Introduction to Public Key Technology and Federal PKI Infrastructure
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A Focus on S/MIME
The University of Saskatchewan Department of Computer Science Technical Report #2011-03 Cryptographic Security for Emails: A Focus on S/MIME Minhaz Fahim Zibran Department of Computer Science University of Saskatchewan Email: [email protected] Abstract In this paper I present a study on \S/MIME", which has become the industry standard for secure email exchange. Based on existing literature review, the study examines S/MIME in depth with specific emphasis on its architecture, strengths, and deficiencies. The study also identifies usability issues related to S/MIME enabled email clients, which indicate scopes for further improvements in those implementations. Obstacles in the adoption of S/MIME are also identified indicating what is required for its successful adoption in the community. In presenting the study, the paper contributes in two ways: (a) for any newcomer in the field of cryptography this paper will be a useful resource to quickly learn about S/MIME in a fair level of detail, (b) the indication about limitations of S/MIME and its implementations reveals an avenue for further research in the area of email security, which may result in improvement of S/MIME itself, or its implementations in the email clients. Keywords: Email Security, S/MIME, MIME, PGP, PKI, Certificate, Email Authentication, Email Encryption, Key Management 1 Introduction Email has been a very common medium of communication these days. It somewhat re- places the traditional surface mail and many of the traditional ways of communication [32]. Today people send and read emails from their personal computers, business workstation, PDAs and even cell phones. -
Towards a Hybrid Public Key Infrastructure (PKI): a Review
Towards a Hybrid Public Key Infrastructure (PKI): A Review Priyadarshi Singh, Abdul Basit, N Chaitanya Kumar, and V. Ch. Venkaiah School of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500046, India Abstract. Traditional Certificate- based public key infrastructure (PKI) suffers from the problem of certificate overhead like its storage, verification, revocation etc. To overcome these problems, idea of certificate less identity-based public key cryptography (ID-PKC) was proposed by Shamir. This is suitable for closed trusted group only. Also, this concept has some inherent problems like key escrow problem, secure key channel problem, identity management overhead etc. Later on, there had been several works which tried to combine both the cryptographic techniques such that the resulting hybrid PKI framework is built upon the best features of both the cryptographic techniques. It had been shown that this approach solves many problems associated with an individual cryptosystem. In this paper, we have reviewed and compared such hybrid schemes which tried to combine both the certificate based PKC and ID-based PKC. Also, the summary of the comparison, based on various features, is presented in a table. Keywords: Certificate-based PKI; Identity-based public key cryptography (ID-PKC); Hybrid PKI 1 INTRODUCTION Public key infrastructure (PKI) and public key cryptography (PKC) [12] plays a vital role with four major components of digital security: authentication, integrity, confidentiality and non-repudiation. Infact, PKI enables the use of PKC through key management. The ”efficient and secure management of the key pairs during their whole life cycle" is the purpose of PKI, which involves key generation, key distribution, key renewal, key revocation etc [11]. -
Security Target Document
Security Target Document Passport Certificate Server Ver. 4.1.1 Prepared for: Common Criteria EAL2 (augmented) 30 April 2002 2225 Sheppard Ave, Suite 1700 Toronto, Ontario, Canada M2J 5C2 TEL: 416-756-2324 FAX: 416-756-7346 [email protected] www.dvnet.com Passport Certificate Server V.4.1.1 Security Target 30 April 2002 Common Criteria EAL 2 (augmented) Version 1.00 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Security Target Identification......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Security Target Overview............................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Common Criteria Conformance .....................................................................................................1 2 TOE Description..................................................................................................................................... 2 2.1 Product Deployment....................................................................................................................... 2 2.2 Product Functions........................................................................................................................... 2 2.3 Product Description ........................................................................................................................ 3 2.3.1 Platform -
Obstacles to the Adoption of Secure Communication Tools
Obstacles to the Adoption of Secure Communication Tools Ruba Abu-Salma M. Angela Sasse Joseph Bonneau University College London, UK University College London, UK Stanford University & EFF, USA Anastasia Danilova Alena Naiakshina Matthew Smith University of Bonn, Germany University of Bonn, Germany University of Bonn, Germany Abstract—The computer security community has advocated Recent mobile phone-based secure communication tools widespread adoption of secure communication tools to counter have often been designed to hide security from the user com- mass surveillance. Several popular personal communication tools pletely (albeit at some security cost [1]). WhatsApp famously (e.g., WhatsApp, iMessage) have adopted end-to-end encryption, and many new tools (e.g., Signal, Telegram) have been launched deployed E2E encryption to approximately a billion users with security as a key selling point. However it remains unclear through a code update to its application for messages, voice if users understand what protection these tools offer, and if they calls and video communications [18], with only negligible value that protection. In this study, we interviewed 60 partici- changes to the user experience. Some other communication pants about their experience with different communication tools tools (e.g., Signal, Threema) have launched with security and their perceptions of the tools’ security properties. We found that the adoption of secure communication tools is hindered by as an explicit selling point, but they also hide nearly all fragmented user bases and incompatible tools. Furthermore, the cryptographic details. vast majority of participants did not understand the essential There are key differences in the security model of dif- concept of end-to-end encryption, limiting their motivation to ferent E2E-encrypted tools, in addition to a large gap in adopt secure tools. -
Analysis and Implementation of the Messaging Layer Security Protocol
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by AMS Tesi di Laurea Alma Mater Studiorum · Universita` di Bologna CAMPUS DI CESENA Dipartimento di Informatica - Scienza e Ingegneria Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Ingegneria e Scienze Informatiche Analysis and Implementation of the Messaging Layer Security Protocol Tesi in Sicurezza delle Reti Relatore: Presentata da: Gabriele D'Angelo Nicola Giancecchi Anno Accademico 2018/2019 Parole chiave Network Security Messaging MLS Protocol Ratchet Trees \Oh me, oh vita! Domande come queste mi perseguitano. Infiniti cortei d'infedeli, citt`agremite di stolti, che v'`edi nuovo in tutto questo, oh me, oh vita! Risposta: Che tu sei qui, che la vita esiste e l’identit`a. Che il potente spettacolo continua, e che tu puoi contribuire con un verso." - Walt Whitman Alla mia famiglia. Introduzione L'utilizzo di servizi di messaggistica su smartphone `eincrementato in maniera considerevole negli ultimi anni, complice la sempre maggiore disponi- bilit`adi dispositivi mobile e l'evoluzione delle tecnologie di comunicazione via Internet, fattori che hanno di fatto soppiantato l'uso dei classici SMS. Tale incremento ha riguardato anche l'utilizzo in ambito business, un contesto dove `epi`ufrequente lo scambio di informazioni confidenziali e quindi la necessit`adi proteggere la comunicazione tra due o pi`upersone. Ci`onon solo per un punto di vista di sicurezza, ma anche di privacy personale. I maggiori player mondiali hanno risposto implementando misure di sicurezza all'interno dei propri servizi, quali ad esempio la crittografia end-to-end e regole sempre pi`ustringenti sul trattamento dei dati personali. -
A Practical Evaluation of a High-Security Energy-Efficient
sensors Article A Practical Evaluation of a High-Security Energy-Efficient Gateway for IoT Fog Computing Applications Manuel Suárez-Albela * , Tiago M. Fernández-Caramés , Paula Fraga-Lamas and Luis Castedo Department Computer Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; [email protected] (T.M.F.-C.); [email protected] (P.F.-L.); [email protected] (L.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-981-167-000 (ext. 6051) Received: 28 July 2017; Accepted: 19 August 2017; Published: 29 August 2017 Abstract: Fog computing extends cloud computing to the edge of a network enabling new Internet of Things (IoT) applications and services, which may involve critical data that require privacy and security. In an IoT fog computing system, three elements can be distinguished: IoT nodes that collect data, the cloud, and interconnected IoT gateways that exchange messages with the IoT nodes and with the cloud. This article focuses on securing IoT gateways, which are assumed to be constrained in terms of computational resources, but that are able to offload some processing from the cloud and to reduce the latency in the responses to the IoT nodes. However, it is usually taken for granted that IoT gateways have direct access to the electrical grid, which is not always the case: in mission-critical applications like natural disaster relief or environmental monitoring, it is common to deploy IoT nodes and gateways in large areas where electricity comes from solar or wind energy that charge the batteries that power every device. In this article, how to secure IoT gateway communications while minimizing power consumption is analyzed. -
Security Policies for the Federal Public Key Infrastructure
Security Policies for the Federal Public Key Infrastructure Noel A. Nazario Security Technology Group National Institute of Standards and Technology Abstract This document discusses provisions for the handling of security policies in the proposed Federal Public Key Infrastructure (PKI). Federal PKI policies deal with the generation, deactivation, and dissemination of public key certificates, the integrity of the infrastructure, maintenance of records, identification of certificate holders, and the establishment of trust relationships between Certification Authorities (CAs). The verification of a digital signature is not sufficient indication of the trustworthiness of an electronic message or data file. The verifier needs to factor the trustworthiness of the CAs involved in the certification of the sender. To accomplish this, the verifier needs to examine the certificate policy for those CAs. The Federal PKI Technical Security Policy establishes guidelines for the operation of Federal CAs and the identification of the parties requesting certification. It also defines Policy Approving Authorities (PAA) responsible for assessing the policies and operational practices of all Federal CAs within a domain and assigning them corresponding Federal Assurance Levels. These assurance levels may be used in lieu of a certificate policy when making an on-line determination of the trustworthiness of a certificate. Key words Certificate policy, Federal Assurance Levels, PAA, PKI, Policy Approving Authority, public key infrastructure, security policy. SECURITY POLICIES FOR THE FEDERAL PUBLIC KEY INFRASTRUCTURE Noel A. Nazario NIST North, Room 426 820 West Diamond Avenue Gaithersburg, MD 20899 [email protected] Introduction and Background This paper discusses provisions for the handling of security policies in the proposed Federal Public Key Infrastructure (PKI). -
Secure Channels Secure Channels • Example Applications – PGP: Pretty Good Privacy CS 161/194-1 – TLS: Transport Layer Security Anthony D
Main Points • Applying last week’s lectures in practice • Creating Secure Channels Secure Channels • Example Applications – PGP: Pretty Good Privacy CS 161/194-1 – TLS: Transport Layer Security Anthony D. Joseph – VPN: Virtual Private Network September 26, 2005 September 26, 2005 CS161 Fall 2005 2 Joseph/Tygar/Vazirani/Wagner What is a Secure Channel? Plaintext Plaintext Creating Secure Channels Encryption / Internet Encryption / • Authentication and Data Integrity Decryption Decryption Ciphertext and MAC – Use Public Key Infrastructure or third-party server to authenticate each end to the other • A stream with these security requirements: – Add Message Authentication Code for – Authentication integrity • Ensures sender and receiver are who they claim to be – Confidentiality • Confidentiality • Ensures that data is read only by authorized users – Data integrity – Exchange session key for encrypt/decrypt ops • Ensures that data is not changed from source to destination • Bulk data transfer – Non-repudiation (not discussed today) • Ensures that sender can’t deny message and rcvr can’t deny msg • Key Distribution and Segmentation September 26, 2005 CS161 Fall 2005 3 September 26, 2005 CS161 Fall 2005 4 Joseph/Tygar/Vazirani/Wagner Joseph/Tygar/Vazirani/Wagner Symmetric Key-based Symmetric Key-based Secure Channel Secure Channel Alice Bob • Sender (A) and receiver (B) share secret keys KABencrypt KABencrypt – One key for A è B confidentiality KABauth KABauth – One for A è B authentication/integrity Message MAC Compare? Message – Each message -
The Most Dangerous Code in the World: Validating SSL Certificates In
The Most Dangerous Code in the World: Validating SSL Certificates in Non-Browser Software Martin Georgiev Subodh Iyengar Suman Jana The University of Texas Stanford University The University of Texas at Austin at Austin Rishita Anubhai Dan Boneh Vitaly Shmatikov Stanford University Stanford University The University of Texas at Austin ABSTRACT cations. The main purpose of SSL is to provide end-to-end security SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) is the de facto standard for secure In- against an active, man-in-the-middle attacker. Even if the network ternet communications. Security of SSL connections against an is completely compromised—DNS is poisoned, access points and active network attacker depends on correctly validating public-key routers are controlled by the adversary, etc.—SSL is intended to certificates presented when the connection is established. guarantee confidentiality, authenticity, and integrity for communi- We demonstrate that SSL certificate validation is completely bro- cations between the client and the server. Authenticating the server is a critical part of SSL connection es- ken in many security-critical applications and libraries. Vulnerable 1 software includes Amazon’s EC2 Java library and all cloud clients tablishment. This authentication takes place during the SSL hand- based on it; Amazon’s and PayPal’s merchant SDKs responsible shake, when the server presents its public-key certificate. In order for transmitting payment details from e-commerce sites to payment for the SSL connection to be secure, the client must carefully verify gateways; integrated shopping carts such as osCommerce, ZenCart, that the certificate has been issued by a valid certificate authority, Ubercart, and PrestaShop; AdMob code used by mobile websites; has not expired (or been revoked), the name(s) listed in the certifi- Chase mobile banking and several other Android apps and libraries; cate match(es) the name of the domain that the client is connecting Java Web-services middleware—including Apache Axis, Axis 2, to, and perform several other checks [14, 15]. -
Practical Issues with TLS Client Certificate Authentication
Practical Issues with TLS Client Certificate Authentication Arnis Parsovs Software Technology and Applications Competence Center, Estonia University of Tartu, Estonia [email protected] Abstract—The most widely used secure Internet communication Active security research is being conducted to improve standard TLS (Transport Layer Security) has an optional client password security, educate users on how to resist phishing certificate authentication feature that in theory has significant attacks, and to fix CA trust issues [1], [2]. However, the attacks security advantages over HTML form-based password authenti- mentioned above can be prevented or their impact can be cation. In this paper we discuss practical security and usability greatly reduced by using TLS client certificate authentication issues related to TLS client certificate authentication stemming (CCA), since the TLS CCA on the TLS protocol level protects from the server-side and browser implementations. In particular, we analyze Apache’s mod_ssl implementation on the server the client’s account on a legitimate server from a MITM side and the most popular browsers – Mozilla Firefox, Google attacker even in the case of a very powerful attacker who has Chrome and Microsoft Internet Explorer on the client side. We obtained a valid certificate signed by a trusted CA and who complement our paper with a measurement study performed in thus is able to impersonate the legitimate server. We believe Estonia where TLS client certificate authentication is widely used. that TLS CCA has great potential for improving Internet We present our recommendations to improve the security and security, and therefore in this paper we discuss current issues usability of TLS client certificate authentication. -
A Security Framework for the Internet of Things in the Future Internet Architecture
Article A Security Framework for the Internet of Things in the Future Internet Architecture Xiruo Liu 1, Meiyuan Zhao 2, Sugang Li 3, Feixiong Zhang 3 and Wade Trappe 3,* 1 Intel Labs, Hillsboro, OR 97124, USA; [email protected] 2 Google, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA; [email protected] 3 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; [email protected] (S.L.); [email protected] (F.Z.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-848-932-0909 Academic Editors: Georgios Kambourakis and Constantinos Kolias Received: 5 June 2017; Accepted: 25 June 2017; Published: 28 June 2017 Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) is a recent trend that extends the boundary of the Internet to include a wide variety of computing devices. Connecting many stand-alone IoT systems through the Internet introduces many challenges, with security being front-and-center since much of the collected information will be exposed to a wide and often unknown audience. Unfortunately, due to the intrinsic capability limits of low-end IoT devices, which account for a majority of the IoT end hosts, many traditional security methods cannot be applied to secure IoT systems, which open a door for attacks and exploits directed both against IoT services and the broader Internet. This paper addresses this issue by introducing a unified IoT framework based on the MobilityFirst future Internet architecture that explicitly focuses on supporting security for the IoT. Our design integrates local IoT systems into the global Internet without losing usability, interoperability and security protection. Specifically, we introduced an IoT middleware layer that connects heterogeneous hardware in local IoT systems to the global MobilityFirst network. -
Bivio 6310-NC Common Criteria Administrative Guidance
Bivio 6310-NC Common Criteria Administrative Guidance Version 1.10 Nov 23, 2020 Bivio 6310-NC Common Criteria Administrative Guidance CONTENTS 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 5 2. Operational Environment – IT Requirements ....................................................................................... 6 3. Operational Environment – Procedural/Policy Requirements ............................................................. 7 4. Installation and Initial Configuration .................................................................................................... 7 Initial configuration ............................................................................................................................................... 8 Logging in and out of the system ........................................................................................................................ 10 Setting time ......................................................................................................................................................... 10 Enabling the NTP Client for Time Synchronization ............................................................................................. 11 Rebooting the system ......................................................................................................................................... 12 Power cycling the system ...................................................................................................................................