandela School of Medicine. His main areas of research include psychotic illnesses, human brain evolution and evolutionary origins of psychosis. THE DESCENT OF MADNESS Evolutionary Origins of Psychosis and the Social Brain Jonathan Burns First published 2007 by Routledge 27 Church Road, Hove, East Sussex BN3 2FA Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2007 Jonathan Burns This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2007. -
Hanging on to the Edges Hanging on to the Edges
DANIEL NETTLE Hanging on to the Edges Hanging on to the Edges Essays on Science, Society and the Academic Life D ANIEL Essays on Science, Society I love this book. I love the essays and I love the overall form. Reading these essays feels like entering into the best kind of intellectual conversati on—it makes me want and the Academic Life to write essays in reply. It makes me want to get everyone else reading it. I almost N never feel this enthusiasti c about a book. ETTLE —Rebecca Saxe, Professor of Cogniti ve Science at MIT What does it mean to be a scien� st working today; specifi cally, a scien� st whose subject ma� er is human life? Scien� sts o� en overstate their claim to certainty, sor� ng the world into categorical dis� nc� ons that obstruct rather than clarify its complexi� es. In this book Daniel Ne� le urges the reader to unpick such DANIEL NETTLE dis� nc� ons—biological versus social sciences, mind versus body, and nature versus nurture—and look instead for the for puzzles and anomalies, the points of Hanging on to the Edges connec� on and overlap. These essays, converted from o� en humorous, some� mes autobiographical blog posts, form an extended medita� on on the possibili� es and frustra� ons of the life scien� fi c. Pragma� cally arguing from the intersec� on between social and biological sciences, Ne� le reappraises the virtues of policy ini� a� ves such as Universal Basic Income and income redistribu� on, highligh� ng the traps researchers and poli� cians are liable to encounter. -
Social Cognitive Neuroscience
Chapter 5 Social Cognitive Neuroscience M ATTHEW D . L IEBERMAN Who we are as humans has a lot to do with what happens have become leaders in the field, despite few having pub- between our ears. What happens between our ears has a lot lished social cognitive neuroscience findings at that point. to do with the social world we traverse, engage, and react There were introductory talks on social cognition and cog- to. The former has been the province of neuroscience and nitive neuroscience by Neil Macrae and Jonathan Cohen, the latter the province of social psychology for nearly a respectively, along with symposia on stereotyping (William century. Recently, scientists have begun to study the social Cunningham, Jennifer Eberhardt, Matthew Lieberman, mind by literally looking between the ears using the tools and Wendy Mendes), self - control (Todd Heatherton, Kevin of neuroscience. Social cognitive neuroscience uses the tools Ochsner, and Cary Savage), emotion (Ralph Adolphs, of neuroscience to study the mental mechanisms that cre- Turhan Canli, Elizabeth Phelps, and Stephanie Preston), ate, frame, regulate, and respond to our experience of the imitation and social relations (Alan Fiske, Marco Iacoboni, social world. On its worst days, social cognitive neurosci- David Perrett, and Andrew Whiten), and theory of mind ence is phrenological, cataloguing countless brain regions (Chris Ashwin, Josep Call, Vittorio Gallese, and Kevin involved in the vast array of social processes. On its best McCabe). If this meeting represented the first time that all days, social cognitive neuroscience enhances our under- of the ingredients of social cognitive neuroscience were standing of the social mind as well as any other method. -
Contact Information
REBECCA NEEL Department of Psychology Arizona State University Tempe, AZ 85287-1104 602-965-3326 EMPLOYMENT Beginning August, 2013 Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Iowa EDUCATION Ph.D., Psychology (May, 2013). Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona. Thesis: “Expert in the language of fear”: Stigmatized targets’ perception of others’ emotion-specific prejudice M.A., Psychology (2010). Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona. Thesis: When does seeing through your eyes help me? Emotions functionally encourage and inhibit perspective taking B.A., English Literature (2002). Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota. Cum Laude AWARDS AND HONORS 2013 SPSP Graduate Student Travel Award 2012 SPSSI Grant-in-Aid for Dissertation Research 2012 The Robert B. Cialdini Dissertation Project Prize in Social Psychology, ASU 2012 The Darwyn and Marie Linder Fellowship in Experimental Social Psychology, ASU 2012 ASU Graduate and Professional Student Association Grant for Independent Research 2011 Summer Institute in Social Psychology, Princeton, NJ; SPSP program funded by NSF 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 ASU Graduate and Professional Student Association Grant for Conference Travel 2008 ASU Graduate and Professional Student Association Grant for Independent Research 2007 Departmental Research Excellence Award, ASU Psychology Department Neel CV RESEARCH Publications White, A.E., Kenrick, D.T., Neel, R., & Neuberg, S.L. (in press). From the bedroom to the budget deficit: Mate competition changes men’s attitudes toward economic redistribution. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Sadalla, E., Berlin, A., Neel, R., & Ledlow, S. (in press). Priorities in residential water use: A trade-off analysis. Environment and Behavior. Neel, R., Neufeld, S.L., & Neuberg, S.L. (2013). Would an obese person whistle Vivaldi? Targets of prejudice self-present to minimize appearance of specific threats. -
The Use of Non-Human Primates in Research in Primates Non-Human of Use The
The use of non-human primates in research The use of non-human primates in research A working group report chaired by Sir David Weatherall FRS FMedSci Report sponsored by: Academy of Medical Sciences Medical Research Council The Royal Society Wellcome Trust 10 Carlton House Terrace 20 Park Crescent 6-9 Carlton House Terrace 215 Euston Road London, SW1Y 5AH London, W1B 1AL London, SW1Y 5AG London, NW1 2BE December 2006 December Tel: +44(0)20 7969 5288 Tel: +44(0)20 7636 5422 Tel: +44(0)20 7451 2590 Tel: +44(0)20 7611 8888 Fax: +44(0)20 7969 5298 Fax: +44(0)20 7436 6179 Fax: +44(0)20 7451 2692 Fax: +44(0)20 7611 8545 Email: E-mail: E-mail: E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Web: www.acmedsci.ac.uk Web: www.mrc.ac.uk Web: www.royalsoc.ac.uk Web: www.wellcome.ac.uk December 2006 The use of non-human primates in research A working group report chaired by Sir David Weatheall FRS FMedSci December 2006 Sponsors’ statement The use of non-human primates continues to be one the most contentious areas of biological and medical research. The publication of this independent report into the scientific basis for the past, current and future role of non-human primates in research is both a necessary and timely contribution to the debate. We emphasise that members of the working group have worked independently of the four sponsoring organisations. Our organisations did not provide input into the report’s content, conclusions or recommendations. -
Food Insecurity As a Driver of Obesity in Humans: the Insurance Hypothesis
BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES (2017), Page 1 of 53 doi:10.1017/S0140525X16000947,e0 Food insecurity as a driver of obesity in humans: The insurance hypothesis Daniel Nettle Centre for Behaviour and Evolution & Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, United Kingdom. [email protected] http://www.danielnettle.org.uk Clare Andrews Centre for Behaviour and Evolution & Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, United Kingdom. [email protected] http://bit.ly/clareandrews Melissa Bateson Centre for Behaviour and Evolution & Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, United Kingdom. [email protected] https://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/melissa.bateson/ Abstract: Integrative explanations of why obesity is more prevalent in some sectors of the human population than others are lacking. Here, we outline and evaluate one candidate explanation, the insurance hypothesis (IH). The IH is rooted in adaptive evolutionary thinking: The function of storing fat is to provide a buffer against shortfall in the food supply. Thus, individuals should store more fat when they receive cues that access to food is uncertain. Applied to humans, this implies that an important proximate driver of obesity should be food insecurity rather than food abundance per se. We integrate several distinct lines of theory and evidence that bear on this hypothesis. We present a theoretical model that shows it is optimal to store more fat when food access is uncertain, and we review the experimental literature from non-human animals showing that fat reserves increase when access to food is restricted. We provide a meta-analysis of 125 epidemiological studies of the association between perceived food insecurity and high body weight in humans. -
A General Approach Based on the Price Equation
doi: 10.1111/jeb.12296 Cultural transmission and the evolution of human behaviour: a general approach based on the Price equation C. EL MOUDEN*, J.-B. ANDRE´ †,O.MORIN‡ &D.NETTLE§ *Department of Zoology & Nuffield College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK †Ecologie & Evolution, CNRS UMR 7625, Institut de Biologie de l’Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris, France ‡Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Altenberg, Austria §Centre for Behaviour and Evolution & Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK Keywords: Abstract cultural evolution; Transmitted culture can be viewed as an inheritance system somewhat inde- cultural fitness; pendent of genes that is subject to processes of descent with modification in cultural group selection; its own right. Although many authors have conceptualized cultural change dual-inheritance theory; as a Darwinian process, there is no generally agreed formal framework for human behavioural ecology; defining key concepts such as natural selection, fitness, relatedness and kin selection; altruism for the cultural case. Here, we present and explore such a frame- Price equation. work using the Price equation. Assuming an isolated, independently mea- surable culturally transmitted trait, we show that cultural natural selection maximizes cultural fitness, a distinct quantity from genetic fitness, and also that cultural relatedness and cultural altruism are not reducible to or neces- sarily related to their genetic counterparts. We show that antagonistic coevolution will occur between genes and culture whenever cultural fitness is not perfectly aligned with genetic fitness, as genetic selection will shape psychological mechanisms to avoid susceptibility to cultural traits that bear a genetic fitness cost. We discuss the difficulties with conceptualizing cultural change using the framework of evolutionary theory, the degree to which cultural evolution is autonomous from genetic evolution, and the extent to which cultural change should be seen as a Darwinian process. -
Committees and Welcomes
Committees and Welcomes SPSP Execut ive and Com m it t ees Welcome to the Fourth Annual SPSP President Jim BlascovichMeeting! Past President Claude SteeleDear SPSP Colleagues, President Elect Hazel Markus It is my great pleasure to welcome you to the annual meetings Executive Officer Harry Reis of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology. Co-Secretary Treasurers Leslie Zebrowitz Sharon Brehm This is our fourth annual meeting – a remarkably brief history Members-at-Large David Dunning for a convention that is now so firmly established. Our confer- David Funder ences in Nashville, San Antonio, and Savannah each drew crowds that were greatly in excess of expectations. In so doing, Judith Harakiewicz they rapidly established SPSP as the major national or interna- APA Council Representatives Monica Biernat tional scientific meeting for personality and social psycholo- June Tangney gists. Publication Committee John Dovidio Gifford Weary We now look forward to building on this string of success in Universal City/Los Angeles, site of our 2003 meeting. This Joanne Wood year, we once again have an exceptionally strong and diverse Convention Committee Dan Cervone chair set of scientific presentations. Our program is expanded even Lynne Cooper beyond last year’s offerings, thanks in part to funding from the Rick Hoyle Decade of Behavior initiative, which is supporting a plenary Training Committee Lisa Aspinwall address by the renowned biologist and author Jared Diamond. Kim Bartholomew We also have expanded on the lighter side of things; on Satur- Allen Omoto day night, we will end our meetings with a social event featur- PSPB Editor Fred Rhodewalt ing DJ’d music at 8 pm followed by a live performance by the PSPR Editor Eliot Smith LA rock band Lustra. -
Facial Imitation Improves Emotion Recognition in Adults with Different Levels of Sub-Clinical Autistic Traits
Journal of Intelligence Article Facial Imitation Improves Emotion Recognition in Adults with Different Levels of Sub-Clinical Autistic Traits Andrea E. Kowallik 1,2,3,*, Maike Pohl 3 and Stefan R. Schweinberger 1,2,3,4,5,* 1 Early Support and Counselling Center Jena, Herbert Feuchte Stiftungsverbund, 07743 Jena, Germany 2 Social Potential in Autism Research Unit, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany 3 Department of General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Steiger 3/Haus 1, 07743 Jena, Germany 4 Michael Stifel Center Jena for Data-Driven and Simulation Science, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany 5 Swiss Center for Affective Science, University of Geneva, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland * Correspondence: [email protected] (A.E.K.); [email protected] (S.R.S.); Tel.: +49-(0)-3641-945181 (S.R.S.); Fax: +49-(0)-3641-945182 (S.R.S.) Abstract: We used computer-based automatic expression analysis to investigate the impact of im- itation on facial emotion recognition with a baseline-intervention-retest design. The participants: 55 young adults with varying degrees of autistic traits, completed an emotion recognition task with images of faces displaying one of six basic emotional expressions. This task was then repeated with instructions to imitate the expressions. During the experiment, a camera captured the participants’ faces for an automatic evaluation of their imitation performance. The instruction to imitate enhanced imitation performance as well as emotion recognition. Of relevance, emotion recognition improve- ments in the imitation block were larger in people with higher levels of autistic traits, whereas imitation enhancements were independent of autistic traits. -
The Cognitive Science of Religion
Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Ústav religionistiky Martin Lang The Cognitive Science of Religion Connecting the Humanities and the Sciences in the Study of Ritual Practice, Prosociality, and Anxiety Dizertační práce Školitel: Mgr. Aleš Chalupa, Ph.D. Brno 2016 Prohlašuji, že jsem tuto dizertační práci vypracoval samostatně s využitím uvedených pramenů a literatury. ……………………………………… Mgr. Martin Lang V Brně dne 22. září 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS CZECH ABSTRACT I ENGLISH ABSTRACT II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS III PREFACE IV INTRODUCTION - 1 - THE COGNITIVE SCIENCE OF RELIGION - 4 - Two Cultures and the Divide between the Humanities and the Sciences - 4 - CSR and Consilience - 7 - CSR and the Mechanistic Approach - 12 - EFFECTS OF RELIGION AND RITUAL ON PROSOCIALITY - 18 - RELIGION AND PROSOCIALITY - 23 - Introduction - 23 - The Religious Congruence Fallacy - 25 - What Religious People Say They Do - 26 - What Religious People Actually Do - 28 - Religion as Prime - 31 - Belief and Practice - 35 - Future Directions - 37 - Summary - 38 - MUSIC AS A SACRED CUE? EFFECTS OF RELIGIOUS MUSIC ON MORAL BEHAVIOR - 40 - Abstract - 40 - Introduction - 40 - Materials and Methods - 44 - Results - 50 - Discussion - 62 - LOST IN THE RHYTHM: EFFECTS OF RHYTHM ON SUBSEQUENT INTERPERSONAL COORDINATION - 68 - Abstract - 68 - Introduction - 68 - Materials and Methods - 70 - Results - 74 - Discussion - 79 - Appendix - 83 - EFFECTS OF RITUAL BEHAVIOR ON ANXIETY - 84 - EFFECTS OF ANXIETY ON SPONTANEOUS RITUALIZED BEHAVIOR - 88 - Summary - 88 - Results - 89 - Discussion - 95 - Experimental Procedures - 98 - ANXIETY AND RITUALIZATION: CAN ATTENTION DISCRIMINATE COMPULSION FROM ROUTINE? - 100 - DISCUSSION - 103 - REFERENCES - 115 - SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL - 145 - CZECH ABSTRACT Náboženství je tradičním tématem mnohých humanitních a sociálních věd, jež při jeho studiu nabízí různorodé perspektivy a metodologické přístupy.