Visual Perception Glossary
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Optical Illusions “What You See Is Not What You Get”
Optical Illusions “What you see is not what you get” The purpose of this lesson is to introduce students to basic principles of visual processing. Much of the lesson revolves around the use of visual illusions and interactive demonstrations with the students. The overarching theme of this lesson is that perception and sensation are not necessarily the same, and that optical illusions are a way for us to study the way that our visual system works. Furthermore, there are cells in the visual system that specifically respond to particular aspects of visual stimuli, and these cells can become fatigued. Grade Level: 3-12 Presentation time: 15-30 minutes, depending on which activities are chosen Lesson plan organization: Each lesson plan is divided into three sections: Introducing the lesson, Conducting the lesson, and Concluding the lesson. Each lesson has specific principles with associated figures, class discussion (D), and learning activities (A). This lesson plan is provided by the Neurobiology and Behavior Community Outreach Team at the University of Washington: http://students.washington.edu/watari/neuroscience/k12/LessonPlans.html 1 Materials: Computer to display some optical illusions (optional) Checkerboard illusion: Provided on page 8 or available online with explanation at http://web.mit.edu/persci/people/adelson/checkershadow_illusion.html Lilac chaser movie: http://www.scientificpsychic.com/graphics/ as an animated gif or http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/col_lilacChaser/index.html as Adobe Flash and including scientific explanation -
Extending Psychophysics Methods to Evaluating Potential Social Anxiety
logy ho & P yc s s y Gabay, J Psychol Psychother 2014, 5:1 c P f h o o t DOI: 10.4172/2161-0487.1000167 l h a e n r r a u p o y J Journal of Psychology & Psychotherapy ISSN: 2161-0487 Research Article Article OpenOpen Access Access Extending Psychophysics Methods to Evaluating Potential Social Anxiety Factors in Face of Terrorism Gillie Gabay* College of Management Academic Studies, Rishon Letzion, Israel Abstract Objective: There is an urgent need to develop tools to effectively measure the impact of psychological responses consequent a terror attack or threat. There is also a need to understand the impact both the personal preparedness of each citizen, and acts of counter terrorism by governments. This paper addresses the question ‘how to create a database of the citizen’s mind about anxiety-provoking situations in the face of terrorism’. Approach: The approach is grounded in a combination of experimental design, psychophysics, as a branch of psychology and consumer research. The theoretical foundation is illustrated using a set of fifteen empirical studies using conjoint analysis, which help uncover how people respond to anxiety-provoking situations. The approach identifies the mindset towards terrorism at the level of the individual respondent. This study identifies critical drivers of anxiety; the specific terrorist act; the location of the act; the feelings and the proposed remedies to reduce anxiety. Results: By exploring responses embedded in a general study of ‘dealing with anxiety provoking situations’, the study uncovers the ‘algebra of the individual respondent’s mind; how important the basic fear of terrorism actually is, how important it is to specify the type of terrorism (bombing versus contamination of the food supply), and how fears of terrorism are structured. -
The Effects of Cognition on Pain Perception (Prepared for Anonymous Review.)
I think it’s going to hurt: the effects of cognition on pain perception (Prepared for anonymous review.) Abstract. The aim of this paper is to investigate whether, or to what extent, cognitive states (such as beliefs or intentions) influence pain perception. We begin with an examination of the notion of cognitive penetration, followed by a detailed description of the neurophysiological underpinnings of pain perception. We then argue that some studies on placebo effects suggest that there are cases in which our beliefs can penetrate our experience of pain. Keywords: pain, music therapy, gate-control theory, cognitive penetration, top-down modularity, perceptual learning, placebo effect 1. Introduction Consider the experience of eating wasabi. When you put wasabi on your food because you believe that spicy foods are tasty, the stimulation of pain receptors in your mouth can result in a pleasant experience. In this case, your belief seems to influence your perceptual experience. However, when you put wasabi on your food because you incorrectly believe that the green paste is mint, the stimulation of pain receptors in your mouth can result in a painful experience rather than a pleasant one. In this case, your belief that the green paste is mint does not seem to influence your perceptual experience. The aim of this paper is to investigate whether, or to what extent, cognitive states (such as beliefs) influence pain perception. We begin with an examination of the notion of cognitive penetration and its theoretical implications using studies in visual perception. We then turn our attention to the perception of pain by considering its neurophysiological underpinnings. -
Visual Perception in Migraine: a Narrative Review
vision Review Visual Perception in Migraine: A Narrative Review Nouchine Hadjikhani 1,2,* and Maurice Vincent 3 1 Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA 2 Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41119 Gothenburg, Sweden 3 Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-617-724-5625 Abstract: Migraine, the most frequent neurological ailment, affects visual processing during and between attacks. Most visual disturbances associated with migraine can be explained by increased neural hyperexcitability, as suggested by clinical, physiological and neuroimaging evidence. Here, we review how simple (e.g., patterns, color) visual functions can be affected in patients with migraine, describe the different complex manifestations of the so-called Alice in Wonderland Syndrome, and discuss how visual stimuli can trigger migraine attacks. We also reinforce the importance of a thorough, proactive examination of visual function in people with migraine. Keywords: migraine aura; vision; Alice in Wonderland Syndrome 1. Introduction Vision consumes a substantial portion of brain processing in humans. Migraine, the most frequent neurological ailment, affects vision more than any other cerebral function, both during and between attacks. Visual experiences in patients with migraine vary vastly in nature, extent and intensity, suggesting that migraine affects the central nervous system (CNS) anatomically and functionally in many different ways, thereby disrupting Citation: Hadjikhani, N.; Vincent, M. several components of visual processing. Migraine visual symptoms are simple (positive or Visual Perception in Migraine: A Narrative Review. Vision 2021, 5, 20. negative), or complex, which involve larger and more elaborate vision disturbances, such https://doi.org/10.3390/vision5020020 as the perception of fortification spectra and other illusions [1]. -
Embodied Visual Recognition: Learning to Move for Amodal Perception
Embodied Visual Recognition Jianwei Yang1‹, Zhile Ren1‹, Mingze Xu2, Xinlei Chen3, David Crandall2, Devi Parikh1;3 Dhruv Batra1;3 1Georgia Institute of Technology, 2Indiana University, 3Facebook AI Research. https://www.cc.gatech.edu/˜jyang375/evr.html Abstract Passive visual systems typically fail to recognize objects in the amodal setting where they are heavily occluded. In contrast, humans and other embodied agents have the abil- ity to move in the environment, and actively control the viewing angle to better understand object shapes and se- mantics. In this work, we introduce the task of Embodied Visual Recognition (EVR): An agent is instantiated in a 3D Figure 1: The task of Embodied Visual Recognition: An environment close to an occluded target object, and is free agent is spawned close to an occluded target object in a 3D to move in the environment to perform object classification, environment, and asked for visual recognition, i.e., predict- amodal object localization, and amodal object segmenta- ing class label, amodal bounding box and amodal mask of tion. To address this, we develop a new model called Em- the target object. The agent is free to move around to aggre- bodied Mask R-CNN, for agents to learn to move strate- gate information for better visual recognition. gically to improve their visual recognition abilities. We conduct experiments using the House3D environment. Ex- perimental results show that: 1) agents with embodiment Recently, the dominant paradigm for object recognition (movement) achieve better visual recognition performance and amodal perception has been based on single image. than passive ones; 2) in order to improve visual recognition Though leveraging the advances of deep learning, visual abilities, agents can learn strategical moving paths that are systems still fail to recognize object and its shape from sin- different from shortest paths. -
Visual Perceptual Skills
Super Duper® Handy Handouts!® Number 168 Guidelines for Identifying Visual Perceptual Problems in School-Age Children by Ann Stensaas, M.S., OTR/L We use our sense of sight to help us function in the world around us. It helps us figure out if something is near or far away, safe or threatening. Eyesight, also know as visual perception, refers to our ability to accurately identify and locate objects in our environment. Visual perception is an important component of vision that contributes to the way we see and interpret the world. What Is Visual Perception? Visual perception is our ability to process and organize visual information from the environment. This requires the integration of all of the body’s sensory experiences including sight, sound, touch, smell, balance, and movement. Most children are able to integrate these senses by the time they start school. This is important because approximately 75% of all classroom learning is visual. A child with even mild visual-perceptual difficulties will struggle with learning in the classroom and often in other areas of life. How Are Visual Perceptual Problems Diagnosed? A child with visual perceptual problems may be diagnosed with a visual processing disorder. He/she may be able to easily read an eye chart (acuity) but have difficulty organizing and making sense of visual information. In fact, many children with visual processing disorders have good acuity (i.e., 20/20 vision). A child with a visual-processing disorder may demonstrate difficulty discriminating between certain letters or numbers, putting together age-appropriate puzzles, or finding matching socks in a drawer. -
AN OT's Toolbox : Making the Most out of Visual Processing and Motor Processing Skills
AN OT’s Toolbox : Making the Most out of Visual Processing and Motor Processing Skills Presented by Beth Kelley, OTR/L, MIMC FOTA 2012 By Definition Visual Processing Motor Processing is is the sequence of steps synonymous with Motor that information takes as Skills Disorder which is it flows from visual any disorder characterized sensors to cognitive by inadequate development processing.1 of motor coordination severe enough to restrict locomotion or the ability to perform tasks, schoolwork, or other activities.2 1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_ processing 2. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Motor+skills+disorder Visual Processing What is Visual Processing? What are systems involved with Visual Processing? Is Visual Processing the same thing as vision? Review general anatomy of the eye. Review general functions of the eye. -Visual perception and the OT’s role. -Visual-Motor skills and why they are needed in OT treatment. What is Visual Processing “Visual processing is the sequence of steps that information takes as it flows from visual sensors to cognitive processing1” 1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Processing What are the systems involved with Visual Processing? 12 Basic Processes are as follows: 1. Vision 2. Visual Motor Processing 3. Visual Discrimination 4. Visual Memory 5. Visual Sequential Memory 6. Visual Spatial Processing 7. Visual Figure Ground 8. Visual Form Constancy 9. Visual Closure 10. Binocularity 11.Visual Accommodation 12.Visual Saccades 12 Basic Processes are: 1. Vision The faculty or state of being able to see. The act or power of sensing with the eyes; sight. The Anatomy of Vision 6 stages in Development of the Vision system Birth to 4 months 4-6 months 6-8 months 8-12 months 1-2 years 2-3 years At birth babies can see patterns of light and dark. -
Autolay: Benchmarking Amodal Layout Estimation for Autonomous Driving
2020 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) October 25-29, 2020, Las Vegas, NV, USA (Virtual) AutoLay: Benchmarking amodal layout estimation for autonomous driving Kaustubh Mani∗1,2, N. Sai Shankar∗1, Krishna Murthy Jatavallabhula3,4, and K. Madhava Krishna1,2 1Robotics Research Center, KCIS, 2IIIT Hyderabad, 3Mila - Quebec AI Institute, Montreal, 4Université de Montréal Fig. 1: Amodal layout estimation is the task of estimating a semantic occupancy map in bird’s eye view, given a monocular image or video. The term amodal implies that we estimate occupancy and semantic labels even for parts of the world that are occluded in image space. In this work, we introduce AutoLay, a new dataset and benchmark for this task. AutoLay provides annotations in 3D, in bird’s eye view, and in image space. A sample annotated sequence (from the KITTI dataset [1]) is shown below. We provide high quality labels for sidewalks, vehicles, crosswalks, and lanes. We evaluate several approaches on sequences from the KITTI [1] and Argoverse [2] datasets. Abstract— Given an image or a video captured from a in [3]). Amodal perception, as studied by cognitive scientists, monocular camera, amodal layout estimation is the task of refers to the phenomenon of “imagining" or “hallucinating" predicting semantics and occupancy in bird’s eye view. The parts of the scene that do not result in sensory stimulation. In term amodal implies we also reason about entities in the scene that are occluded or truncated in image space. While the context of urban driving, we formulate the amodal layout several recent efforts have tackled this problem, there is a estimation task as predicting a bird’s eye view semantic map lack of standardization in task specification, datasets, and from monocular images that explicitly reasons about entities evaluation protocols. -
The Use of Experiential Acceptance in Psychotherapy with Emerging Adults
Pepperdine University Pepperdine Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations 2015 The use of experiential acceptance in psychotherapy with emerging adults Lauren Ford Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/etd Recommended Citation Ford, Lauren, "The use of experiential acceptance in psychotherapy with emerging adults" (2015). Theses and Dissertations. 650. https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/etd/650 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Pepperdine Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Pepperdine Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. Pepperdine University Graduate School of Education and Psychology THE USE OF EXPERIENTIAL ACCEPTANCE IN PSYCHOTHERAPY WITH EMERGING ADULTS A clinical dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Psychology in Clinical Psychology by Lauren Ford, MMFT October, 2015 Susan Hall, J.D., Ph.D. – Dissertation Chairperson This clinical dissertation, written by: Lauren Ford, MMFT under the guidance of a Faculty Committee and approved by its members, has been submitted to and accepted by the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment on the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PSYCHOLOGY Doctoral Committee: Susan Hall, J.D., Ph.D., Chairperson Judy Ho, Ph.D. Joan Rosenberg, Ph.D. © Copyright by Lauren Ford (2015) All Rights Reserved -
Psychophysics Postdoctoralassociate Dicarlo Lab Just a Reminder of How You Might Start Thinking About Systems Neuroscience
Tutorial Kohitij Kar Psychophysics PostdoctoralAssociate DiCarlo Lab Just a reminder of how you might start thinking about systems neuroscience Psychophysics Quantitative study of the relationship between physical stimuli and perception Encoding Decoding Sensory Stimulus Perception models models (e.g. Image: glass of water) Was there water in the glass? Psychophysics Three methods of measuring perception Two alternative forced choice experiments and Signal Detection Theory Brief intro to Amazon Mechanical Turk Psychophysics Three methods of measuring perception Two alternative forced choice experiments and Signal Detection Theory Brief intro to Amazon Mechanical Turk Psychophysics LiveSlide Site https://isle.hanover.edu/Ch02Methods/Ch02MagnitudeEstimationLineLength_evt.html LiveSlide Site https://isle.hanover.edu/Ch02Methods/Ch02MagnitudeEstimation_evt.html Magnitude estimation Steven’s power law b Stevens (1957, 1961) developed an equation to try to encapsulate this full range of possible data sets. It is called Stevens’ Power Law P = c * Ib LiveSlide Site https://isle.hanover.edu/Ch02Methods/Ch02PowerLaw_evt.html Matching LiveSlide Site https://graphics.stanford.edu/courses/cs178/applets/colormatching.html Matching Detection/ Discrimination The method of adjustment LiveSlide Site https://isle.hanover.edu/Ch02Methods/Ch02MethodOfAdjustment_evt.html The method of adjustment Terrible Method Why? ☒introspectionist/subjective. ☒subjects can be inexperienced Yes/no method of constant stimuli LiveSlide Site https://isle.hanover.edu/Ch02Methods/Ch02MethodOfConstantStimuli_evt.html -
Susceptibility to Size Visual Illusions in a Non-Primate Mammal (Equus Caballus)
animals Brief Report Susceptibility to Size Visual Illusions in a Non-Primate Mammal (Equus caballus) Anansi Cappellato 1, Maria Elena Miletto Petrazzini 2, Angelo Bisazza 1,3, Marco Dadda 1 and Christian Agrillo 1,3,* 1 Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; [email protected] (A.C.); [email protected] (A.B.); [email protected] (M.D.) 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Bassi 58, 35131 Padova, Italy; [email protected] 3 Padua Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Via Orus 2, 35131 Padova, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 30 July 2020; Accepted: 13 September 2020; Published: 17 September 2020 Simple Summary: Visual illusions are commonly used by researchers as non-invasive tools to investigate the perceptual mechanisms underlying vision among animals. The assumption is that, if a species perceives the illusion like humans do, they probably share the same perceptual mechanisms. Here, we investigated whether horses are susceptible to the Muller-Lyer illusion, a size illusion in which two same-sized lines appear to be different in length because of the spatial arrangements of arrowheads presented at the two ends of the lines. Horses showed a human-like perception of this illusion, meaning that they may display similar perceptual mechanisms underlying the size estimation of objects. Abstract: The perception of different size illusions is believed to be determined by size-scaling mechanisms that lead individuals to extrapolate inappropriate 3D information from 2D stimuli. The Muller-Lyer illusion represents one of the most investigated size illusions. Studies on non-human primates showed a human-like perception of this illusory pattern. -
Psychophysical Methods Z
Course C - Week 5 PSYCHOPHYSICAL METHODS Z. SHI 1 Let’s do a detection task Please identify if the following display contain a letter T. If Yes, please raise your hand! T among Ls 2 1 LX LX LX T X LX + LX 3 LX LX LX 2 LX LX LX X L L X + LX 4 LX LX LX 3 LX LX LX X L L X + LX 5 LX LX LX 4 LX LX TX L X L X + LX 6 LX LX LX 5 LX LX LX X L LX + LX 7 LX TX LX 6 LX LX LX X L L X + LX 8 LX LX LX Results Trial No Yes No 1 (Present) 1 15 2 (Absent) 0 16 3 (Absent) 0 16 4 (Present) 14 2 5 (Present) 16 0 6 (Absent) 0 16 Conditions Presentation time P(‘Yes’) (sec) 1 0.2 1/16 2 0.4 14/16 3 0.6 16/16 9 Stimuli and sensation • Non-linear relation between physics and psychology Undetectable region Saturated region Sensation – psychology Stimulus intensity – physical property • Senses have an operating range 10 Point of subjective equality (PSE) • Is the stimulus vertical? 100% 50% Point of Subjective Equality - PSE % Vertical response 0% 11 Just noticeable difference (JND) • Difference in stimulation that will be noticed in 50% 75% = Upper threshold 25% = Lower threshold % Vertical response – = Uncertainty interval = JND 2 12 JND and sensitivity • Which psychometric function, full or dashed line, exhibits a greater sensitivity? • Dashed - the smaller the JND the greater (steeper) the slope, and greater the sensitivity is 13 Psychometric function • Absolute thresholds (Absolute limen) the level of stimulus intensity at which the subject is able to detect the stimulus.