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Professor Bemard S. Bachrach Bernard S Professor Bemard S. Bachrach Bernard S. Bachrach Arlnies and Politics in the Early Medieval West VARIORUM WAS THE MARCHFIELD PART OF THE FRANKISH CONSTITUTION? OR many medievalists it is alrnost axiomatic that the Franks of the F Merovingian era were a nation of infantrymen who, disdaining Iior- semanship, could begin campaigns early in the spring before there was sufficient grass for fodder. It is also traditionally held that the armies of Clovis and his descendants gathered on the first day of March each year at a Camp Mar&iw or Marchfield for the purpose of beginning the regular season of military campaigning. Further, scholars have main- tained that King Peppin I moved the muster from March to May so that the newly-created Carolingian cavalry would have enough fodder for its horses.' The traditional picture of the Merovingian army as a horde ,of half-naked axe-throwing infantrymen has recently been shown to be a myth which has flourished because scholars have ignored most of die available evidence and put excessive faith in the remarks of two Byzan- tine writers who were poorly informed.' Freed from previous views of 1 Heinrich Brunner. 'Dcr Rcitcrdicnst und die Anfingt des Lchnwcsens," ZriLrdn/L dn Savigqp-Stifiuna fir Rrc~whuh~.Gmniiiiuhc AbLluilmg. 8 (1887), 1-38; Cliristian Pfister, 'Gaul undcr thc Mcroviwian Franks: lnsti~urions,"Combndgr Mcdur*11 Ilirfoty,p (Camb"dgc.igrg). 135; C. L. Burr. 'The Carlovingian Rcvdution. and Frantish lntcrvcntion in luly:' C,IflI, X. 581; arid Ccrhard Sccligcr. 'tcgidatim and Administration ofCharles thc Crcat," CMIi. X, 669. For nurc rcccnt works, sce R. H. C. Davis. A H- ofMrdirvo1 Europr (London. 1957). PP. 115,141; Lym T. Whitc. Jr.. Mrdirwl Tab- adW1 Changr (Oxford. 196a). pp. 3-4. 136137; F. L. Cansw, Fmnhid IInJilutwnr wdrr Charhgne (Providcncc.R. 1.. 1968).pp. 6s. 155; Petcr hfuru, Lifi in Ilu~gc of Cluirlnmgru (London, 1969). pp. 69-70; Erich Zöllncr. G&& dn Frankn (Munich, 1970),P. 49; and A. V. B. Nornnn. TkMafhlSoLivr(Ncw York. 197i).pp. 81, sg.This list is in no KM mcant ro bc cxhustivc anti caild be trcblcd in si~cwilh Iittlc fit.For an casily availablc prcscnution 'dihe traditiaul vim of the Mcmvingian miliury. sec John &clcr. li'afarc in FdlEi<ropl. 7p ttoo (Ithaa, N. Y.. 1971). W.7iT. r üemard S. Badirich. 'Praopiw. Aga*. ud the FdshMilitary." Spmrlurn, 45 (1970). 435-ui; Bemard S. Bachrach. Mmwi@n MU9Orgonllnlmn. (81-7)i (Mi~capoiis.197~). arid üddA. Bullough, 'Europe Pater: ChrLmogru and fiu Ach- in Ilu tigk of~mnl&ur. M:' &W.75 (1970). $490. WAS THE MARCHFIELD PART OF TH6 FRANKISH CONSTlTUTlON ? 179 the Merovingian military which have had the effect of buttressing faith in the Campur rlfartiw, we can now give serious attention to the evidence for the existence of this institution itself.' Over the years a few scholars have reexarnined unconvinced that the Franks ever had a tribal custom which called for a muster on the first day of March of each year for the purpose of beginning the cam- paigning season. In fact, doubt about the very existence of this custom goes all the way back to the ninth century and focuses upun the dif- ference between a Campur hfartiu, a Marchfield, and Camw Martb, a mustering field narned for Mars, the god of war, a gathering which might be held at any time during the year! In the present study all of the evidence has been brought together for the first time in an effort to ascertain if there is sufficient basis to substantiate the traditional in- terpretation of the Campw r\fartiw. The famous story, or perhaps more accurately legend, of the Vase in- cident at Soissons provides die earliest evidence for a Cnrnpw hfarfit~r. Gregory of Tours, the first writer to record the Vase incident, tells us that Clovis ordered liis followers to come to a Cnrnjriy Afartiiu for the in- spection of their arrns. At this gathering Clovis supposedly split open the head of a warrior who a year earlier at Soissons had defied him by sniashing an important Vase which had been taken as booty.' - The rneaning of Cnrnpur Afnrtiirr in Gregory's text, however, is far fi.oni 3 Additional wpport hsbccn givm to belief in the Gmpw Marliu by thc rolc ascribcd to it as cvidcnce Tor rhe clssic ihcory of feudal bcginnings. Thir thcory formulrtcd by Brunncr (&r.cif.) and populanzcd with a new iwisi by \Vhiic (Lw.of.1 has bccn shown to be untcnablc in rccint studies. Sec. for cxarnplc. Bullough. 'Eumpac Pater." 8~90,and Bcrnard S. Bachrach, 'Charla Martcl. Mountcd Shock Conibat. thc Stimp. and Fcudalism." SIudia in Mrdwal und Rtruiiuancc H*, 7 (1970). 49-75. 4 Thc hsic critiquc oT i!x tnditionrl vicw is still hat of L. Lwilldin, 'Carnpus Martius," Biblidh+c dr I'&& &I Charia, 107 ( 1947/48). 68-69. Scc Bullough, 'Turopac Patcr." p. 86. arid Thr Agr D[ Chahmp (London. 1965). p. 36; Lwis Halphen. Charkmap ri I'rrnliirr rnr,din&i (Paris, 1947). P. 861;J. hl. Waliacc-Hadrill. Thr Borbamn \Vc>t (3rd cd.; Londoii. 1967). p. 75,ii. I. a.wrts: 7hc&m/ruc hfarfiuc is dim wroii~lytnnriatcd as thc hlarrhfirld; but in bct ii was the Ficld oT Man. thc Wariicld. adwar not Icu W whcn. as Iatrr happciwd, the asrrmbly mtin May"; and Hiimr. I'& Rtmigri. ch. II (cd. B. Kntsch: MGH. Sn. rrr. 6lmu.. 111 [Haniiovcr. i8g6D. xgx-$93. It huld be poinicd out ihii Gcmn scholars havc tcndcd to ignorc LcvillainL work I=, tor cxampic. hherb by Bullough, 'Europae Patcr." p. 69) and Whitc, hftdir~olTrchndo~, P. 137. ara it in such a way u to irnply htLcvilhin wpporu thc traditional intcrprcution of the Gmpy kiioriulr. 5' Cregory ofToun. t/i>loriorumIibri, 11.17 (cd. B. Kmxh and W. kison: MGII, Scr. rn. Mmu..I. I land cd; Hannover. ig~pig5iD:'Trarucio vero anno. iwit. omncm cum ;mmm appanni advcnirc fakn(runmtcnrunm in ampo hfarcio hoium ammm nitorcm." On hc lcgciiclry ruturc of <bis incidcnt. ue Louis Halphcn. 'Grrgarc & Toun. historicn de Clovis," ,Hrlon((r~ d'hitbirr du Ogr oJnir 6 hI. FndLund Ld (Pans. 1935). r4ot4 I. On Ihe chronolog)l. sec &mrd S. bcbch. 'Praopius and ihc Chrondogy of ClovÜs Rcign." L'uior, I (1970)~XI-31. clear. Sorne scholars conclude that this was a Marchficld, die traditional Frankish muster which began each year's campaigning on the first day of March. Others have suggested that the city of Soissons rnay have had a Cn~r~/,urbfnrtiur or miliwi-y parade grourid such as the Cnmn/)ur Martiur at Rome or the one at Besanqon. If the episode in which Clovis is said to have killed the recalcitrant warrior took place at a city other than Soissons, which may perhaps be suggested by Gregory's quotation of Clovis's alleged remark to the victim, "'Sic', inquid, 'tu Sexoiias in urceo illo fecisti'", then the story may refer to a parade ground at some other Gallo-Roman civifus. Clovis therefore may merely have gathered his foliowers in the sanie kind of place where it had becn common f'or ttie Romans before him to have gathered for arms inspection. There is also the possibility that Gregory was referring to a muster or Carnj)~Mnrfir, which might have been held at any time of the year and in ariy placc, simply a gathering of' troops for military purposes, a war fieldl The Vase story recounted by Gregory not only provides the earliest merition of the Carnpzu hfarfiur, but it is the only mcntion of it in the cor- piis of sources for the entire 270 year history of Meiovirigiari Gaul.' Particularly illuminating is the failure of the law codes of both the Salian and the Ripuarian Franks to mention the Canipiu Martiw; these compilations were redrawn from time to time at the direction of various Merovingian and Carolingian monarchs. Not even in the frequent glosses made on these texts by early medieval observers does one find a mention of the Campw hfartiur! The datable offensive military campaigns of the Merovingian kings 6 Lcvillain. 'Caml>us Mariius." pp. 61-63. 7 Alitiou~liittc Gitnpiri blarin~~docr not appcar iii hc hlcr&iigiati soiirccs, wrne cvcnis ol' im- Ix>rtanrc arc notcd as acurring WI ihc ralnds oT March. Thus. King Childeberi I1 hrld a council wiili Iii5 rnap;naicr on sg Fcbruary 596.This was not. however. a nlustcr of iroops Tor <arnpaigniiig. In I'act. Ctiildcbcri dicd bcrorc it~ycai- was our. mrcnFrdrguiid and King Cliloihar 11 wcnc ro war aTicr C)iildcbw<'s death. ihis ampaipp surcly did not originaic ori ihc iini of Maicti 596. Fm Childckrt's council. sec Childrbrrfi .Qrundi &nrrw.ch. Iaid ihr Liuai clausr (rd. A. Rorriius. hfCIf, GI/,ilttlaM Rrprn Franconun. I [Hannover. 188gD. For Childcbcrt's dcaih iri 596 and Frrdwnd's inilimry campaign shorrly ihcrcaTrcr in ihc same yar. xc Tk Fourlh 8uoh of lhr Chmnirlt of Frrdrgar wfh /LI Ctmfinuaiion~.cd. aid rrans. J. M. Wallacc-l+adrill (London. 1960). hcrrinaftcr ciiecl as Frrd. I'or Frcdcgar and Frcd. Conr. Tor ihc rooiinuaion: Frcd.. chs. 16. 17. It was custmry in ihe mmi Ronunized paru of Gaul, wherc imperial iraditions pcniSicd, lo nukc public ihc ux aueumcnu Tor ihr yur on the alcnds of March. Scc, Tor cxampIc, Crcgory, Ifd.. V, 4, $8, and che vcamnt by F. Lot. L'ImpOlhnrimrl & capilalion pmonrvllrm Ir Bor-Empkt rt i 1'i)opjranquf (Paris, rgsS), p. 85- Cr. C. Wain. DrUck Vnfauunkgr~hi&, r (3rd ed.; 188s).
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