AN OT's Toolbox : Making the Most out of Visual Processing and Motor Processing Skills
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The Effects of Cognition on Pain Perception (Prepared for Anonymous Review.)
I think it’s going to hurt: the effects of cognition on pain perception (Prepared for anonymous review.) Abstract. The aim of this paper is to investigate whether, or to what extent, cognitive states (such as beliefs or intentions) influence pain perception. We begin with an examination of the notion of cognitive penetration, followed by a detailed description of the neurophysiological underpinnings of pain perception. We then argue that some studies on placebo effects suggest that there are cases in which our beliefs can penetrate our experience of pain. Keywords: pain, music therapy, gate-control theory, cognitive penetration, top-down modularity, perceptual learning, placebo effect 1. Introduction Consider the experience of eating wasabi. When you put wasabi on your food because you believe that spicy foods are tasty, the stimulation of pain receptors in your mouth can result in a pleasant experience. In this case, your belief seems to influence your perceptual experience. However, when you put wasabi on your food because you incorrectly believe that the green paste is mint, the stimulation of pain receptors in your mouth can result in a painful experience rather than a pleasant one. In this case, your belief that the green paste is mint does not seem to influence your perceptual experience. The aim of this paper is to investigate whether, or to what extent, cognitive states (such as beliefs) influence pain perception. We begin with an examination of the notion of cognitive penetration and its theoretical implications using studies in visual perception. We then turn our attention to the perception of pain by considering its neurophysiological underpinnings. -
SENSORY MOTOR COORDINATION in ROBONAUT Richard Alan Peters
SENSORY MOTOR COORDINATION IN ROBONAUT 5 Richard Alan Peters 11 Vanderbilt University School of Engineering JSC Mail Code: ER4 30 October 2000 Robert 0. Ambrose Robotic Systems Technology Branch Automation, Robotics, & Simulation Division Engineering Directorate Richard Alan Peters II Robert 0. Ambrose SENSORY MOTOR COORDINATION IN ROBONAUT Final Report NASNASEE Summer Faculty Fellowship Program - 2000 Johnson Space Center Prepared By: Richard Alan Peters II, Ph.D. Academic Rank: Associate Professor University and Department: Vanderbilt University Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Nashville, TN 37235 NASNJSC Directorate: Engineering Division: Automation, Robotics, & Simulation Branch: Robotic Systems Technology JSC Colleague: Robert 0. Ambrose Date Submitted: 30 October 2000 Contract Number: NAG 9-867 13-1 ABSTRACT As a participant of the year 2000 NASA Summer Faculty Fellowship Program, I worked with the engineers of the Dexterous Robotics Laboratory at NASA Johnson Space Center on the Robonaut project. The Robonaut is an articulated torso with two dexterous arms, left and right five-fingered hands, and a head with cameras mounted on an articulated neck. This advanced space robot, now dnven only teleoperatively using VR gloves, sensors and helmets, is to be upgraded to a thinking system that can find, in- teract with and assist humans autonomously, allowing the Crew to work with Robonaut as a (junior) member of their team. Thus, the work performed this summer was toward the goal of enabling Robonaut to operate autonomously as an intelligent assistant to as- tronauts. Our underlying hypothesis is that a robot can deveZop intelligence if it learns a set of basic behaviors ([.e., reflexes - actions tightly coupled to sensing) and through experi- ence learns how to sequence these to solve problems or to accomplish higher-level tasks. -
Delft University of Technology Abstraction, Sensory-Motor
Delft University of Technology Abstraction, Sensory-Motor Coordination, and the Reality Gap in Evolutionary Robotics Scheper, Kirk; de Croon, Guido DOI 10.1162/ARTL_a_00227 Publication date 2017 Document Version Final published version Published in Artificial Life Citation (APA) Scheper, K., & de Croon, G. (2017). Abstraction, Sensory-Motor Coordination, and the Reality Gap in Evolutionary Robotics. Artificial Life, 23(2), 124-141. https://doi.org/10.1162/ARTL_a_00227 Important note To cite this publication, please use the final published version (if applicable). Please check the document version above. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download, forward or distribute the text or part of it, without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license such as Creative Commons. Takedown policy Please contact us and provide details if you believe this document breaches copyrights. We will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. This work is downloaded from Delft University of Technology. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to a maximum of 10. Abstraction, Sensory-Motor Kirk Y. W. Scheper*,** Guido C. H. E. de Croon** Coordination, and the Reality Delft Institute of Technology Gap in Evolutionary Robotics Keywords Sensory-motor control, evolutionary robotics, reality gap, micro air vehicle Abstract One of the major challenges of evolutionary robotics is to transfer robot controllers evolved in simulation to robots in the real world. In this article, we investigate abstraction of the sensory inputs and motor actions as a tool to tackle this problem. -
Visual Perception in Migraine: a Narrative Review
vision Review Visual Perception in Migraine: A Narrative Review Nouchine Hadjikhani 1,2,* and Maurice Vincent 3 1 Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA 2 Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41119 Gothenburg, Sweden 3 Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-617-724-5625 Abstract: Migraine, the most frequent neurological ailment, affects visual processing during and between attacks. Most visual disturbances associated with migraine can be explained by increased neural hyperexcitability, as suggested by clinical, physiological and neuroimaging evidence. Here, we review how simple (e.g., patterns, color) visual functions can be affected in patients with migraine, describe the different complex manifestations of the so-called Alice in Wonderland Syndrome, and discuss how visual stimuli can trigger migraine attacks. We also reinforce the importance of a thorough, proactive examination of visual function in people with migraine. Keywords: migraine aura; vision; Alice in Wonderland Syndrome 1. Introduction Vision consumes a substantial portion of brain processing in humans. Migraine, the most frequent neurological ailment, affects vision more than any other cerebral function, both during and between attacks. Visual experiences in patients with migraine vary vastly in nature, extent and intensity, suggesting that migraine affects the central nervous system (CNS) anatomically and functionally in many different ways, thereby disrupting Citation: Hadjikhani, N.; Vincent, M. several components of visual processing. Migraine visual symptoms are simple (positive or Visual Perception in Migraine: A Narrative Review. Vision 2021, 5, 20. negative), or complex, which involve larger and more elaborate vision disturbances, such https://doi.org/10.3390/vision5020020 as the perception of fortification spectra and other illusions [1]. -
The Visual System: Higher Visual Processing
The Visual System: Higher Visual Processing Primary visual cortex The primary visual cortex is located in the occipital cortex. It receives visual information exclusively from the contralateral hemifield, which is topographically represented and wherein the fovea is granted an extended representation. Like most cortical areas, primary visual cortex consists of six layers. It also contains, however, a prominent stripe of white matter in its layer 4 - the stripe of Gennari - consisting of the myelinated axons of the lateral geniculate nucleus neurons. For this reason, the primary visual cortex is also referred to as the striate cortex. The LGN projections to the primary visual cortex are segregated. The axons of the cells from the magnocellular layers terminate principally within sublamina 4Ca, and those from the parvocellular layers terminate principally within sublamina 4Cb. Ocular dominance columns The inputs from the two eyes also are segregated within layer 4 of primary visual cortex and form alternating ocular dominance columns. Alternating ocular dominance columns can be visualized with autoradiography after injecting radiolabeled amino acids into one eye that are transported transynaptically from the retina. Although the neurons in layer 4 are monocular, neurons in the other layers of the same column combine signals from the two eyes, but their activation has the same ocular preference. Bringing together the inputs from the two eyes at the level of the striate cortex provide a basis for stereopsis, the sensation of depth perception provided by binocular disparity, i.e., when an image falls on non-corresponding parts of the two retinas. Some neurons respond to disparities beyond the plane of fixation (far cells), while others respond to disparities in front of the plane of the fixation (near cells). -
Visual Perceptual Skills
Super Duper® Handy Handouts!® Number 168 Guidelines for Identifying Visual Perceptual Problems in School-Age Children by Ann Stensaas, M.S., OTR/L We use our sense of sight to help us function in the world around us. It helps us figure out if something is near or far away, safe or threatening. Eyesight, also know as visual perception, refers to our ability to accurately identify and locate objects in our environment. Visual perception is an important component of vision that contributes to the way we see and interpret the world. What Is Visual Perception? Visual perception is our ability to process and organize visual information from the environment. This requires the integration of all of the body’s sensory experiences including sight, sound, touch, smell, balance, and movement. Most children are able to integrate these senses by the time they start school. This is important because approximately 75% of all classroom learning is visual. A child with even mild visual-perceptual difficulties will struggle with learning in the classroom and often in other areas of life. How Are Visual Perceptual Problems Diagnosed? A child with visual perceptual problems may be diagnosed with a visual processing disorder. He/she may be able to easily read an eye chart (acuity) but have difficulty organizing and making sense of visual information. In fact, many children with visual processing disorders have good acuity (i.e., 20/20 vision). A child with a visual-processing disorder may demonstrate difficulty discriminating between certain letters or numbers, putting together age-appropriate puzzles, or finding matching socks in a drawer. -
Glossary of Terms Early Childhood Intervention A
ECI Glossary Glossary of terms Early Childhood Intervention A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A Abstract thinking The ability to grasp concepts, values or processes that cannot be experienced directly through the senses. Abuse and neglect in children Child abuse occurs when a parent, guardian or caregiver mistreats or neglects a child, resulting in injury, or significant emotional or psychological harm, or serious risk of harm to the child. Child abuse entails the betrayal of a caregiver's position of trust and authority over a child. It can take many different forms. Source: The National Clearinghouse on Family Violence. Academic skills All the course subjects learned at school and that are based in reading, writing and completing number operations. AdaPtive skills The ability to adjust to new situations and to apply familiar or new skills to those situations. These skills are required to perform everyday activities, such as communicating, dressing, and household tasks. Page 1 of 44 ECI Glossary Alliteration When two or more words starts with the same sound (for example jumping jaguars). Alternative therapies These are therapies and strategies that are considered non -traditional, or less traditional. Professionals in the medical and therapy fields will only rely on therapies that have been approved by members of the academic research community. Anencephaly Anencephaly is a defect in the closure of the neural tube during fetal development. Anencephaly occurs when the "cephalic" or head end of the neural tube fails to close, resulting in the absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp. -
Olfaction Modulates Ambiguous Visual Motion Perception
OPEN Smelling directions: Olfaction modulates SUBJECT AREAS: ambiguous visual motion perception HUMAN BEHAVIOUR Shenbing Kuang & Tao Zhang PERCEPTION MOTION State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China. OLFACTORY CORTEX Senses of smells are often accompanied by simultaneous visual sensations. Previous studies have Received documented enhanced olfactory performance with concurrent presence of congruent color- or shape- 27 February 2014 related visual cues, and facilitated visual object perception when congruent smells are simultaneously present. These visual object-olfaction interactions suggest the existences of couplings between the olfactory Accepted pathway and the visual ventral processing stream. However, it is not known if olfaction can modulate visual 3 July 2014 motion perception, a function that is related to the visual dorsal stream. We tested this possibility by examining the influence of olfactory cues on the perceptions of ambiguous visual motion signals. We Published showed that, after introducing an association between motion directions and olfactory cues, olfaction could 23 July 2014 indeed bias ambiguous visual motion perceptions. Our result that olfaction modulates visual motion processing adds to the current knowledge of cross-modal interactions and implies a possible functional linkage between the olfactory system and the visual dorsal pathway. Correspondence and requests for materials n our daily life, we are constantly exposed to multiple sensory inputs from different sensory modalities of should be addressed to varying reliability. Yet we could effortless integrate these parallel sensory signals and maintain a unified T.Z. (taozhang@psych. I perception that allows us to interact with the external world. -
Visual Perceptual Skills Required for Handwriting
VISUAL PERCEPTUAL SKILLS REQUIRED FOR HANDWRITING Handwriting is a complex skill. Handwriting involves the ability to form letters with consistent letter size, proportions and spacing, so that others can read words and sentences. Producing legible handwriting requires complex visual perceptual skills as well as an integration of motor skills with these visual perceptual skills. A deficiency in visual-motor integration may be evident when observing poor quality handwriting (Volman, van Schendel, & Jongmans, 2006). Visual perception is the process where the brain extracts and organises information, giving meaning to what we see. Visual-motor integration is the degree to which visual perception and finger-hand movements are well coordinated (Beery & Beery, 2010). There are many components of visual processing which work together to assign meaning to what we see and include eye-hand coordination, figure ground, visual discrimination, form constancy, visual memory and visual- sequential memory. Eye –hand coordination is the ability to coordinate eye movement with hand movements and includes the ability to process visual information to guide hand function. When children are learning to control a pencil for handwriting, they will rely on visual information as they look at their hand and what the pencil is producing as they write. The ability to copy a vertical line, circle, horizontal line, right oblique line, square, left oblique line and an oblique cross have been recognised by therapists as an indication of a child’s readiness to integrate visual-motor skills to begin handwriting instruction. Beery & Beery (2010) recommend that formal pencil-paper instruction is postponed until a child can easily execute an oblique cross as it requires crossing the midline, which is the source of many reversal problems. -
The Relationship Between Motor Coordination and Imitation: an Fnirs Study
brain sciences Article The Relationship between Motor Coordination and Imitation: An fNIRS Study Wenrui Zhao 1,2, Minqiang Hui 1,2,3, Xiaoyou Zhang 1,2 and Lin Li 1,2,* 1 Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of the Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; [email protected] (W.Z.); [email protected] (M.H.); [email protected] (X.Z.) 2 College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China 3 Qiushi College, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, China * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Although motor coordination and imitation are important factors affecting motor skill learning, few studies have examined the relationship between them in healthy adults. In order to address this in the present study, we used f NIRS to analyze the relationship between motor coordination and imitation in college students. Our results showed that: (1) motor coordination in female students was positively correlated with the average time taken to perform an imitation; (2) the mean imitation time was negatively correlated with the activation level of the supplemen- tary motor cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, and angular gyrus of the mirror neuron system; (3) motor coordination in female students moderated mirror neuron system (MNS) activation and imitation. For women with low rather than high motor coordination, higher MNS activation was associated with a stronger imitation ability. These results demonstrate that motor coordination in female students is closely related to action imitation, and that it moderates the activation of the MNS, as measured via f NIRS. -
Identification & Intervention with Sensory Processing
An Introduction to Identification & Intervention for Children with Sensory Processing Difficulties EARLY CHILDHOOD MENTAL HEALTH INSTITUTE Location: University of Alaska Anchorage Date: May 13, 2009 Time: 8:30am to 12:00pm Jackie Brown, OTR/L Occupational Therapist Registered, Licensed Sensory Integration Certified Therapist #1602 Modulated and Advanced Therapeutic Listening Training All For Kids Pediatric Therapy Occupational Therapy/Physical Therapy Supervisor 8200 Homer Drive, Unit F Anchorage, AK 99518 Phone: (907) 345-0050 Email: [email protected] Website: www.allforkidsalaska.com Presentation Objectives WHAT IS IT? Define terms related to Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD). WHY IS IT IMPORTANT? Identify behaviors (signs and symptoms) associated with sensory processing difficulties. WHO DISCOVERED IT? WHERE HAVE WE BEEN? WHERE ARE WE GOING? Understand a brief history and look into current research. HOW DOES IT WORK? Identify the various sensory systems and their functions. WHAT DOES IT LOOK LIKE? Identify model of understand and describing Sensory Processing Disorders. WHEN DO I ACT and WHERE DO I GO FROM HERE? Identify when to refer a client to a specialist for a screening or evaluation. WHAT DO I DO NOW? Become familiar with simple intervention techniques to put into practice. What is Occupational Therapy? Occupational therapy is the scientifically based use of purposeful activity (or occupation) with individuals who are affected by physical injury or illness, psychosocial dysfunction, developmental or learning disabilities, or the aging process, in order to maximize independence, prevent disability, and promote health. WHAT IS SPD? What is Sensory Processing or Sensory Integration (SI)? Definitions The neurological process that organizes sensation form ones body and the environment and makes it possible to use the body effectively within the environment. -
Sensory-Motor Control of the Upper Limb: Effects of Chronic Pain
SensorySensory--MotorMotor ControlControl ofof thethe UpperUpper Limb:Limb: EffectsEffects ofof ChronicChronic PainPain Dr.Dr. VictoriaVictoria Galea,Galea, PhDPhD AssociateAssociate ProfessorProfessor SchoolSchool ofof RehabilitationRehabilitation ScienceScience McMasterMcMaster University,University, CANADACANADA ObjectivesObjectives •• ReviewReview ofof neuralneural innervationinnervation ofof thethe upperupper limblimb (UL)(UL) –– BrachialBrachial Plexus.Plexus. •• SensorySensory--motormotor connectionsconnections betweenbetween thethe centralcentral nervousnervous systemsystem andand upperupper limb.limb. •• InternalInternal ModelsModels ofof motormotor control:control: ForwardForward Models.Models. BasisBasis forfor MotorMotor Coordination.Coordination. •• FunctionalFunctional compromisecompromise ofof thethe ULUL duedue toto chronicchronic neckneck pain.pain. – Recent studies on Upper Limb coordination during a functional task. ReviewReview ofof neuralneural innervationinnervation ofof thethe upperupper limblimb (UL)(UL) –– BrachialBrachial Plexus.Plexus. NeuralNeural InnervationInnervation •• TheThe brachialbrachial plexusplexus isis formedformed fromfrom 55 ventralventral ramirami (C5(C5 -- T1)T1) •• 66 divisionsdivisions – 3 anterior divisions – 3 posterior divisions •• 33 TrunksTrunks •• 33 CordsCords •• 55 PeripheralPeripheral NervesNerves – Branches • Important neural structures for shoulder girdle and joint: – Dorsal Scapular N. • Levator S; Rhomboids – Suprascapular • Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus – Long Thoracic N. • Serratus