Public Key Pinning for TLS Using a Trust on First Use Model
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A Focus on S/MIME
The University of Saskatchewan Department of Computer Science Technical Report #2011-03 Cryptographic Security for Emails: A Focus on S/MIME Minhaz Fahim Zibran Department of Computer Science University of Saskatchewan Email: [email protected] Abstract In this paper I present a study on \S/MIME", which has become the industry standard for secure email exchange. Based on existing literature review, the study examines S/MIME in depth with specific emphasis on its architecture, strengths, and deficiencies. The study also identifies usability issues related to S/MIME enabled email clients, which indicate scopes for further improvements in those implementations. Obstacles in the adoption of S/MIME are also identified indicating what is required for its successful adoption in the community. In presenting the study, the paper contributes in two ways: (a) for any newcomer in the field of cryptography this paper will be a useful resource to quickly learn about S/MIME in a fair level of detail, (b) the indication about limitations of S/MIME and its implementations reveals an avenue for further research in the area of email security, which may result in improvement of S/MIME itself, or its implementations in the email clients. Keywords: Email Security, S/MIME, MIME, PGP, PKI, Certificate, Email Authentication, Email Encryption, Key Management 1 Introduction Email has been a very common medium of communication these days. It somewhat re- places the traditional surface mail and many of the traditional ways of communication [32]. Today people send and read emails from their personal computers, business workstation, PDAs and even cell phones. -
Towards a Hybrid Public Key Infrastructure (PKI): a Review
Towards a Hybrid Public Key Infrastructure (PKI): A Review Priyadarshi Singh, Abdul Basit, N Chaitanya Kumar, and V. Ch. Venkaiah School of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500046, India Abstract. Traditional Certificate- based public key infrastructure (PKI) suffers from the problem of certificate overhead like its storage, verification, revocation etc. To overcome these problems, idea of certificate less identity-based public key cryptography (ID-PKC) was proposed by Shamir. This is suitable for closed trusted group only. Also, this concept has some inherent problems like key escrow problem, secure key channel problem, identity management overhead etc. Later on, there had been several works which tried to combine both the cryptographic techniques such that the resulting hybrid PKI framework is built upon the best features of both the cryptographic techniques. It had been shown that this approach solves many problems associated with an individual cryptosystem. In this paper, we have reviewed and compared such hybrid schemes which tried to combine both the certificate based PKC and ID-based PKC. Also, the summary of the comparison, based on various features, is presented in a table. Keywords: Certificate-based PKI; Identity-based public key cryptography (ID-PKC); Hybrid PKI 1 INTRODUCTION Public key infrastructure (PKI) and public key cryptography (PKC) [12] plays a vital role with four major components of digital security: authentication, integrity, confidentiality and non-repudiation. Infact, PKI enables the use of PKC through key management. The ”efficient and secure management of the key pairs during their whole life cycle" is the purpose of PKI, which involves key generation, key distribution, key renewal, key revocation etc [11]. -
Security Target Document
Security Target Document Passport Certificate Server Ver. 4.1.1 Prepared for: Common Criteria EAL2 (augmented) 30 April 2002 2225 Sheppard Ave, Suite 1700 Toronto, Ontario, Canada M2J 5C2 TEL: 416-756-2324 FAX: 416-756-7346 [email protected] www.dvnet.com Passport Certificate Server V.4.1.1 Security Target 30 April 2002 Common Criteria EAL 2 (augmented) Version 1.00 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Security Target Identification......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Security Target Overview............................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Common Criteria Conformance .....................................................................................................1 2 TOE Description..................................................................................................................................... 2 2.1 Product Deployment....................................................................................................................... 2 2.2 Product Functions........................................................................................................................... 2 2.3 Product Description ........................................................................................................................ 3 2.3.1 Platform -
No.Ntnu:Inspera:2546742.Pdf (10.61Mb)
Krishna Shingala An alternative to the Public Key Krishna Shingala Infrastructure for the Internet of Things Master’s thesis in Communication Technology Supervisor: Danilo Gligoroski, Katina Kralevska, Torstein Heggebø Master’s thesis Master’s June 2019 An alternative to PKI for IoT PKI for to An alternative NTNU Engineering Communication Technology Communication Department of Information Security and Department of Information Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Technology of Information Faculty Norwegian University of Science and Technology of Science University Norwegian An alternative to the Public Key Infras- tructure for the Internet of Things Krishna Shingala Submission date: June 2019 Responsible professor: Danilo Gligoroski, IIK, NTNU Supervisor: Danilo Gligoroski, IIK, NTNU Co-Supervisor: Katina Kralevska, IIK, NTNU Co-Supervisor: Torstein Heggebø, Nordic Semiconductor ASA Norwegian University of Science and Technology Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering Title: An alternative to the Public Key Infrastructure for the Internet of Things Student: Krishna Shingala Problem description: Internet of Things(IoT) enables participation of constrained devices on the Internet. Limited resources, bandwidth, and power on the devices have led to new protocols. Some examples of IoT driven and driving protocols are: – MQTT, CoAP that are application protocols for IoT; – 6LoWPAN enables efficient support of IPv6 on low power lossy networks; – CBOR enables concise data formatting; and – DTLS enables secure channel establishment over unreliable transport like the UDP. Security is one of the key factors for the success of IoT. TLS/DTLS secures the channel between the servers and the devices. Confidentiality is an important aspect of such a secure channel. Establishing the identity of an entity another. -
A Practical Evaluation of a High-Security Energy-Efficient
sensors Article A Practical Evaluation of a High-Security Energy-Efficient Gateway for IoT Fog Computing Applications Manuel Suárez-Albela * , Tiago M. Fernández-Caramés , Paula Fraga-Lamas and Luis Castedo Department Computer Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; [email protected] (T.M.F.-C.); [email protected] (P.F.-L.); [email protected] (L.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-981-167-000 (ext. 6051) Received: 28 July 2017; Accepted: 19 August 2017; Published: 29 August 2017 Abstract: Fog computing extends cloud computing to the edge of a network enabling new Internet of Things (IoT) applications and services, which may involve critical data that require privacy and security. In an IoT fog computing system, three elements can be distinguished: IoT nodes that collect data, the cloud, and interconnected IoT gateways that exchange messages with the IoT nodes and with the cloud. This article focuses on securing IoT gateways, which are assumed to be constrained in terms of computational resources, but that are able to offload some processing from the cloud and to reduce the latency in the responses to the IoT nodes. However, it is usually taken for granted that IoT gateways have direct access to the electrical grid, which is not always the case: in mission-critical applications like natural disaster relief or environmental monitoring, it is common to deploy IoT nodes and gateways in large areas where electricity comes from solar or wind energy that charge the batteries that power every device. In this article, how to secure IoT gateway communications while minimizing power consumption is analyzed. -
Security Policies for the Federal Public Key Infrastructure
Security Policies for the Federal Public Key Infrastructure Noel A. Nazario Security Technology Group National Institute of Standards and Technology Abstract This document discusses provisions for the handling of security policies in the proposed Federal Public Key Infrastructure (PKI). Federal PKI policies deal with the generation, deactivation, and dissemination of public key certificates, the integrity of the infrastructure, maintenance of records, identification of certificate holders, and the establishment of trust relationships between Certification Authorities (CAs). The verification of a digital signature is not sufficient indication of the trustworthiness of an electronic message or data file. The verifier needs to factor the trustworthiness of the CAs involved in the certification of the sender. To accomplish this, the verifier needs to examine the certificate policy for those CAs. The Federal PKI Technical Security Policy establishes guidelines for the operation of Federal CAs and the identification of the parties requesting certification. It also defines Policy Approving Authorities (PAA) responsible for assessing the policies and operational practices of all Federal CAs within a domain and assigning them corresponding Federal Assurance Levels. These assurance levels may be used in lieu of a certificate policy when making an on-line determination of the trustworthiness of a certificate. Key words Certificate policy, Federal Assurance Levels, PAA, PKI, Policy Approving Authority, public key infrastructure, security policy. SECURITY POLICIES FOR THE FEDERAL PUBLIC KEY INFRASTRUCTURE Noel A. Nazario NIST North, Room 426 820 West Diamond Avenue Gaithersburg, MD 20899 [email protected] Introduction and Background This paper discusses provisions for the handling of security policies in the proposed Federal Public Key Infrastructure (PKI). -
Easy Encryption for Email, Photo, and Other Cloud Services John Seunghyun Koh
Easy Encryption for Email, Photo, and Other Cloud Services John Seunghyun Koh Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the Executive Committee of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2021 © 2021 John Seunghyun Koh All Rights Reserved Abstract Easy Encryption for Email, Photo, and Other Cloud Services John Seunghyun Koh Modern users carry mobile devices with them at nearly all times, and this likely has contribut- ed to the rapid growth of private user data—such as emails, photos, and more—stored online in the cloud. Unfortunately, the security of many cloud services for user data is lacking, and the vast amount of user data stored in the cloud is an attractive target for adversaries. Even a single compro- mise of a user’s account yields all its data to attackers. A breach of an unencrypted email account gives the attacker full access to years, even decades, of emails. Ideally, users would encrypt their data to prevent this. However, encrypting data at rest has long been considered too difficult for users, even technical ones, mainly due to the confusing nature of managing cryptographic keys. My thesis is that strong security can be made easy to use through client-side encryption using self-generated per-device cryptographic keys, such that user data in cloud services is well pro- tected, encryption is transparent and largely unnoticeable to users even on multiple devices, and encryption can be used with existing services without any server-side modifications. This dis- sertation introduces a new paradigm for usable cryptographic key management, Per-Device Keys (PDK), and explores how self-generated keys unique to every device can enable new client-side encryption schemes that are compatible with existing online services yet are transparent to users. -
Secure Channels Secure Channels • Example Applications – PGP: Pretty Good Privacy CS 161/194-1 – TLS: Transport Layer Security Anthony D
Main Points • Applying last week’s lectures in practice • Creating Secure Channels Secure Channels • Example Applications – PGP: Pretty Good Privacy CS 161/194-1 – TLS: Transport Layer Security Anthony D. Joseph – VPN: Virtual Private Network September 26, 2005 September 26, 2005 CS161 Fall 2005 2 Joseph/Tygar/Vazirani/Wagner What is a Secure Channel? Plaintext Plaintext Creating Secure Channels Encryption / Internet Encryption / • Authentication and Data Integrity Decryption Decryption Ciphertext and MAC – Use Public Key Infrastructure or third-party server to authenticate each end to the other • A stream with these security requirements: – Add Message Authentication Code for – Authentication integrity • Ensures sender and receiver are who they claim to be – Confidentiality • Confidentiality • Ensures that data is read only by authorized users – Data integrity – Exchange session key for encrypt/decrypt ops • Ensures that data is not changed from source to destination • Bulk data transfer – Non-repudiation (not discussed today) • Ensures that sender can’t deny message and rcvr can’t deny msg • Key Distribution and Segmentation September 26, 2005 CS161 Fall 2005 3 September 26, 2005 CS161 Fall 2005 4 Joseph/Tygar/Vazirani/Wagner Joseph/Tygar/Vazirani/Wagner Symmetric Key-based Symmetric Key-based Secure Channel Secure Channel Alice Bob • Sender (A) and receiver (B) share secret keys KABencrypt KABencrypt – One key for A è B confidentiality KABauth KABauth – One for A è B authentication/integrity Message MAC Compare? Message – Each message -
The Most Dangerous Code in the World: Validating SSL Certificates In
The Most Dangerous Code in the World: Validating SSL Certificates in Non-Browser Software Martin Georgiev Subodh Iyengar Suman Jana The University of Texas Stanford University The University of Texas at Austin at Austin Rishita Anubhai Dan Boneh Vitaly Shmatikov Stanford University Stanford University The University of Texas at Austin ABSTRACT cations. The main purpose of SSL is to provide end-to-end security SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) is the de facto standard for secure In- against an active, man-in-the-middle attacker. Even if the network ternet communications. Security of SSL connections against an is completely compromised—DNS is poisoned, access points and active network attacker depends on correctly validating public-key routers are controlled by the adversary, etc.—SSL is intended to certificates presented when the connection is established. guarantee confidentiality, authenticity, and integrity for communi- We demonstrate that SSL certificate validation is completely bro- cations between the client and the server. Authenticating the server is a critical part of SSL connection es- ken in many security-critical applications and libraries. Vulnerable 1 software includes Amazon’s EC2 Java library and all cloud clients tablishment. This authentication takes place during the SSL hand- based on it; Amazon’s and PayPal’s merchant SDKs responsible shake, when the server presents its public-key certificate. In order for transmitting payment details from e-commerce sites to payment for the SSL connection to be secure, the client must carefully verify gateways; integrated shopping carts such as osCommerce, ZenCart, that the certificate has been issued by a valid certificate authority, Ubercart, and PrestaShop; AdMob code used by mobile websites; has not expired (or been revoked), the name(s) listed in the certifi- Chase mobile banking and several other Android apps and libraries; cate match(es) the name of the domain that the client is connecting Java Web-services middleware—including Apache Axis, Axis 2, to, and perform several other checks [14, 15]. -
Best Practices for Privileged Access Management on Cloud-Native Infrastructure
Best Practices for Privileged Access Management on Cloud-Native Infrastructure BY GRAVITATIONAL CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................................................... 4 BACKGROUND OF ACCESS MANAGEMENT COMPONENTS ...................................................................................... 5 SSH ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 5 SSH Public Key Authentication ............................................................................................................................................ 5 OpenSSH Certificates ............................................................................................................................................................. 7 OpenSSH Certificate Authentication .................................................................................................................................. 7 LDAP .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Identity Provider ...................................................................................................................................................................... 9 AUTHENTICATION AND AUTHORIZATION ................................................................................................................... -
Practical Issues with TLS Client Certificate Authentication
Practical Issues with TLS Client Certificate Authentication Arnis Parsovs Software Technology and Applications Competence Center, Estonia University of Tartu, Estonia [email protected] Abstract—The most widely used secure Internet communication Active security research is being conducted to improve standard TLS (Transport Layer Security) has an optional client password security, educate users on how to resist phishing certificate authentication feature that in theory has significant attacks, and to fix CA trust issues [1], [2]. However, the attacks security advantages over HTML form-based password authenti- mentioned above can be prevented or their impact can be cation. In this paper we discuss practical security and usability greatly reduced by using TLS client certificate authentication issues related to TLS client certificate authentication stemming (CCA), since the TLS CCA on the TLS protocol level protects from the server-side and browser implementations. In particular, we analyze Apache’s mod_ssl implementation on the server the client’s account on a legitimate server from a MITM side and the most popular browsers – Mozilla Firefox, Google attacker even in the case of a very powerful attacker who has Chrome and Microsoft Internet Explorer on the client side. We obtained a valid certificate signed by a trusted CA and who complement our paper with a measurement study performed in thus is able to impersonate the legitimate server. We believe Estonia where TLS client certificate authentication is widely used. that TLS CCA has great potential for improving Internet We present our recommendations to improve the security and security, and therefore in this paper we discuss current issues usability of TLS client certificate authentication. -
Introduction to Public Key Technology and Federal PKI Infrastructure
Withdrawn NIST Technical Series Publication Warning Notice The attached publication has been withdrawn (archived), and is provided solely for historical purposes. It may have been superseded by another publication (indicated below). Withdrawn Publication Series/Number NIST Special Publication 800-32 Title Introduction to Public Key Technology and the Federal PKI Infrastructure Publication Date(s) February 26, 2001 Withdrawal Date September 13, 2021 Withdrawal Note SP 800-32 is withdrawn in its entirety. Superseding Publication(s) (if applicable) The attached publication has been superseded by the following publication(s): Series/Number Title Author(s) Publication Date(s) URL/DOI Additional Information (if applicable) Contact Computer Security Division (Information Technology Laboratory) Latest revision of the N/A attached publication Related Information https://csrc.nist.gov/projects/crypto-publication-review-project https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-32/archive/2001-02-26 Withdrawal https://csrc.nist.gov/news/2021/withdrawal-of-nist-special-pubs-800-15-25- Announcement Link and-32 Date updated: September 13, 2021 SP 800-32 IIInnntttrrroooddduuuccctttiiiooonnn tttooo PPPuuubbbllliiiccc KKKeeeyyy TTTeeeccchhhnnnooolllooogggyyy aaannnddd ttthhheee FFFeeedddeeerrraaalll PPPKKKIII IIInnnfffrrraaassstttrrruuuccctttuuurrreee D. Richard Kuhn Vincent C. Hu 26 February 2001 W. Timothy Polk Shu-Jen Chang 1 National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2001. U.S. Government publication. Not subject to copyright. Portions of this document have been abstracted from other U.S. Government publications, including: “Minimum Interoperability Specification for PKI Components (MISPC), Version 1” NIST SP 800-15, January 1998; “Certification Authority Systems”, OCC 99-20, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, May 4, 1999; “Guideline for Implementing Cryptography in the Federal Government”, NIST SP800-21, November 1999; Advances and Remaining Challenges to Adoption of Public Key Infrastructure Technology, U.S.