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Black Cottonwood Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray Black Cottonwood . thi Salicaceae Willow family s file Ab Was ou t. Mi creat t h1.s Fi sscan . ed b . le: Dean S. DeBell s lde y sca · . h . ntIt·c· l nn n owev ed b 1 g th er, s Y th e Pn. orne . e sof nted . tnJst t War PLi.b akes e hav iJcati tnay e be on.' ret n en C al.n . orrec ted;) Black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) is the largest of the American poplars and the largest hardwood tree in western North America. Known also as balsam cottonwood, western balsam poplar, and California poplar, it grows primarily on moist sites west of the Rocky Mountains. The most produc­ tive sites are the bottom lands of major streams and rivers west of the Cascade Range in the Pacific Northwest. Pure stands may form on alluvial soils. Black cottonwood is harvested and used -for lumber, veneer, and fiber products. Many kinds of wildlife use the foliage, twigs, and buds for food, and the tree is planted for shade and in windbreaks and shelter­ belts. Habitat Native Range The range of black cottonwood (fig. 1) extends northeast from Kodiak Island along Cook Inlet to latitude 62° 30' N., then southeast in southeast Alas­ ka and British Columbia to the forested areas of Washington and Oregon, to the mountains in southern California and northern Baja California (lat. 31o N. ). It is also found inland, generally on the west side of the Rocky Mountains, in British Colum­ bia, western Alberta, western Montana, and northern Idaho. Scattered small populations have been noted in southeastern Alberta, eastern Montana, western North Dakota, western Wyoming, Utah, and Nevada. Climate Populations of black cottonwood grow in climates varying from relatively arid to humid, but best growth is attained in the humid coastal forests of the Pacific Northwest 123). Annual precipitation ranges from 250 mm (10 in) to more than 3050 mm (120 in). Only about one-third of the annual precipitation oc­ curs during the growing season, and in mountainous and . in land areas much of the dormant-season 1984 precipitation falls as snow. The frost-free period 0 !00 200 300 400 loiiLES ranges from about 70 days in the interior areas to 00 00 600 l<lLOMETERS more than 260 davs in southern California. Maxi­ mum temperature; range from 16° to 47° C (60° to Figure !-The native range of' black cottonwood. The author is Principal Silviculturist. Pacific Northwest Research 117° F); minimum temperatures, from oo to -47° C Station. Portland. OR. (32° to -53° F). 570 Populus trichocarpa Soils and Topography fir (A. lasiocarpa), white spruce (Picea glauca), En­ gelmann spruce (P. engelmanniiJ, and quaking aspen Black cottonwood grows on a variety of soils and (Populus tremuloides). sites, from moist silts, sands, and gravels of islands Shrub species associated with black cottonwood in­ and new river bars to rich humus soils, loams, and clude vine maple (Acer circinatumJ, red-osier dog­ occasionally clay soils of upland sites (23). The most wood (Cornus stolonifera) and other Comus spp., extensive black cottonwood stands are on soils of the beaked hazel (Corylus cornuta), Nootka rose (Rosa order Entisols; the species also is common on Incep­ nutkana), thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus), salmon­ tisols and occasionally may be present on soils of berry (R. spectabilis), elder (Sambucus spp.), bear­ other orders. High soil acidity (low pH) may restrict berry honeysuckle (Lonicera involucrata), spirea occurrence of black cottonwood on fine-textured soils (Spiraea spp. ), and common snowberry (Sym­ where other site factors are favorable (9). Studies in phoricarpos albus). British Columbia (27) have indicated that abundant Herbaceous associates include swordfern (Polys­ moisture, nutrients, oxygen, and nearly neutral soil tichum munitum), lady fern (Athyrium filix-femina), reaction (pH 6.0 to 7.0) are required for optimum horsetail (Equisetum spp.), stinging nettle (Urtica production. Growth is best at low elevations on deep, dioica), hedge nettle (Stachys spp.), false solomons­ moist alluvial soils, but some upland soils are seal (Smilacina stellata), Canada violet (Viola productive cottonwood sites (27). The latter include canadensis), jewelweed (Impatiens spp.), enchanters nightshade (Circaea alpina), golden-saxifrage loessial soils of high nutrient status in areas of abun­· dant rainfall. (Chrysosplenium spp.), buttercup (Ranunculus spp.), Black cottonwood grows from sea level to 600 m bittercress (Cardamine spp.), angelica (Angelica (2,000 ft) on the Kenai Peninsula of Alaska and up spp.), loosestrife (Lysimachia spp. ), bedstraw to 1500 m (5,000 ft) in the Cascade Range of (Galium spp. ), and iris (Iris spp.J. Washington (23). In British Columbia, the elevation Presence of some of these understory species range extends to nearly 2100 m (7,000 ft) in the provides an indication of site quality in British interior valleys of the Selkirk Range. In central and Columbia (27). Good black cottonwood sites are char­ eastern Washington, as well as other dry areas, the acterized by salmonberry, nettles, swordfern, and species is usually limited to protected valleys and lady fern, as well as vigorous growth of beaked hazel canyon bottoms, along stream banks and edges of and elder. On medium sites, red-osier dogwood, bear­ ponds and meadows, and to moist toe slopes. berry honeysuckle, common snowberry, and some­ times thimbleberry and Nootka rose are common. Poor sites are commonly subject to prolonged flood­ Associated Forest Cover ing, and horsetails are dominant. Black cottonwood often forms extensive stands on alluvial sites at low elevations along the Pacific Life History coast. Arborescent willows are its major associates in two cover types (3): Black Cottonwood-Willow Reproduction and Early Growth (Society of American Foresters Type 222) and Cotton­ wood-Willow (Type 235). In the latter type, balsam Flowering and Fruiting-Black cottonwood is poplar (Populus balsamifera) is the dominant cotton­ normally dioecious; male and female catkins are wood. Major willow species are Pacific (Salix borne on separate trees. The species reaches flower­ lasiandra), northwest rs. sessilifoliaJ, river (S. ing age at about 10 years (25). Flowers may appear fluviatilis), and Scouler rs. scouleriana) willow (4). In in early March to late May in Washington and other coastal forests, black cottonwood grows in mix­ Oregon, and sometimes as late as mid-June in north­ ture with red alder (Alnus rubra), Douglas-fir (Pseu­ ern and interior British Columbia, Idaho, and Mon­ dotsuga menziesii), western hemlock (Tsuga tana. Staminate catkins contain 30 to 60 stamens, heterophylla), western redcedar (T huja plicata), elongate to 2 to 3 em (0.8 to 1.2 in)1 and are Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), grand fir (Abies gran­ deciduous. Pistillate catkins at maturity are 8 to 20 dis), bigleaf maple rAcer macrophyllumJ, Oregon ash em (3.2 to 8 in) long with rotund-ovate, three carpel­ (Fraxinus latifolia), black hawthorn (Crataegus late subsessile fruits 5 to 8 mm (0.20 to 0.32 in) long. douglasii), and several birch (Betula spp.) and cherry Each capsule contains many minute seeds with long, (Prunus spp.) species. Associates in interior forests white cottony hairs. may include western white pine (Pinus monticola), ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa), white fir (Abies con­ Seed Production and Dissemination-The color), western larch (Larix occidentalisJ, subalpine seed ripens and is disseminated by late May to late 571 Populus trichocarpa June in Oregon and Washington, but frequently not measures are taken to prepare the bare, moist seed­ until mid-July in Idaho and Montana (23). Abundant beds required for initial establishment (23). Where seed crops are usually produced every year. Attached seedlings become established in great numbers, they to its cotton, the seed is light and buoyant and can thin out naturally by age 5 because the weaker seed­ be transported long distances by wind and water. lings of this shade-intolerant species are suppressed Although highly viable, longevity of black cottonwood (23). seed under natural conditions may be as short as 2 weeks to a month. There is some evidence, however, Vegetative Reproduction-Black cottonwood to suggest a somewhat longer lifespan under ap­ sprouts readily from stumps (fig, 2), and in one study, parently adverse conditions. With proper drying and satisfactory coppice reproduction was obtained four cold storage, viability and capacity to germinate can times in 2-year cutting cycles (8). After logging opera­ be maintained for at least 1 year (25). tions, black cottonwoods sometimes regenerate naturally from rooting of partially buried fragments of branches (9). Sprouting from roots has also been Seedling Development-Moist seedbeds are es­ reported The species also ·has the unusual sential for high germination (23), and seedling sur­ (23). vival depends on continuously favorable conditions ability to abscise small shoots complete with green leaves These shoots drop to the ground and may during the first month (25). Wet bottom lands of (6). root where they fall or may be dispersed by water rivers and major streams frequently provide such transport. In some situations, abscission may be one conditions, particularly where bare soil has been ex­ means of colonizing exposed sandbars. posed or new soil laid down. Germination is epigeal. The species is easily reproduced by rooted and un­ Black cottonwood seedlings do not usually become rooted cuttings (30). The cuttings are made in the established in abundance after logging unless special dormant season and may be as short as 15 em (6 in). ,. '• Most research and small-scale operational plantings ·:/ \ . ; '\ . \ I ( J ' have been established with unrooted stem cuttl.ngs V•' LI . I ; ' ' ' .. ' taken from 1- and 2-year-old wood, 1 to 3 em (0.4 to f'lt.,, / . ' 1.2 in) in diameter at the small end and 40 to 60 em ! . ··r.. I . ( 16 to 24 in) long. Good results have also been ob­ I '( ( \ •' tained with branchwood cuttings, in some instances collected from trees as old as 30 years (9).
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