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A Grounded Theory Study of Formerly Homeless Mothers

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A Grounded Theory Study of Formerly Homeless Mothers Reconnecting: A Grounded Theory Study of Formerly Homeless Mothers by Pamela M. H. Cone DISSERTATION Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Nursing in the GRADUATE DIVISION of the UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO Approved: ........... Catherine M. Waters, R.N., Ph.D. Mary Castle White, Ph.D., M.P.H., R.N. ............. Barbara M. Artinian, Ph.D., R.N. Committee in Charge Deposited in the Library, University of California, San Francisco ................................................................................................................................................Date University Librarian Degree Conferred:....................................................................................................2 June 2006 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Copyright © 2006 by Pamela M. H. Cone ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Dedication and Acknowledgements No major endeavor should be attempted or accomplished alone, and this dissertation is no exception. I cannot express my gratitude to all those who helped me, but I want to begin by acknowledging the help and sustaining power of God and my Savior Jesus Christ, without whom I would not have survived the rigorous journey of doctoral studies. My wholehearted thanks go to my beloved husband, Dave, my number one cheerleader. His constant companionship and assistance throughout the last 30 years have enabled me to accomplish more than I dreamed possible. My parents, Drs. Harold and Ivah Heneise, now deceased, also deserve my undying gratitude for starting me on my educational path and encouraging me to pursue excellence in all academic endeavors. It is one of my sorrows that, while they were able to watch me begin these studies, they only see the completion of this work from heaven’s window. My children, Andrew, Bethany, and Hal, also deserve thanks for adjusting their lives to my schedule, for helping me in numerous ways, and for always believing in their mom’s ability to accomplish this goal! Also, thanks to my Christian friends and colleagues who laughed and cried with me and prayed for me. On a professional note, my heartfelt gratitude goes to my colleague and friend, Dr. Barbara Artinian without whose mentorship my understanding of grounded theory would have been extremely limited. Her unstinting assistance and her support of my work has enabled me to complete this project with rigor. My deep gratitude also goes to my doctoral advisor and dissertation chair, Dr. Catherine Waters. She was instrumental in my acceptance into the UCSF doctoral program. Throughout my five-year program of study, she provided me with encouragement, support, and guidance. Her invaluable assistance in iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. the editing stage made possible the seamless flow of this dissertation. Also, thanks to Dr. Mary White and my many UCSF colleagues who gave me support and guidance along the way! The collegiality and collaboration at this university has been evident throughout my time here. Finally, thank you to all my wonderful participants, those amazing mothers who shared their stories and their hearts. May God bless each one of you! IV Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................. xi DEDICATION AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................iii LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES...................................................................................................................... x Chapter I. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................1 Background .......................................................................................................................1 The Problem of Homelessness ..........................................................................1 Homelessness Defined ......................................................................... 2 Extent of Homelessness ....................................................................... 2 Profile of the Homeless........................................................................ 4 Factors Contributing to Homelessness.............................................................8 Poverty ....................................................................................................8 Unemployment and Underemployment ............................................. 9 Changing Social Structures................................................................ 10 Family Disintegration .........................................................................11 Violence ................................................................................................11 Mental Illness.......................................................................................12 Substance Abuse ................................................................................. 13 Catastrophes......................................................................................... 13 Statement of the Problem ............................................................................................. 14 v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Purpose of the Study..................................................................................................... 15 Assumptions of the Study............................................................................................. 15 II. PHILOSOPHICAL AND THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES .............................. 16 m. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE............................................................................. 19 Physical Dimension ....................................................................................................... 21 Shelter ................................................................................................................21 Food Security ....................................................................................................24 Physical Health .................................................................................................25 Psychosocial Dimension .............................................................................................. 28 Spiritual Dimension ......................................................................................................32 Sum m ary.........................................................................................................................35 IV. METHODS .................................................................................................................... 46 Design .............................................................................................................................46 Setting/Context ............................................................................................................. 49 Participants..................................................................................................................... 50 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria.................................................................... 50 Recruitment.......................................................................................................50 Description of Participants..............................................................................51 Procedure ....................................................................................................................... 54 Pre-Participant Interview Preparatory Phase................................................ 54 Participant Interview Phase.............................................................................55 Analytic Approach ........................................................................................................58 Ensuring Rigor................................................................................................. 62 vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Ethical Considerations ..................................................................................................63 Summary .........................................................................................................................63 V. FINDINGS ......................................................................................................................69 Reconnecting: Overcoming Homelessness................................................................ 69 Connecting with Someone .............................................................................. 72 Becoming Ready ................................................................................. 72 Making Contact ....................................................................................73 Reaching Out for Help ....................................................................... 73 Getting Connected
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