UNSINKABLE WOMEN: STORIES AND SONGS FROM THE TITANIC
Applause Series CURRICULUM GUIDE CIVIC CENTER OF GREATER DES MOINES
April 9 - 12, 2012 UNSINKABLE WOMEN: STORIES AND SONGS FROM THE TITANIC
Dear Teachers, GUIDE CONTENTS Thank you for joining us for the Applause Series presentation of Unsinkable Women: Stories and Songs from the Titanic. Few About the Civic Center tragedies in history have captured our collective imaginations as Page 3 that of the Titanic. 100 years later, the story of an “unsinkable” ship going down on its maiden voyage lives with us as a story of Going to the Theater and romance, hope, and the unfortunate price of human arrogance. Theater Etiquette This special one-woman play, written and performed by Deborah Page 4 Jean Templin, honors the remarkable women of the Titanic. Through her performance, Deborah Jean shines a light on the Civic Center Field Trip women’s individual stories, reminding us that — beneath the Information for Teachers myth and fantasy of the Titanic — at its heart is a story about the Page 5 people whose lives were forever altered by its sinking. About the Performance As you prepare your students for this Pages 6 experience, we hope that this study guide helps you connect the About the Artist performance to your classroom Page 8 curriculum in ways that you find valuable. In the following pages, you will Vocabulary find contextual information about the Page 8 performance and related subjects, as well as a variety of discussion questions About the Titanic and activities. Some pages are Pages 9-12 appropriate to reproduce for your students; others are designed more Titanic Timeline specifically with you, their teacher, in Pages 13-14 mind. As such, we hope that you are Deborah Jean Templin as Madeleine Astor, the young Music and Entertainment able to “pick and choose” material and bride of John Jacob Astor, ideas from the study guide to meet your one of the wealthiest men in of the Titanic Era class’s unique needs. America. Page 15
See you at the theater, Technology of the Titanic Era Page 16 Civic Center Education Team Pre-Show Exploration Activities Pages 17-18
Support for Civic Center education programs and the Applause Series is provided by: Post-Show Discussion and
Alliant Energy, American Republic Insurance Company, Bradford and Sally Austin, Assessment Activities Bank of America, EMC Insurance Companies, Greater Des Moines Community Pages 19-21 Foundation, Hy-Vee, John Deere Des Moines Operations, Iowa Department of Cultural Affairs, Richard and Deborah McConnell, Pioneer Hi-Bred - a DuPont Resources and Sources business, Polk County, Prairie Meadows, Sargent Family Foundation, Target, Page 22 U.S. Bank, Wells Fargo & Co., Willis Auto Campus, Windsor Charitable Foundation and more than 200 individual donors.
This study guide was compiled and written by Deborah Jean Templin and Karoline Myers; edited by Michelle McDonald and Eric Olmscheid. Adapted from Unsinkable Women Study Guide © 2011 D.J. Templin
Civic Center of Greater Des Moines Page 2 of 22 Unsinkable Women: Stories and Songs from the Titanic Curriculum Guide ABOUT THE CIVIC CENTER
The Civic Center of Greater Des Moines is a cultural landmark of DID YOU KNOW? central Iowa and is committed to engaging the Midwest in world-class entertainment, education, and cultural activities. The Civic Center has More than 250,000 patrons achieved a national reputation for excellence as a performing arts center visit the Civic Center each and belongs to several national organizations, including The Broadway year. League, the Independent Presenters Network, International Performing Arts for Youth, and Theater for Young Audiences/USA. The Civic Center opened in Five performing arts series currently comprise the season— the Willis 1979. Broadway Series, Prairie Meadows Temple Theater Series, Wellmark Blue Cross and Blue Shield Family Series, the Dance Series, and the Applause The Civic Center has three Series. The Civic Center is also the performance home for the Des Moines theater spaces: Symphony and Stage West.
The Civic Center is a private, nonprofit organization and is an important Main Hall, 2744 seats part of central Iowa’s cultural community. Through its education Stoner Studio, 200 seats programs, the Civic Center strives to engage patrons in arts experiences Temple Theater, 299 seats that extend beyond the stage. Master classes bring professional and (located in the Temple for local artists together to share their art form and craft, while pre- the Performing Arts) performance lectures and post-performance Q&A sessions with company members offer ticket holders the opportunity to explore each show as a living, evolving piece of art. No seat is more than 155 feet from center stage in the Main Through the Applause Series— curriculum-connected performances for Hall. school audiences— students are encouraged to discover the rich, diverse world of performing arts. During the 2011-2012 season, the Civic Center Nollen Plaza, situated just west will welcome more than 40,000 students and educators to 13 professional productions for young audiences. of the Civic Center, is a park and amphitheater that is also part of the Civic Center complex. The space features Want an inside look? Request a tour. the Brenton Waterfall and Reflec on Pool and the Crusoe Group tours can be arranged for performance and Umbrella sculpture. non-performance dates for groups grades 3 and above. The Applause Series started in Call 515-246-2355 or visit CivicCenter.org/education 1996. You are joining us for to check on availability or book your visit. our 16th season of school performances.
Civic Center of Greater Des Moines Page 3 of 22 Unsinkable Women: Stories and Songs from the Titanic Curriculum Guide GOING TO THE THEATER . . .
YOUR ROLE AS AN THEATER ETIQUETTE AUDIENCE MEMBER Here is a checklist of general guidelines to follow Attending a live performance is a unique and exciting when you visit the Civic Center: opportunity. Unlike the passive experience of watching a movie, audience members play an Leave all food, drinks, and chewing gum at school important role in every live performance. As they act, or on the bus. sing, dance, or play instruments, the performers on Cameras, recording devices, and personal stage are very aware of the audience’s mood and listening devices are not permitted in the theater. level of engagement. Each performance calls for a different response from audience members. Lively Turn off and put away all cell phones, pagers, and bands, musicians, and dancers may desire the other electronic devices before the performance audience to focus silently on the stage and applaud begins. only during natural breaks in the performance. Do not text during the performance. Audience members can often take cues from performers on how to respond to the performance Respect the theater. Remember to keep your feet appropriately. For example, performers will often off of the seats and avoid bouncing up and down. pause or bow for applause at a specific time. When the house lights dim, the performance is As you experience the performance, consider the about to begin. Please stop talking at this time. following questions: Talk before and after the performance only. Remember, the theater is designed to What kind of live performance is this (a play, a amplify sound, so the other audience members dance, a concert, etc.)? and the performers on stage can hear your voice! What is the mood of the performance? Is the Use the restroom before the performance or wait subject matter serious or lighthearted? until the end. If you must leave the theater during the show, make sure the first set of doors closes What is the mood of the performers? Are they before you open the second — this will keep happy and smiling or somber and reserved? unwanted light from spilling into the theater. Are the performers encouraging the audience to Appropriate responses such as laughing and clap to the music or move to the beat? applauding are appreciated. Pay attention to the Are there natural breaks in the performance artists on stage — they will let you know what is where applause seems appropriate? appropriate. Open your eyes, ears, mind, and heart to the A SPECIAL EXPERIENCE entire experience. Enjoy yourself! Seeing a live performance is a very special experience. Although it is not required, many people enjoy dressing up when they attend the theater. GOING TO THE THEATER information is adapted from the Ordway Center for the Performing Arts study guide materials.
Civic Center of Greater Des Moines Page 4 of 22 Unsinkable Women: Stories and Songs from the Titanic Curriculum Guide CIVIC CENTER FIELD TRIP INFORMATION FOR TEACHERS
Thank you for choosing the Applause Series at the Civic Center of Greater Des Moines. Below are tips for organizing a safe and successful field trip to the Civic Center.
ORGANIZING YOUR FIELD TRIP PARKING Please include all students, teachers, and chaperones Police officers stationed at the corner of Tenth and in your ticket request. Locust Streets will direct buses to parking areas with After you submit your ticket request, you will receive a hooded meters near the theater. Groups traveling in confirmation e-mail within five business days. Your personal vehicles are responsible for locating their own invoice will be attached to the confirmation e-mail. parking. Payment policies and options are located at the top of Buses will remain parked for the duration of the show. the invoice. (Complete payment and cancellation poli- cies may be viewed at civiccenter.org/education.) Buses are not generally permitted to drop off or pick up The Civic Center reserves the right to cancel unpaid students near the theater. If a bus must return to school during the performance, prior arrangements reservations after the payment due date. must be made with the Civic Center Education staff. Tickets are not printed for Applause Series shows. Your invoice will serve as the reservation confirmation ARRIVAL for your group order. Schedule buses to arrive in downtown Des Moines at When arriving at the theater, please have an adult least 30 minutes prior to the start of the performance. lead your group for identification and check-in purpos- This will allow time to park, walk to the Temple for the es. A Civic Center staff member may be stationed out- Performing Arts, and be seated in the theater. side the building to direct you. Performances are approximately 60 minutes unless Civic Center staff will usher groups into the building as otherwise noted on the website and printed materials. quickly as possible. All school groups with reservations to the show will Seating in the theater is general admission. Ushers will receive an e-mail notification when the study guide is escort groups to their seats; various seating factors posted. Please note that study guides are only printed including group size, grade levels, arrival time, and and mailed upon request. special needs seating requests may determine a group’s specific location in the theater. DIRECTIONS We request that an adult lead the group into the the- The Civic Center’s Temple Theater is located in the ater and other adults position themselves through- Temple for the Performing Arts located at Tenth and out the group; we request this arrangement for super- Locust Streets in downtown Des Moines. vision purposes, especially in the event that a group Directions from I-235: Take Exit 8A (downtown exits) must be seated in multiple rows. and the ramp toward Third Street. Travel south on Please allow ushers to seat your entire group before Third Street approximately six blocks to Grand Avenue. rearranging seats or taking groups to the restroom. Turn west on Grand Avenue and travel to Thirteenth
Street. Turn south on Thirteenth Street and then east IN THE THEATER on Locust Street. Buses will park on the south side of Locust Street in In case of a medical emergency, please notify the front of the Nationwide building. See next column for nearest usher. additional parking information. We ask that adults handle any disruptive behavior in their groups. If the behavior persists, an usher may request your group to exit the theater. QUESTIONS? Please contact the Education department at Following the performance groups may exit the theater 515.246.2355 or [email protected]. and proceed to the their bus(es). Thank you! If an item is lost at the Temple Theater, please see an usher or call 515.246.2355.
Civic Center of Greater Des Moines Page 5 of 22 Unsinkable Women: Stories and Songs from the Titanic Curriculum Guide ABOUT THE PERFORMANCE
When people survive an extreme ABOVE: Deborah Jean Templin as Violet THE CHARACTERS Jessop, a stewardess on the Titanic. situation and triumph over adversity, their lives are altered The Girl on the Bicycle: She is a Nora: Nora represents the forever. On April 15, 1912, the composite character of an entertainers aboard the Titanic. RMS Titanic sank in the frigid educated working class girl. She She is making the crossing to waters of the North Atlantic. is a young female English teacher work in American Vaudeville According to the British Wreck of the period who is well aware of theater and travelling in steerage commissioner’s final report, of her place in society compared to where she meets many third class the 2,201 passengers and crew that of her male counterparts. passengers. She performs two onboard, only 711 survived. period songs, which reveal a great Many of the survivors were Eleanor Widener: While Eleanor deal about the roles of gender, women. Unsinkable Women, a survived, her son Harry drowned ethnicity, and race in early 20th one-person show written and in the Titanic disaster clutching his Century social conventions. performed by Deborah Jean favorite book. Eleanor Widener
Templin, brings to life a donated a library to Harvard Margaret (Molly) Tobin Brown: historically accurate portrayal of University in his memory. Mrs. Brown is one of the most seven brave women, including famous survivors. She was from the unsinkable Molly Brown. Daisy Spedden: A resident of Colorado and was married to J.J. Tuxedo Park, New York, Daisy Brown, a wealthy mine owner. When asked why she pursued and her husband traveled a great She was a crusader for the rights this project, Ms. Templin replied, deal. The Spedden family was of women, children, mine workers, “I wanted to move away from one of the first families to board a and others who struggled for romance and fantasy and reveal lifeboat, with their son carrying his survival in the early 20th Century. something of the realities of the plush bear, Polar. Mrs. Spedden
Titanic itself and its world. But later wrote a book for her son Madeleine Force Astor: The most importantly, the stories of entitled Polar the Titanic Bear that young bride of John Jacob Astor these women show how tragedy is still read by children today. lost her husband the night of the can liberate a deeper sense of Titanic sinking. She was seven self and release extraordinary Violet Jessop: Ms. Jessop was a months pregnant. Her prenuptial personal powers. For these transatlantic stewardess for 41 agreement stated she would lose ladies – and I hope for us – that years. Incredibly, she survived the millions if she married again. She is the legacy of the Titanic.” sinking of both the Titanic and the turned her back on the Astor Britannic. family fortune and married twice more before her death at the age of 47.
Civic Center of Greater Des Moines Page 6 of 22 Unsinkable Women: Stories and Songs from the Titanic Curriculum Guide ABOUT THE ARTIST, DEBORAH JEAN TEMPLIN
Unsinkable Women: Stories and ABOVE: Deborah Jean Templin as ACTING CAREER Eleanor Wilder in Unsinkable Women. Songs from the Titanic is written Her professional acting honors and performed by Deborah Jean include Philadelphia's Barrymore Templin. Read more about the Award for Best Actress in a UNSINKABLE WOMEN artist prior to seeing the Musical and the Richard Burton Ms. Templin researched and performance. Award in Acting. Deborah Jean wrote Unsinkable Women while has appeared with Edie Adams in appearing in the national tour of the musical Baby, with Jose the Tony Award winning musical A LIFETIME WRITER Greco in the tour of the off- Titanic. Playing seven different Deborah Jean Templin began Broadway hit The Passion of roles in that show, as a swing, writing skits and plays at the age Dracula and played Grace Farrell she became fascinated with the of nine through the 4H program in opposite Harve Presnell in a women whose shoes she walked her home state of Minnesota. She 45-city national tour of Annie. She in and their stories of survival. hasn’t stopped writing since. She was a member of the Mamma has written nine plays in all, which Mia! national touring company. Wanting to discover more about have been performed from San She has performed Ida Straus in the women she was portraying, Francisco to New York City, Titanic at the Chicago Lyric Opera she set out to research their lives, Laramie to Jacksonville. House and Dolly Levi at the visiting places such as the Astor Walnut Street in Philadelphia. Cottage in Newport, the Widener Library at Harvard and Molly Her film credits include Penny Brown’s home in Denver as well Marshall’s Awakenings, Scent of a as the nation’s public libraries. Woman and You’ve Got Mail. On Each morning she would write television, Ms. Templin has been three pages about a character or seen on The Good Wife, Law and set of characters. Eventually Order, and All My Children. these notes were developed into monologues with a particular She is a proud member of three point of view. Costumes, wigs and theatrical unions: Actors Equity props were added. Using the Association, Screen Actors Guild building blocks of the monologues and the American Federation of she has adapted the production Television and Radio Artists. for schools and created a special concert version.
Civic Center of Greater Des Moines Page 7 of 22 Unsinkable Women: Stories and Songs from the Titanic Curriculum Guide VOCABULARY
era: a distinctive period of time. Morse Code: a code used for telegraph: an apparatus for The era of the Titanic was marked transmitting messages that transmitting signals to a different by rapidly changing technology consists of different combinations place. Titanic featured a wireless and a belief in continued of “dots” (a short tone) and telegraph known as a progress. “dashes” (a tone three times as Marconigram that transmitted its long as a “dot” tone) to represent messages via radio waves. iceberg: a large floating mass of different letters of the alphabet. ice that has broken off from a glacier and been carried out to ocean liner: an oceangoing sea. Titanic’s collision with an passenger ship. In the early iceberg in the North Atlantic tore a 20th Century, ocean liners were nearly 300-foot wide gash in its the most common form of hull, leading the ship to sink. passenger travel between Europe and North America. At the time, Titanic was considered the most Marconi magnetic detector that received magnificent ocean liner ever built. spark telegraphic signals in ships and shore stations. Image courtesy of steerage: accommodations given mhs.ox.ac.uk. to passengers traveling at the cheapest rate. On the Titanic, transatlantic: crossing the third-class was considered Atlantic Ocean. The Titanic was a Iceberg with which the Titanic is believed steerage. Most were immigrants transatlantic liner. See map above to have collided. Image courtesy of on for the Titanic’s intended route on titanic-nautical.com. their its maiden voyage. way to lifeboat: a small boat constructed Ameri- Vaudeville: popular 20th Century and placed on a ship to be used ca to entertainment consisting of a to save the people aboard if the begin number of individual acts such as ship begins to sink. The makers of a new music, comedians, magicians, the Titanic were so sure that the life for ventriloquists, and dancers. ship was unsinkable that there their Third-class passengers on their were only enough lifeboats on fami- Titanic deck. Major ships, like White Star Line: British shipping board for one third of the lies. the Titanic, had different decks company which specialized in passengers. for the different types of passengers. Image courtesy of building and operating passenger TitanicPhotographs.com. ships, including the Titanic.
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The Titanic set sail in April of The design of the Titanic was ABOVE: The Titanic steams out of the considered to be state of the art. harbor on its maiden voyage. Image 1912, only to sink four days later courtesy of TitanicPhotographs.com. after colliding with an iceberg in The ship featured a double bottom the North Atlantic. Only one third and 15 watertight bulkheads of its passengers survived. Read equipped with watertight doors. on to learn more about the These doors could be operated THE WONDER SHIP magnificent ship, its passengers, individually or simultaneously by a and the tragedy. switch on the bridge. It was these From the bottom of her keel to the watertight doors that inspired top of her stacks, Titanic was 175 Shipbuilder magazine to call the feet high. There were a total of BUILDING THE ship “practically unsinkable.” nine decks, or levels. TITANIC The Titanic was meant to be one SETTING SAIL Titanic’s engines used more than 800 tons of coal each day. The of the most magnificent ocean On April 10, 1912, hundreds of ship could reach a speed of 24 liners of all time. Built by the White people crowded onto a dock in knots, or about 27 miles per hour. Star Line, construction began in Southampton, England to see the
1909 in Harland and Wolff yard Titanic set off on her maiden There were electric lights in all the located in Northern Ireland and voyage. At the time, Titanic was ships’ rooms. Titanic used more continued nonstop until the spring the largest ship in the world – the than 10,000 light bulbs. of 1911. length of four city blocks. Many
called her “the wonder ship”. After The ship had a heated swimming In May of that year, nearly stops in Cherbourg, France and pool, a gym, two libraries, and two 100,000 people came to watch the Queenstown (now known as barber shops. Titanic’s hull (the largest movable Cobh), Ireland, the ship set sail for manmade object in the world at New York with an estimated 2,200 To feed the crew and passengers, the time) be launched into the passengers and crew on board. water. Once docked, thousands of Titanic needed 75,000 pounds of workers spent the next year (About the Titanic, cont. pg. 10) meat; 11,000 pounds of fish; and building the ship’s decks, 40,000 eggs. The ship also constructing its lavish interiors, carried 40 tons of potatoes; 3,500 and installing the 29 giant boilers pounds of onions; 36,000 apples; that would power the ship’s two and 1,000 loaves of bread. main steam engines. Each day, the passengers and RIGHT: Titanic’s fully equipped gym. crew used 14,000 gallons of Titanic’s other amenities included a drinking water. heated swimming pool, two barber shops, four restaurants, and two libraries. Image courtesy of TitanicPhoto- graphs.com.
Civic Center of Greater Des Moines Page 9 of 22 Unsinkable Women: Stories and Songs from the Titanic Curriculum Guide ABOUT THE TITANIC, pg. 2 of 4
Second Class ABOVE: Six-year-old Robert Douglas THE PEOPLE Steadman spins a top on deck while his Titanic’s passengers came from Titanic’s second-class passengers father, Federick, watches. Both father and all over the world, hailing from consisted mainly of professionals son would survive the sinking. Image Ireland, France, Sweden, Norway, and families on holiday. Many of courtesy of TitanicPhotographs.com. Poland, Russia, Spain, Greece, these people customarily booked China, Arabia, England and the first-class but were forced to United States. downgrade due to a lack of coal supplies for the ships they had First Class originally booked passage on. Due to it being Titanic’s first voyage, its first-class passengers Third Class were high-ranking individuals The largest group of passengers from the White Star Line, wealthy was in third-class. Titanic’s third- industrialists, dignitaries, and class or “steerage” passengers celebrities. Notable first-class were primarily Irish and Italian passengers included well known immigrants planning to start a new Americans Mrs. J.J. (“The life in American. Many families on Unsinkable Molly”) Brown, Mr. board had six or more children. and Mrs. John Jacob Astor, and Some had paid less than $20 to Mr. And Mrs. Isador Straus, make the crossing. It was third-class that was the major co-founders of Macy’s ABOVE: Captain Edward J. Smith was the Department Story. The net worth source of profit for shipping lines White Star line’s choice to captain maiden of the ship’s prominent like White Star, and Titanic voyages. This was to have been his final passengers was $500 million. offered accommodations superior voyage before retiring. Image courtesy of to those found in third-class on prlog.org. any ship up to that time. Average Ticket Costs: (About the Titanic, cont. pg. 11) First class: $430 Second class: $65 Third class: $35 ($345 today)
Approx. Passengers: 2,220 LEFT: A couple strolls along one of First class: 337 Titanic’s decks. Overhead, deck chairs are stacked against the railing of the second- Second class: 271 class promenade. Image courtesy of Third class: 712 TitanicPhotographs.com. Crew: 908
Civic Center of Greater Des Moines Page 10 of 22 Unsinkable Women: Stories and Songs from the Titanic Curriculum Guide ABOUT THE TITANIC, pg. 3 of 4
DISASTER STRIKES Although the individual bulkheads ABOVE: Painting by artist Ken Marschall, were watertight, water could spill depicting the collision with the iceberg. On April 14, 1912, four days after Many believe that if the Titanic would have departure, disaster struck. from one compartment into hit the iceberg head on rather than from the Throughout the day, the ship had another. By the time the captain side that it wouldn’t have sunk. Image received nine messages on the toured the damaged area, five courtesy of kenmarchall.com. wireless that warned of icebergs. compartments were already filling A number of these were not with seawater, and the bow of the SPOTLIGHT ON: delivered to the bridge. Those ship was alarmingly down. At that ICEBERGS that were delivered were ignored. point, the captain, who had already instructed the wireless Icebergs are formed when large At about 11:30 that night, a operator to call for help, ordered masses of ice break off from a lookout saw an iceberg dead the lifeboats to be loaded. The glacier, or ice sheet. This breaking ahead of the ship, rang that Titanic was doomed. off is called “calving.” Icebergs can warning bell and telephoned the (About the Titanic, cont. pg. 12) be as large as a mile across and bridge. The engines were quickly reach up to hundreds of feet reversed and the ship was turned above the water. About 70 to 80 sharply. Instead of making direct percent of an iceberg’s mass is impact, the iceberg grazed the actually below the waterline (if side of the ship, slashing a 300- they floated in freshwater they foot gash below the waterline. would ride even lower in the water.) The hidden part of an iceberg can extend out from side Did you know? to side under the water, making After the ship hit the iceberg, icebergs very dangerous for ships third-class passengers were seen passing by. In 1914, in the on the lower decks playing with aftermath of the Titanic disaster, large chunks of ice. At that point the International Ice Patrol was in the evening, the ship was still established to track hundreds of thought to be “unsinkable” and icebergs in the North Atlantic few passengers were worried. using computerized radar and A North Atlantic iceberg. Image courtesy of weather information systems. wcscott.net.
Civic Center of Greater Des Moines Page 11 of 22 Unsinkable Women: Stories and Songs from the Titanic Curriculum Guide ABOUT THE TITANIC, pg. 4 of 4
THE TRAGEDY Hundreds of stories of both ABOVE: An artist’s impression of the cowardice and bravery occurred Titanic as it sank, printed in The Sphere The evacuation process on the shortly after the tragedy. Image courtesy of Titanic was extremely as Titanic sank beneath the water. titanicphotography.com. disorganized. The Titanic carried Men saw off wives and children; only 16 lifeboats, as well as four families were separated in the “collapsible” lifeboats. Together confusion; and individuals gave LOST AND SAVED those lifeboats could fit only 1,178 up their spots to remain with First Class Passengers people – about one third of the their loved ones or to allow more Men: 115 Lost, 58 Saved Titanic’s total capacity. (At the vulnerable passengers to escape. Women: 5 Lost, 139 Saved time, Titanic’s supply of lifeboats Children: 1 Lost, 4 Saved actually exceeded the British Less than three hours after
Board of Trade’s regulations.) striking the iceberg, at 2:20 a.m. Second Class Passengers on the morning of April 15, 1912, Men: 147 Lost, 13 Saved Many of the lifeboats were the Titanic was nearly Women: 15 Lost, 78 Saved lowered well under capacity as perpendicular in the water. With Children: 0 Lost, 24 Saved the crew was cautious about the many of her lights still aglow, the strength of the davits (supports for ship plunged beneath the icy Third Class Passengers raising and lowering boats). For waters. Men: 399 Lost, 55 Saved instance, the first lifeboat could Women: 81 Lost, 98 Saved accommodate 65 people and was After dodging ice floes all night Children: 53 Lost, 23 Saved launched holding only 28. having receiving the Titanic’s
distress signal at midnight, a ship Crew Members Women and children boarded the called the Carpathia began to Men: 686 Lost, 189 Saved lifeboats first; only when there round up all the lifeboats the next Women: 2 Lost, 21 Saved were no women or children morning. They contained only 711 survivors. The loss of 1,500 nearby were men permitted to *Numbers are approximate. Due to the board. Many of the victims, people made the sinking of the chaos in the tragedy, there are conflicting however, were women and Titanic the largest maritime reports of the total number of passengers disaster in history up to that time. on board and how many from each class children, the result of disorderly survived and were lost. procedures that failed to get them to the lifeboats in the first place.
Civic Center of Greater Des Moines Page 12 of 22 Unsinkable Women: Stories and Songs from the Titanic Curriculum Guide TITANIC TIMELINE, pg. 1 of 2
APRIL 10, 1912: APRIL 11, 1912 SAILING DAY Captain Smith takes Titanic through some practice turns en 7:30 AM route to Queenstown to test Captain Edward J. Smith boards maneuverability. Titanic with full crew. Officers spent the previous night on board. 11:30 AM Smith receives the sailing report Titanic rides at anchor in from Chief Officer Wilde. Queenstown harbor, about two miles from land. 113 third-class 8:00 AM Passengers lean from the promenade and seven second-class deck to watch the Titanic narrowly avoid passengers board from tenders Entire crew mustered, followed by colliding with the New York. Image brief lifeboat drill using only two courtesy of TitanicPhotographs.com. with 1385 bags of mail. Seven boats. passengers disembark.
1:00 PM 1:30 PM Titanic resumes the 24-mile trip The downstream to the English starboard Channel en route to Cherbourg, anchor is France. raised for
the last 4:00 PM time and Boat-train from Paris arrives at Titanic Cherbourg. Late arrival is departs on announced. A crew member leans against the rail. her first
Behind him is lifeboat number seven. It trans- 5:30 PM would be the first launched as the ship Atlantic sank. Image courtesy of Cherbourg passengers finally It took several minutes for crossing to TitanicPhotographs.com. board tenders and wait to be the anchor to come to the New York. surface. Titanic used six ferried out to Titanic. cables, 15 fathoms each,
9:30 AM of wrought iron chain for 6:30 PM its anchor. Second-and-third-class boat-trains Titanic rides at anchor in Image courtesy of arrive and passengers board ship. TitanicPhotographs.com. Cherbourg harbor, all lights
11:30 AM ablaze. Twenty-two cross-Channel First-class passengers board and passengers disembark, and some APRIL 12, 1912 are escorted to cabins. cargo is unloaded. Titanic covers 386 miles in fine, calm, clear weather. 12:00 PM 8:00 PM Titanic casts off and is towed from 274 Cherbourg passengers are APRIL 13, 1912 dock by tugs. The water displaced aboard and tenders return to Titanic covers 519 miles. Fine by Titanic's movement shore. weather continues. Various ice during downstream passage into warnings received, which is not the river causes all six of the S.S. 8:10 PM uncommon for April crossings. New York’s mooring-lines to Anchor raised and Titanic leaves break and her stern to swing for Queenstown, Ireland, 10:30 PM toward the Titanic. Quick action taking her through the English Heavy ice pack warning signaled averts a collision by only four feet. Channel and around England's by passing S.S. Rappahannock, Departure is delayed for an hour. south coast. which has sustained damage This incident indicates coming through the ice field. unfamiliarity with ships of this size by those handling them. (Titanic Timeline, cont. pg. 14)
Civic Center of Greater Des Moines Page 13 of 22 Unsinkable Women: Stories and Songs from the Titanic Curriculum Guide TITANIC TIMELINE, pg. 2 of 2
APRIL 14, 1912 APRIL 15, 1912 2:05 AM The last 9:00 AM 12:00 AM lifeboat is Titanic picks up wireless message Captain launched. from RMS Caronia warning of field Smith Two more ice and icebergs in 42ºN, from 49º orders collapsible to 51ºW. wireless boats remain operator on board but they are 11:40 PM John Margaret Brown is The crow’s nest bell suddenly Phillips and unable to be regarded as a sounds three times followed by Harold launched. hero for insisting that the ringing of the bridge Bride to With all the her lifeboat return to boats gone, look for survivors. telephone. Sixth Officer Moody send a Image courtesy of answers, hearing Lookout distress desperate missouriwomen.org. Frederick Fleet’s urgent warning signal. The passengers Telegraph operator John and crew “Iceberg, right ahead!” First Phillips, left, remained at Carpathia is Officer Murdock orders the his post summoning the closest begin jumping into the icy water. engines stopped and then full rescuers for those who, at 58 miles. astern. He also orders the unlike himself, were At full 2:17 AM leaving the ship in The radio officers Phillips and helmsman, Quartermaster lifeboats. Image courtesy speed it will Hitches, to turn the helm hard of titanicphotographs.com. take four Bride remain at their post sending starboard (right). The ship finally hours to distress signals. They have starts to turn, but is too late; a arrive. dispensed with “CQD” for the new spur of ice beneath the surface distress call “SOS.” The last scrapes the starboard side of the 12:05 AM: “SOS” is sent at 2:17 am. The ship for a distance for about 284 The crew begins to uncover and Titanic is the first vessel to use feet. This causes a series of swing out the lifeboats. this signal. At about this time the gashes and buckled hull plates forward funnel of the ship that fully affect the first four 12:45 AM: collapses, crushing many water-tight compartments and The first lifeboat is launched. struggling in the water. partially affects a fifth. The ship is Although it has capacity for 65 now open to the sea for 12 square persons it carries only 28. The 2:18 AM feet. Captain Smith comes to the officers loading the boats are The lights go out. Titanic slants bridge and orders Fourth Officer cautious, mistrusting the test down into the water and as its Boxhall to conduct an inspection strength of the davits. stern straightens to the sky, more of the ship. When he returns to than half of the bow and the bridge, Mr. Boxhall reports 1:15 AM midsection of the ship breaks off that he found no damage at all. The ship lists heavily and and slides down into the sea. Within minutes, however, reports passengers are more willing to start to come in: 8 feet of water in enter lifeboats. Officers are less 2:20 AM Boiler Room 6; flooding in the cautious, loading the boats more The stern section, now filling with Mailroom and the Squash Court. fully. water, tilts into a position that is nearly perpendicular to the 1:40 AM ocean’s surface and steadily The first collapsible lifeboat leaves sinks. The Titanic disappears into the ship, carrying White Star the Atlantic. Managing Director, J. Bruce Ismay, who will be vilified for 4:10 - 8:30 AM leaving the ship while some 1,500 The Carpathia arrives and collects others died. the lifeboats carrying a total of Iceberg with which the Titanic is believed 711 survivors. to have collided, estimated to be 50 to 100 feet high and 200 to 400 feet long. Image courtesy of titanic-nautical.com.
Civic Center of Greater Des Moines Page 14 of 22 Unsinkable Women: Stories and Songs from the Titanic Curriculum Guide MUSIC AND ENTERTAINMENT OF THE TITANIC ERA
Unsinkable Women incorporates PRIMARY SONG ABOVE: Deborah Jean Templin as Nora, several songs from the Titanic who represents the entertainers of Titanic. era that were performed aboard FORMS OF THE ERA the ship. The songs are used in Every song performed in SONGS IN THE SHOW the overture, as transitions Unsinkable Women is in an ABAB or verse-chorus format. This Long Time Ago between characters, to underscore many of the binary form was one of the My Hero primary song forms of the day. monologues, and some are sung I’m Falling in Love With by the characters themselves. The other well-known song form Some One Read on to learn more about the different types of music of the would be AAA, otherwise known Our Miss Gibbs Titanic era and the role that as a Strophic song. Oh Danny Boy, was written in this format. Somewhere a Voice is Calling music and entertainment played in the early 1900s. Stropic form (verse-repeating or Come Josephine chorus form) is the simplest and most durable of musical forms, Toyland*
STORY SONGS elaborating a piece of music by Ocean Roll* repetition of a single formal sec- In Unsinkable Women the tion. This may be analyzed as "A The Ship I Love character of Nora says, “The A A..." White Star songbook had 352 Danny Boy tunes that had to be learned by Silver Heels* heart and known by number.” VAUDEVILLE Wallace Hartley, bandmaster of One of the most popular forms of I Just Can’t Make my entertainment from the 1880s to Eyes Behave* the White Star Orchestra, would say the number of the piece and the 1920s was vaudeville. Alexander’s Ragtime Band they would play that “number.” Vaudeville was a variety show whose acts included comedians, En Printemps* This was the first instance of the term "number" being used for singers, plate-spinners, Dream of Autumn musical tunes, which is still used ventriloquists, dancers, musicians, acrobats, and animal trainers. Meet Me To-Night in Dreamland today. Singing was part of everyday life in 1912. People From small town stages to the Thine Alone would gather around the piano at largest theaters of New York, vaudeville was an essential part of Our Miss Gibbs home or in restaurants and sing. every community. Smiles*
*Songs sung by the characters.
Civic Center of Greater Des Moines Page 15 of 22 Unsinkable Women: Stories and Songs from the Titanic Curriculum Guide TECHNOLOGY OF THE TITANIC ERA
In Europe and America, the 19th TELEGRAPH, MORSE Photo of the Marconi (or wireless) room on century witnessed a burst of the Titanic’s sister ship, the Olympic. Very CODE & RADIO few photos of the Titanic’s Marconi room technological and scientific survive but this is very similar. Image progress unparalleled in history. The telegraph, Morse code, and courtesy of titanicphotographs.com. Ways of life were transformed by radio were new technologies that played an important role on the human invention and ingenuity to On the Titanic, a telegraph was Titanic. such a degree that it seemed referred to as a Marconigram. there were no limits to what could Samuel F.B. Morse was largely The telegraph was the first electric be accomplished through science responsible for the invention of device for communicating over and technology. Many people the telegraph. Morse also long distances. By breaking and believed it was possible to developed a code (Morse code) to completing an electric circuit (by achieve Utopia, perfect society, enable people to communicate pressing and releasing the here on earth. their language over the telegraph. telegraph key) a series of clicks or The code consists of different beeps can be transmitted. It has been said that the Titanic combinations of “dots” (a short Originally, telegraphs were linked disaster struck a great blow to tone) and “dashes” (a tone three by miles and miles of wire. By the optimistic belief in the times as long as a “dot” tone.) 1907, Guglielmo Marconi had ceaseless march of progress These are referred to as “dit” and developed a radio telegraph towards a perfect world. The “dah.” A well-known Morse code system. Telegraphs were used on story of an “unsinkable” ship that message is S-O-S, which is made that system to send wireless went down during its maiden up of the first three letters of the messages. voyage has something to say to phrase Save Our Ship! us about human arrogance, pride, and our faith in the idea of progress. MORSE CODE A . _ B _ . . . C _ . _ . D _ . . E . F . . _ . NOTABLE INVENTIONS G _ _ . H . . . . I . . J . _ _ _ K _ . _ L . _ . . FROM 1900—1912 Zeppelin • Escalator • Crayons M _ _ N _ . O _ _ _ P . _ _ . Q _ _ . _ R . _ . Safety Razor • Vacuum Cleaner Air Conditioner • Neon Light S . . . T _ U . . _ V . . . _ W . _ _ X _ . . _ Airplane • Windshield Wipers Cornflakes • Color Photography Y _ . _ _ Z _ _ . . Morse code for the letter ‘S’ is three dots (…) and the letter Helicopter • Cellophane ‘O’ is three dashes (- - -). So, in Morse code, ‘S-O-S’ is “dot-dot-dot / dash-dash.-dash / dot-dot-dot” (… / - - - / …).
Civic Center of Greater Des Moines Page 16 of 22 Unsinkable Women: Stories and Songs from the Titanic Curriculum Guide PRE-SHOW EXPLORATION ACTIVITIES
1) ONE-PERSON PLAY 2) WONDERS OF TECHNOLOGY: BEFORE AND AFTER Goal: To explore how writing and drama can deepen understanding of an event. Goal: To explore human beings’ relationship with new
and evolving technologies. Explanation: In this activity, students will develop the outline of a one-person play inspired by a real event. Explanation: The sinking of the Titanic struck a deep
blow to people’s belief in the power of technology. Activity: The unsinkable ship was, in fact, sinkable. In this 1. Divide the class into pairs. activity, students will write a two-part monologue 2. Provide the class with copies of current about a new “wonder of technology” covering both its newspapers or books about a historical event. rise and its fall. 3. Invite students to pick a story that interests them and to develop the outline of a one-person play Activity: inspired by that event. 1. Provide students with the following scenario. 4. Provide them with the following prompts: A “wonder of technology” has just been What incident in the news makes you ask introduced to the world. The new product will questions? make life easier. People will begin to depend What happens in your play? What is the story? upon this advance in technology and eventually, Where does the story take place? many will not believe how they ever managed Who is telling the story? without this fantastic invention. Life is wonderful! How does the story begin? Is there a pivotal Time passes. By now, everyone uses this event? How does it end? invention. Suddenly, something goes wrong with What would the person telling the story want the this “wonder of technology” and it is gone. People audience to know? are faced with doing things the old way. 5. Have students write down an outline for their play 2. Ask students to write a two-part monologue and then share with another group. describing the BEFORE and AFTER of the scenario presented above. Follow-up Questions: 3. In part one, BEFORE, they are very excited about 1. Why were you drawn to the story you chose? the new invention, are telling all of their friends about 2. Who did you choose to have tell the story in your how wonderful it is, and are thrilled about what this one person play? Why? product will do for them and everyone they know. 3. What was challenging about this exercise? 4. In part two, AFTER, the “wonder of technology” is 4. How do you feel developing a play from a gone. They are now talking to their friends about how character’s perspective helped you to understand the it has effected them and everyone else in society. historical event? 5. In order to develop strong monologues, remind 5. Why do you think Deborah Jean Templin decided students to pick a specific time and place, character, to write a one person play about the women of the and technology. The more specific the better. Titanic? Follow-up Questions: 1. What are the advantages of new technologies? What are the disadvantages? 2. Can you think of examples of when people were surprised when a new technology did not work as planned?
Civic Center of Greater Des Moines Page 17 of 22 Unsinkable Women: Stories and Songs from the Titanic Curriculum Guide PRE-SHOW EXPLORATION ACTIVITIES
3) ENTRANCE TO THE LIFEBOATS Follow-up questions: 1. What criteria were used to select the people who
were permitted into the lifeboats? Goal: To understand the criteria used to select the 2. How do the choices made during the role-playing people who were permitted into lifeboats on the compare to the choices made in 1912? Titanic. 3. What was challenging about this activity?
Explanation: In this activity, students will role-play a scenario in which the Titanic stewards and TIP stewardesses must decide who would gain entrance Depending on the age of your students, this to the lifeboats. activity may be upsetting for students not permitted into the lifeboats. Remember to reassure students Activity: that this is only an exercise to help them understand 1. Explain to students that they will be taking the roles the difficult situation and decisions that had to be of people on the Titanic in the hours before it sinks. made on the Titanic. This is what they are experiencing: You thought the Titanic was unsinkable, but VARIATIONS the ship has struck an iceberg and is sinking. 1. Have students write a newspaper article about the There are only 20 lifeboats. More than 60 sinking of the Titanic. lifeboats would be required for everyone on 2. Have students write a letter in the voice of their the Titanic to have a place. Chaos reigns and assigned or selected character to a family member decisions must be made as to who shall be dated April 17, 1912 (two days after Titanic’s sinking). permitted into the lifeboats. Some people are very calm and others panic. 4) GEOGRAPHY— 2. Assign or allow students to select from the following roles: MAIDEN VOYAGE MAP A pregnant woman The wealthiest man in America Goal: To use maps to understand the Titanic’s A poor female immigrant transatlantic voyage
A wealthy family Explanation: In this activity, students will create a A female music hall performer map that represents Titanic’s voyage. A ship’s stewardess/steward (grants entrance into
the life boats) Activity: A young engaged woman 1. Invite students to create a map of the voyage of the Fourteen year old crew members Titanic. Include the following: Designer of the ship The place in Northern Ireland where it was built A popular minister The dock in England where the voyage began A stowaway male immigrant Her stopovers in Ireland and France 3. At the front of the room, set up chairs for only one Her expected port of arrival in New York City third of the members of the class. 4. Give the stewardess(es) and steward(s) the job of Extension: deciding who to permit into the lifeboats. Allow each 1. Have students create a map that shows how the person to briefly make their case about why they sinking of the Titanic affected people all over the should be allowed in the lifeboats. Students may also world. See page 10 on the many different countries choose to give up their spot for another passenger. represented by Titanic’s passengers and crew.
Civic Center of Greater Des Moines Page 18 of 22 Unsinkable Women: Stories and Songs from the Titanic Curriculum Guide POST-SHOW ASSESSMENT AND DISCUSSION
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS POST-SHOW ASSESSMENTS
Motivation 1) Survivor Predictions
1. Each one of the characters in Unsinkable Women was affected by the sinking of the Titanic. How did the Goal: To further understand that class, gender, age, experience motivate each of the characters? What and other cultural factors affected who survived the did it inspire each of them to do? Titanic.
2. What are some motivations that you have every Explanation: In this activity, students will predict who day? Occasionally? was most likely to survive the Titanic. They will then
3. Think of an event that you experienced. It could compare their predictions with the survivor statistics. have been a happy or sad event. The event could be big or small. Big events have obvious effects on all of Activity: us, but little events (such as a simple act of kindness) 1. Ask students to predict who they believe would be can change us too. How has your experience most likely to survive the Titanic. Have them take into motivated you since it happened? What have you account the following qualities of such people: done differently since that experience? gender, age, economic status, passenger, World-Changing Events crewmembers. 2. Using the information on page 12, have students 1. The Titanic tragedy made people re-think their test their predictions. You may choose to use the perceptions about humankinds’ abilities. Can you worksheet on page 21 to help students organize their think of other major events in history that have made work. people stop and re-think what they thought they 3. Filling in the worksheet, have students figure out knew? What effect did that event have on changing the future? what percentage of first class passengers survived, second class, third class, and crew. Gender Roles 4. Next, ask students to break these percentages down further by the categories of men, women, and 1. All of the characters in Unsinkable Women were children. women. What was life like for women in the early 20th Century? What did the characters do or say that led Follow-Up Questions: you to this conclusion? 1. Based on your results, what type of person was 2. Were the expectations different for the women most likely to survive? The least? depending on their class? If so, how? 2. Did any of your results surprise you? How? 3. Why were certain types of people most likely to 3. How have women’s roles changed since the early survive? (In addition to economic status, encourage 20th Century? students to consider additional barriers that may have
Music impeded third class passengers’ abilities to survive. For example, many immigrants did not speak English 1. Music played an important role in the Titanic era. and may not have understood the crew’s evacuation What songs do you remember from the performance? directions.) What do they reveal about beliefs of the early 20th Century?
2. What songs do you know by heart? Why are they important to you? What makes a song good? What makes a song great?
Civic Center of Greater Des Moines Page 19 of 22 Unsinkable Women: Stories and Songs from the Titanic Curriculum Guide POST-SHOW ASSESSMENT AND DISCUSSION
2) THE WITNESS CHAIR Follow-up Questions: 1. What did you notice about each character’s point of
view? Goal: To develop a deeper understanding of the 2. Which points of view were similar? lives, experiences, and viewpoints of the people of 3. Which points of view were different? the Titanic through research and drama.
Explanation: Students were introduced to seven VARIATION characters in Unsinkable Women. In this assessment Write a journal or log for a character from Unsinkable activity, students will bring the people of the Titanic to Women or another historical figure from the Titanic. life. Be sure to write about what happened before, during, and after the Titanic voyage (if your character Activity: survived.) 1. Ask students to choose a character from the play or the history of the sinking of the Titanic that they 3) WRITE A REVIEW would like to portray. (You may also choose to to as- sign figures – picking representatives from across Goal: To write a review of the performance passenger classes as well as the crew). 2. Provide students with time to research their Explanation: In this activity, students will reflect on historical figure. the performance by writing their own review. 3. Arrange chairs in a semi-circle. This will help focus Activity: the attention on the character being interviewed. 1. Ask students to imagine that they are a critic for the 4. Situate the witness chair at the open end of the school newspaper. They are going to write a review of semicircle. Unsinkable Women to inform others about what they 5. While in character, each student will take turns experienced. sitting in the witness chair and answer questions 2. In the review they should describe with detail: asked by interviewers (class members). what they saw 6. As you facilitate, encourage students to use the what they heard words, actions and mannerisms of the character how the performance made them feel what the performance reminded them of when answering the questions. what their favorite part was and why
3. Remind students that they must paint a picture of Sample Interview Questions: the experience with their words so that others who did How did you prepare for the maiden voyage? not see the performance can imagine it as vividly as How did you go about obtaining your ticket or job possible. on board Titanic? Follow-up Question: What was the first moment you stepped aboard 1. What did you include in your review? Why was it Titanic like? important to include? What were your living quarters like? What did you do while at sea? How did you feel or what did you think the moment Titanic struck the iceberg? What was the evacuation like? What did you do when you reached the United States? How do you feel about the tragedy after all these years?
Civic Center of Greater Des Moines Page 20 of 22 Unsinkable Women: Stories and Songs from the Titanic Curriculum Guide SURVIVOR PREDICTIONS WORKSHEET
ALL PASSENGERS
1st Class 2nd Class 3rd Class Crew All Passengers Survivors: Total: Percentage:
CHILDREN SURVIVAL RATE
1st Class 2nd Class 3rd Class All Children Survivors: Total: Percentage:
FEMALE SURVIVAL RATE
1st Class 2nd Class 3rd Class Crew All Women Survivors: Total: Percentage:
MALE SURVIVAL RATE
1st Class 2nd Class 3rd Class Crew All Men Survivors: Total: Percentage:
TITANIC PASSENGERS LOST AND SAVED 1st Class Passengers 2nd Class Passengers 3rd Class Passengers Crew Members
Men: Men: Men: Men: 115 Lost, 58 Saved 147 Lost, 13 Saved 399 Lost, 55 Saved 686 Lost, 189 Saved
Women: Women: Women: Women: 5 Lost, 139 Saved 15 Lost, 78 Saved 81 Lost, 98 Saved 2 Lost, 21 Saved
Children: Children: Children: 1 Lost, 4 Saved 0 Lost, 24 Saved 53 Lost, 23 Saved
Civic Center of Greater Des Moines Page 21 of 22 Unsinkable Women: Stories and Songs from the Titanic Curriculum Guide RESOURCES AND SOURCES
TITANIC BOOKS CLASSROOM RESOURCES
Polar the Titanic Bear by Daisy “Expedition Titanic | Return to the Deep.” www.expeditiontitanic.com/ Corning Stone Spedden Interactive exploration of the ocean floor wreckage. (Recommended for elementary) “Return to Titanic.” National Geographic Explorer! Classroom Magazine. On Board the Titanic: What it was http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngexplorer/0411/articles/ Like when the Great Liner Sank mainarticle.html by Shelley Tanaka Overview of Titanic’s journey. (Recommended for grades 3-5) “Titanic Interactive” History.com. Exploring the Titanic: How the http://www.history.com/interactives/titanic-interactive Greatest Ship Ever Lost Was Interactive maps, photos, and games on the construction, Found by Robert D. Ballard disaster and aftermath of the Titanic. (Recommended for grades 4-8) “TitanicPhotographs.com: A Collection of Images Taken by Father Frank Heroine of the Titanic: The Real Browne.” http://www.titanicphotographs.com/index.asp Unsinkable Molly Brown by Elaine Contains images taken by Father Frank Brown aboard the Landau (Recommended for Titanic, which are the only existing images taken aboard the ship grades 5-8) during its passage from Southampton to Ireland.
S.O.S. Titanic by Eve Bunting (Recommended for grades 6-9) STUDY GUIDE SOURCES
Titanic: An Illustrated History by Bellis, Mary. “20th Century—the technology, science, and inventions.” Donald Lynch and Ken Marschall http://inventors.about.com/od/timelines/a/twentieth.htm (Recommended for middle and high school) “Titanic” History.com. http://www.history.com/topics/titanic
A Night to Remember by Walter Titanic & Nautical Resource Center. Lord (Recommended for high http://www.titanic-nautical.com/titanic-facts.html school) “TitanicPhotographs.com: A Collection of Images Taken by Father Frank Molly Brown: Unraveling the Myth Browne.” http://www.titanicphotographs.com/index.asp by Kristen Iversen (Recommended for high school) “Titanic Timeline.” http://www.theteachersguide.com/Titanictimeline.html
Titanic: Destination Disaster by Unsinkable Women Study Guide © 2011 D.J. Templin John P. Eaton and Charles A. Haas (Recommended for high “Vaudeville.” American Masters. PBS. school) http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/vaudeville/ about-vaudeville/721/
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