SLE BERLIN 2018 Centre for Rural Development (SLE) Berlin SLE PUBLICATION SERIES - S277 Scaling up diversity to scale up nutrition Nutrition behaviour and effective interventions for women and infants in Zambia and Togo Martin Thomas Schlecht, Sascha Berndt, Josefine Greber, Jan Marinko, Ukeme Okon Archibong , Anja Schmidt, Carolin Speckhahn, Hanna Weinsheimer PERSPECTIVES OF URBAN AGRICULTURE IN MAPUTO AND CAPE TOWN AND CAPE IN MAPUTO AGRICULTURE PERSPECTIVES OF URBAN 2019 ISSN: 1433-4585 ISBN: 3-936602-98-0 S 275 S 275 Scaling up diversity to scale up nutrition Nutrition behaviour and effective interventions for women and infants in Zambia and Togo Seminar für Ländliche Entwicklung | Centre for Rural Development SLE has been offering practice-oriented vocational education and training for future experts and managers in the field of international development cooperation since 1962. The courses range from Postgraduate Studies to Training Courses for international experts in Berlin to practice-oriented research and Consultancy for Organizations and Universities active in the field of development cooperation. Martin Thomas Schlecht Teamleiter, M.Sc. Urban Ecosystem Sciences E-Mail: [email protected] Ukeme Okon Archibong M.Sc. Agricultural Sciences in the Tropics and Subtropics E-Mail: [email protected] Sascha Berndt M.A. Development Economics E-Mail: [email protected] Josefine Greber M.Sc. Human Security E-Mail: [email protected] Jan Marinko M.A. International Economics E-Mail: [email protected] Anja Schmidt M.Sc. Agricultural Development E-Mail: [email protected] Carolin Speckhahn M.Sc. Horticultural Science E-Mail: [email protected] Hanna Weinsheimer M.A. Geography and Spatial Planning E-Mail: [email protected] SLE Postgraduate Studies on International Cooperation for Sustainable Development PUBLICATION SERIES S277 Study in cooperation with Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) Scaling up diversity to scale up nutrition Nutrition behaviour and effective interventions for women and infants in Zambia and Togo Martin Thomas Schlecht Ukeme Okon Archibong Sascha Berndt Josefine Greber Jan Marinko Anja Schmidt Carolin Speckhahn Hanna Weinsheimer Berlin, August 2019 Supported by SLE PUBLICATION SERIES S277 Editor Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin SLE Postgraduate Studies on International Cooperation for Sustainable Development Hessische Str. 1-2 10115 Berlin Germany Phone: +49 30 2093-46890 FAX: +49 30 2093-46891 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.sle-berlin.de Backstopper Dr. Susanne Neubert Print Zerbe Druck & Werbung Planckstr. 11 16537 Grünheide Germany Distribution SLE Hessische Str. 1-2 10115 Berlin Germany Cover photo Josefine Greber Copyright 2019 by SLE 1st Edition 2019 (100) ISSN 1433-4585 ISBN 9783-3-947621-03-3 Preface i Preface For 57 years, the Centre for Rural Development (SLE) at the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin has trained 20 postgraduates annually to become professionals equipped with excellent knowledge and skills in the field of German and international development cooperation. Three-month empirical research projects conducted in cooperation with German or international development agencies form an integral part of this one-year course. Participants work in interdisciplinary teams supervised by experienced team leaders and carry out innovative, future-oriented research on development problems that prevail on the ground on a local or national scale. This strengthens global knowledge and provides partner organisations in the host country with strategies and tools. Here, it is vital to involve a wide range of actors in a process, which includes surveys and consultations at the household, expert and policy levels. Most studies refer to rural (or urban) development themes and have a socio- economic focus, such as the enhancement of agricultural livelihoods or the design of regimes to manage natural resources sustainably. Up to now, our partner countries have either been developing or transformation countries, and occasionally fragile states. In the future, however, studies may also take place in the global north, since the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a global concern. Some studies develop new methodologies, published in handbooks or guidelines. Further priorities are evaluations, impact analysis and participatory planning. Throughout the years, SLE has carried out more than 200 cooperation projects in over 90 countries. This series publishes the results. The present study on food and nutrition security in Zambia and Togo was carried out in cooperation with the GIZ/FANSER in Zambia, GIZ (GFA) ProSecAl in Togo and with the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) in Bonn, Germany. We wish you a stimulating read. Yours sincerely, Prof. Dr. Bernhard Grimm Dr. Susanne Neubert Dean of the Faculty of Life Sciences Director of the Centre for Rural Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Development (SLE) ii Acknowledgements Acknowledgements We would like to express our sincere thanks to Dr. Petra Windisch, Sabine Triemer and Claudia Lormann-Nsengiyumva of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) in Bonn for commissioning this study and for providing invaluable conceptual support at the beginning of this research. In both countries, we were warmly received and welcomed by the GIZ and GIZ/GfA staff, individuals from the affiliated implementing agencies, and members of local, regional and governmental ministries and agencies. We are grateful and feel privileged to have met and discussed this research. We are thankful to all for hosting the team. Special thanks go to the FANSER-Team in Zambia and the ProSecAl team in Togo for their support in preparing and implementing the study. We truly enjoyed working with Moritz Heldmann, Ricarda Schwarz and David Bexte from the FANSER- Team in Zambia and with Dr Kerstin Hell, Raymond Keke and Laurent Akpabie from the ProSecAl offices in Lomé and Tsevié. In Zambia, we received tremendous support from the GIZ office in Lusaka and the regional office in Chipata. The whole GIZ provided us great logistical and administrative support and great insights and advice on the topic. Sincere thanks also go to our wonderful Zambia research team from University of Zambia (UNZA) and our scientific cooperating partners from Indaba Agricultural Policy Research Institute (IAPRI). Dr Rhoda Mofya-Mukuka and Jairos Sambo (IAPRI) greatly supported us with scientific and regional advice, logistics and dedication during data analysis. Without the commitment and hard work of Kennedy Chilimboyi, Charles Mwamba, Japhet Mutunga, Augustine C. Kaunda, Isabel Sakala, Brenda Makamba, Musanda Ngulube, and Mungaila H. Moment the team would not have been able to conduct our household interviews and focus group discussions and gain such deep understanding of smallholder farmers’ living realities. Furthermore, we want to thank all staff and volunteers from CRS and Care international, for their time and dedication allocated to us and for allowing us insight into their work in Eastern Province. In Togo, the GIZ country office in Lomé and the ProDRA office supported us with amazing logistical and administrative assistance. Further, we received great advice and insights from GIZ and GfA practitioners, namely Dr Florent-Dirk Thies and Dr Katja Halabi. Especially, we want to express our gratitude to Déborah Badombena-Wanta and Holanyo K. Amevo from the ProSecAl programme for Acknowledgements iii joining us during our field research. During preparation, field work and analysis Dr Mawuli K. Chuchoro from the Université de Lomé (UL) and Kossi Tete Agbéko Apaloo and Essodolom Paka from the Institut Togolaise de Recherche Agronomique (ITRA) provided us with great scientific support and background information as well as tremendous support during data analysis. We also greatly value the commitment and dedication of our fellow researchers from the University of Lomé (UL), namely Edem Gligbe Awovi, Afi Agbobli, Kao Akla, Aïchatou Tchamouza, Koffi Komi and Duyiboe K. Emmanuel. Most importantly, our cordial thanks and sincere gratitude go to all farmers and families, volunteers and staff in the project regions, not forgetting the agencies and organizations at provincial and national levels, who provided us with their expert knowledge and insights. We truly hope this study benefits the knowledge on food and nutrition security in both project regions and can contribute to the wellbeing of the target group. Also, we do not want to forget to thank Dr. Robert Rudolf and Dr. Christoph Klotter for the scientific and professional support in the analysis of the data. Furthermore, we would like to thank all other individuals and organizations who provided tireless support and guidance to the study through their invaluable advice and comments in preparing and implementing the study. Special thanks go to the director of the Center for Rural Development, Dr. Susanne Neubert and also to Dr. Karin Fiege as well as other staff members for their great support throughout the study. Table of contents v Table of contents Preface ................................................................................................................ i Acknowledgements ............................................................................................ ii Table of contents ................................................................................................ v List of tables ....................................................................................................