Practical Issues with TLS Client Certificate Authentication
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A Focus on S/MIME
The University of Saskatchewan Department of Computer Science Technical Report #2011-03 Cryptographic Security for Emails: A Focus on S/MIME Minhaz Fahim Zibran Department of Computer Science University of Saskatchewan Email: [email protected] Abstract In this paper I present a study on \S/MIME", which has become the industry standard for secure email exchange. Based on existing literature review, the study examines S/MIME in depth with specific emphasis on its architecture, strengths, and deficiencies. The study also identifies usability issues related to S/MIME enabled email clients, which indicate scopes for further improvements in those implementations. Obstacles in the adoption of S/MIME are also identified indicating what is required for its successful adoption in the community. In presenting the study, the paper contributes in two ways: (a) for any newcomer in the field of cryptography this paper will be a useful resource to quickly learn about S/MIME in a fair level of detail, (b) the indication about limitations of S/MIME and its implementations reveals an avenue for further research in the area of email security, which may result in improvement of S/MIME itself, or its implementations in the email clients. Keywords: Email Security, S/MIME, MIME, PGP, PKI, Certificate, Email Authentication, Email Encryption, Key Management 1 Introduction Email has been a very common medium of communication these days. It somewhat re- places the traditional surface mail and many of the traditional ways of communication [32]. Today people send and read emails from their personal computers, business workstation, PDAs and even cell phones. -
SHOW TEASE: It's Time for Security Now!. Steve Gibson Is Here. We're Going to Talk About the Strange Case of the Estonian ID Cards
Security Now! Transcript of Episode #642 Page 1 of 30 Transcript of Episode #642 BGP Description: This week we examine how Estonia handled the Infineon crypto bug; two additional consequences of the pressure to maliciously mine cryptocurrency; zero-day exploits in the popular vBulletin forum system; Mozilla in the doghouse over "Mr. Robot"; Win10's insecure password manager mistake; when legacy protocol come back to bite us; how to bulk-steal any Chrome user's entire stored password vault; and we finally know where and why the uber-potent Mirai botnet was created, and by whom. We also have a bit of errata and some fun miscellany. Then we're going to take a look at BGP, another creaky yet crucial - and vulnerable - protocol that glues the global Internet together. High quality (64 kbps) mp3 audio file URL: http://media.GRC.com/sn/SN-642.mp3 Quarter size (16 kbps) mp3 audio file URL: http://media.GRC.com/sn/sn-642-lq.mp3 SHOW TEASE: It's time for Security Now!. Steve Gibson is here. We're going to talk about the strange case of the Estonian ID cards. A weird bug or actually flaw introduced into Microsoft's Windows 10. We're still not sure exactly who got it and why. We'll also talk about the case of the Firefox plugin promoting "Mr. Robot," and a whole lot more, all coming up next on Security Now!. Leo Laporte: This is Security Now! with Steve Gibson, Episode 642, recorded Tuesday, December 19th, 2017: BGP. It's time for Security Now!, the show where we cover your security online with this guy right here, the Explainer in Chief, Steve Gibson. -
Installing Fake Root Keys in a PC
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Royal Holloway - Pure Installing Fake Root Keys in a PC Adil Alsaid and Chris J. Mitchell Information Security Group Royal Holloway, University of London Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX fA.Alsaid, [email protected] Abstract. If a malicious party can insert a self-issued CA public key into the list of root public keys stored in a PC, then this party could potentially do considerable harm to that PC. In this paper, we present a way to achieve such an attack for the Internet Explorer web browser root key store, which avoids attracting the user's attention. A realisation of this attack is also described. Finally, countermeasures that can be deployed to prevent such an attack are outlined. 1 Introduction As is widely known [10], most web browsers (e.g. Microsoft Internet Explorer or Netscape) have a repository of root public keys designed for use in verify- ing digitally signed public key certi¯cates. These public keys are bundled with distributions of the web browser, and are used to verify certi¯cates for applet providers [13]. Speci¯cally, web-sites may download applets to a user PC without the PC user knowing it. Depending on the security settings selected by the PC user, these applets may be executed with or without further checks. Typically, the browser will only execute the applet if the following conditions are satis¯ed. 1. The applet must be digitally signed, and the signature must verify correctly. 2. -
Quantitative Verification of Gossip Protocols for Certificate Transparency
QUANTITATIVE VERIFICATION OF GOSSIP PROTOCOLS FOR CERTIFICATE TRANSPARENCY by MICHAEL COLIN OXFORD A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of Computer Science College of Engineering and Physical Sciences University of Birmingham December 2020 2 Abstract Certificate transparency is a promising solution to publicly auditing Internet certificates. However, there is the potential of split-world attacks, where users are directed to fake versions of the log where they may accept fraudulent certificates. To ensure users are seeing the same version of a log, gossip protocols have been designed where users share and verify log-generated data. This thesis proposes a methodology of evaluating such protocols using probabilistic model checking, a collection of techniques for formally verifying properties of stochastic systems. It also describes the approach to modelling and verifying the protocols and analysing several aspects, including the success rate of detecting inconsistencies in gossip messages and its efficiency in terms of bandwidth. This thesis also compares different protocol variants and suggests ways to augment the protocol to improve performances, using model checking to verify the claims. To address uncertainty and unscalability issues within the models, this thesis shows how to transform models by allowing the probability of certain events to lie within a range of values, and abstract them to make the verification process more efficient. Lastly, by parameterising the models, this thesis shows how to search possible model configurations to find the worst-case behaviour for certain formal properties. 4 Acknowledgements To Auntie Mary and Nanny Lee. Writing this thesis could not have been accomplished after four tumultuous years alone. -
Silkperformer® 2010 R2 Release Notes Borland Software Corporation 4 Hutton Centre Dr., Suite 900 Santa Ana, CA 92707
SilkPerformer® 2010 R2 Release Notes Borland Software Corporation 4 Hutton Centre Dr., Suite 900 Santa Ana, CA 92707 Copyright 2009-2010 Micro Focus (IP) Limited. All Rights Reserved. SilkPerformer contains derivative works of Borland Software Corporation, Copyright 1992-2010 Borland Software Corporation (a Micro Focus company). MICRO FOCUS and the Micro Focus logo, among others, are trademarks or registered trademarks of Micro Focus (IP) Limited or its subsidiaries or affiliated companies in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. BORLAND, the Borland logo and SilkPerformer are trademarks or registered trademarks of Borland Software Corporation or its subsidiaries or affiliated companies in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. All other marks are the property of their respective owners. ii Contents SilkPerformer Release Notes ..............................................................................4 What's New in SilkPerformer 2010 R2 ...............................................................5 Browser-Driven Load Testing Enhancements .......................................................................5 Enhanced Support for Large-Scale Load Testing .................................................................6 Support for Testing BlazeDS Server Applications .................................................................7 Support for Custom Terminal Emulation Screen Sizes .........................................................7 Graceful Disconnect for Citrix Sessions ................................................................................7 -
Towards a Hybrid Public Key Infrastructure (PKI): a Review
Towards a Hybrid Public Key Infrastructure (PKI): A Review Priyadarshi Singh, Abdul Basit, N Chaitanya Kumar, and V. Ch. Venkaiah School of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500046, India Abstract. Traditional Certificate- based public key infrastructure (PKI) suffers from the problem of certificate overhead like its storage, verification, revocation etc. To overcome these problems, idea of certificate less identity-based public key cryptography (ID-PKC) was proposed by Shamir. This is suitable for closed trusted group only. Also, this concept has some inherent problems like key escrow problem, secure key channel problem, identity management overhead etc. Later on, there had been several works which tried to combine both the cryptographic techniques such that the resulting hybrid PKI framework is built upon the best features of both the cryptographic techniques. It had been shown that this approach solves many problems associated with an individual cryptosystem. In this paper, we have reviewed and compared such hybrid schemes which tried to combine both the certificate based PKC and ID-based PKC. Also, the summary of the comparison, based on various features, is presented in a table. Keywords: Certificate-based PKI; Identity-based public key cryptography (ID-PKC); Hybrid PKI 1 INTRODUCTION Public key infrastructure (PKI) and public key cryptography (PKC) [12] plays a vital role with four major components of digital security: authentication, integrity, confidentiality and non-repudiation. Infact, PKI enables the use of PKC through key management. The ”efficient and secure management of the key pairs during their whole life cycle" is the purpose of PKI, which involves key generation, key distribution, key renewal, key revocation etc [11]. -
Security Target Document
Security Target Document Passport Certificate Server Ver. 4.1.1 Prepared for: Common Criteria EAL2 (augmented) 30 April 2002 2225 Sheppard Ave, Suite 1700 Toronto, Ontario, Canada M2J 5C2 TEL: 416-756-2324 FAX: 416-756-7346 [email protected] www.dvnet.com Passport Certificate Server V.4.1.1 Security Target 30 April 2002 Common Criteria EAL 2 (augmented) Version 1.00 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Security Target Identification......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Security Target Overview............................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Common Criteria Conformance .....................................................................................................1 2 TOE Description..................................................................................................................................... 2 2.1 Product Deployment....................................................................................................................... 2 2.2 Product Functions........................................................................................................................... 2 2.3 Product Description ........................................................................................................................ 3 2.3.1 Platform -
Let's Encrypt: 30,229 Jan, 2018 | Let's Encrypt: 18,326 Jan, 2016 | Let's Encrypt: 330 Feb, 2017 | Let's Encrypt: 8,199
Let’s Encrypt: An Automated Certificate Authority to Encrypt the Entire Web Josh Aas∗ Richard Barnes∗ Benton Case Let’s Encrypt Cisco Stanford University Zakir Durumeric Peter Eckersley∗ Alan Flores-López Stanford University Electronic Frontier Foundation Stanford University J. Alex Halderman∗† Jacob Hoffman-Andrews∗ James Kasten∗ University of Michigan Electronic Frontier Foundation University of Michigan Eric Rescorla∗ Seth Schoen∗ Brad Warren∗ Mozilla Electronic Frontier Foundation Electronic Frontier Foundation ABSTRACT 1 INTRODUCTION Let’s Encrypt is a free, open, and automated HTTPS certificate au- HTTPS [78] is the cryptographic foundation of the Web, providing thority (CA) created to advance HTTPS adoption to the entire Web. an encrypted and authenticated form of HTTP over the TLS trans- Since its launch in late 2015, Let’s Encrypt has grown to become the port [79]. When HTTPS was introduced by Netscape twenty-five world’s largest HTTPS CA, accounting for more currently valid cer- years ago [51], the primary use cases were protecting financial tificates than all other browser-trusted CAs combined. By January transactions and login credentials, but users today face a growing 2019, it had issued over 538 million certificates for 223 million do- range of threats from hostile networks—including mass surveil- main names. We describe how we built Let’s Encrypt, including the lance and censorship by governments [99, 106], consumer profiling architecture of the CA software system (Boulder) and the structure and ad injection by ISPs [30, 95], and insertion of malicious code of the organization that operates it (ISRG), and we discuss lessons by network devices [68]—which make HTTPS important for prac- learned from the experience. -
Analysis of SSL Certificate Reissues and Revocations in the Wake
Analysis of SSL Certificate Reissues and Revocations in the Wake of Heartbleed Liang Zhang David Choffnes Dave Levin Tudor Dumitra¸s Northeastern University Northeastern University University of Maryland University of Maryland [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Alan Mislove Aaron Schulman Christo Wilson Northeastern University Stanford University Northeastern University [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT Categories and Subject Descriptors Central to the secure operation of a public key infrastruc- C.2.2 [Computer-Communication Networks]: Net- ture (PKI) is the ability to revoke certificates. While much work Protocols; C.2.3 [Computer-Communication Net- of users' security rests on this process taking place quickly, works]: Network Operations; E.3 [Data Encryption]: in practice, revocation typically requires a human to decide Public Key Cryptosystems, Standards to reissue a new certificate and revoke the old one. Thus, having a proper understanding of how often systems admin- istrators reissue and revoke certificates is crucial to under- Keywords standing the integrity of a PKI. Unfortunately, this is typi- Heartbleed; SSL; TLS; HTTPS; X.509; Certificates; Reissue; cally difficult to measure: while it is relatively easy to deter- Revocation; Extended validation mine when a certificate is revoked, it is difficult to determine whether and when an administrator should have revoked. In this paper, we use a recent widespread security vul- 1. INTRODUCTION nerability as a natural experiment. Publicly announced in Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Secu- April 2014, the Heartbleed OpenSSL bug, potentially (and rity (TLS)1 are the de-facto standards for securing Internet undetectably) revealed servers' private keys. -
Certificate Transparency: New Part of PKI Infrastructure
Certificate transparency: New part of PKI infrastructure A presentation by Dmitry Belyavsky, TCI ENOG 7 Moscow, May 26-27, 2014 About PKI *) *) PKI (public-key infrastructure) is a set of hardware, software, people, policies, and procedures needed to create, manage, distribute, use, store, and revoke digital certificates Check the server certificate The server certificate signed correctly by any of them? Many trusted CAs NO YES Everything seems to We warn the user be ok! DigiNotar case OCSP requests for the fake *.google.com certificate Source: FOX-IT, Interim Report, http://cryptome.org/0005/diginotar-insec.pdf PKI: extra trust Independent Trusted PKI source certificate DANE (RFC 6698) Certificate pinning Limited browsers support Mozilla Certificate Patrol, Chrome cache for Google certificates Certificate transparency (RFC 6962) Inspired by Google (Support in Chrome appeared) One of the authors - Ben Laurie (OpenSSL Founder) CA support – Comodo Certificate Transparency: how it works • Log accepts cert => SCT Client • Is SCT present and signed correctly? Client • Is SCT present and signed correctly? Auditor • Does log server behave correctly? Monitor • Any suspicious certs? Certificate Transparency: how it works Source: http://www.certificate-transparency.org Certificate Transparency how it works Source: http://www.certificate-transparency.org Certificate Transparency current state Google Chrome Support (33+) http://www.certificate-transparency.org/certificate-transparency-in-chrome Google Cert EV plan http://www.certificate-transparency.org/ev-ct-plan Certificate Transparency current state Open source code 2 pilot logs Certificate Transparency: protect from what? SAVE from MITM attack ü Warning from browser ü Site owner can watch logs for certs Do NOT SAVE from HEARTBLEED! Certificate transparency and Russian GOST crypto Russian GOST does not save from the MITM attack Algorithm SHA-256 >>> GOSTR34.11-2012 Key >>> GOST R 34.10-2012 Q&A Questions? Drop ‘em at: [email protected] . -
An Empirical Analysis of Email Delivery Security
Neither Snow Nor Rain Nor MITM . An Empirical Analysis of Email Delivery Security Zakir Durumeric† David Adrian† Ariana Mirian† James Kasten† Elie Bursztein‡ Nicolas Lidzborski‡ Kurt Thomas‡ Vijay Eranti‡ Michael Bailey§ J. Alex Halderman† † University of Michigan ‡ Google, Inc. § University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign {zakir, davadria, amirian, jdkasten, jhalderm}@umich.edu {elieb, nlidz, kurtthomas, vijaye}@google.com [email protected] ABSTRACT tolerate unprotected communication at the expense of user security. The SMTP protocol is responsible for carrying some of users’ most Equally problematic, users face a medium that fails to alert clients intimate communication, but like other Internet protocols, authen- when messages traverse an insecure path and that lacks a mechanism tication and confidentiality were added only as an afterthought. In to enforce strict transport security. this work, we present the first report on global adoption rates of In this work, we measure the global adoption of SMTP security SMTP security extensions, including: STARTTLS, SPF, DKIM, and extensions and the resulting impact on end users. Our study draws DMARC. We present data from two perspectives: SMTP server from two unique perspectives: longitudinal SMTP connection logs configurations for the Alexa Top Million domains, and over a year spanning from January 2014 to April 2015 for Gmail, one of the of SMTP connections to and from Gmail. We find that the top mail world’s largest mail providers; and a snapshot of SMTP server providers (e.g., Gmail, Yahoo, -
A Practical Evaluation of a High-Security Energy-Efficient
sensors Article A Practical Evaluation of a High-Security Energy-Efficient Gateway for IoT Fog Computing Applications Manuel Suárez-Albela * , Tiago M. Fernández-Caramés , Paula Fraga-Lamas and Luis Castedo Department Computer Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; [email protected] (T.M.F.-C.); [email protected] (P.F.-L.); [email protected] (L.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-981-167-000 (ext. 6051) Received: 28 July 2017; Accepted: 19 August 2017; Published: 29 August 2017 Abstract: Fog computing extends cloud computing to the edge of a network enabling new Internet of Things (IoT) applications and services, which may involve critical data that require privacy and security. In an IoT fog computing system, three elements can be distinguished: IoT nodes that collect data, the cloud, and interconnected IoT gateways that exchange messages with the IoT nodes and with the cloud. This article focuses on securing IoT gateways, which are assumed to be constrained in terms of computational resources, but that are able to offload some processing from the cloud and to reduce the latency in the responses to the IoT nodes. However, it is usually taken for granted that IoT gateways have direct access to the electrical grid, which is not always the case: in mission-critical applications like natural disaster relief or environmental monitoring, it is common to deploy IoT nodes and gateways in large areas where electricity comes from solar or wind energy that charge the batteries that power every device. In this article, how to secure IoT gateway communications while minimizing power consumption is analyzed.