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Home , Channel access method, Communication channel, Multiplexing

WIRELESS AND MOBILE MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES FOR COMMUNICATION

In and computer networks, a or multiple access method allows several terminals connected to the same multi-point to transmit over it and to share its capacity.[1] Examples of shared physical media are wireless networks, bus networks, ring networks and point-to-point links operating in half-duplex mode. A channel access method is based on , that allows several data streams or to share the same or transmission medium. In this context, multiplexing is provided by the . There are three common types of multiple access system:

1. Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

2. Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

3. Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

The frequency-division multiple access(FDMA) channel-access scheme is based on the frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) scheme, which provides different frequency bands to different data-streams. In the FDMA case, the data streams are allocated to different nodes or devices. An example of FDMA systems were the first-generation () cell-phone systems, where each phone call was assigned to a specific uplink frequency channel, and another downlink frequency channel. Each message (each phone call) is modulated on a specific carrier frequency. FDMA Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

 The time division multiple access (TDMA) channel access scheme is based on the time-division multiplexing (TDM) scheme, which provides different time-slots to different data-streams (in the TDMA case to different ) in a cyclically repetitive structure. For example, 1 may use time slot 1, node 2 time slot 2, etc. until the last . Then it starts all over again, in a repetitive pattern, until a connection is ended and that slot becomes free or assigned to another node. An advanced form is Dynamic TDMA (DTDMA), where a may give different time sometimes but some times node 1 may use time slot 1 in first frame and use another time slot in next frame. TDMA Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

The code division multiple access (CDMA) scheme is based on , meaning that a wider spectrum in Hertz is used than the data rate of each of the transferred bit streams, and several message signals are transferred simultaneously over the same carrier frequency, utilizing different spreading . The wide makes it possible to send with a very poor signal-to- ratio of much less than 1 (less than 0 dB) according to the Shannon-Heartlyformula, meaning that the transmission power can be reduced to a level below the level of the noise and co-channel interference (cross talk) from other message signals sharing the same frequency. CDMA Spread Spectrum Multiple Access (SSMA)

Spread-spectrum telecommunications is a signal structuring technique that employs direct sequence, frequency hopping, or a hybrid of these, which can be used for multiple access and/or multiple functions. This technique decreases the potential interference to other receivers while achieving privacy. Spread spectrum generally makes use of a sequential noise-like signal structure to spread the normally narrowband signal over a relatively wideband (radio) band of frequencies. The receiver correlates the received signals to retrieve the original information signal. Originally there were two motivations: either to resist enemy efforts to jam the (anti-jam, or AJ), or to hide the fact that communication was even taking place, sometimes called low probability of intercept (LPI). SSMA Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)

Frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) is a method of transmitting radio signals by rapidly switching a carrier among many frequency channels, using a pseudorandomsequence known to both transmitter and receiver. It is used as a multiple access method in the code division multiple access(CDMA) scheme frequency-hopping code division multiple access (FH-CDMA) . FHSS is a wireless technology that spreads its signal over rapidly changing frequencies. Each available frequency band is divided into sub-frequencies. Signals rapidly change ("hop") among these in a pre-determined order. Interference at a specific frequency will only affect the signal during that short interval. FHSS can, however, cause interference with adjacent direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) systems. A sub-type of FHSS used in wireless data is adaptive frequency hopping spread spectrum (AFH). FHSS COMPARISON OF TDMA/FDMA/TDMA ADVANCE SYSTEM (AMPS) Introduction Of AMPS

Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) is an analog mobile phone system developed by , and officially introduced in the Americas on October 13, 1983,Israel in 1986, Australia in 1987, Singapore in 1988, and Pakistan in 1990.It was the primary analog mobile phone system in North America (and other locales) through the 1980s and into the 2000s. As of February 18, 2008, carriers in the United States were no longer required to support AMPS and companies such as AT&T and Verizon have discontinued this service permanently. AMPS was discontinued in Australia in September 2000, in Pakistan by October 2004, and Brazil by 2010. GOLBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION (GSM)

GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is an open, digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data service, digital mobile system that is widely used in Europe and other parts of the world. GSM uses a variation of time division multiple access (TDMA) and is the most widely used of the three digital wirelesstelephony technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA). GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down a channel with two other streams of user data, each in its own time slot. It operates at either the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz frequency band. GSM Architecture

ARCHITECTURE: The layout of a basic GSM network are divided into three broad parts. Comparison of CDMA and GSM technology

Following are some of the points discuss regarding comparison of both technology:  Technology The CDMA is based on spread spectrum technology which makes the optimal use of available bandwidth. It allows each user to transmit over the entire frequency spectrum all the time. On the other hand GSM operates on the wedge spectrum called a carrier. This carrier is divided into a number of time slots and each user is assigned a different time slot so that until the ongoing call is finished, no other subscriber can have access to this. GSM uses both Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) for user and cell separation. TDMA provides multiuser access by chopping up the channel into different time slices and FDMA provides multiuser access by separating the used frequencies.  Security More security is provided in CDMA technology as compared with the GSM technology as encryption is inbuilt in the CDMA. A unique code is provided to every user and all the conversation between two users are encoded ensuring a greater level of security for CDMA users. The signal cannot be detected easily in CDMA as compared to the signals of GSM, which are concentrated in the narrow bandwidth. Therefore, the CDMA phone calls are more secure than the GSM calls. In terms of encryption the GSM technology has to be upgraded so as to make it operate more securely.  Spectrum Frequencies The CDMA network operates in the frequency spectrum of CDMA 850 MHz and 1900 MHz while the GSM network operates in the frequency spectrum of GSM 850 MHz and 1900 MHz.  Global Reach GSM is in use over 80% of the world’s mobile networks in over 210 countries as compared to CDMA. CDMA is almost exclusively used in United States and some parts of Canada and Japan. As the European Union permissions GSM use, so CDMA is not supported in Europe. In North America, especially in rural areas, more coverage is offered by CDMA as compared to GSM. As GSM is an international standard, so it’s better to use GSM in international . GSM is in use by 76% of users as compared to CDMA which is in use by 24% users.  Data Transfer Rate CDMA has faster data rate as compared to GSM as EVDO data transfer technology is used in CDMA which offers a maximum download speed of 2 mbps. EVDO ready mobile phones are required to use this technology. GSM uses EDGE data transfer technology that has a maximum download speed of 384 kbps which is slower as compared to CDMA. For browsing the web, to watch and to download music, CDMA is better choice as compared to GSM. So CDMA is known to cover more area with fewer towers.

 Radiation Exposure GSM phones emit pulses, so there is a large need to reduce the exposures to electromagnetic fields focused on cell phones with “continuous wave pulses”. On the other hand CDMA cell phones do not produce these pulses. GSM phones emit about 28 times more radiation on average as compared to CDMA phones. Moreover, GSM phones are more biologically reactive as compared to CDMA. GENERAL SERVICE (GPRS)

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a packet oriented mobile data service on the 2Gand cellular communication system's global system for mobile communications(GSM). GPRS was originally standardized by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) in response to the earlier CDPD and i-mode packet-switched cellular technologies. It is now maintained by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). GPRS usage is typically charged based on volume of data transferred, contrasting with , which is usually billed per minute of connection time. Sometimes billing time is broken down to every third of a minute. Usage above the bundle cap is charged per megabyte, speed limited, or disallowed. Operation of GPRS System Global positioning System (GPS)

Stands for "Global Positioning System." GPS is a satellite navigation system used to determine the ground position of an object. GPS technology was first used by the United States military in the 1960s and expanded into civilian use over the next few decades. Today, GPS receivers are included in many commercial products, such as automobiles, , exercise watches, and GISdevices. The GPS system includes 24 satellites deployed in space about 12,000 miles (19,300 kilometers) above the earth's surface. They orbit the earth once every 12 hours at an extremely fast pace of roughly 7,000 miles per hour (11,200 kilometers per hour). The satellites are evenly spread out so that four satellites are accessible via direct line-of-sight from anywhere on the globe. GPS