5 Nature Conservation

Along with the rapid growth of Macao, while pursuing to develop in a sustainable and resource-efficient way. economic development and enjoying natural resources, we must bear in mind the preciousness and limit of The Macao SAR Government always attaches great natural resources. While boosting urban development, the importance to ecological conservation, and has initiated capacity of ecosystem should be evaluated and the needs relevant projects to conserve the biodiversity of Macao, of our posterity should be taken into consideration, so as so as to be in line with regional and international trend.

Table 5.1 Numerical data of important indicators in this chapter 2012 2013 Total green area under jurisdiction of the IACM (m2) 8,541,864 8,586,795 Roadside tree in Macao Peninsula (no.) 9,925 10,043 Roadside tree in the islands (no.) 7,004 7,154 Reforestation areas (no.) 485,243 490,672

Greening Projects

In respond to the demands for urban development, in phase of waterfront recreational area of . In addition, 2012, the Civic and of Macao replantation and flora conservation were reinforced on (IACM) carried out repair works to the damage of plants 27 footbridges and flyovers that possess the conditions resulted from construction works. By reorganizing the for greening, and greening work was also carried out for greening works, more green elements are created. The the rooftops of garbage collection stations. Moreover, green looking ratio (refer to the proportion of green plants experiments on vertical greening of thin-layered fence in the field of vision, with an emphasis on stereoscopic have been conducted on narrow streets, in attempt to visual effect) was increased by beautifying the cycling introduce more three-dimensional green spaces in each path as well as the planters by the roadside of the first area of Macao through various ways and forms.

Caring for Trees

In order to improve ecological resources of Macao, the suitable for Macao and appropriate planting sites, new Macao SAR Government has been adopting scientific trees have continuously been planted, in order to expand methods to preserve existing trees. By selecting species green spaces.

Table 5.2 Number of trees in Macao Peninsula and the islands 2011/2012 2012/2013 (Unit: no.) 2011 2012 2013 Percent increase/ Percent increase/ decrease decrease Trees in Macao Peninsula Roadside trees 9,638 9,925 10,043 +3.0% +1.2% Newly planted trees 826 480 70 -41.9% -85.4% Trees being cut down 430 482 447 +12.1% -7.3% Trees in the islands Roadside trees 7,495 7,004 7,154 -6.6% +2.1% Newly planted trees 400 20 300 -95.0% +1,400.0% Trees being cut down 431 418 458 -3.0% +9.6% Reforestation areas 480,000 485,243 490,672 +1.1% +1.1%

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IACM conducts general investigation on the trees in were removed prior to the typhoon season, in order to Macao every year. In 2012, a total of 21,830 items of data minimize the impact on the trees caused by typhoons. were updated in the tree system, and forest transformation was conducted at the forest areas west of Alto de In 2012, IACM provided 3,241 cases of plant quarantine and southwest of Ka Ho Height. In 2013, a total of 20,210 service at the 7 ports of entry in Macao. The inspected items of data were inspected and updated in the system. plants included 380,720.60 kg of cut flowers, 993,012 In addition, detailed inspection was carried out on those pots of seedling and 35,443.00 m2 of turf, and there was problematic and unusual trees, and safety assessment was no case of plants failing the quarantine due to quarantine conducted on the tree structure. Moreover, roadside trees pests being found. along the main roads were trimmed and hazardous trees

Wetlands Conservation in Macao

Macao is located at the west of the Pearl River Estuary, As for the survey of benthos, the species recorded with humid climate and being wet and warm throughout in the Ecological Zone I and II were similar to that of the year. A vast amount of mud is silted at its coastal previous years, which include mollusks, crustaceans, area every year; hence the coastal mudflats of Macao are polychaetes and insects. The benthos in Zone I were expanding year by year. In which, the Ecological mainly mollusks, while the species in Zone II were Zone located at the west of Cotai Reclamation Area is mainly crustaceans. As for the survey of surface benthos, the largest artificial wetland in Macao, which covers that of Zone I were mainly mollusks and that of Zone II an area of 55 hectares and includes 15 hectares of bird were mainly fiddler crabs and mudskippers, etc. inhabitation area (Ecological zone I) and 40 hectares of mangrove protection and bird foraging area (Ecological zone II).

It has only been a short history of conservation at the Cotai Ecological Zone, therefore, a stable wetland biome is yet to be formed; the plants in the zone are mainly the herbaceous species, and the habitat is mainly occupied by offshore species. The DSPA has continued to manage and preserve Ecological Zone I and II through a consultancy, in order to systematically collect information of benthos, fishes, plants, birds, terrestrial animals, water quality and environmental data, etc. Up until the end of 2013, animals listed as Grade II National Key Protected Species, including Platalea minor, Egretta sacra, Platalea leucorodia, Elanus caeruleus, Milvus migrans, Circus spilonotus, Buteo buteo, Falco tinnunculus, Falco peregrinus, Centropus sinensis and Centropus bengalensis, etc., have been found in the zones. During the bird season between October of 2013 and April of 2014, the highest number of 60 endangered Black-faced Spoonbills was recorded within the ecological zones, and nearly 72 species of birds at most visited the zones.

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Table 5.3 Number of biological species and visitors of Ecological Zones 2011/2012 2012/2013 2011 2012 2013 Percent increase/ Percent increase/ decrease decrease Biological species in Ecological Zone I and II Fish (no.) 20 13 23 -35.0% +76.9% Benthos (no.) 27 30 59 +11.1% +96.7% Insects (dragonflies family) (no.) 22 17 18 -22.7% +5.9% Insects (butterflies family) (no.) 44 37 36 -15.9% -2.7% Insects (others) (no.) 20 19 222 -5.0% +1,068.4% Visitors of the Ecological Zone (ppl) 463 2,226 1,721 +380.8% -22.7% (Local and foreign visitors)

Table 5.4 Number of bird species and Black-faced Spoonbills recorded in the Ecological Zones 2011/2012 2012/2013 2011 2012 2013 percent increase/ Percent increase/ decrease decrease Species of bird recorded in the year (no.) 134 137 91 +2.2% -33.6% The highest number of Black-faced Spoonbills recorded each year during the bird season from 53 55 60 +3.8% +9.1% October to April of the next year (no.)

As for mangrove plants, 4 species of mangrove a vertical greening experiment was carried out at the including Kandelia obovata, Avicennia marina, Aegiceras exterior of a part of hoardings in Ecological Zone I. corniculatum and Acanthus ilicifolius were found in both zones in 2012 and 2013. Moreover, due to the In 2012, the IACM constantly carried out conservation rapid growth of Sonneratia apetala, an alien species, in works on the three wetland conservation areas including Ecological Zone II, risk has been posed to other local “Ka Ho Reservoir Freshwater-Wetland Ecological Zone”, mangroves. Therefore, in 2013, the DSPA effectively “Hac Sa Aquatic Plant Zone” and “- eliminated the Acanthus ilicifolius and Sonneratia apetala Dragonfly Conservation Zone”. Besides monitoring and which have lower ecological values at the northern area study on the animal diversity in Macao. Moreover, three of Ecological Zone II. surveys concerning animal diversity in Macao were also carried out at Ka Ho Freshwater Wetland, Montanha While devoted to preserve the habitats within the Russa Park, Hac Sa Reservoir and Hac Sa Aquatic Plant ecological zones, the DSPA has also been strengthening Watching Zone, Cheoc Van Barbecue Park, Alto de its publicity and educational function constantly. 4 Coloane and Seac Pai Van Park, etc., respectively. bird-watching terraces and 2 bird hides were built in Ecological Zone I, and 119 species of featured plants In November of 2013, Macao’s wetland was selected as which fit the needs for education were also planted on one of “’s Top Ten Charming Wetlands 2013”, which the pathway for nature study, so as to make better use of further affirmed the efforts made by the Macao SAR the wetland resources in Macao and exert its functions Government and the citizens in ecological preservation. in ecological education and study. Furthermore, in 2013,

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Related Specific Studies

In order to fulfil the obligation in mitigating climate and 315 trees with the chest diameter over 80 cm, which change as stated in the United Nations Framework serve as the succeeding resources of ancient trees. Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Kyoto Protocol, as well as the requests listed in the chapter At the same time, in 2011 and 2012 , the IACM regarding the Macao SAR in the National Communication cooperated with a scientific research institution in on Climate Change of the People’s Republic of China Mainland in compiling The Summary Report of the drawn up by the Department of Climate Change under Research on Physical and Chemical Properties and the National Development and Reform Commission of Microbial Population relating to Soils Infested with the PRC, the Macao Meteorological and Geophysical Brown Root Rot Disease in Macao and The Project Bureau (SMG) has collaborated with the South China Proposal for Analysis of the Pathogenesis Mechanism Botanic Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and and Biological Prevention and Treatment of Brown Root the IACM in conducting studies concerning the impact Rot Disease in Macao, and also continued the study from climate change on plants, and carried out studies to on the specific medicine for biological therapy in the establish a scientific foundation for addressing climate prevention and treatment of brown root rot disease based change, ecological conservation and ecological urban on “The Research on Physical and Chemical Properties construction since 2011. In addition, three monitoring and Microbial Population of Soils Infested with Brown stations with five monitoring quadrats (pieces of randomly Root Rot Disease in Macao”. In 2013, “The Research located square-shaped plot for investigating the number Project of the Pathogenesis Mechanism and Biological of plant communities) were set up at Guia Hill in Macao Therapy in the Prevention and Treatment of Brown Root Peninsula, Taipa Grande in Taipa and Ka Ho in Coloane. Rot Disease” and “The Project of Biological Therapy in Studies on the composition and data of growth of the the Prevention and Treatment of Brown Root Rot Disease vegetation has been conducted in the quadrats every year, in Guia Hill” were also initiated, so as to prevent and cure together with monthly phenology survey, which is a study the disease for the trees in Macao more effectively. of the interrelationship between the biological cyclic phenomena (such as germination, flowering and seeding of plants) and the changes in season and climate, so as to analyze the phonologically-sensitive species and make comparative analysis to the annual phenological data; to study the difference and similarity between the same plant species in different sampling locations, and the changing pattern of phenology.

Also, the IACM cooperated with the South China Botanic Garden to conduct a comprehensive and systematic survey on “Ancient and Precious Trees in Macao”. The survey mainly covered the trees in historical sites, parks, temples, cemeteries, village ruins and roadsides, which also included forests and private gardens, so that the trees in Macao that are over 100 years old, with historical value or memorable importance can be listed as “Ancient and Precious Trees” in accordance with the Urban Greening Regulations published by the PRC. According to the survey, there are 792 ancient trees in 63 species aged over 100, 3 precious trees in 2 species,

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The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered overhunting and overusing. Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) signed in 1973 aims to regulate the international trade in The CITES is applicable to the Macao SAR. In 2012 endangered species of wild fauna and flora through the and 2013, the Macao Customs Service (SA) has seized implementation of a licensing system, which mitigates goods and species that violated the CITES including the consequences of excessive trading which have Agilawood, Ivory, Bird bone, Tiger claws, Tiger tooth, Bear endangered certain kinds of wild fauna and flora, and bile, Dried seahorses, American ginseng, Coral, Sturgeon, have affected the ecological environment seriously. It Melanochelys tricarinate, Geoclemys hamiltonii, Lorius also protects those kinds of species from extinction by lory, Cycads, Nepenthes, Cactus, Phalaenopsis amabilis, preventing illegal international trade and activities like Oncidium flexuosum loddand Orchidacean, etc.

Table 5.5 Number of import and re-export CITES certificates issued by the Macao Economic Service (DSE) 2011/2012 2012/2013 2011 2012 2013 Percent increase/ Percent increase/ decrease decrease Import and re-export CITES certificates issued by 3,655 6,548 6,702 +79.2% +2.4% the DSE

Indicators for environmental analysis in this chapter

• Green Area

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Indicator Green Area

DPSIR Framework

D Driving Forces P Pressures S States I Impacts R Responses

The evolution of the green area is reflected by the following indicators: the green area under jurisdiction of the IACM, per capita green area, rate of urban green area, distribution percentage of green area, tree and animal species and the annual number of hill fires.

= Good = Stable = Unsatisfactory Chapter Description D P S I R Trend Green Area Green area under the jurisdiction of the IACM Per capita green area Nature Distribution percentage of green area Conservation Rate of urban green area Number of tree species in Macao Peninsula and the islands Number of animal species in Macao Peninsula and the islands Number of hill fires

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Indicator Green Area

Figure 5.1 Macao green area in 2013 (Data source: DSCC, 2014)

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Indicator Green Area

Index (2000=100) Green Area (m2)

180 10,000,000

160 8,000,000

140 6,000,000

120 4,000,000

100 2,000,000

80 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

End-year population Total area Macao Peninsula Taipa Cotai Reclamation Zone Coloane Green area under the jurisdiction of the IACM Per capita green area Notes: (1) The green area under the jurisdiction of the IACM (including Notes: (1) The green area under the jurisdiction of the IACM (including water conservation area). water conservation area). (2) The 2005 data on green area was not available as measurement (2) The 2005 data on green area was not available as measurement could not be carried out due to construction. could not be carried out due to construction. (3) The 2006 Taipa green area included the area of Taipa and Cotai Reclamation Zone. Figure 5.2 Figure 5.3 Evolution of the total area, end-year population, green area and per Evolution of green area in Macao capita green area (Data source: IACM, 2014) (Data source: DSEC, IACM, 2014)

2012 2013

23.9% 23.7%

53.6% 53.4%

23.9% Macao Peninsula 20.7% 23.7% Macao Peninsula 21.1% 20.7% Taipa 21.1% Taipa 1.9% Cotai Reclamation Zone 1.8% Cotai Reclamation Zone 53.6% Coloane 1.9% 53.4% Coloane 1.8%

Note: (1) The green area under the jurisdiction of the IACM (including water conservation area). Figure 5.4 Macao green area distribution in 2012 and 2013 (Data source: IACM, 2014)

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Indicator Green Area

2012 2013

46.7% 45.9% 46.4% 46.1%

45.9% Green space for leisure and recreation 46.1% Green space for leisure and recreation 6.9% Green space for traffic infrastructure 7.0% Green space for traffic infrastructure 0.5% Nursery for urban greening 6.9% 0.5% Nursery for urban greening Green space for ecological landscape Green space for ecological landscape 7.0% 46.7% 0.5% 46.4% 0.5%

Note: (1) The green area under the jurisdiction of the IACM (including water conservation area). Figure 5.5 Distribution and percentage of Macao green area by category in 2012 and 2013 (Data source: IACM, 2014)

Rate of urban green area in different regions of Macao Number of hill fires in green area (case)

100% 50 80% 40 60% 40% 30 20% 20 0% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 10 Macao Peninsula Taipa and Cotai Reclamation Zone Coloane Rate of urban green area of Macao 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Notes: (1) The green area under the jurisdiction of the IACM (excluding water conservation area). (2) The 2005 data on green area was not available as measurement could not be carried out due to construction. (3) Rate of urban green area refers to the proportion of total green areas of various types (excluding water conservation area) in total urban area. Figure 5.6 Figure 5.7 Rate of urban green area in different regions of Macao Number of hill fires (Data source: DSEC, IACM, 2014) (Data source: DSEC, 2013)

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Indicator Green Area

Number of tree species in Macao Peninsula and the islands (no.)

300 250 200 150 100 50 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Roadside tree species (Arbor) Roadside tree species (Shrub) Major species in the reforestation areas

Figure 5.8 Number of tree species in Macao Peninsula and the islands (Data source: DSEC, 2014)

Number of animal species in Macao Peninsula and the islands (no.)

250 200

150 100 50 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Birds (migratory birds and resident birds) Amphibians Mammals Fish Reptiles Note: (1) There were 500 species of insects each year during the period from 2000 to 2013. Figure 5.9 Number of animal species in Macao Peninsula and the islands (Data source: DSEC, 2014)

Table 5.6 Numerical data and percent increase/decrease of green area distribution under the jurisdiction of the IACM between 2011 and 2013 2011/2012 2012/2013 2 Percent Percent (Unit: m ) 2011 2012 2013 increase/ increase/ decrease decrease Total green area 8,520,013 8,541,864 8,586,795 +0.3% +0.5% Macao Peninsula 2,033,072 (23.9%) 2,038,049 (23.9%) 2,031,847 (23.7%) +0.2% -0.3% Taipa 1,745,455 (20.5%) 1,769,058 (20.7%) 1,813,996 (21.1%) +1.4% +2.5% Cotai Reclamation Zone 169,686 (2.0%) 160,211 (1.9%) 155,376 (1.8%) -5.6% -3.0% Coloane 4,571,800 (53.6%) 4,574,546 (53.6%) 4,585,576 (53.4%) +0.1% +0.2% Per capita green area (m2/ pessoa) 15.5 15.0 14.5 -3.2% -3.3% Notes: (1) The green area under jurisdiction of the IACM (including water conservation area). (2) The percentage of the respective green area of different regions in relation to the total green area of Macao.

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Indicator Green Area

Table 5.7 Numerical data and percent increase/decrease of green area distribution under the jurisdiction of the IACM by category between 2011 and 2013 2011/2012 2012/2013 2 Percent Percent (Unit: m ) 2011 2012 2013 increase/ increase/ decrease decrease Green space for leisure and 3,888,472 (45.6%) 3,921,405 (45.9%) 3,958,889 (46.1%) +0.8% +1.0% recreation Green space for traffic infrastructure 601,063 (7.1%) 589,981 (6.9%) 601,405 (7.0%) -1.8% +1.9% Nursery for urban greening 45,588 (0.5%) 45,588 (0.5%) 41,611 (0.5%) 0 -8.7% Green space for ecological landscape 3,984,890 (46.8%) 3,984,890 (46.7%) 3,984,890 (46.4%) 0 0 Notes: (1) The green area under jurisdiction of the IACM (including water conservation area). (2) The percentage of the respective green area of each category in relation to the total green area of Macao.

Table 5.8 Numerical data and percent increase/decrease of roadside tree species and species in the reforestation areas between 2011 and 2013 2011/2012 2012/2013 Percent Percent (Unit: no.) 2011 2012 2013 increase/ increase/ decrease decrease Roadside tree species (Arbor) 216 220 241 +1.9% +9.5% Roadside tree species (Shrub) 175 175 175 0 0 Major species in the reforestation areas 124 125 127 +0.8% +1.6%

Table 5.9 Numerical data and percent increase/decrease of hill fires in 2011 and 2012 2011/2012 (Unit: case) 2011 2012 Percent increase/ decrease Number of hill fires 11 10 -9.1% Note: (1) The DSEC has not yet published the data of 2013.

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Indicator Green Area

Analysis

Figure 5.1 to 5.4 and Table 5.6 show the distribution of total green area under the jurisdiction of the IACM, with the largest proportion of the green area distributed along Coloane, which accounted for more than 50%. At the same time, the figures and table also indicate a slight increase in the green area of Macao in recent years. However, along with the annual population growth, the green area per capita showed a declining trend. Figure 5.5 and Table 5.7 represent the distribution of green area in each category. As compared to 2011, there was a slight increase in the green area for leisure and recreation in 2012 and 2013, mainly due to the increase of green area in municipal parks, square parks and specified parks etc. In addition, the construction works on public roads in 2012 caused a decrease of green area in the green belt; upon completion of those construction works in 2013, the green area in the green belt increased slightly. Figure 5.6 indicates the rate of urban green area in Macao (only the green area under jurisdiction of the IACM). The rate of urban green area in each region between 2011 and 2013 was similar. Despite the slight rise in green area, the rate of urban green area remained a flat trend due to the concurrent minor increase in land area. As shown in Figure 5.8, 5.9 and Table 5.8, in terms of roadside tree species, arbour species increased significantly in 2012 and 2013 in comparison with that in 2011; in terms of animal species, there was an increase in the number of bird species (migratory birds and resident birds) in 2012 and 2013 compared to that in 2011, while the number of species of mammals and reptiles decreased distinctly. Figure 5.7 and Table 5.9 show the number of hill fires over the years, which illustrated that the number of hill fires in recent years is gradually decreasing.

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Conclusions

In order to secure the basis for survival and development protection for the formation and locations of vegetation in the future, we should keep a conservation attitude of that are under key conservation, so as to maintain a sustainable utilization to manage the precious natural smooth and healthy ecological channel. resources prudently. Along with the rapid development in Macao, a certain degree of pressure is posed inevitably ● To conduct investigations on ecological baseline and on the ecological resources. Therefore, it is necessary to biodiversity in an orderly manner, and to define the pay attention to the conservation and restoration of the distribution features of eco-environmental sensitivity urban ecological environment in the future development of as well as the highly sensitive area in the ecological Macao, and to utilize land intensively and effectively under environment. the principle of sustainable development, so as to achieve a balance of land use between nature and other development. ● It is suggested to protect and make reasonable utilization of natural resources during development; In order to achieve the green indicator for rate of urban to establish stringent protection and control to the green area set in the mid-term and long-term planning “ for strict environmental protection” which of Environmental Protection Planning of Macao (2010- is more ecologically sensitive by taking forward the 2020), more green spaces and green coastal corridors study and implementation on the management of three should be created in the two-dimensional and three- environmental functional in the environmental dimensional spaces. Through the overall urban planning planning of Macao, in order to protect the precious to design the green area system reasonably, with urban natural resource in Macao. In area with medium green core as the starting point to combine the points (green ecological sensitivity, “District for environment nodes), lines (linear greening and green corridors), areas oriented development” is suggested to be established, (parks and leisure zones), spaces (vertical greening) and so as to plan the layout reasonably and develop rings (coastal greening corridor around the islands), so as appropriately under the guidance. to establish a sound network of urban green area system. ● To tie in with urban planning and environmental ● It is suggested to fully utilize the opportunities of major planning, so as to optimize the data collection and construction projects such as the construction of new statistical information of green area. town reclamation zone, renovation of the old districts in Macao Peninsula and the construction of Macao Light ● It is suggested to conduct study on setting up the Rail Transit, to comprehensively drive forward the management system in the ecological zone, so as to greening and ecological conservation, increase the green specify environmental protection behaviours in the area and enhance the greening quality and structure. conservation zone, with a view to lay a foundation for the next step in promoting the legislation of natural ● It is suggested to enhance the biodiversity and habitat resources protection in Macao. structure of each wetland preservation area including the ecological zone, as well as the conservation of the ● It is suggested to reinforce relevant publicity and functional completeness; and to increase the degree of education on respecting and conforming the nature,

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as well as the importance of nature protection to the In order for Macao to develop into a sustainable and government, enterprises and public. international tourism and liveable city with cultural value, a relaxing and beautiful natural environment is ● Along with the implementation of the Framework essential. In future, in addition to maintaining the current Agreement on Macao/ Guangdong Cooperation, it is achievements in conservation and greening, it is necessary suggested to put forward the ecological conservation to form a complete regional system of ecological greening cooperation projects between Macao and Pearl River network by means of urban, environmental and ecological Delta, as well as the construction of cross-border planning, as well as the establishment of environmental natural conservation zone and ecological corridor by functional districts and the reinforcement of regional enhancing regional cooperation; to get in line with the cooperation on conservation of ecological environment, strategies for the ecological civilization construction of so as to facilitate the integration of Macao into the China, and to establish a complete regional ecosystem regional ecosystem. At the same time, it is also necessary network, so as to protect the ecological resources in the to bring up the atmosphere of caring and protecting entire region. the nature in the society, in order to be in line with the objective of promoting urban sustainable development.

References Environmental Statistics 2012, 2013 Statistical Yearbook 2012, 2013 Further information http://www.dsec.gov.mo http://www.iacm.gov.mo

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