DOCSLIB.ORG

Primary Research on the Bronze Technology of Lower Xiajiadian Culture in Northeastern China Chenyuan Li1*, Yanxiang Li1, Lixin Wang2, Kunlong Chen1 and Siran Liu1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Primary Research on the Bronze Technology of Lower Xiajiadian Culture in Northeastern China Chenyuan Li1*, Yanxiang Li1, Lixin Wang2, Kunlong Chen1 and Siran Liu1 Li et al. Herit Sci (2019) 7:75 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-019-0314-6 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Primary research on the bronze technology of Lower Xiajiadian Culture in northeastern China Chenyuan Li1*, Yanxiang Li1, Lixin Wang2, Kunlong Chen1 and Siran Liu1 Abstract The site of Habaqila is located in the area between Inner Mongolia and Liaoning provinces and dated to the 13th– 11th centuries BC. It was identifed as a metal production workshop of the Lower Xiajiadian Culture and revealed abundant metallurgical remains, including ore fragments, slags, technical ceramics, and stone implements. Scientifc analyses demonstrated that polymetallic ores were smelted to produce tin bronze and arsenical copper. Perforated furnaces might have been employed in this process. The site also revealed the frst known feld evidence of tin smelt- ing in a Bronze Age site of northern China. Systematic investigation of this site increases our understanding of metal- lurgical processes of Bronze Age culture in northern China. Keywords: Tin smelting, Cassiterite, Tin bronze, Arsenic bronze, Lower Xiajiadian Culture Introduction description of the materials for the discussion in a global Te archaeometallurgical studies in China can be traced perspective. Te origins of metallurgical technology and back to the middle of the last century, and the exchanges the natural resource supply chain of Bronze Age north- between western academia and Chinese scholars have ern China has been drawing more and more attention been increasing since 2000 [1]. Te Eurasia steppe is in tandem with archaeological studies [5]. Te Lower considered as an important region of the introduction of Xiajiadian Culture (LXC from the 2nd millennium B.C bronze technology into ancient China, and our research to the 1st millennium B.C.) was one of the earliest cul- is mainly focused on the early bronze cultures at the tures rising at the northeastern area of modern China northern frontier of modern China [2]. To unveil the dia- and played an essential role in the early development of chronic development of Bronze Age copper production metallurgy in China during the 2nd millennium BC [6]. technology in northern China, a series of archaeological LXC’s settlement pattern indicated a rather complicated reconnaissance and excavation activities were conducted social relationship involving intermarriage, defensive in Chifeng, Inner Mongolia following the discoveries of collaborations, resource exploration, and trade [7]. Te the national archaeological survey. Although this region bronze production technology of the LXC is represented is not part of the ancient China proper, the understand- by small artifacts, such as daggers and ornaments [8], and ing of Bronze Age cultures fourishing in this region is considered closely related to the Zhukaigou Culture could help to explain the origins of metallurgy in China in central Inner Mongolia, and Qijia and Siba Culture in [3] (Fig. 1). Te scientifc examination was applied in the Hexi Corridor [9], but sharply diferent from the Erli- the archaeometallurgical study since the 1980s in China gang Culture in the Central Plain [10]. Te tin might have [4], which has provided a more detailed and accurate been deliberately added and varied in content for dif- ferent types of artifacts [11]. Te recent fnds of mining *Correspondence: [email protected] and metallurgical remains in this region [12] suggested 1 Institute of Cultural Heritage and History of Science & Technology, that local polymetallic mineral deposits might have been University of Science and Technology Beijing, #906, Yejin Shengtai Building, #30, St. Xueyuan, Beijing 100083, China exploited by Bronze Age populations (Fig. 4). Based on Full list of author information is available at the end of the article pottery typology and radiocarbon analysis, several sites © The Author(s) 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creat iveco mmons .org/licen ses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/ publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Li et al. Herit Sci (2019) 7:75 Page 2 of 15 Fig. 1 The sampling and sites location have been identifed as active during the Bronze Age and efciency, trading conficts or other socioeconomic cir- are the main focus of this article. cumstances, or based upon the demands of certain politi- Cassiterite has been considered as the only likely min- cal or religious purposes, would need solid evidence like eral resource used for tin production in antiquity all over that recovered from Habaqila site to reconstruct convinc- the world, and cassiterite deposits are much rarer com- ingly the full metallurgical repertoire. pared with the various and widespread copper mineral deposits [13]. According to modern geological databases, Site background most of the substantial deposits of cassiterite are located Tis research was mainly focused on a Bronze Age sites in the south of China, so discussions about possible tin called Habaqila named after the most nearby village. Te sources in northern China have never been systemati- village was administrated by the Yuzhoudi Town Govern- cally studied until researchers began to focus their atten- ment of Hexigtan Banner. Te site was discovered during tion on the tin-containing polymetallic deposits in the an archaeological investigation near the copper and stan- steppes of northern China, Mongolia, and Russia [14]. nous deposits recorded by modern prospection. Tere Tere are small scale cassiterite deposits that have been are three tin polymetallic mineral vein deposits around discovered in northern China by modern prospectors, the Habaqila site, and in a bigger geo-range, this region but based on modern industrial assessments, most of the should be considered as a mineral concentration zone mineral veins in this region are too meager for cost-efec- (Fig. 4). Additionally, several contemporaneous sites with tive exploitation, and the scattered distribution without lithic mining tools and ancient mining relics (Fig. 4) have the beneft of a modern transportation network further also drawn more attention to the potential for archaeo- reduces their commercial values [15]. However, the shal- metallurgical studies. Tese include the Xiquegou site, low depths of these deposits and cassiterite’s high resist- which has been systematically excavated and described ance to corrosion could endow certain lodes of cassiterite as a seasonal mining settlement of LXC [16], and the sand to form as sediments in the seasonal hydrographi- Yihewomente site with dozens of mining pits, plenty of cal system (alluvial ore) or surfcial mineral vines (eluvial lithic mining tools, and surfcial sediment of the tin min- ore) with high potential for smelting. Short transport eral vein. distances would have aided LXC prospectors and arti- Te Habaqila site is located aside the wadis of two sans in using these mineral veins for bronze production. major seasonal rivers, the Xar and Tsagaan Rivers. Te Indeed, traces of ancient mining and smelting activities core of settlement is located hundreds of meters south- have been recorded in the region, In addition, the avail- west by the modern Habaqila Village, Hexigten Ban- ability of poly-metallic minerals containing copper, tin, ner of Chifeng City. Te archaeological remains are and arsenic provides the prerequisite conditions for the mainly distributed on the ridge of small hills (Fig. 1). smelting of diverse bronze alloys, but the actual pro- Discovery of the site connected as a few pottery sherds duction techniques—which would be in part driven by and metallurgical wastes were unveiled during forest Li et al. Herit Sci (2019) 7:75 Page 3 of 15 rehabilitation projects, followed by illicit looting in recent years by local grave robbers. After thoroughly cleaning several looting pits, followed by two archaeo- logical surveys conducted at the site, pottery sherds, ore, slag, and animal bones were collected (Fig. 1). Te depth of the looter pits was no more than 1.5 m, and no multiple cultural strata could be recognized by observing the cross-section of the pits. Most of the slag and ores were found from two of the pits, and few small pieces of slag and ore were found no more than 400 m away from the pits and almost all on the edge of the hillside. Diagnostic pottery sherds were col- lected for typological identifcation. Te other relics such as the ore, slag, bones, and sinter refectory mat- ter were all collected together for further examination in the laboratory. About twenty pieces of slag, dozens of animal bones, and pieces of burnt soil were found after the cleaning up of the looting pits. Te greenish Fig. 3 The excavated slag samples (no SLAG01 and SLAG09) and bluish ores with dark brown minerals were all in handful sizes, most of the ore compositions were deter- mined through qualitative analysis with portable XRF, Analytical methods while more than thirty ores were collected, and twelve 26 samples were selected for analytical research. SLAG03 samples of both slag and ore were picked up for further was identifed as a vitrifed furnace/crucible fragments an alysis (Figs. 2, 3). Although the detailed context of without slag, and ORE01 and ORE11 contained too mini- the site could only be reconstructed after systematic mal mineral phases and therefore has been considered excavation, the slag as metallurgical wastes should not as gangue samples. Most of the samples were unearthed be moved far from the smelting location. Additionally, artifacts from the looting pits, whereas two slag and three the fnding of the copper ore together with the slag was ore samples were collected near the pits so therefore the most convincing evidence for the smelting activities linked contextually to the looters’ pits but without strati- which might suggest high-temperature metallurgical graphic context.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Qeorge Washington Birthplace UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT of the INTERIOR Fred A
    Qeorge Washington Birthplace UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fred A. Seaton, Secretary NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Conrad L. Wirth, Director HISTORICAL HANDBOOK NUMBER TWENTY-SIX This publication is one of a series of handbooks describing the historical and archcological areas in the National Park System administered by the National Park Service of the United States Department of the Interior. It is printed by the Government Printing Office and may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D. C. Price 25 cents. GEORGE WASHINGTON BIRTHPLACE National Monument Virginia by J. Paul Hudson NATIONAL PARK SERVICE HISTORICAL HANDBOOK SERIES No. 26 Washington, D. C, 1956 The National Park System, of which George Washington Birthplace National Monument is a unit, is dedicated to conserving the scenic, scientific, and historic heritage of the United States for the benefit and enjoyment of its people. Qontents Page JOHN WASHINGTON 5 LAWRENCE WASHINGTON 6 AUGUSTINE WASHINGTON 10 Early Life 10 First Marriage 10 Purchase of Popes Creek Farm 12 Building the Birthplace Home 12 The Birthplace 12 Second Marriage 14 Virginia in 1732 14 GEORGE WASHINGTON 16 THE DISASTROUS FIRE 22 A CENTURY OF NEGLECT 23 THE SAVING OF WASHINGTON'S BIRTHPLACE 27 GUIDE TO THE AREA 33 HOW TO REACH THE MONUMENT 43 ABOUT YOUR VISIT 43 RELATED AREAS 44 ADMINISTRATION 44 SUGGESTED READINGS 44 George Washington, colonel of the Virginia militia at the age of 40. From a painting by Charles Willson Peale. Courtesy, Washington and Lee University. IV GEORGE WASHINGTON "... His integrity was most pure, his justice the most inflexible I have ever known, no motives .
    [Show full text]
  • Glendive Ranger-Review Sunday, February 28, 2021฀•฀Page 2Glendive
    GLENDIVE RANGER REVIEW Sunday, February 28, 2021 • Vol. 59, No. 17 • Glendive, Montana $1.00 Momentum Black History Month builds for downtown master plan By Hunter Herbaugh Ranger-Review Staff Writer After nearly four years of stagnation, momen- tum may finally be building toward an active implementation of Glendive’s downtown mas- TOURNEY SEASON: ter plan. Local artist Pamela Harr added a nudge Both Red Devil teams recently when she shared an idea with sever- win their first games of al stakeholders, including downtown business owners and community leaders in an email say- the tournament, ing that she envisions a scene of kids digging up dinosaur fossils as an excellent addition to Page 7 downtown. Harr is a bronze sculptor who “I think there’s has already commit- people out there ted many bronzes to the downtown land- with ideas and scape. willing to get to Last year, the East- ern Plains Economic work on it, so my Development Council request to Dara was tasked with nom- inating a committee Hunter Herbaugh photo ... is that we get that would steer the this committee in implementation of Cynthia Johnson, a travelling nurse serving at Glendive Medical Center, participated on a panel called “Black Voices” place as quickly the Downtown Mas- Tuesday evening at Dawson Community College. Associate Dean of Students Jon Langlois facilitated the discussion and LEAKY SITUATION: ter Plan after being helped organize the event. as possible,” appointed the “com- Forest Park water tanks Jerry Jimison, munity champion” show evidence of ongo- by the city council in Glendive Mayor November.
    [Show full text]
  • Re-Visioning Sydney from the Fringe: Productive Diversities for a 21St Century City
    Re-visioning Sydney from the Fringe: Productive Diversities for a 21st Century City Sarah James Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy University of Western Sydney 2009 Dedication To my grandparents, whose commitment to social and environmental justice has always inspired me. ii Acknowledgements There are so many people whose assistance and generosity with their time, knowledge and experience was critical to the realisation of this research project. I would like to gratefully acknowledge and thank: All those who participated in this research. In particular I would like to thank the farmers and Aboriginal groups who shared their experiences as well as their valuable time. I would also like to thank the various government representatives, at local and state level, and consultants who provided a broader perspective to my research. My primary supervisor Professor Kay Anderson, for her invaluable guidance, support and eternal patience in the crafting of this thesis. It has been a great privilege to learn from such a brilliant scholar and dedicated teacher. Thank you for believing in my ideas and for encouraging me to strive for ever-higher standards. Other supervisors Professor Ien Ang, whose encouragement and intellectual contributions were key to the development of this thesis. Dr Fiona Allon, for her contributions to the formation and refinement of this thesis. I would also like to express my thanks to: Associate Professor Frances Parker, who generously shared her experience and knowledge from years of work with Sydney’s culturally and linguistically diverse market gardeners. Her long-standing relationships with, and insight into, these groups made possible the principal empirical study on which this research is based The Centre for Cultural Research, which provided a creative and supportive environment for research.
    [Show full text]
  • A Geologic Investigation of Foundation Failures in Small Buildings in Tucson, Arizona
    A geologic investigation of foundation failures in small buildings in Tucson, Arizona Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Crossley, Robert William, 1946- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 03/10/2021 18:41:45 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/554059 A GEOLOGIC INVESTIGATION OF FOUNDATION FAILURES IN SMALL BUILDINGS IN TUCSON, ARIZONA by Robert W. Cross!ey A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE WITH A MAJOR IN GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 6 9 STATEMENT DY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillm ent of require­ ments for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of th is m anuscript in whole or in p a rt may be granted by the head o f the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship.
    [Show full text]
  • A Patent Reformist Supreme Court and Its Unearthed Precedent
    Fordham Intellectual Property, Media and Entertainment Law Journal Volume 29 XXIX Number 1 Article 3 2019 A Patent Reformist Supreme Court and Its Unearthed Precedent Samuel F. Ernst Golden Gate University - San Francisco, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/iplj Part of the Intellectual Property Law Commons, and the Supreme Court of the United States Commons Recommended Citation Samuel F. Ernst, A Patent Reformist Supreme Court and Its Unearthed Precedent, 29 Fordham Intell. Prop. Media & Ent. L.J. 1 (2019). Available at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/iplj/vol29/iss1/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by FLASH: The Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship and History. It has been accepted for inclusion in Fordham Intellectual Property, Media and Entertainment Law Journal by an authorized editor of FLASH: The Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship and History. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Patent Reformist Supreme Court and Its Unearthed Precedent Cover Page Footnote Associate Professor of Law, Golden Gate University School of Law. I thank Professor Eric Christiansen for his guidance on constitutional law scholarship and Professors William Gallagher and David Franklyn who gave extensive comments on this paper. Thanks also to Professor Joseph Scott Miller for his generosity in giving advice on this project. This paper received many useful comments at the 2017 Intellectual Property Scholars Conference at the Cardozo School of Law, the 2018 Works in Progress in Intellectual Property Colloquium at Case Western Reserve University, the 2018 Intellectual Property Scholars Conference at the UC Berkeley School of Law, and the Fourth Annual Texas A&M Intellectual Property Scholars Roundtable.
    [Show full text]
  • Galatians Unearthed Part 9: 4:7-15; Observing Days, Months, Seasons, and Years; Paul's Infirmity
    Galatians Unearthed Part 9: 4:7-15; Observing Days, Months, Seasons, and Years; Paul's Infirmity. (2/18/ 2018) The following text is a message from Corner Fringe Ministries that was presented by Daniel Joseph. The original presentation can be viewed at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ApxbZHWshYU *Portions of this document have been edited from the video message to better present a written document. All the Scripture verses are from the New King James Version unless otherwise noted and are in the red text. Therefore, it is recommended that this document is printed in color. The Hebrew is to be read from right to left. We are going to continue in chapter four of Galatians. I was hoping we would finish this chapter today, but there is a passage we will cover today that is very important. This verse is so critical you'll be hard- pressed to find another verse in the New Testament that has left a mark like this one in regard to, and not in a good way, building walls. This is concerning rebuilding the wall Yeshua tore down between the Jew and Gentile. This verse has left such a negative mark that unfortunately there's no way I could spend enough time on this today if we try to cover all of chapter four. So we are really going to dig into this verse today. Last week we ended at Galatians 4:7; that is where we are going to pick up today—7 Therefore you are no longer a slave but a son, and if a son, then an heir of God through Christ.
    [Show full text]
  • Memories of a Golden Age? I25 of Kiriyat Yearim West Ofjerusalem
    [ 5 ] M emories of a Golden Age? In the Temple and royal palace of Jerusalem, biblical Israel found its per­ manent spiritual focus after centuries of struggle and wandering. As the books of Samuel narrate, the anointing of David, son ofJesse, as king over all the tribes oflsrael finalized the process that had begun with God's orig­ inal promise to Abraham so many centuries before. The violent chaos of the period of the Judges now gave way to a time in which_God's promises could be established securely under a righteous king. Though the first choice for the throne oflsrael had been the brooding, handsome Saul from the tribe of Benjamin, it was his successor David who became the central figure in early Israelite history. Of the fabled King David, songs and stories were nearly without number. They told of his slaying the mighty Goliath with a single sling stone; of his adoption into the royal court for his skill as a harpist; of his adventures as a rebel and freebooter; of his lustful pursuit of Bathsheba; and of his conquests of Jerusalem and a vast empire beyond. His son Solomon, in turn, is remembered as the wisest of kings and the greatest of builders. Stories tell of his brilliant judgments, his unimaginable wealth; and his construction of the great Temple in Jerusalem. For centuries, Bible readers all over the world have looked back to the era of David and Solomon as a golden age in Israel's history. Until recently many scholars have agreed that the united monarchy was the first biblical I2J I24 THE BIBLE UNEARTHED period that could truly be considered historical.
    [Show full text]
  • John Byam Unearthed
    MEDIA RELEASE John Byam Unearthed January 14 – February 26, 2017 Reception: January 14, 4-6pm Using various combinations of wood, sawdust, glue, paint and ink, Byam created sculptures that follow a long tradition of woodcarving in rural America and that hearken a bygone era - the advent of the space program or TV series like “Lost in Space." His use of sawdust mixed with a glue binder lends many of the objects a soft focus, giving them the appearance of emerging or slipping from view. Many of his works imply a longing for travel and exploration way beyond the geographical confines of his daily life, which was largely spent assisting his parents with the daily operations of the family-owned trailer court in upstate New York. Other themes include the military - tanks, planes, artillery pieces - which reference his two-year stint with the U.S. Army in Japan during the Korean War, various manifestations of stairways (which appear to lead nowhere), and simple furniture: chairs, desks, tables and benches. John Byam was born in Oneonta, New York in 1929. In the late 1940s, he went to work for the Delaware and Hudson Railway. In 1952 he returned home from the military and took several jobs, including one as a part-time gravedigger for a local cemetery. His work is included in the permanent collections of the American Folk Art Museum (New York), the Musée d’Art Brut (Lausanne), the Museum of Everything (London), and the Collection ABCD (Paris). This is the gallery’s second solo exhibition of his work which has also been exhibited at the Collection de L’Art Brut (Lausanne), La maison rouge (Paris), Postmasters Gallery (New York), and with the gallery at the Armory Show, NADA Miami Beach and the Outsider Art Fair.
    [Show full text]
  • Unearthed Arcana: the Mystic Class
    Unearthed Arcana: The Mystic Class The mystic is an entire class to try out in your D&D their inner, psychic strength, they can read minds, games. This version of the class arose out of fade into invisibility, transform their bodies into playtest feedback on two previous versions. living iron, and seize control of the physical world and bend it to their will. This Is Playtest Material The material here is presented for playtesting and to spark Hermits and Outcasts your imagination. These game mechanics are in draft form, usable in your campaign but not refined by design Mystics are loners. Most discover the secrets of iterations or full game development and editing. They their power through vague references in tomes of aren’t officially part of the game and aren’t permitted in lore or by ingratiating themselves to a master of D&D Adventurers League events. the power. As is typical in Unearthed Arcana, the options here In order to master their power, mystics must haven’t been tuned for multiclassing. first master themselves. They spend months and If we decide to make this material official, it will be years in quiet contemplation, exploring their refined based on your feedback, and then it will appear in minds and leaving nothing uncovered. During this a D&D book. time, they shun society and typically live as hermits at the edge of society. A mystic who Mystic studied under a master worked as a virtual slave, A human clad in simple robes walks along a forest toiling away at mundane tasks in return for the path.
    [Show full text]
  • Galatians Unearthed Part 16: the Spirit of the Law; Examples from the Old Testament and Yeshua (5/12/ 2018)
    Galatians Unearthed Part 16: The Spirit of the Law; Examples from the Old Testament and Yeshua (5/12/ 2018) The following text is a message from Corner Fringe Ministries that was presented by Daniel Joseph. The original presentation can be viewed at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LV3RvLecfd4 *Portions of this document have been edited from the video message to better present a comprehensive, written document. Special attention was given to preserve the original context, but this document is not verbatim. Scripture verses are in the red text with other quotes in blue. Therefore, it is recommended that this document is printed in color. The Hebrew words are generally accompanied by the transliterate, English word. In most cases, the Hebrew is to be read from right to left. Over the last couple weeks we've been looking at a very powerful and very profound concept we call the Spirit of the Law. I will tell you right up front, it is mission critical for every believer to possess this information and knowledge. This is something that is going to change every facet of your faith. It will affect the way you read the word, apply the word, your walk, your talk, and how you proclaim the gospel. Every aspect is going to be affected. Before we get into this today, I want to circle back to briefly give you an overview of what this is and what this is not. I want to begin by telling you what this is not. Several years ago I had a lady talk to me about her experience at a local Christian university.
    [Show full text]
  • Galatians Unearthed Part 5: 2:19-21; 3:1-4; Dead to Law and Sin; Gentiles Get Circumcised Later? (1/13/ 2018)
    Galatians Unearthed Part 5: 2:19-21; 3:1-4; Dead to Law and Sin; Gentiles Get Circumcised Later? (1/13/ 2018) The following text is a message from Corner Fringe Ministries that was presented by Daniel Joseph. The original presentation can be viewed at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iu9Yf3I8zAk *Portions of this document have been edited from the video message to better present a written document. All the Scripture verses are from the New King James Version unless otherwise noted and are in the red text. Therefore, it is recommended that this document is printed in color. The Hebrew is to be read from right to left. If you remember from last week, we hit a turning point in this series when the Apostle Paul brought the Torah into the discussion. When you think about it, he didn’t have an option. We were looking at this controversy he was dealing with in the first century, whether or not the Gentiles have to be circumcised to be saved. We were looking right in the Torah where the command is explicit that if you want to be part of Abraham’s household, you're going to have to be circumcised. So Paul doesn't have a choice here; he is going to have to deal with the Law. He has to bring this into the conversation, and that is exactly what he did. Just as a way of reminder, what did Paul do when he brought the Torah to the table? He established the most important thing we need to understand regarding the Torah, which is you cannot be saved in and of yourself by your efforts of keeping the Torah.
    [Show full text]
  • 02 – 24 March 2018 Fringe.Co.Nz Eye & Ear Bits Ear & Eye
    02 – 24 MARCH 2018 FRINGE.CO.NZ EYE & EAR BITS EYE & EAR BITS EYE & EAR BITS EYE & EAR BITS EYE & EAR BITS EYE & EAR BITS IMPORTANT BITS How to Read this Guide: LATE NIGHT CABARET FRINGE BAR CABARET; COMEDY; CIRCUS The Official Fringe After Party every Thursday VENUE Fringe Bar (Fringe Awards Show) and Saturday night. TIME 11pm (60min) PRICES KOHA This unparalleled variety show has it all: RATING 18+ music, comedy, dance, burlesque and stupid INFO/ TIX fringe.co.nz PROUD SUPPORTERS OF THE FRINGE SINCE 1990 games! Semi-controlled chaos, with different guests and a totally different show every night. The most bizarre, awe-inspiring comedy rollercoaster at the Fringe! STUDIO: +64 4 801 9089 | OFFICE: +64 4 801 9899 | E: [email protected] | FB & WWW: RADIOACTIVE.FM DATES MAR F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S EYE & EAR BITS 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Show Title Content & Accessibility Production Company Genre Show Information EYE & EAR BITS Content Warnings STROBE COARSE DEPICTIONS OF DISABILITY NUDITY Promotional Image LIGHTING LANGUAGE VIOLENCE ACCESS Performance Dates Ratings G Suitable for all ages, bring your whānau 15+ It’s got a bit of stuff that’s not really for the young ones 18+ This one’s just for the big kids, over 18 only. Ticket Prices Ch Child GA General Admission Full Full Price C/Stu Concession/ Student Concession Concession Stu Student FA Fringe Addict KOHA Donation (See page 15 for more information) Disclaimer: We, the NZ Fringe team have sacrificed ourselves on the altar of proof-copying to ensure the contents of this programme are correct.
    [Show full text]