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View Corporate and Individual Cultures in a Setting Or of Brands and Trademarks, There Is Also a Sharp Irrevocable Openness [26] Teixeira and Karsten Journal of Internet Services and Applications (2019) 10:7 Journal of Internet Services https://doi.org/10.1186/s13174-019-0105-z and Applications RESEARCH Open Access Managing to release early, often and on time in the OpenStack software ecosystem José Apolinário Teixeira* and Helena Karsten Abstract The dictum of “Release early, release often.” by Eric Raymond as the Linux modus operandi highlights the importance of release management in open source software development. However, there are very few empirical studies addressing release management in this context. It is already known that most open source software communities adopt either a feature-based or time-based release strategy. Both have their own advantages and disadvantages that are also context-specific. Recent research reports that many prominent open source software projects have overcome a number of recurrent problems by moving from feature-based to time-based release strategies. In this longitudinal case study, we address the release management practices of OpenStack, a large scale open source project developing cloud computing technologies. We discuss how the release management practices of OpenStack have evolved in terms of chosen strategy and timeframes with close attention to processes and tools. We discuss the number of practical and managerial issues related to release management within the context of large and complex software ecosystems. Our findings also reveal that multiple release management cycles can co-exist in large and complex software ecosystems such as OpenStack. Keywords: Open source, OSS, FLOSS, Release management, Release engineering, OpenStack 1 Introduction of OpenStack, a fast growing cloud computing platform The dictum of “Release early, release often” by Eric that is increasingly attracting scholarly attention (e.g., Raymond as the Linux modus operandi [1, 2] high- [14–18]), we explore how a time-based release manage- lights the importance of release management in open ment strategy was implemented in practice by looking at source software development (see [3–5]). Across disci- the overall release management process per se as well as plines, release management is acknowledged to be a very the infrastructural tools that support it. complex process that raises many issues among the pro- By following OpenStack since its inception at the ducers and users of software [6–9]. However, there are National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)1, very few empirical studies addressing release manage- we narrate the evolution of release management at Open- ment in open source software development [5, 10]. This is Stack. By investigating this ’moving target’, we found out unfortunate since many lessons can be learned from open that the cross-project release management team relies source software communities [11–13] because they allow upon freezes to encourage developers to change their studying the socio-technical aspects of software develop- production focus from the development of components ment freely whilst the proprietary model allows access to the overall upstream integration and stabilization of only to a few scholars. components as a whole. After many refinements, Open- Given this scarcity of empirical work on release man- Stack runs now a time-based release management cycle agement in the context of open source software [5, 10], that is quite liberal (i.e., open to changes and flexi- we address how a particularly large, complex and highly ble to adaptation). In particular situations, the different networked open source software ecosystem implemented sub-project teams across the community are allowed to and refined a time-based release strategy. Taking the case work around the ’default’ six months release cycle. As the project grew, different release cycles started to co- *Correspondence: [email protected] exist across the various OpenStack sub-projects. Release Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland © The Author(s). 2019 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Teixeira and Karsten Journal of Internet Services and Applications (2019) 10:7 Page 2 of 22 management started depending heavily on many soft- community to function. It is also worth remarking ware tools partially automating the release management that while most open source software is released on process (e.g., tools for version control, revision control, the Internet (i.e. to a repository or a website where it continuous upstream integration, continuous upstream can be consumed by others), much proprietary testing, and configuration management). Besides its software is only considered released once deployed at acknowledged benefits, the implementation of a liberal the customers’ production environment [24]. time-based release strategy is a challenging cooperative • Market. While a single firm releasing proprietary task interweaving people with processes, technology, and software has more control over the organizations. commercialization of the software and its complements, in the case of open source software 2 Prior related work ecosystems, the value exploration around a Across disciplines, but predominantly in software engi- component can not be fully controlled by a single neering, plenty of research addressed issues of release firm. Multiple firms can compete for the value management (see [9, 19–24] among others). Whilst we around the ’common’ software being released. In the acknowledge and value such research, we note that case of OpenStack, when deciding whether a certain the studies were mostly conducted in single firms that open source component is released or not, a number released proprietary software; a sharp contrast with our of issues can be raised, such as ’Will the component case where multiple firms release open source software compete with some of our proprietary offerings (e.g., (i.e., an open source software ecosystem). plug-ins)?’, ’Will the component allow us to win some On that regard, a framework for analyzing openness in consulting and deployment contracts?’, ’Will the the context of digital platforms and ecosystems recently component increase the demand for our hardware?’or proposed by Teixeira (2015) [25] raises issues of gover- ’Will the component increase the demand for our nance, transparency, market and intellectual property that hosting infrastructure?’ among other market-related can be used to juxtapose release management on the sin- issues that can impact release management. gle firm releasing proprietary software vs. the network of • Intellectual property rights. Releasing software can firms releasing open source software: create prior art in terms of intellectual property rights. Single firms releasing proprietary software • Governance. There is a sharp contrast in terms of tend to deal more with intellectual property inclusiveness and control across these two settings. protection issues. In open software ecosystems, there While a single firm releasing proprietary software has might be intellectual property issues as well, but they more control over its development processes, the often need to be resolved across multiple network of firms needs to accommodate multiple and participants. Furthermore, by releasing under an often conflicting agendas. Release management in open source software license, the developers or firms open source software ecosystems needs to are giving up rights that are automatically granted by accommodate that participants can have different law. Note that it is not uncommon for firms to and competing business models and thereby different submit related patents prior to releasing a certain motivations to engage and contribute. Furthermore, software component. This aspect is more relevant in release management in open source projects is more markets where software can be patentable (USA, exposed to different mental models, different Japan, and South Korea) [27]. From the point of view corporate and individual cultures in a setting or of brands and trademarks, there is also a sharp irrevocable openness [26]. In addition, open source contrast. While a single firm often has control over ecosystems also tend to be more inclusive to the trademark of a given software product, in the case third-party contributors (e.g., students, academics or of open source software such control is often users among others that do not need a certain multi-lateral and negotiated across the different organizational affiliation or license to contribute). individuals and organizations that contribute to the The power and the influence on deciding what is and joint development of open source software. After all, what is not released are shared across multiple and the quality of a given release can affect the value of heterogeneous participants [16]. the brand and the trademark associated with the • Transparency. While it is common for the single firm software being released. releasing proprietary software to hide information about the software being released (e.g., the source Regarding release management within the specific con- code, the bug tracking information), the same is not text of open source software, it is known that release customary in open source software
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