Introduction to Coiled Tubing

Section 1 Introduction to Coiled Tubing

Table of Contents

About this Course ...... 1-3 How This Course is Organized ...... 1-3 Study Suggestions ...... 1-3 Coiled Tubing Product Service Line (PSL) ...... 1-5 Unit A: Halliburton and the Drilling of an Oil Well...... 1-7 Drilling Operations...... 1-7 Running Drill Pipe ...... 1-7 Running Surface Casing...... 1-8 Cementing ...... 1-9 Running and Cementing Intermediate Casing...... 1-11 Drilling To Final Depth...... 1-11 Completing the Well ...... 1-11 Setting Production Casing...... 1-12 Perforating the Casing...... 1-12 Installing the Completion System ...... 1-13 Sand Control...... 1-13 Installing the Christmas Tree ...... 1-13 Acidizing ...... 1-14 Fracturing ...... 1-14 Unit B: How Coiled Tubing Fits into the Life of the Well ...... 1-15 Unit C: Historical Background of Coiled Tubing...... 1-17 The Beginning...... 1-17 Injector Development...... 1-17 Tubing Design...... 1-18 Quality Improvement ...... 1-19 Halliburton’s Entry...... 1-19 Unit D: Halliburton Energy Services Vision and Mission...... 1-21 HES 2003 Vision Statement...... 1-21 Unit E: HES Mission Statement ...... 1-22 Unit F: Coiled Tubing Job Descriptions ...... 1-23 Operator Assistant ...... 1-23 Service Operator...... 1-23 Service Supervisor...... 1-23 Service Leader...... 1-24 Service Coordinator...... 1-24 Field Service Quality Coordinator ...... 1-24

1 • 1 Coiled Tubing I

Introduction to Coil Tubing I

Use for Section notes…

1 • 2 Coiled Tubing I

Introduction to Coil Tubing I

About this Course

This course is your introduction to the Coiled important; it is more important that you learn Tubing process: what it is, why is it done, and and retain the content. how we do it. From this course, you will learn Since this is a self-paced course, let your many new terms, types of equipment, types of supervisor know about your progress throughout materials, and processes. By completing this this workbook. When completed, you will take self-paced course, you will be able to more a final written test that is graded. Since the final effectively communicate with others in the PSL exam is based solely upon the information in and at the job site and be prepared to take on this workbook, all of the information you’ll need more responsibility. You will become an are contained within these pages. You must pass invaluable person who can deliver the Customer the written final exam before you can move onto Service that has been a Halliburton tradition for future Coiled Tubing courses. more than 80 years. If you want more information on a subject Take time to carefully read this introduction. It covered in your workbook, let your resource will acquaint you with this course and suggest personnel know of your interest — they can ways to get the most out of it. direct you to the appropriate resource. This workbook allows you to learn at your own Successful completion of all the section quizzes, speed, without an instructor, and at any time or self-check tests, and the comprehensive final place that may be convenient for you. Your examination makes you eligible to attend the immediate supervisor is normally responsible for next level course. your enrollment and can assist you in completing the course. Study Suggestions

How This Course is Organized This course was planned to make learning as easy as possible. However, to retain the Familiarize yourself with the way this workbook knowledge, you must put forth the effort. is organized. You will find a table of contents at Remember, the responsibility for learning this the beginning of each section, followed by a course is yours. brief introduction. Keep your workbook available at all times; you Each section in this workbook contains several never know when you might have the units. Each unit contains information prepare for opportunity to work on a unit. Try and set aside you to learn. Other manuals or catalogs are not enough time to complete an entire unit during a necessary, with the possible exception of a study period. dictionary and the Halliburton Cementing Tables (The Red Book). Each unit is made up of text, Some study suggestions include figures to help explain the text (pictures, • Review both the section and unit drawings charts, etc.), and a unit quiz. The introductions. They will very briefly quizzes will help you check your personal describe what is in the unit. progress. Then you will complete a Section Self- Check Test designed to further reinforce what • Skim through the unit. Look at the figures you have learned. After you complete a quiz or and headings to see what's familiar to you self-check test, refer to the appropriate answer and what isn't. They will tell you what to key. While the time you spend on each unit is expect.

1 • 3 Coiled Tubing I

Introduction to Coil Tubing I

• Read the content carefully. Go back to the have answered incorrectly. Don't forget, if beginning of the unit and read the content, you are having trouble, or if you feel your paragraph by paragraph. Study the figures. If response is equally correct, consult your you are unfamiliar with the meaning of a resource personnel. word, use the Glossary at the back, or refer As you progress through the workbook, go back to the dictionary. through previous units to review what you have • Check your understanding. Try to put into learned. This will keep you oriented as you your own words the paragraph you have just move toward the harder sections. read and make notes. Go back and underline When you’ve completed of a section, ask your important points. This will help you to supervisor any questions you might have before review the content of the unit later. taking the section quiz or the self-check tests. • Review. Try to put what you have read in the Successful completion of these enables you to proper context. Keep in mind the each unit move on to the next section. makes up a section and each section makes Remember, you won’t be able to use your up the course. As you make your way workbook when you take the course final exam, through the workbook, you’ll find that there so study hard, make sure you understand every is a logical progression to the information section completely, and ask questions if you’re presented. not sure. • Take the unit quiz and complete the Self- Becoming familiar with every aspect of the Check Tests. Try not to refer to the text material presented in this workbook will make when you are attempting to answer each you a better Halliburton employee and keep you question correctly. Write your answers in and others safe on the job. your workbook. • Check your answers against the answer key. Read again the parts of the text that relate to the items you are unsure about or that you

1 • 4 Coiled Tubing I

Introduction to Coil Tubing I

Coiled Tubing Product Service Line (PSL)

This is your introduction to Halliburton’s Coiled o Act as tool transport medium for Tubing Product Service Line (PSL). A Coiled deviated and horizontal wells. Tubing unit is a portable, hydraulic-powered • Performance unit designed to inject and retrieve a coiled tubing work string that range in diameters from o Computer preparation to optimize 1 in., 1¼ in., 1 ½ in., 1 ¾ in., 2 in., 2 3/8 in., 2 job designs. 7/8 in., to 3 ½ in. Coiled Tubing works safely o Fast Rig Up/Rig Down under pressure and provides an economical means of performing routine well maintenance o Excellent Tubing Management for land, inland waters, and offshore Capabilities installations. o Utilizes the Advance Data Halliburton has offered pressure control to the Acquisition System to monitor key oil and gas industry for more than seventy-five job parameters during tubing years. This early entry into the market, along management. with steady research and development, has Coiled tubing operations span the full range of enabled Halliburton to provide the safest and Halliburton’s products and services, drawing most up-to-date Coiled Tubing equipment in the upon the expertise of each. industry today. A typical coiled tubing system has the following The ability to move pipe under pressure components: eliminates many of the costly problems with production loss, time in circulating to kill a well, • Tubing injection head assembly the cost of kill fluid, reducing damage to the • Tubing reel with continuous tubing string. formation and reduces the cost of putting the (no joints) well back in production after a workover.

Since its introduction to the oilfield in 1963, • Control console located in the operator’s coiled tubing continues to offer many enclosure away the weather. advantages over conventional jointed tubing: • An efficient diesel powered hydraulic power unit assembly. • Efficiency • Wellhead blowout preventer stack. o Self contained unit; requires no rig. o Saves time and money, do not have • Crane to kill well. • In some cases, fluid pump and tank for kill o Can continuously pump fluids into fluids, mixing, storage, etc. well while moving pipe. The Halliburton Coiled Tubing Unit for land o Land or offshore system designs. operations is mounted on a drop deck tandem trailer. Fuel tanks, side walkways, operator’s o No workover rig required when enclosure, tubing reel power package, tool using coiled tubing. boxes, hose packages, and component hook up • Reduced Potential Damage To Formation lines are all built into or fixed to the trailer for proper weight distribution. o Can be and is typically used on live wells (No kill fluids introduced into Halliburton is the only major service company to wells. design, manufacture, and operate its own

1 • 5 Coiled Tubing I

Introduction to Coil Tubing I equipment. This allows the Company to 6. Unloading the tubing with nitrogen, foam or incorporate important input from its field other types of fluids personnel and customers into design features 7. Spotting Acid that are strategically directed toward the most effective possible job performance. The 8. Sand consolidation and through tubing following equipment, described later in this gravel packing manual, represents such features, along with 9. Halliburton Hydra-Blast operations extensive design and engineering efforts. It is also an excellent example of the type of 10. Logging, running and pulling wire line tools engineering capabilities responsible for making in deviated and horizontally completed wells Halliburton service equipment an industry leader 11. Run, set, and pull a variety of completion, in quality, performance, and efficiency. stimulation, and service equipment tools Halliburton coiled tubing units have been used 12. Light to intermediate fishing operations in a variety of remedial functions: 13. Installing injection or siphon strings 1. Salt washing with water 14. Cleaning operations using a downhole 2. Squeeze, plug and abandonment cementing motor, hammer system, or acid wash 3. Sand washing with nitrogen, foam or other 15. Coiled tubing completions types of fluid 16. Coiled tubing drilling, milling and 4. Mud displacement and killing of wells underreaming 5. Injection of paraffin or corrosion inhibitors

1 • 6 Coiled Tubing I

Introduction to Coil Tubing I

Unit A: Halliburton and the Drilling of an Oil Well

At the beginning, an oil company (called an • adding a new joint of pipe as the hole operating company or the operator, such as deepens Shell, Texaco, or BP-Amoco) must locate areas where there is a good potential for oil to be • tripping the drill string out of the hole to put found (an oil reserve). To do this, they examine on a new bit and running it back to bottom, the geology and conduct other tests (such as or making a round trip seismic) using Reservoir Engineers, Geologists, • helping to run and cement casing, which is Geophysicists, and Petrophysicists from their large-diameter steel pipe that is put into the own staff or using a contractor such as hole at various, predetermined intervals. Halliburton’s Reservoir Description PSL. If the potential exists, the operator must then acquire Often, special casing crews are hired to run the the right to drill by buying or leasing the land. casing, and usually a cementing company is called on to place cement around the casing to The operator will then hire a drilling contractor bond it in place in the hole. Still, the rig crew to actually drill the well (such as Parker Drilling usually assists in casing and the cementing or Santa Fe International). The operator may operation. manage the whole drilling project or they may hire a contractor to manage it, such as For drilling to be effective, a special fluid (called Halliburton’s Integrated Solutions PSL. Before drilling mud) must be used to wash away the drilling can begin, the operating company must cuttings and lubricate and cool the drill bit. The determine the following: industry’s top provider of drilling fluids is Halliburton’s BAROID PSL. Also, Halliburton’s • How deep is the reservoir (the depth of an Security DBS PSL is one of the top providers of oil or gas well can range from a few hundred drilling bits. And if the well is to be drilled at an to more than 20,000 feet)? angle other than straight down (called a deviated well), a subcontractor with the • What kind of pressures will be encountered? specialized equipment and knowledge may be • What is the cost? brought in, such as Halliburton’s Sperry-Sun Drilling Services. • How will the reservoir be controlled? • Will this well be profitable? Running Drill Pipe The operator must also hire a service and supply company (such as Halliburton) to provide drilling mud and bits, casing and casing The drill bit is made up (connected) on the end attachments, cementing, and measuring and of the first drill collar (heavy wall pipe). testing services. Enough collars and drill pipe are made up and lowered in (called tripping in) until the bit is almost to bottom. Then, the kelly is attached. (a Drilling Operations kelly is a four- or six-sided piece of pipe that fits into the kelly bushing, which fits into the master bushing in the rotary table. The rotary table is Simply stated, the drilling rig crew’s normal the part of the derrick floor that spins the drill drilling operations are pipe. The system is like a wrench turning a bolt.) • keeping a sharp bit on bottom, drilling as The drill string then starts to rotate and weight is efficiently as possible applied to drill the hole.

1 • 7 Coiled Tubing I

Introduction to Coil Tubing I

surface casing, this is large in diameter and, like all casing, is nothing more than steel pipe and comes in 30- or 40-ft lengths. Running casing into the hole is very similar to running drill pipe, except that the casing diameter is much larger and thus requires special elevators, tongs, and slips to fit it. For example, in a 17 ½-in. hole, 13 3/8-in. casing might be used.

Figure 1.1- Drill bit.

Figure 1.3- Casing.

Also, devices called centralizers and scratchers are often installed on the outside of the casing before it is lowered into the hole. Centralizers are attached to the casing and, since they have a bowed-spring arrangement, keep the casing centered in the hole after it's lowered in. Centralized casing can make for a better cement job later. Scratchers also help make better Figure 1.2- Kelly, kelly bushing, and rotary cement jobs by removing the wall cake formed table. by the drilling mud as the casing is moved up and down or rotated (depending on what scratcher design is attached to the outside). When near the end of the pipe, rotation is Other casing accessories include a guide shoe, a stopped and another section of pipe is attached. heavy steel and concrete piece attached to the This continues until the desired depth is reached bottom-most joint of casing that helps guide the or when the drill bit must be replaced. The drill casing past small ledges or debris in the hole; pipe is then picked up, disassembled (called and a float collar, a device with a valve installed tripping out), the new bit is attached, and the in the casing string two or three joints from string is tripped back into the hole. bottom. A float collar is designed to serve as a receptacle for cement plugs and to keep drilling mud in the hole from entering the casing. Just as Running Surface Casing a ship floats in water, casing floats in a hole full of mud (if mud is kept out of the casing). This At predetermine times, the drilling pipe is buoyant effect helps relieve some of the weight removed and the casing crew moves in to do its carried on the mast or derrick as the long string work. The first string of casing run is called of heavy casing hangs suspended in the hole.

1 • 8 Coiled Tubing I

Introduction to Coil Tubing I

Cementing

Halliburton excels in this and others areas of this process. After the casing string is run, the next task is to cement the casing in place. As when casing is run, the rig crew is available to assist. Halliburton stocks variety of types of cement types and has special transport equipment to handle this material in bulk. Bulk cement storage and handling equipment is moved out to location, making it possible to mix large quantities of cement at the site. The cementing crew mixes the dry cement with water, using a recirculating mixer. Dry cement is gradually added to the tub, and a jet of water thoroughly mixes with the cement to make a slurry (very thin, watery cement).

Figure 1.5- Cement Recirculating Mixer (RCM).

Special pumps then pick up the cement slurry Figure 1.4- Scratcher.and centralizer. and send it up to a valve called a cementing head (also called a plug container) mounted on the top most joint of casing hanging in the mast or derrick above the rig floor. Just before the cement slurry arrives, a rubber plug (called the bottom plug) is released from the cementing head and precedes the slurry down the inside of the casing. The bottom plug stops or “seats” in the float collar, but continued pressure from the cement pumps opens a passageway through the bottom plug (by rupturing a diaphram). Thus, the cement slurry passes through the bottom plug and continues on down the casing. The slurry then flows out through the opening in the guide shoe and starts up the annular space between the outside of the casing and wall of the

1 • 9 Coiled Tubing I

Introduction to Coil Tubing I hole. Pumping continues and the cement slurry drilling is resumed with a smaller bit that fits fills the annular space. inside the surface casing. A top plug, which is similar to the bottom plug except that it is solid, is released as the last of the cement slurry enters the casing. The top plug follows the remaining slurry down the casing as displacement fluid (usually water or drilling mud) is pumped in behind the top plug while most of the cement slurry flows out of the casing and into the annular space. By this time, the top plug seats “bumps” the bottom plug in the float collar. This signals the cementing pump operator to shut down the pumps since most of the cement is now in the casing below the float collar and in the annular space. Also, most of the casing is now full of displacement fluid as well.

Figure 1.7- Top and bottom plugs for cementing.

Figure 1.6- Plug container.

After the cement is run, a waiting time is allotted to allow the slurry to harden. This period of time is referred to as waiting on cement (WOC). After it hardens, tests are to ensure a good cement job. After the WOC and tests indicate that the job is good, the rig crew attaches, or nipples up, the Figure 1.8- Blowout preventer (BOP). blowout preventer (BOP) stack to the top of the casing. The BOP stack is pressure-tested, and

1 • 10 Coiled Tubing I

Introduction to Coil Tubing I

As drilling resumes, a smaller bit must be selected in order to pass down the inside surface of the casing. As an example, in order to drill the Drilling To Final Depth surface hole, the rig crew uses a 17-1/2 inch bit. The inside diameter of the surface casing is 13- The final part of drilling is what an operating 3/8 inches. So to get adequate clearance, a 12- company hopes will be the production hole. To 1/4 inch bit has to be used. As before, the bit is begin this process, the crew makes up a smaller made up on the drill collars followed by drill bit and trips it into the hole. As it drills out the pipe. intermediate casing shoe, it heads toward, what hopefully is pay dirt, which is a formation capable of producing enough oil and gas to Running and Cementing make it economically feasible to complete the Intermediate Casing well. As this drilling continues, several bits will be At this point, a smaller diameter string of casing dulled and several round trips will be made, but is set and cemented in the hole. This is called before long the formation of interest (the pay the intermediate string. It runs from the surface, zone, of the area of the formation that contains down the surface string, to the bottom of the hydrocarbons) is penetrated by the bit. Now the hole. Some wells require an intermediate string big decision: “Is it worthwhile to run the final while others only need the initial cemented production string of casing and complete the casing. A majority of deeper wells need an well?” intermediate string when a troublesome formation is encountered. Completing the Well Troublesome formations are those that may contain formation fluids under high pressure and, if not sealed off by casing and cement, After considering all the data from various tests, could blow out, making it difficult, if not (performed by Halliburton’s Logging & impossible, to produce oil or gas from the well. Perforating PSL or Sperry-Sun Drilling Another troublesome formation type is Services), a decision is made on whether to set sloughing shale that swells up when contacted production casing and complete the well or to by drilling mud. As the swelling occurs, it falls, plug and abandon it. If the decision is to or sloughs off, into the hole. Many types of abandon, the hole is considered to be dry, that is, troublesome formations can be overcome during not capable of producing enough oil or gas in drilling but are better cased off and cemented commercial quantities to justify further costs. after the final portion of the hole has been To abandon a well, several cement plugs are set drilled. to, more or less, seal off the hole, However, if the price of oil or gas has become more favorable then wells that were once plugged may be reopened and produced. The cost of abandoning a well may only be a few thousand dollars while the cost of setting a production string of casing can be $50,000 or more. Therefore, the decision is not always easy.

1 • 11 Coiled Tubing I

Introduction to Coil Tubing I

Perforating the Casing

Because the pay zone is now sealed off, perforations must be made in order for the oil or gas to flow into the wellbore. Perforations are simply holes that are made through the casing and cement and extend some distance into the formation. The most common method of perforating incorporates shaped-charge explosives (similar to those used in armor- piercing shells).

Figure 1.9- How cement used to plug a well.

Setting Production Casing

If it is decided to set casing, it will be brought to the well and run by a cementing crew. Typically, the production casing is set and cemented down Figure 1.11- Perforating gun: (A) gun in to the pay zone to a point near the bottom of the hole, (B) gun firing, and (C) oil flowing hole. This actually seals off the producing zone through perforations. — but only temporarily. After the production string is cemented, the drilling contractor can now move onto the next step in the process. Shaped charges accomplish penetration by creating a jet of high-pressure, high-velocity gas (the leading supplier is Halliburton’s Jet Research Center). The charges are arranged in a Conductor Casing tool called a gun and is lowered into the well opposite the producing zone. The gun can be Cement Surface lowered on wireline or tubing. When in position, Casing charges are fired electronically from the surface. Once perforations are made, the tool is retrieved. Intermediate Perforating is usually performed by a service Casing company that specializes in this technique, such as Halliburton’s Logging & Perforating PSL or Cement Production Tools, Testing, and Tubing-Conveyed Casing Perforating (TT&TCP) PSL.

Reservoir Casing Shoe Cement

Figure 1.10- A typical casing and cement setup in well.

1 • 12 Coiled Tubing I

Introduction to Coil Tubing I

• casing damage from compressive loading Installing the Completion caused by subsidence System • removing and disposing of sand Halliburton’s Production Enhancement PSL At this point, the well is still not produced, even provides specialized surface and downhole though the oil or gas can now flow into the well equipment including gravel pack packers and after perforating. Now smaller in diameter pipe, screens to inhibit the movement of formation called production tubing, is placed in the well sand into the wellbore, surface pumping to serve as a way for the oil or gas to flow to the equipment, and the filtration systems. surface. The tubing is run into the well with a packer. The packer goes on the outside of the tubing and is placed at a depth just above the producing zone. When the packer is expanded, it grips the wall of the production casing and forms a seal in the annular space between the outside of the tubing and the inside of the casing. Thus, as the produced fluids flow out of the formation through the perforations, they are forced to enter the tubing to get to the surface. Additional devices are placed in the well or in the production tubing string to control and monitor the fluid flow, such as subsurface safety valves, flow control equipment, surface safety systems, packers and specialty completion equipment, production automation, and well screens. All these products can be supplied by Halliburton’s Completion Products and Services PSL.

Figure 1.12- Production tubing with screen Sand Control and gravel pack in place.

At times, when the pay zone may be producing sand as well as oil or gas, a screen may be attached to the end of the production tubing to keep the sand out. When a screen is used, gravel Installing the Christmas Tree is also placed in the hole around the tube, which is known as a gravel pack. Once the casing is set, cemented, perforated and the tubing string is run, a collection of valves Sand can present a major obstacle to well called a Christmas tree is installed at the production. The petroleum industry spends surface on the top of the casing. Tubing is millions of dollars each year to prevent and suspended from the Christmas tree to allow the repair problems in connection with sand oil or gas to flow up the tubing, entering the including Christmas tree. Production from the well can be • poor production rates caused by clogging controlled by opening or closing valves on this device. • sand bridging in tubing and casing After the Christmas tree is installed, the well can • the erosion of downhole and surface truly be said to be complete. equipment

1 • 13 Coiled Tubing I

Introduction to Coil Tubing I

Fracturing

When sandstone contains oil or gas in commercial quantities but has low permeability (or the formation has been damaged), a process called fracturing is used to increase this permeability to a practical level to allow for good recovery. Basically, fracturing a formation, involves pumping a specially blended fluid down the well into the formation under great pressure. Pumping continues until the formation literally cracks open. Meanwhile, sand or man-made granules, called proppants, are combined with the fracturing fluid during pumping. The proppant enters the formation fractures and pumping is stopped. As Figure 1.13- A Christmas tree mounted on the pressure is allowed to dissipate, the proppant the well head. remains in the fractures. Since the fractures have the tendency to collapse after the pressure on the well is released, the proppant is needed to hold, or prop, these fractures open. These propped open fractures provide passages for oil or gas to Acidizing flow into the well. Don’t be confused by the difference between When petroleum exists in a formation but is sand control and using sand as a proppant. Sand unable to flow readily into the well, the used for this purpose consists of larger granules formation is said to have low permeability (not than the sand that is removed from a low enough space in which fluids can flow). If the permeable formation. formation is composed of rocks that dissolve upon contact by acid, (such as limestone or dolomite) then a technique known as acidizing may be required. Acidizing is performed by an acidizing service company (such as Halliburton’s Production Enhancement PSL) and may be done before or after the rig is moved off the well. An acidizing operation basically consists of pumping fifty gallons up to thousands of gallons of acid down a well. The acid travels down the tubing, enters the perforations, an comes into contact with the formation. Continued pumping forces the acid Figure 1.14- Sand can be used as a into the formation where it etches channels that proppant. provide a way for the formation's oil or gas to enter the well.

1 • 14 Coiled Tubing I

Introduction to Coil Tubing I

Unit B: How Coiled Tubing Fits into the Life of the Well

To perform sand control, acidizing, or fracturing • Manual back off applications, coiled tubing is often the best way to remove or deliver the various fluids involved • Fishing with each process. It certainly is more cost Some of the advantages of using Coiled Tubing effective and you don’t have to kill the well. are: Basically, Coiled Tubing fits into every part of • Efficiency the services that Halliburton has to offer. o Self-Contained unit, requires no rig • Drilling o Saves time and money – do not have • Stimulation to kill well • Well Control • Reduced potential damage to formation • Completions o Typically used on live wells so no kill fluids necessary • Tools and Testing o Act as tool transport medium for • Sand Control deviated and horizontal wells • Logging • Performance • Cementing o Computer prepares to optimize job The following list is only a few proven design applications that can be completed by Coiled o Fast Tubing (with the wells dead or alive): • Tubing Management • Drilling o Advance data acquisition system to • Electric Wireline Logging and Perforating monitor key job parameters – on • Fluid Displacement tubing management • Sand Control • Coiled Tubing Conveyed Perforating • Wellbore Cleanout • Remedial Cementing • Setting and Retrieving Bridge Plugs • Permanent Installations • Running Packers Figure 1.15- Coiled Tubing Unit • Coiled Tubing Used as Flowline • Flow Control of Horizontal and Deviated Completions • Physical Characteristics • Fishing Operations o Self Contained • Resetting weight on packer o Mobile/Modular

1 • 15 Coiled Tubing I

Introduction to Coil Tubing I

o Hydraulically Powered o Can be and is typically used on live wells (no kill fluids o Environmentally Friendly introduced into well)

• Components • Operations o Tubing o Injects and retrieves a Injector and Tubing Guide continuous string of tubing into o the well o Reel for Tubing Storage o Can continuously pump fluids o Control House into well while moving pipe o Power Pack o Land or offshore system designs o Well Control Equipment o No workover rig required when o Crane using Coiled Tubing

1 • 16 Coiled Tubing I

Introduction to Coil Tubing I

Unit C: Historical Background of Coiled Tubing

Knowing a few facts about the history of coiled continuous, 3 in. ID pipe was wound upon tubing can help you to understand current massive hollow conundrums (floating spools) perceptions. Although coiled tubing has been in and was designed to be sufficiently buoyant with use for over 35 years in oil and gas well a full spool of pipeline towed behind cable lying operations, it is still a relatively new type of well ships. At the completion of Project PLUTO, the servicing unit. As with any new technology, the Allied forces deployed a total of 23 pipelines, of early days had their share of failures as well as which 17 pipelines were laid across the English successes. Many times, fishing tools and prayer Channel to provide a continuous supply of fuel were required to get the tubing out of the well. to sustain the Allied invasion for the liberation However, times and coiled tubing are changing. of Europe. Some 172,000,000 gallons (651088.8 m3) of petrol were delivered to the When we look at the equipment previously used allied armies through PLUTO pipelines at a rate and the way the tubing was handled and spooled, of more than one million gallons (3785.4 m3) per it became obvious that changes were necessary. day. As the learning curve for coiled tubing surface equipment continues to peak, it’s becoming a whole new game. The industry is now focusing Injector Development its attention on tubing strength and tubing life. With injectors that can handle 100,000 pounds, The development of the most common coiled surface equipment is changing too, and steel tubing injector in use today can be traced back to coiled tubing itself may one day be replaced G.H. Calhoun, et al. This apparatus provided with tubing made from fiber composites. the ability to insert, suspend, and extract strings of elongated cylindrical elements (such as tubing, cables, etc.) for high-pressure well The Beginning services. A modified version of this device was developed for use in the U.S. submarine fleet to The coiled tubing unit has evolved into a enable vessels to deploy radio communications portable, compact and efficient unit that antennae to the ocean surface while still eliminates the problem of making and breaking submerged. Using the Calhoun et al concept, connections going in and out of the hole. It uses Bowen Tools developed a vertical counter- a continuous length of variously sized tubing rotating chain tractor device called the A/N Bra- that is stored on a reel. The length is usually 18 Antenna Transfer System designed to deploy sufficient to reach the well’s total depth or plug a 5/8 in. (15.88 mm) OD polyethylene back depth. The reel of tubing does not move encapsulated brass antenna from as deep as 600 the pipe, as commonly thought by those feet (182.9 m) beneath the water. Fabric- unfamiliar with a coiled tubing unit; rather it is a reinforced phenolic saddle blocks were installed tubing injector/extractor. down the middle section of both sets of chains and they secured the antenna within blocks that The origins of continuous-tubing technology were grooved to match the outer diameter of the (coiled tubing) can be traced back to work tube. The antenna was stored on a spool beneath pioneered by Allied engineering teams during the antenna transfer system for ease of the Second World War. Project PLUTO, (Pipe deployment and retrieval. The pressure seal was lines under the ocean), was a top secret Allied provided be a stripper-type element that allowed invasion project involving the deployment of the antenna to penetrate the hull of the vessel. pipelines from the coast of England to several points along the coast of France. This

1 • 17 Coiled Tubing I

Introduction to Coil Tubing I

The basic principals of this design concept aided throughout the industry increased to 1”-inch OD. in the development of the prototype coiled Use of these hydraulic workover units in oil and tubing injector system. In 1962, the California gas operations increased rapidly during the early Oil Company and Bowen Tools developed the 1970’s. More than 200 coiled tubing units were first prototype “continuous string light workover built to perform sand cleanouts and nitrogen jet unit” for washing out sand bridges in the Gulf services. Unfortunately, the success rate for Coast oil and gas wells. The original “Unit No. 1 services performed through coiled tubing was “ injector head was designed as a vertical, poor and a reputation for limited reliability contra- rotating chain drive system built to run a would follow coiled tubing equipment string of 1.315-inch OD pipe and operate with development for several years. surface loads of up to 30,000 pounds. The tubing reel hub diameter was 9 feet and was equipped with a rotating swivel to allow continuous pumping down the tubing throughout the workover. The first spool of coiled tubing to be used was fabricated from 50-foot segments of 1.315 inch OD, low alloy Columbium tubing, which was butt-welded together. The tubing was than spooled onto a service reel to a 15,000-foot total length.

Bowen “Unit No. 1” worked on several inland and offshore South Louisiana wells from mid- Figure 1.16- Coil Tubing Unit 1963 through 1964. Services performed by this unit included sand washing and fishing a storm choke out of completion tubing. The California Company sold the unit to a Tubing Design Louisiana based company called “Reel Pipe.” The equipment successfully performed In 1962, oilfield use of coiled tubing technology concentric workovers for several years using the was pioneered when Great Lakes Steel 1.315-inch OD tubing. Company and Standard Tube fabricated a spool of low-alloy, ductile Columbium steel in Detroit. In 1967, a downsized version of the original The 1.315 inch OD tubing was milled in 50-foot Bowen Tool injector head was modified by sections, butt-welded into a continuous string, Bowen to run ½-inch coiled tubing and was used and spooled onto a 9-foot reel. to backwash saltwater disposal wells using nitrogen. Because of the success of this coiled The next improvement was increasing the milled tubing service concept, Bowen Oil Tools built length to 250 to 2,000-feet sections. Republic (12) “5M” coiled tubing units capable of Steel’s tubing fabricated from High-Strength, handling up to 5,000 pounds of ½”-inch coiled Low-Alloy (HSLA) steel and had yield strength tubing. In late 1968, Bowen developed the of 40,000 or 50,000 psi. Tubing sections were “8M” coiled tubing injector head, which was butt-welded and wound onto 4-foot diameter designed to run up to 8,000 pounds of ¾”-inch reels. coiled tubing. Southwestern Pipe began manufacturing From the late 1960’s through the mid 1970’s continuous pipe for coiled tubing in 1969. several concept modifications were made by Material yield strength was in the range of Bowen Tools and Brown Oil Tools to their 50,000 to 55,000 psi. Improvements in respective coiled tubing unit designs. During production techniques improved the this time period, the size of coiled tubing in use performance of the product.

1 • 18 Coiled Tubing I

Introduction to Coil Tubing I

Quality Tubing began manufacturing coiled dramatic improvements came as a result of new tubing in 1976. Their manufacturing process continuous tube manufacturing methods and the was similar to that of Southwestern Pipe at the introduction of quality control. time. 1,500-foot tubing sections were milled, stress relieved, and butt-welded. Halliburton’s Entry Quality Improvement In the early 1970s, Halliburton entered the market with 1-in. OD units. During this time, the The 1980s ushered in many important units were used for sand washing, spotting acid, improvements in coiled tubing quality. The first fishing, and unloading wells with nitrogen and 70,000 psi yield tubing was manufactured in foam. 1980. In 1983, Quality Tubing began using 3,000-ft rolls of Japanese steel, effectively Because of the yield strength of the coiled halving the number of butt-welds in a string. tubing, the units were depth and pressure limited Because of the deficiencies of the butt weld, to 50,000-psi yield. Quality Tubing introduced two new ideas. First During this time conventional rigs were used for to be introduced was a patented strip bias-weld fishing, cement squeeze, acidizing, process for joining two strips before the tube is recompletion, casing repairs, replacing manufactured. Second, by purchasing premium downhole components, drilling deeper, and sand class coils in strip form, Quality was able to consolidation. drastically reduce the number of welds in a string of tubing. In the 1980s, coiled tubing yield strength increased to 70,000-psi yield, Halliburton These developments eliminated the weak links introduced the heavy-duty injector for 1 ¼ in. and dramatically improved the reliability of and 1 ½ in. coiled tubing, which increased coiled tubing in the field. utilization and created new markets. In the late 1970s, additional coiled tubing During this time period, units were additionally equipment manufacturers such as Uni-Flex Inc., used for sand washing, nitrogen jetting, paraffin Hydra Rig Inc., and Halliburton emerged with removal, acidizing, fishing, cement squeeze, injector head designs similar to that of Bowen light duty drilling, sand control, siphon strings, Tools. The Uni-Flex head design, introduced in coiled tubing logging and perforating, and scale 1975, offered an improved saddle-block chain removal. system, as well as enhanced drive motor performance. Several designs features In the 1990s, with coiled tubing yield strengths incorporated into the Uni-Flex injector head of 100,000 psi yield and sizes from 1-in. to 3 influenced future design concepts of most coiled 1/2-in. coiled tubing, the possibilities are tubing equipment manufactures. However, 1978 unlimited to what we can do compared to halted all construction of Uni-Flex and Brown conventional workover rigs. Oil Tools coiled tubing systems. Uses of coiled tubing in the 1990s include sand Throughout the late 1970s and early 1980s, washing, acidizing, paraffin removal, fishing, numerous revisions in equipment design and light duty drilling, sand control, wireline type maintenance schedules were made for coiled fishing operations, coiled tubing logging and tubing units built by Bowen Tools, Hydra Rig perforating, coiled tubing conveyed video, Inc., and Halliburton. These modifications nitrogen jetting, cement squeeze, drilling, siphon improved the performance and reliability of strings, scale removal, selective treating, coiled surface equipment, significantly reducing tubing completions, and extended reach equipment failure rates. capabilities. Although surface equipment modifications increased coiled tubing unit reliability, the most

1 • 19 Coiled Tubing I

Introduction to Coil Tubing I

Working for Halliburton we will find ourselves traveling to different parts of the country from time to time. Do not be surprised to run into a Bowen 12M injector in your travels: these units have their place, usually working on shallow wells with low surface pressure and running 1- in. or 1 1/4-in. tubing. Halliburton has also purchased several new Hydra Rig units, for the purpose of standardization it does not make sense to purchase coiled tubing units from too many manufactures. The coiled tubing unit is a very simple piece of equipment if you know its operation limitations and regularly maintain it. Figure 1.18- Halliburton 30K Injector Just imagine it is 3:00 a.m. and you are trying to find a piece of Teflon tape that is in the system that has you shut down.

Figure 1.17- Bowen Injector

1 • 20 Coiled Tubing I

Introduction to Coil Tubing I

Unit D: Halliburton Energy Services Vision and Mission

HES 2003 Vision Statement

The Halliburton Energy Services 2003 Vision is to be the undisputed leader in Real Time Reservoir Solutions. The fundamental principles to achieving our vision involve: • Providing superior value to shareholders and customers • Creating a company-wide environment for developing, motivating, and rewarding our people • Being the undisputed leader in innovative technology, integrated solutions and health, safety and the environment. • Being No. 1 or 2 in core discrete businesses • Leveraging Halliburton Company's total capability

1 • 21 Coiled Tubing I

Introduction to Coil Tubing I

Unit E: HES Mission Statement

Our Mission Statement defines our purpose and our beliefs in how we want to achieve our vision by providing "markers or guideposts" to our beliefs as a company.

Halliburton Energy Services (HES), a business unit of Halliburton Company, is a global provider of products, services, and solutions to the energy industry. To be successful, HES must focus on the needs of our customers. We are to continually find creative solutions that maximize the economic recovery of the oil and gas reservoir. The means by which we will enable our customers to be successful is by aligning with their goal of reducing the cost of oil and gas produced, through providing reliable, cost- effective solutions, delivered by expert personnel with the following values and principles: • Perform at the highest levels of service quality that exceed our customers’ expectations • Believe that all accidents are preventable and strive for an incident-free workplace • Recognize that we are responsible for protecting the environment and consistently meeting those responsibilities • Continually apply new technology that benefits our customers and distinguishes Halliburton Energy Services from our competitors as a leader in fit for purpose solutions • Support a culture of real-time decision-making and speed to ensure responsiveness to our customers’ needs • Maintain integrity in all of our actions — always honor our commitments • Be flexible and innovative in our business models and recognized as the leading company with whom it is easy to do business By virtue of our mission and values, Halliburton Energy Services expects to be the most valued provider of solutions to our customers. And because we are successful in meeting our customers’ needs and good business practices, we expect to deliver superior financial performance to our shareholders. We can only accomplish this with the efforts and participation of our employees; therefore, we must commit to invest in our people to promote a climate of enthusiasm, teamwork, and challenge which attracts, motivates and retains superior personnel and rewards performance.

1 • 22 Coiled Tubing I

Introduction to Coil Tubing I

Unit F: Coiled Tubing Job Descriptions

• Ensures compliance with HSE regulations Operator Assistant and guidelines. • Promotes safety awareness and This is the entry-level position into the service environmental consciousness, and complies operator job family. The Operator Assistant with all applicable safety and environmental assists in rigging up and down of Coiled Tubing procedures and regulations. service line equipment. Following are the basic • Drives a truck or other assigned equipment job duties: as required.

• Assists in assembly and preparation of This position requires a high school diploma, equipment for installation and service. GED, or equivalent experience. It may also • Assists in the running of a job and in the require a valid Commercial Driver's License. clean up, repair, and preparation for the next Candidate must have successfully passed job. company tests or met task guideline requirements. • Promotes and takes an active part in the Quality Improvement Process. • Ensures compliance with HSE regulations Service Supervisor and guidelines. The Service Supervisor coordinates and oversees • Promotes safety awareness and the Coiled Tubing service line work at the well environmental consciousness, and complies site handling the more complex, hazardous, with all applicable safety and environmental and/or high profile jobs providing quality procedures and regulations. service to the customer. Following are the basic • Works under direct supervision with no job duties: experience required. • Provides the planning necessary for the job including instructions to the crew and Service Operator equipment used, including dispute resolutions to approved levels. The Service Operator rigs Coiled Tubing service • Promotes and takes an active part in the line equipment under direct supervision to Quality Improvement Process. provide quality service to the customer. • Ensures compliance with HSE regulations Following are the basic job duties: and guidelines. • Performs, with limited supervision from the • Promotes safety awareness and Service Supervisor, in the rigging up and environmental consciousness, and complies rigging down on a location of service line with all applicable safety and environmental equipment and in the clean up, repair, and procedures and regulations. preparation of equipment for the next job. • Ensures customer satisfaction with work • Assembles and prepares, as directed, performed. equipment for installation and service. • Coordinates and directs the activities of • Promotes and takes an active part in the service operators during the rigging up and Quality Improvement Process.

1 • 23 Coiled Tubing I

Introduction to Coil Tubing I

rigging down on a location of service line initial contact for the customer at the Operations equipment and the assembly and preparation Center. Candidate will coordinate the of equipment for installation, running, and deployment of equipment and materials to the service of a job. well site for maximum utilization. Conveys job- specific information to field operations • Coordinates the clean up, repair, and personnel such as service supervisors and preparation of equipment for the next job. communicates customer job specifics with Tech • Plans and performs necessary calculations Team. Resolves job disputes up to approved for the total job at the well site as needed. levels and manages health, safety, and environmental issues. And will coordinate multi- • Evaluates individual performance levels of PSL jobs. the crew and trains operators to improve their job performance. Typically requires an undergraduate degree or equivalent field experience and detailed This position requires a high school diploma, technical knowledge and application of products GED, or equivalent experience and a valid in the PSL, and company-required training. Commercial Driver's License as required. This position also requires exceptional skills within the service line and a general understanding of Field Service Quality other service functions. Coordinator

Service Leader The FSQC promotes service excellence and customer satisfaction by providing leadership, (This classification is available only for North mentoring and development to PSL delivery America MBU participants). In addition to personnel. Provides personnel development and responsibilities as a Service Supervisor, the leadership for the PSL delivery personnel, Service Leader is also the PSL Mobile Business maintains competency management processes. Unit (MBU) Leader and is responsible for The FSCQ will be accountable for the development and leadership of the Coiled implementation and execution of HMS Tubing PSL profit center within the NWA. The (Halliburton Management System), standards MBU Leader's emphasis is on personnel and processes, accountable for full reporting and development, operational excellence, and execution of corrective action system for the CPI customer satisfaction for the long-term growth (Correction, Prevention, Improvement), and profitability of the NWA. The Service promotes service quality, safety, and Leader manages processes to ensure job site environmental issues, drives the implementation execution as designed, follows up job site of new technology through field operations, and performance with customer, and maintains MBU ensures Service Quality on new equipment and performance measures and documents results services. and best practices. This position typically requires an undergraduate degree or equivalent field experience and Service Coordinator detailed technical knowledge and application of products in the PSL, or multiple PSLs, and company-required training. Provides job coordination and serves as the primary link between the support groups and service delivery team. Assesses customer needs, both internal and external, and deploys appropriate assets within the NWA/Country. Provides technical/operational expertise in response to customer inquiries and serves as

1 • 24 Coiled Tubing I