Of Phu Phanang Biodiversity Conservation Area, Lao People&#39

THESIS

BEETLE FAMILIES (ORDER: COLEOPTERA) OF PHU PHANANG BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AREA, LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC

SEEPHAI SOUKSAVAT

GRADUATE SCHOOL, KASETSART UNIVERSITY Academic Year 2018

THESIS APPROVAL GRADUATE SCHOOL, KASETSART UNIVERSITY

DEGREE: Master of Science (Entomology) MAJOR FIELD: Entomology DEPARTMENT: Entomology

TITLE: Beetle Families (Order: Coleoptera) of Phu Phanang Biodiversity Conservation Area, Lao People's Democratic Republic

NAME: MISS SEEPHAI SOUKSAVAT

THIS THESIS HAS BEEN ACCEPTED BY

THESIS ADVISOR (Associate Professor Nantasak Pinkaew, Ph.D.)

THESIS CO-ADVISOR (Assistant Professor Suksawat Ponpinij, Ph.D.)

DEPARTMENT HEAD (Assistant Professor Roungthip Masmeatathip, Ph.D.)

APPROVED BY THE GRADUATE SCHOOL ON

DEAN (Associate Professor Somwang Khantayanuwong, Ph.D.)

THESIS

BEETLE FAMILIES (ORDER: COLEOPTERA) OF PHU PHANANG BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AREA, LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC

SEEPHAI SOUKSAVAT

A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science (Entomology) Graduate School, Kasetsart University Academic Year 2018

ABSTRACT SEEPHAI SOUKSAVAT : Beetle Families (Order: Coleoptera) of Phu Phanang Biodiversity Conservation Area, Lao People's Democratic Republic. Master of Science (Entomology), Major Field: Entomology, Department of Entomology. Thesis Advisor: Associate Professor Nantasak Pinkaew, Ph.D. Academic Year 2018

The survey of coleopterans was conducted in Phu Phanang Biodiversity Conservation Area, middle region of Laos, two times in December 2017 and June 2018. This research was aimed to survey and identify of coleopterans to family level. Specimens were collected with window trap and pitfall trap. Both kind of traps were set in two different habitats, teak plantation and disturbed natural forest (which Lagerstroemia sp. is dominant tree). Twelve window traps and 36 pitfall traps were set in each location. The study resulted in collection of 3,691 beetle specimens. They were identified to 38 families 194 morphospecies as follows: Subordr adephaga compose Rhysodidae, Carabidae, Paussidae, Cicindelidae and Dytiscidae. Suborder polyphaga compose Histeridae, Silphidae, Staphylinidae, Scirtidae, Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, Lycidae, Derodontidae, Bostrichidae, Lymexylidae, Cleridae, Nitidulidae, Silvanidae, Laemophloeidae, Phalacridae, Endomychidae, Coccinellidae, Latridiidae, Mycetophagidae, Mordellidae, Tenebrionidae, Alleculidae, Salpingidae, Anthicidae, Cerambycidae, Chrysomelidae, Hispidae, Bruchidae, Anthribidae, Curculionidae, Scolytidae, Platypodidae and Monotomidae. Number of 973 specimens were found in dry season and 2,718 specimens in rainy season. Seven families were found in rainy season less than dry season (10 families) and 21 families were found in both seasons. Differentiation of family number based on kind of trap present as 12 families were captured with window traps more than pitfall traps (3 families) and 23 families were captured in both kinds of trap. For the number of beetle family based on habitat type showed 6 families were found in teak plantation less than in secondary forest (14 families) and 18 families were found in both habitats. Illustrations and the key to family of beetles in Phu Phanang Biodiversity Conservation Area are provided.

______/ ____ / ____ Student's signature Thesis Advisor's signature

ACKNOWLEDGEM ENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Associate Professor Nantasak Pinkaew and Assistant Professor Suksawat Ponpinij for providing invaluable guidance, comments and suggestions throughout my thesis study. I would like to thank the staffs of the Department of Entomology, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, who helped me accurate identification insect species and provided some laboratory facilities.

This research was supported in part by "Improving Knowledge and Understanding of the Coleopteran Biodiversity in Laos Project". I would like to thanks Dr. Dirk Babendreier and Dr. Phoutthasone Sibounnavong support scholarship this studies. I thank the staffs of the Department of Plant Protection Unit, Faculty of Agriculture, National University, especially Mr. Bounsanong Chouangthavy, Phonepadith Phewphanh and Souphaphone Rattanalasy for support during collecting trips to Phou Pha Nang National Biodiversity Conservation Area.

Finally, I would like to express my special appreciation to my family and all of my friends for their supports and continued encouragements throughout this research study.

SEEPHAI SOUKSAVAT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ABSTRACT ...... C

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... D

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... E

LIST OF TABLES ...... F

LIST OF FIGURES ...... G

INTRODUCTION ...... 1

OBJECTIVES ...... 2

LITERATURE REVIEW ...... 3

MATERIALS AND METHODS ...... 19

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...... 25

LITERATURE CITED ...... 139 CURRICULUM VITAE ...... 147

LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 1 List of coleopterous families in Phu Phanang Biodiversity Conservation Area and number of morphospecies in each family based on seasons, habitats and kind of traps...... 25

LIST OF FIGURES

Page

Figure 1 General structure of Coleoptera...... 4

Figure 2 Head structure of beetle...... 5

Figure 3 Abdominal sternum of suborder Adephaga...... 8

Figure 4 Abdominal sternum of suborder Polyphaga...... 11

Figure 5 Life cycle of beetle...... 11

Figure 6 Map of Phu Phanang in Laos ...... 17

Figure 7 Map of Phu Phanang Biodiversity Conservation Area in Vientiane ...... 18

Figure 8 Teak plantation sites ...... 21

Figure 9 Disturbed natural forest sites ...... 21

Figure 10 Collecting sites...... 22

Figure 11 Collecting traps...... 22

Figure 12 Preserving of specimen...... 24 Figure 13 Photographic equipment, Leica S8 AP stereomicroscope equipped with Leica MC170 HD...... 24

Figure 14 Comparison of families number based on season...... 28

Figure 15 Comparison of families number based on kind of trap...... 28

Figure 16 Comparison of families number based on habitat...... 29 Figure 17 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 17A. Alleculidae sp.1. 17B. Alleculidae sp.2. 17C. Anthribidae sp.1. 17D. Anthribidae sp.2. 17E. Anthribidae sp.3...... 99 Figure 18 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 18A. Anthribidae sp.4. 18B. Anthicidae sp.1. 18C. Anthicidae sp.2. 18D. Bruchidae sp.1. 18E. Bruchidae sp.2...... 100 Figure 19 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 19A Scolytidae sp.1. 19B. Scolytidae sp.2. 19C. Scolytidae sp.3. 19D. Scolytidae sp.4. 19E. Scolytidae sp.5...... 101

Figure 20 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 20A. Scolytidae sp.6. 20B. Scolytidae sp.7. 20C. Scolytidae sp.8. 20D. Scolytidae sp.9. 20E. Scolytidae sp.10...... 102 Figure 21 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 21A Scolytidae sp.11. 21B. Scolytidae sp.12. 21C. Scolytidae sp.13. 2D. Scolytidae sp.14. 21E. Scolytidae sp.15...... 103 Figure 22 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 22A. Scolytidae sp.16. 22B. Scolytidae sp.17. 22C. Scolytidae sp.18. 22D. Bostrichidae sp.1. 22E. Bostrichidae sp.2...... 104 Figure 23 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 23A. Bostrichidae sp.3. 23B. Bostrichidae sp.4. 23C. Bostrichidae sp.5. 23D. Bostrichidae sp.6. 23E. Carabidae sp.1...... 105 Figure 24 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 24A. Carabidae sp.2. 24B. Carabidae sp.3. 24C. Carabidae sp.4. 24D. Carabidae sp.5. 24E. Carabidae sp.6...... 106 Figure 25 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 25A. Carabidae sp.7. 25B. Carabidae sp.8. 25C. Carabidae sp.9. 25D. Cerambycidae sp.1. 25E. Cerambycidae sp.2...... 107 Figure 26 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 26A. Cerambycidae sp.3. 26B. Cerambycidae sp.4. 26C. Cerambycidae sp.5. 26D. Cerambycidae sp.6. 26E. Chrysomelidae sp.1...... 108 Figure 27 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 27A. Chrysomelidae sp.2. 27B. Chrysomelidae sp.3. 27C. Chrysomelidae sp.4. 27D. Chrysomelidae sp.5. 27E. Chrysomelidae sp.6...... 109 Figure 28 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 28A. Chrysomelidae sp.7. 28B. Chrysomelidae sp.8. 28C. Chrysomelidae sp.9. 28D. Chrysomelidae 10. 28E. Chrysomelidae sp.11...... 110 Figure 29 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 29A. Chrysomelidae sp.12. 29B. Chrysomelidae sp.13. 29C. Chrysomelidae sp.14. 29D. Chrysomelidae sp.15. 29E. Cicindelidae sp.1...... 111 Figure 30 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 30A. Cicindelidae sp.2. 30B. Cicindelidae sp.3. 30C. Cicindelidae sp.4. 30D. Clelidae sp.1. 30E. Coccinellidae sp.1...... 112 Figure 31 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 31A. Coccinellidae sp.2. 31B. Coccinellidae sp.3. 31C. Curculionidae sp.1. 31D. Curculionidae sp.2. 31E. Curculionidae sp.3 ...... 113

Figure 32 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 32A. Curculionidae sp.4. 32B. Curculionidae sp.5. 32C. Curculionidae sp.6. 32D. Curculionidae sp.7. 32E. Curculionidae sp.8...... 114 Figure 33 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 33A. Curculionidae sp.9. 33B. Curculionidae sp.10, 33C. Curculionidae sp.11, 33D. Dytiscidae sp.1. 33E. Derodontidae sp.1...... 115 Figure 34 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 34A. Elateridae sp.1. 34B. Elateridae sp.2. 34C. Elateridae sp.3. 34D. Endomychidae sp.1. 34E Endomychidae sp.2...... 116 Figure 35 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 35A. Hispidae sp.1. 35B. Histeridae sp.1. 35C. Histeridae sp.2. 35D. Histeridae sp.3. 35E. Histeridae sp.4...... 117 Figure 36 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 36A. Hispidae sp.5. 36B. Histeridae sp.6. 36C. Histeridae sp.7. 36D. Histeridae sp.8. 36E. Lathrididae sp.1...... 118 Figure 37 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 37A. Lathrididae sp.2. 37B. Laemophloeidae sp.1. 37C. Laemophloeidae sp.2. 37D. Lymaxylidae sp.1. 37E. Lycidae sp.1...... 119 Figure 38 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 38A. Mordellidae sp.1. 38B. Mordellidae sp.2. 38C. Mordellidae sp.3. 38D. Monotomidae sp.1. 38E. Mycetophagidae sp.1...... 120 Figure 39 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 39A. Nitidulidae sp.1. 39B. Nitidulidae sp.2. 39C. Nitidulidae sp.3. 39D. Nitidulidae sp.4. 39E. Nitidulidae sp.5...... 121 Figure 40 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 40A. Nitidulidae sp.6. 40B. Nitidulidae sp.7. 40C. Nitidulidae sp.8. 40D. Nitidulidae sp.9. 40E. Nitidulidae sp.10...... 122 Figure 41 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 41A. Nitidulidae sp.11. 41B. Nitidulidae sp.12. 41C. Nitidulidae sp.13. 41D. Nitidulidae sp.14. 41E. Nitidulidae sp.15...... 123 Figure 42 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 42A. Phalacridae sp.1. 42B. Paussidae sp.1. 42C. Paussidae sp.2. 42D. Platypodidae sp.1. 42E. Platypodidae sp.2...... 124 Figure 43 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 43A. Platypodidae sp.3. 43B. Platypodidae sp.4. 43C. Platypodidae sp.5. 43D. Platypodidae 6. 43E. Platypodidae sp.7...... 125

Figure 44 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 44A. Salpingidae sp.1. 44B. Scarabaeidae sp.1. 44C. Scarabaeidae sp.2. 44D. Scarabaeidae sp.3. 44E. Scarabaeidae sp.4...... 126 Figure 45 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 45A. Scarabaeidae sp.5. 45B. Scarabaeidae sp.6. 45C. Scarabaeidae sp.7. 45D. Scarabaeidae sp.8. 45E. Scarabaeidae sp.9...... 127 Figure 46 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 46A. Scarabaeidae sp.10. 46B. Scarabaeidae sp.11. 46C. Scarabaeidae sp.12. 46D. Scritidae sp.13. 46E. Silphidae sp.14...... 128 Figure 47 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 47A. Silphidae sp.2. 47B. Silvanidae sp.1. 47C. Staphylinidae sp.1. 47D. Staphylinidae sp.2. 47E. Staphylinidae sp.3...... 129 Figure 48 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 48A. Staphylinidae sp.4. 48B. Staphylinidae sp5. 48C. Staphylinidae sp.6. 48D. Staphylinidae sp.7. 48E. Staphylinidae sp.8...... 130 Figure 49 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 49A. Staphylinidae sp.9. 49B. Staphylinidae sp.10. 49C. Staphylinidae sp.11. 49D. Staphylinidae sp.12. 49E. Staphylinidae sp.13...... 131 Figure 50 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 50A. Staphylinidae sp.14. 50B. Staphylinidae sp.15. 50C. Staphylinidae sp.16. 50D. Staphylinidae sp.17. 50E. Staphylinidae sp.18...... 132 Figure 51 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 51A. Staphylinidae sp.19. 51B. Staphylinidae sp.20. 51C. Staphylinidae sp.21. 51D. Staphylinidae sp.22. 51E. Staphylinidae sp.23...... 133 Figure 52 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 52A. Staphylinidae sp.24. 52B. Staphylinidae sp.25. 52C. Staphylinidae sp.26. 52D. Staphylinidae sp.27. 52E. Staphylinidae sp.28...... 134 Figure 53 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 53A. Staphylinidae sp.29. 53B. Staphylinidae sp.30. 53C. Staphylinidae sp.31. 53D. Staphylinidae sp.32. 53E. Rhysididae sp.1...... 135 Figure 54 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 54A. Tenbrionidae sp.1. 54B. Tenbrionidae sp.2. 54C. Tenbrionidae sp.3. 54D. Tenbrionidae sp.4. 54E. Tenbrionidae sp.5...... 136 Figure 55 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 55A. Tenbrionidae sp.6. 55B. Tenbrionidae sp.7. 55C. Tenbrionidae sp.8. 55D. Tenbrionidae sp.9. .... 137

INTRODUCTION

Laos is a tropical country in the center of the Indochinese Peninsula with almost 75% of the country being mountainous (Messerli et al., 2008). About 40% of its territory still covered with forest which makes Laos a one of the global biodiversity hotspots designated by Myers et al. (2000). The study of beetles in Laos is poorly known compared with neighboring country as Thailand. Although some coleopterans families have been reported from Laos continuously such as Cerambycidae (Gressitt et al., 1970), Epimetopidae (Jach, 2002), Cicindelidae (Sawada and Wiesner, 2004; Wiesner, 2013), Eulichadidae (Hajek, 2008), Carabidae (Nagel, 2009), Passalidae (Neumann, 2013), Scarabaeidae (Kral et al., 2015), Chrysomelidae (Sekerka & Geiser, 2016), Curculionidae (Beaver, 2016), Eucnemidae (Otto, 2016), and Endomychidae (Yoshitomi and Sogoh, 2018).

This research was a part of project "Improving knowledge and understanding of the coleopteran biodiversity in Laos" that proposed to Laos in 2017. This aims to increase knowledge and understanding of the coleopteran biodiversity in Laos through conducting field collections of coleopterans in selected habitats in Laos. Survey and collection of beetles were conducted at Phu Phanang Biodiversity Conservation Area where is one of the total 20 National Biodiversity Conservation Areas in Laos. This area is 1,525 square kilometers located in the middle region of Laos, north of Vientiane Capital. It consists of mostly degraded forest with a small area of semi- evergreen forest. Elevation ranges from 200-790 meters above sea level. This National Biodiversity Conservation Area has not been thoroughly explored for biodiversity. Therefore the knowledge on coleopterans, the most diverse order of insects group is clearly underexplored. This research will present the coleopteran families diverse in Phu Phanang Biodiversity Conservation Area.

OBJECTIVES

1. To survey and identify beetle of Phu Phanang Biodiversity Conservation Area in family level

2. To make the identification key of coleopterous family

LITERATURE REVIEW

The Coleoptera is the largest order in class insects. It is represented by approximately 350,000 know species in 115 families, but recent estimates suggest there are hundreds of thousands or even millions of undescribed species. Beetles are not only rich in species, but extremely rich with respect to diversity in size, form, and ecological strategies (Lawrence and Britton, 1991; Balke et al., 2002).

General morphology

In common with other insects, beetle consists of three main parts: head, thorax and abdomen (Fig. 1).

Head

The head is a capsule, which is primitively prognathous and hypognathous, with the mouth-parts facing forward, the head may be divided into fairly well-defined areas, with horn of heads there are short till to long horn, usually heads are location of antennae mouth part and eye, The front is that part of the upper surface lying between the eyes and limited anteriorly by the clypeus, which is usually separated from the frons by a frontoclypeal suture. Ocelli generally lacking if with no more than two such as family Staphylinidae but Dermestidae with medium ocelli, the compound eyes are highly varied in size and may be absent or so large that they meet above and or below the head. Antennae variable small in larvae, antennae with 11-12 segments some species contain segments 8-10 or probably to 30 segments in longer than the bodies group. There are many different type of antennae, filliform, moniliform and incrassate which at the top part develop gradual with geniculate, serrate, pectinate, flabellate, clavate, capitate and lamellate that feeling act and furthermore some species of male beetles used for fighting and fertilization.

fore leg

head antenna prothorax

mid leg

wing

hind leg

elytra

fore leg

thorax mid leg

hind leg abdomen

Figure 1 General structure of Coleoptera. 5

Mouth part chewing typically prognathous (Fig. 2) some hypognathous. Some species mandible can be indicate to gender character that male with big mandible than female (Crowson, 2013).

maxillary palp

antenna

mandible

compound eyes

Figure 2 Head structure of beetle.

Thorax

The thorax consists of three parts: prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax. The prothorax in Coleoptera is always well developed which composed of a large dorsal sclerite. Pronotum cover to anterior mesothorax part, which extends ventrally on each side to meet the lateral pleura. The metasternum usually large, sclerite and located of hind wing. The legs of beetles are normally adapted for walking or running, and they normally increase in size come front to rear, but in some families one or more pairs may be modified for burrowing in soil (Scarabaeidae and Tenebrionidae), tunneling in wood (Bostrichidae, Platypodine, Scolytine and Curculionidae), swimming (Dytiscidae, Gyrinidae) or jumping (Eucinetidae and Chysomelidae). The form and degree of separation of the coxae provide character of major taxonomic importance (Lawrence et al., 1995).

The wings have 2 pairs. Forewings are elytra and hind wings are membrane. The hind wings of Coleoptera are nearly always longer than the elytra and at rest are folded longitudinally and transversely. So they can be concealed beneath the elytra that being hardened and thickened into a shell-like. The elytra are usually parallel- sided anteriorly and tapering posteriorly. Sometimes they are more or less oval or hemispherical. The wings may be shortened and not folded, reduced to mere vestiges, or completely absent. Some beetles with fully developed wings may by unable to fly because of the degeneration of flight muscles during the life of the insect associated with the development of the gonads (Lawrence and Britton, 1991).

Abdomen

The abdomen is usually composed of 10 segments in the male and 9 segments in the female. Segment ninth is modified forming the genital segment and segment tenth in the male is often highly reduced or fused with 9. If one excludes the genital segment, terga eighth can be mounted on the dorsal surface of the abdomen in most adult beetles. Although the terga are less easily traceable in some flightless species, their number is readily determined by counting the spiracles starting with the enlarged one at the base of the abdomen. Each tergum has a major plate called a tergite, which may or may not be flanked by an additional pair of sclerites called laterotergite. Abdominal segment occurred secondary segmentation process, each of abdominal contain strong tergite and sternite articulate on dorsal and ventral and the spiracles are usually located in the pleural membrane. (Lawrence and Britton, 1991).

Classification of beetles

Kingdom: Animalia (Animals) Phylum: Arthropoda (Arthropods) Subphylum: Hexapoda (Hexapods) Class: Insecta (Insects) Order: Coleoptera (Beetles)

Beetles are divided to 4 suborders Adephaga, Archostemata, Myxophaga and Polyphaga (Charles et al., 2005).

Suborder Adephaga

Characteristic of Suborder Adephaga present by notopleural suture, the first abdominal sternite divide 2 parts, blocked by coxae of hind legs (Fig. 3). Most of the beetles in this group are blue, black, or green and iridescent, the legs are long and slender, with large and bulging eyes, sickle-shaped mandibles predaceous larvae present on adult and larvae very. This group are very common beetles especially on the ground larvae, they are predators, scavengers or omnivores and some are nocturnally active. Furthermore there are predominantly aquatic insects group as Gyrinidae (whirligig beetles), they are aquatic beetles that distinctly of eyes which divide into 2 sections. The beetles of this family generally used the water surface to contribute their bodies and also can efficiency diving, mostly adults are scavenger on animal and plant, predaceous larvae. (Cummins, 1973).

Suborder Adephaga representative predominantly aquatic insects with 30,000 species. The second largest suborder, 40,000 recorded species, Adephaga about 50% of these groups are mostly true water aquatic beetles, (Jäch and Balke, 2008). There are approximate 25 families, family Gyrinidae about 750 species, Haliplidae more than 200 species, Noteridae about 250 species, Meruidae with 10 species, Amphizoidae with five species, Aspidytidae with two species, Hygrobiidae with 6 species, Dytiscidae almost 4,000 species as species aquatic.

coxa trochanter 1st abdominal sternum 2nd abdominal sternum

3th abdominal sternum

Figure 3 Abdominal sternum of suborder Adephaga.

Suborder Archostemata

Archostemata is the smallest suborder of beetles, consisting of fewer than 50 known species in five families. Archostemata is an ancient lineage with a number of primitive characteristics and they are similar in morphology to the first beetles. The two families Cupedidae and Micromalthidae, here considered as representing the suborder Archostemata, the adult are 1.8-10 mm long, are small and seldom encountered. (Arnett, 1968). They are an ancient lineage with a number of primitive characteristics. They are appear in the fossil record about 250 million years ago. Antennae may be thread-shaped (filiform) or like a string of beads (moniliform). These beetles are considered rare. The Archostemata were once much more common and dispersed over a wide portion of the globe, and the species that remain are but scattered vestiges of their former population. (Kolbe et al., 1908).

Suborder Myxophaga 9

Myxophaga is the second smallest suborder of Coleoptera with 65 species of small to minute beetles in four families. The members of this suborder are aquatic and semi-aquatic and feed on algae. Suborder Myxophaga, Lepiceridae there is only two species on earth, mostly found on sand banks close to streams. (Downie and Arnett, 1996). Torridincolidae comprise 31 tiny species, found in streams and mountain occurring in southern America and Asia. (Endrödy and Younga, 1997). Hydroscap- hidae about 21 tiny species, Sphaeriusidae with 23 species, found on all continents, they are true water beetles and several species. (Beutel et al., 2006). Myxophaga have several diagnostic features, the antennae are more or less distinctly clubbed with usually fewer than nine segments, mesocoxal cavities are open laterally and bordered by a mesepimeron and metanepisternum, the hind wings are rolled apically in the resting positions. Internally, they are characterised by the presence of six malpighian tubules and the testes are tube-like and coiled. Beetles of this suborder are adapted to feed on algae. Their mouthparts are characteristic in lacking galeae and having a mobile tooth on their left mandible. Only two myxophagan genera are found in North America. (Lawrence and Newton, 1995).

Suborder Polyphaga

Characteristic of Suborder Polyphaga, The member of this suborder differ from most other beetles in that the first visible abdominal sternum is not divided by the hind coxae, and its posterior margin extends completely across the abdomen. The hind trochanter are usually small and not large (Fig. 4).

Polyphaga have 16 superfamilies in 144 families. They have an enormous variety of specialization and adaptation, with over 300,000 described species, or about 90% of the beetle species so far discovered and named, this is largest Suborder of insects in the animal kingdom. Polyphaga is the truly terrestrials insects, this is the largest and most diverse group of Coleoptera comprise, Leiodidae compose 3,000 species, Staphylinidae contains more than 30,000 species, Scarabaeidae about 28,000 species, Ptilodactylidae contains 500 species (Lawrence et al., 1995). Almost 2,000 species of Lampyridae and about 3,000 species of Nitidulidae, Monotomidae more 10

than 200 species, (Downie and Arnett, 1996), Chrysomelidae with more than 46,000 species, Nanophyidae as about 300 species, Erirhinidae about 300 species, Curculionidae with more than 60,000 species. Characteristic of Polyphaga, absent notopleural suture, hind coxae part can moved and joint to metasternum, no separate of the first abdominal sternite, small hind legs trochanter, five proleg lavae segments. (Caldara and O’Brien, 1998).

Suborder Polyphaga, this is the largest of aquatic insects group. Epimetopidae with 29 species appear in the new world, Helophoridae compose 185 species, are truly aquatic insects, new discoveries and are not common. They are occurring Africa and Asia. Hydrochidae with 180 species, all of them are truly aquatic insects, found all continents, live in flowing edges water, Lutrochidae contain 15 species, Psephenidae about 272 species (Hansen, 1997). Spercheidae with 18 species, Hydrophilidae. About 2,652 species appear all continents, Hydraenidae bout 1,420 species, Scirtidae with 900 species, Elmidae about 1,330 species, Dryopidae comprise 300 species, Cneoglossidae with eight Neotropical species and Eulichadidae about 21 species (Carabajal et al., 1999).

Life cycle

Beetles are holometabolous insect, their life stages are eggs, larva, pupae and adults (Fig. 5). Adult beetles are usually easily recognized by their strongly sclerotized forewings, the so-called elytra, which form a strong protection shield (Balke et al., 2002).

coxa femur trochanter prosternum

mesosternum metasternum

Figure 4 Abdominal sternum of suborder Polyphaga.

adult

pupa

eggs

rd 3 instar grub 1st instar grub

2nd instar grub https://www.britannica.com/animal/beetle

Figure 5 Life cycle of beetle. 12

Egg

Eggs vary in form, are live 8-12 days, may be laid singly or in groups, and usually are laid at a site that allows proper development of the larva on a leaf of a host plant (leaf eating species), in bark, or in tree trunks. Eggs also may be laid near roots, in flowers, in fruits, in tree injuries, on water plants or under rocks (Lawrence and Britton, 1991). Chysomelidae (Diorhabda carinulata), female lays 10-20 eggs, per day, production ranges from 300-500 eggs per female and eggs hatch in 7 days (Lewis et al., 2003).

Larvae

There are several types of coleopteran larvae. First instar grub 10-21 days, Second instar grub 12-21 days and third instar grub 60-165 days. Larvae of coleopteran are usually distinguished from those of most other endopterygotes by the following well developed and usually sclerotized head no adfrontal ridges, antennae with 4 or fewer segments 4, 6 or fewer stemmata 5. Carabid larvae have a tapering, flattened, smooth body, Larvae of click beetles (Elateridae) are cylindrical or flat and slender and have a hard surface. Larvae of Buprestidae, which are soft-bodied and slender, bore under the bark of trees or burrow beneath the surface of leaves. (Lawrence and Britton, 1991). The larvae of Curculionidae (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) feed underground on roots and the adults feed on the foliage, producing very characteristic damage, are live 63 days (John and Lattin, 1998). Larva of Chysomelidae (Diorhabda carinulata), first instar larvae lasts 4-7 days, 1-2 mm in length, second instar larvae lasts 4-6 days, 4 mm in length and third instar larvae between 3-7 days, 5-9 mm in length, third instar forms a pupal case, Made of loose silk cells and plant debris and pupal stage lasts 7-10 days (Lewis et al., 2003).

Pupae

The pupal stage lasts four days or longer, are live 17-30 days. The life cycle from egg to adult requires 21 to 27 days. Beetle pupae are adecticous and nearly 13

always exarate (obtect in Staphylinidae, Clambidae, Coccinellidae, Hispidae, Chysomelidae and a few other groups). The abdomen usually includes 9 terga and sterna, and the number of spiracles in usually reduced in comparison with the larva and adult. The head and body often bear various prominences and setae, which serve to hold the pupa away from the walls of the pupal cell. (Lawrence and Britton, 1991).

Adult

Adults may live more than 230 days. Females lay from 63 to 228 eggs, with an average of about 3 eggs. There may be several generations per year. In cooler temperate areas, life cycles may occupy much longer periods, even up to four years or more. In general, wood-boring beetles and root feeders have the longest life cycles, while leaf-feeding species have shorter ones. Several generations per year are possible with subtropical and tropical species. (Lawrence and Britton, 1991). Newly emerged adults (Diorhabda carinulata) feed and mate immediately and are 5-6 mm long and 2.5 mm wide, active adults move to nearby tamarisk trees to leave food for offspring, adults secrete pheromones to promote aggregation and mating, female lays eggs on tamarisk foliage every day after mature, adults live 2-4 weeks after emerging in either late spring or early fall (2 generation per year) (Lewis et al., 2003).

Habitat of beetles

Coleoptera can live everywhere on earth include freshwater, plants and all of part of plants, furthermore discover in cave. They are occurred in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats. The mostly of life stage is vulnerable, females can fling eggs into the microhabitats that where survival of them. Furthermore, the stage of egg is normally short, the eggs comprise resources essential for the life stage completion. And depend on many factors, biotic and abiotic which include the temperature, humidity and host plant conditions. Furthermore, there is competition interaction by habitat, food and fertilization distribution. All of beetles and weevils pupa stage, they can live in underground and inside three, seed or other plants, differently between pupa and adult when they are emerges from the pupa. In the general development 14

from egg to adult in one year or less and can adapt to environments for survival. (Lövei and Sunderland, 1996).

Important role in ecosystem

Predators

Predators such as Carabidae and Staphylinidae help to control the populations of many insects by feeding on caterpillars and other immature insects (larvae), many soft-bodied adult insects and insect eggs. Most of the Coccinellidae are highly beneficial to humans; both larvae and adults feed on plant-sucking insects (Homoptera) such as aphids and scale insects. Only a few coccinellids feed on plants. (Lawrence and Britton, 1991).

Plant feeders

The insects of this Order comprise a large number of very destructive pests of agricultural crops. They can injure various plants, such as orchards, industrial crops, horticultural plants and cereal crops, seeds, gains, stored and gain products and other stored. Beetles can damage every part of plants, such as roots part, stalks, branch, seeds and leafs (Ryndevich et al., 2017).

Most of the beetles and weevils harmful to humans are phytophagous (plant feeders). Of primary importance are the leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae) and the weevils and their relatives (Curculionoidea). Leaf-beetle larvae feed on leaves, stems, or roots of plants, and most adults chew leaves. Various species of weevil larvae or adults have been found feeding on almost every plant part, especially numerous are species that bore into trunks, stems, and seeds. Both larval and adult forms of Scolytinae are serious pests, they feed beneath tree bark, harming vital areas of living trees. (Judson and Margaret, 1982).

Scavengers

Many groups of beetles function as scavengers, breaking down materials such as dead logs, lumber used in houses (in which case they are pests), dead plant and animal matter, excrement, and other waste products. Coleopterans that function as scavengers include Scarabaeidae, Tenebrionidae, Silphidae and Dermestidae. Some dermestid species cause serious damage in museums by feeding on dried animal materials. The larvae of several species of small dermestids damage carpets, upholstery, and clothing. However, some dermestids are valuable as scavengers, some of the carrion feeding species are used by zoologists to clean skeletons of animals. (Judson and Margaret, 1982).

Plant diseases transmitter

Little is known concerning the role of beetles in transmitting plant diseases. Since beetles do not suck plant juices as plant-sucking insects (Homoptera) do, there is less likelihood of disease transmission. Transmission of diseases may occur, however, if beetles carry fungal spores on or in the body, such as, the fungus that causes Dutch elm disease is transmitted by the European elm bark beetle. (Judson and Margaret, 1982).

The study of coleopteran in Laos neighboring countries

About 103 species of 5 subfamilies of Chrysomelidae recorded from Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam (Kimoto and Gressitt, 1979). A new species of the genus Yimnashana (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae: Gyaritini) in Laos (Yamasako et al., 2012). The new genus and new species of the tribe Aphodiini (Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae) from Laos (Kral et al., 2015). Report the new species of Tetrasticta laotica nov.sp. (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) from Laos (Assing, 2016). The Cicindelidae 114 species reported as new record from Laos. Sixty six new provincial records are presented (Sawada and Wiesner, 2000). 16

A new genus and species of Bostrichidae beetle in the tribe Xyloperthini is described from lychee wood in Thailand (Liu et al., 2016). An annotated list of 60 species of Bostrichidae are now known to occur in Thailand, of which the following 20 species are recorded the first time (Beaver et al., 2011). A checklist was 47 newly recorded species of Cerambycidae in northern Thailand (Ponpinij et al., 2011). A checklist is given of 26 species of Platypodidae and 70 speciese of Scolytidae from Thailand (Beaver and Browne, 2016). A checklist was 17 species of Bostrichidae recorded in association with rubberwood in Thailand is provided and infesting rubberwood sawn timber in sawmills in southern Thailand is nine species (Sittichaya et al., 2009). The found 1867 pselaphine beetle adults representing six supertribes and 114 morphospecies from sampled in eastern Thailand (Sakchoowong et al., 2008).

Lu and Zhou (2012) there are 4 new species of Staphylinidae reports from China. The 2l species of Haliplidae known to occur in China are reviewed (Vonnel, 1995). A new species of Agyrtidae, Apteroloma zhejiangense sp. n., is described from China. The habitus and sexual characters of the new species are illustrated (Tang et al., 2011). The 8 species belonging to the Tenebrionidae, genus Morphostenophanes is reviewed from China (Gao and Ren, 2009). A checklist genus Caryopemon Jekel (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) contains 9 species distributed only in Oriental and Afrotropical regions with three of these species from China and Myanmar (Li et al., 2016). The four new species of the Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae genus Indotrichius from Southern Vietnam (Ricchiardi, 2017). The described from Vietnam of the genus Glenopopillia (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae) four new species (Lu et al., 2018).

7. Study sites

Phu Phanang Biodiversity Conservation Area in Laos. It is located 25 kilometers southwest of Vientiane (Fig. 6-7). It has area around 1,525 kilometers. The topography is mountainous with elevation varying from 200 to 790 m above sea level, It has a large stretch of mountain range with sandstone cliffs. The mean mannual 17

temperature is 28.5 ̊ C with recorded the mean minimum and maximum temperature of 24.7 ̊ C and 34.5 ̊ C respectively.

Phu Phanang Biodiversity

Conservation Area

Figure 6 Map of Phu Phanang in Laos

in Vientiane in

Area

Phu Phanang Biodiversity Conservation Conservation Biodiversity Phanang Phu

of Map

Figure Figure 19

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials

1. Window trap 2. Pitfall trap 3. Ethanol 80% ‒ 90% 4. Micro-centrifuge tube 1.5 ml 5. Forceps 6. Steel wire 7. Leica S8 AP stereomicroscope equipped with Leica MC170 HD 8. Stereo microscope Olympus SZ51 9. Cannon DSLR 5D mark II camera with 100 mm macro lens 10. Plates 11. Insect boxes 12. Sweep net 13. Insect pins and labels

Methods

1. The specimens collecting

The specimens were collected at Phu Phanang Biodiversity Conservation Area, Lao PDR. Beetle specimens were collected two times in December 2017 (dry season) and June 2018 (rainy season). Collection were conducted in two habitats, Teak plantation (Fig. 10A) and Disturbed natural forest (Fig. 10B). Two main methods foreseen in this study to collect beetles are window trap (Fig. 11A) and pitfall trap (Fig. 11B). Both traps were set in two habitat types. There are six sites for traps setting in each habitat (Fig. 8, 9) and distance between sites about 200 meters interval. Twelve window traps and 36 pitfall traps were established in each habitat.

The window trap is made from plastic sheet about 1×1 meters, all window traps are design on homogeneous model, at the top of the trap is compose with roof to protect rain, and the bottom containing with 80% alcohol to specimens preserved and included protecting of insect body condition.

The pitfall trap made from cylindrical plastic container, 30 cm height and 15 cm diameter, that the bottom contain 80 % alcohol to preserve beetle specimens (established one liter of 80% alcohol per window traps and 300 ml alcohol per pitfall trap), After the five-day exposures, captured insects were brought back to the laboratory.

Figure 8 Teak plantation sites

Figure 9 Disturbed natural forest sites

A B

Figure 10 Collecting sites. A. Teak plantation forest B. Disturbed natural forest

A B

Figure 11 Collecting traps. A. Window trap B. Pitfall trap

2. The preservation and pinning techniques

Beetle specimens collected from the traps were preserved in 80% alcohol and sorted to different group under Stereomicroscope Olympus SZ51. After that, medium to large size specimens were pinned with entomological stainless steel pins, the pins being passed through the body vertically so that when the point of the pin is stuck into a piece of cork, the body of the insect is horizontal. For small beetles, they were mounted on card point. Good quality white card (Bristol board is often used) was cut to triangular in different size depending on insect-sized to be mounted, the usual length is about 1 cm. The point opposite the base of the triangle should be little bent and the specimens were glued by its side or lower surface to this point with a small droplet of water-soluble glue. An ordinary mounting pin is pushed through the cardboard triangle near the base and the card point raised up the pin to a height about three-quarter of the way up. Then specimens were keep them into hot air oven at 50 C̊ at least 2 weeks.

3. Specimens labeling

All specimens were mounted on the card point. Information of location, date, geographic coordinates, altitude, collector name, and specimen code number were labelled. All pinned specimens were preserved in insect box (Fig. 12). All specimens from this study were preserved in insects collection at Plant Protection Unit, Faculty of Agriculture, National University of Laos.

4. Photography

Medium to large specimens were photographed using Cannon DSLR 5D mark II camera with 100 mm macro lens and very small to small specimens were photographed by using Leica S8 AP stereomicroscope equipped with Leica MC170 HD (Fig. 13).

insect pin

specimen

card point

specimen code number

data label

A B

Figure 12 Preserving of specimen.

A. pinned specimens on card point B. pinned specimens in insect box

Figure 13 Photographic equipment, Leica S8 AP stereomicroscope equipped with Leica MC170 HD.

5. Specimens examination

All specimens were sorted based on the morphospecies concept and were identified to family level following Lawrence and Britton (1991). 25

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The study resulted in collection of 3,691 beetle specimens which were grouped to 38 families and 194 morphospecies. Number of 2,718 beetle specimens were found in rainy season and 973 specimens found in dry season. In contrast of beetle families, 7 families were found in rainy season less than dry season (10 families) and 21 families were found in both seasons (Fig. 14). Differentiation of family number based on kind of trap present as 12 families were captured with window traps more than pitfall traps (3 families) and 23 families were captured in both kinds of trap (Fig 15). For the number of beetle family based on habitat type showed 6 families were found in teak plantation less than in secondary forest (14 families) and 18 families were found in both habitats (Fig.16).as shown in Table 1.

Table 1 List of coleopterous families in Phu Phanang Biodiversity Conservation Area and number of morphospecies in each family based on seasons, habitats and kind of traps.

Dry season Rainy season Family Teak Disturbed Teak Disturbed plantation natural forest plantation natural forest W P W P W P W P Adephaga Carabidae 2 0 1 0 27 0 31 0 Cicindelidae 0 0 0 0 10 4 12 3 Dytiscidae 0 0 6 0 7 0 0 0 Paussidae 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 Rhysodidae 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 Polyphaga Alleculidae 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 Anthribidae 0 2 0 3 1 0 1 0 Anthicidae 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26

Table 1 (Continued)

Dry season Rainy season Teak Disturbed Teak Disturbed plantation natural plantation natural Family forest forest W P W P W P W P Polyphaga (Continued) Bruchidae 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 Bostrichidae 10 7 25 8 9 3 13 5 Cerambycidae 2 2 0 0 3 0 0 0 Chrysomelidae 0 2 3 5 11 5 0 0 Cleridae 0 0 6 1 0 0 2 0 Coccinellidae 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 Curculionidae 2 0 4 0 11 11 17 31 Derodontidae 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Elateridae 0 2 3 4 15 1 2 1 Endomychidae 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hispidae 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Histeridae 1 1 11 27 7 0 115 7 Latridiidae 2 33 2 22 0 1 0 1 Laemophloeidae 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 Lymexylidae 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 Lycidae 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Mordellidae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 Monotomidae 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 Mycetophagidae 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 Nitidulidae 8 4 5 7 2 10 8 13 Phalacridae 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 Platypodidae 8 25 32 33 29 3 40 15

Table 1 (Continued)

Dry season Rainy season Teak Disturbed Teak Disturbed plantation natural plantation natural Family forest forest W P W P W P W P Polyphaga (Continued) Salpingidae 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 Scarabaeidae 0 0 1 3 52 30 54 50 Scirtidae 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 Scolytidae 57 46 261 158 150 109 210 81 Silphidae 0 1 11 0 5 2 4 4 Silvanidae 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Staphylinidae 16 10 16 9 166 303 279 708 Tenebrionidae 3 3 2 26 0 0 0 0 Total 38 families 3,691 individuals

W = Window and P = Pitfall

Dry season, 10, 26% Dry and Rainy seasons, 21, Rainy season, 55% 7, 19%

Dry season Rainy season Dry and Rainy seasons

Figure 14 Comparison of families number based on season.

Pitfall trap, 3 families, 8% Window trap, 12 families, 32% Window and Pitfall traps, 23 families, 60%

Pitfall trap Window trap Window and Pitfall trpas

Figure 15 Comparison of families number based on kind of trap.

Teak plantation , 6 families, 16%

Teak plantation and Disturbed natural Disturbed natural forest, 18 families, forest, 14 families, 47% 37%

Teak plantation Disturbed natural forest Teak plantation and Disturbed natural forest

Figure 16 Comparison of families number based on habitat.

Coleopterous families of Phu Phanang Biodiversity Conservation Area

1. Family: Rhysodidae

Diagnosis: Body length 4.8-10 mm (n=3), the antennae nearly always 11 segmented, the tarsal formula is 5-5-5 and abdomen 6 segments, black and shiny, subcylindrical to slightly flattened beetles with stout, moniliform antennae and deep grooves on head and pronotum, (sometimes elytra and abdomen). Legs relatively short, with weakly developed antennae cleaner on fore tibia, metasternum without transverse, mouthparts more or less concealed expanded mentum and head strongly constricted posteriorly to form narrow neck.

Rhysodidae sp.1 (Figs. 53E)

Remarks: Body length 5.5 mm, dark brown, cylindrical, flattened, shiny and body groove. Head prognathous, moniliform antennae, 11 segmented, head and pronotum are deep grooves. Legs slender and abdomen 5 segmented.

2. Family: Carabidae

Diagnosis: Body length 4-35 mm(n=61), the tarsal formula is 5-5-5, antennae 10 or 11 segments, abdomen 6 segments, its member exhibit considerable variation in size, color and shape, most species are dark, shiny and somewhat flattened. Morphology of body the notopleural sutures present, usually striate elytra and long, slender legs. Adult tiger beetles are usually metallic or iridescent and often have a definite color pattern and brilliant greenish beetle with dark-blue pronotum. Body rarely with scales, hind coxa immovably fused to metasternum, completely dividing first ventrite, coxa not concealing trochanter, metasternum with a distinct transverse suture. Head prognathous or hypognthous, small than prothorax, compound eyes present and usually antennae filiform.

Carabidae sp.1 (Figs. 23E)

Remarks: Body length 20 mm, black and relatively flat. Head prognathous, filiform antennae, pronotum large then head, convex and like a heart shape. Legs slender, hind trochanter are elongate, with the elytra shortened and not covering the tip of the abdomen, has two brown spots on dorsal body.

Carabidae sp.2 (Figs. 24A)

Remarks: Body length 2.3 mm, dark brown and relatively flat. Head hypognathous, filiform antennae, legs slender, hind trochanter are elongate, pronotum large then head and the notopleural sutures present, abdomen cylindrical and elytra have a groove.

Carabidae sp.3 (Figs. 24B)

Remarks: Body length 4 mm, orange, cylindrical and has four black spots on dorsal body, head hypognathous, compound eyes convex, filiform antennae, pronotum large then head, notopleural sutures present, elytra groove, legs slender, tarsi relatively slender and hind trochanter are elongate.

Carabidae sp.4 (Figs. 24C)

Remarks: Body length 17 mm, brown to dark brown, cylindrical, relatively flat and has four spots on dorsal body, brown. Head prognathous, oval, elongate, filiform antennae, pronotum relatively flat and like a heart shape, legs slender, brown, hind trochanter are elongate, elytra have groove, with the elytra shortened and not covering the tip of the abdomen. 32

Carabidae sp.5 (Figs. 24D)

Remarks: Body length 3.2 mm, dark brown and cylindrical. Head prognathous, small then pronotum, compound eyes convex, filiform antennae, pronotum very large, stout, convex and like a square shape, legs slender, tibia is shrugged and has hair, elytra have groove and hind trochanter are elongate.

Carabidae sp.6 (Figs. 24E)

Remarks: Body length 35 mm, black, relatively stout, convex, head prognathous, compound eyes convex, filiform antennae, pronotum large, like a trapezoid shape, notopleural sutures present, margins of pronotum and elytra are metallic, legs slender, has two spur on the tibia, tarsi relatively slender, hind trochanter are elongate, abdomen oval and elytra has groove.

Carabidae sp.7 (Figs. 25A)

Remarks: Body length 3.5 mm, black, brown, shiny, relatively flat, cylindrical, has two spots on dorsal body, brown, head prognathous, compound eyes convex, filiform antennae, pronotum convex, notopleural sutures present, margin of pronotum is brown, legs slender, brown, hind trochanter are elongate, elytra groove, with the elytra shortened and not covering the tip of the abdomen.

Carabidae sp.8 (Figs. 25B)

Remarks: Body length 2.5 mm, cylindrical, relatively flat, head prognathous, black, compound eyes convex, filiform antennae, pronotum stout, oval, brown, large 33

then head, legs slender, elytra groove and has two brown band on dorsal abdomen and hind trochanter are elongate.

Carabidae sp.9 (Figs. 25C)

Remarks: Body length 16 mm, black, cylindrical, head prognathous, compound eyes convex, filiform antennae, pronotum large then head, convex, legs slender, elytra groove, has two yellow band on dorsal abdomen and hind trochanter are elongate.

3. Family: Paussidae

Diagnosis: Body length 6-20 mm (n=4), varied colored, black, brown, dark brown or gray. Head hypognthous and as broad as prothorax. Abdomen with 6 ventrites. Antennae apparently 10 segmented and no antenna cleaner or tactile setae, flattened, flattened or club-like, antennal scape visible from above, antennae never short and clavate, antennal sulcus absent or shallow. Clypeus narrower than distance between antennal sockets. Legs not concealed beneath body, tibiae flattened, elytra truncate, exposing 1 or 2 tergites and fore tibia with 2 spurs terminal. Some species has spots on the body.

Paussidae sp.1 (Figs. 42B)

Remarks: Body length 4.8 mm, brown or black, with brownish pubescent, elytra shorted or truncate and elytra brown mic black. Head hypognathous and as broad as prothorax. Antennal flattened and club-like, compound eyes dark gray, legs slender and abdomen 6 segmented.

Paussidae sp.2 (Figs. 42C) 34

Remarks: Body length 6.3 mm, elytra yellowish, with black spots or black band on dorsal elytra, elytra shorted or truncate. Head hylognathous and as broad as prothorax. Antennal brownish, flattened or club-like. Compound eyes dark gray or present, legs slender, abdomen 6 segments and segment 6 longer than segment 1-5 united.

4. Family: Cicindelidae

Diagnosis: Body length 14-20 mm (n=29), are usually metallic or iridescent and often have a definite color pattern. Legs very long and slender, fore tibia with 2 spurs terminal, abdoment with 6 ventrites, lateral pronotal carinae absent or incomplete posteriorly and male genitalia with long, slender, glabrous, lateral lobes. Head about as broad as prothorax, hypognathous, antennae with filiform, antennae scape visible from above and comprising 11 segments, eyes large and protruding, prominent, compound eyes present, clypeus broader than distance between antennal sockets.

Cicindelidae sp.1 (Figs. 29E)

Remarks: Body length 20 mm, cylindrical, marked with stripes and six spots orange on the dorsal abdomen, head as broad as prothorax, hypognathous, compound eyes outstanding, convex curve, dark brown. Legs slender, shiny and about 3 times as long as broad, hind trochanter are elongate, tarsi relatively and abdomen 6 segments.

Cicindelidae sp.2 (Figs. 30A)

Remarks: Body length 14 mm, dark brown, shiny, marked with stripes and seven spots whitish on the dorsal abdomen, head as broad as prothorax and shiny, compound eyes outstanding, convex curve, filiform antennae and as long as body. Legs about 3 times as long as broad, abdomen 6 segments and hind trochanter are elongate. 35

Cicindelidae sp.3 (Figs. 30B)

Remarks: Body length 14 mm, dark purple, shiny, cylindrical, head hypognathous, as broad as prothorax or shiny, compound eyes convex curve, filiform antennae, legs slender, about 3 times as long as broad, femur brown, tibia to tarsi are dark brown, relatively longate and 6 segments of abdomen.

Cicindelidae sp.4 (Figs. 30C)

Remarks: Body length 14 mm, dark brown, cylindrical, marked with stripes and two spots whitish on the apex dorsal abdomen, head hypognathous, as broad as prothorax and shiny. Compound eyes outstanding, dark gray and convex curve. Legs slender and about 3 times as long as broad of bodies.

5. Family: Drytiscidae

Diagnosis: Body length 2-40 mm (n=13), black, brown or dark brown. The body is smooth and boat-shaped, scutellum concealed. Dorsal and ventral surfaces of body of similar convexity, Legs long, slender, and adapted for swimming, with very large hind coxae and enlarged hind legs, and the hind legs are flattened and fringed with long hairs to form excellent paddles. Fore and middle tarsi with 4 segments or with segment 4 very small, concealed between lobes of segment 3. Head hypognathous, is flatted, about as broad as prothorax, the antennae usually filiform and Compound eyes present.

Drytiscidae sp.1 (Figs. 33D)

Remarks: Bod length 4.8 mm, brown to dark brown, shiny, oval shape and flatted. Head prognathous, filiform antennae, compound eyes gray, pronotum dark 36

brown, Legs long, slender, swimming legs, with very large hind coxae, hind trochanter are elongate and enlarged hind legs, flattened and fringe with long hairs to form excellent paddles.

6. Histeridae

Diagnosis: Body length 1.3-14 mm (n=196), are small, adults are vary considerably in shape, Most are black or dark brown, glabrous and shiny, Thy body is usually oblong to ovoid or globose, but some histerids are elongate and cylindrical. The tibiae are dilated, and the anterior ones are usually toothed or spined and elytra which have 6 or fewer striae and are truncate, exposing 1 or 2 abdominal tergites. Head hypognathous, histerids are relatively easy to recognize by their compact form, deeply inserted head, large, transverse fore coxae, dentate fore tibiae. Antennae which are almost always geniculate and have a compact.

Histeridae sp.1 (Figs. 35B)

Remarks: Body length 3.5 mm, dark brown, oblong to ovoid, groove, with the elytra shortened and not covering the tip of the abdomen. Head smaller and prognathous, antennal club geniculate, pronotum like as trapezoid shape, femur stout and tibia has spines.

Histeridae sp.2 (Figs. 35C)

Remarks: Body length 2.2 mm, brown and relatively flat. Elytra groove, with the elytra shortened and not covering the tip of the abdomen, head prognathous, antennae club geniculate, compound eyes gray, legs long as broad of body, the tibiae are dilated and abdomen 5 segmented.

Histeridae sp.3 37

(Figs. 35D)

Remarks: Body length 1.3 mm, black, oval shape, groove, stout and with the elytra shortened and not covering the tip of the abdomen, head prognathous and smaller than prothorax, antennal shorted and clubgeniculate, pronutum large and like as trapezoid and legs dark brown. The tibiae are dilated and the anterior ones are usually toothed.

Histeridae sp.4 (Figs. 35E)

Remarks: Body length 2.1 mm, black, oval shape, groove, stout and with the elytra shortened and not covering the tip of the abdomen. Head prognathous as round, compound eyes gray, antennal club geniculate, legs dark brown and tibiae are dilated, with the elytra shortened and not covering the tip of the abdomen.

Histeridae sp.5 (Figs. 36A)

Remarks: Body length 2.8 mm, black, stout and oblong to ovoid and with the elytra shortened and not covering the tip of the abdomen and exposing 1 or 2 abdominal tergites. Head prognathous, hind legs relatively flat and the tibiae are dilated. Abdomen 5 segmented.

Histeridae sp.6 (Figs. 36B)

Remarks: Body length 1.7 mm, black, oval shape, relatively stout, with the elytra shortened, groove and not covering the tip of the abdomen. Head prognathous and smaller than prothorax, prothorax large and like as trapezoid, legs dark brown, femur flat and the tibiae are dilated and abdomen 6 segmented.

Histeridae sp.7 (Figs. 36C)

Remarks: Body length 3.6 mm, dark brown, relatively flat, elytra groove, with the elytra shortened and not covering the tip of the abdomen. Head prognathous and round, pronotum large and like as square, femur large, flat and the tibiae are dilated.

Histeridae sp.8 (Figs. 36D)

Remarks: Body length 14 mm, black, oval shape, stout, with the elytra shortened and not covering the tip of the abdomen. Head prognathous, antennal shortened, pronotum convex, legs relatively flat, the tibiae are dilated and abdomen 5 segmented.

7. Family: Silphidae

Diagnosis: Body length 1.1-2.4 mm (n=27), relatively large and flattened beetles with a distinctive antenna, the antennae are clubbed, clavate and capitate. Silphids have relatively long, 11 segmented antennae. Body either glabrous or clothed with very short, fine hairs, eyes moderately large and protuberant, fore coxae large and projecting, all tarsal segments clothed beneath with yellow hairs and the tarsi are 5 segmented.

Silphidae sp.1 (Figs. 46E)

Remarks: Body length 1.1 mm, brown and with brown pubescent on the thorax. Head hypognathous, with a distinctive antenna, 11 segments antennae and with brown pubescence. Compound eyes gray, prothorax with brown pubescence, legs long, slender, femur stout and all legs clothed beneath with yellow hairs.

Silphidae sp.2 (Figs. 47A)

Remarks: Body length 2.4 mm, brown to dark brown, flattened and with brownish pubescent. Head hypognathous, antennal 11 segments and prothorax convex. Legs slender, about 2 times as long as broad and femur stout.

8. Family: Staphylinidae

Diagnosis: Body length 1-10 mm (n=1,507), are slender and elongate, abdomen 6-7 segments, antennae 10-11 segments and the tarsal formula is 5-5-5, 4-5-5, 4-4-4, 4-4-5, 5-5-4 or 3-3-3. Adults usually more or less elongate with truncate elytra that nearly always leave more than half the abdomen exposed; all but first 1 or 2 tergites heavily sclerotized and often flanked by paratergites; abdominal intersgmental membranes usually with pattern of minute sclerites. Most of these beetle are bark or brown.

Staphylinidae sp.1 (Figs. 47C)

Remarks: Body length 7 mm, brown, elongate, with brownish pubescent, elytra shorted and not covering the tip of the abdomen. Head black or hypognathous, filiform antennae, 11 segments, legs slender and abdomen 6 segmented.

Staphylinidae sp.2 (Figs. 47D)

Remarks: Body length 2.1 mm, brown, elongate, elytra shorted or truncate and with brown pubescent. Head like as v-shaped, prognathous, large than thorax, filiform antennae, 11 segments, compound gray or present, legs slender and abdomen 7 segmented.

Staphylinidae sp.3 (Figs. 47E)

Remarks: Body length 2.3 mm, brown, elongate, elytra shorted, apex of abdomen truncate and with brown pubescent. Head like as v-shaped, prognathous, large than thorax, 11 segments antennae, legs slender and abdomen 6 segmented.

Staphylinidae sp.4 (Figs. 48A)

Remarks: Body length 1.2 mm, brown, shiny, oval shape, elytra relatively complete and not truncate. Head prognathous, fillform antennae and with brown pubescent. The pronotum like as v-shaped, legs slender and longer than half of body.

Staphylinidae sp.5 (Figs. 48B)

Remarks: Body length 7 mm, elongate, dark brown mix black, flattened, elytra black and not covering the tip of the abdomen. Head black or hypognathous, compound white, 11 segments antennae, legs long, abdomen 7 segments.

Staphylinidae sp.6 (Figs. 48C)

Remarks: Body length 5.6 mm, black, flattened, elytra brown mix black, are shorted or truncate, head black or hypognathous, filiform antennae, compound eyes gray, legs brown, slender and abdomen 6 segmented.

Staphylinidae sp.7 (Figs. 48D)

Remarks: Body length 10 mm, elongate, brownish mix black, with brownish pubescent, elytra shorted and not covering the tip of the abdomen. Head and pronotum are black, antennae 11 segments and segment 1 longer than in the parts. Legs long, with spur on the tibiae and apex of abdomen are black.

Staphylinidae sp.8 (Figs. 48E)

Remarks: Body length 5 mm, black. Elongate, head hypognathous, compound eyes gray, filifoem antennae, pronutmu large, like as v-shaped, elytra shorted and not covering the tip of the abdomen. Legs slender and abdomen 7 segmented.

Staphylinidae sp.9 (Figs. 49A)

Remarks: Body length 1 mm, brown to dark brown, flattened, elytra short or truncate and with brown pubescent. Head dark brown or prognathous, antennal long, 11 segmented, legs slender and with long spine on the abdomen.

Staphylinidae sp.10 (Figs. 49B)

Remarks: Body length 2 mm, dark brown, with brownish pubescent and elytra relatively complete. Head hypognathous, compound eyes gray, antennal 10 segments, legs long, slender and abdomen 7 segmented.

Staphylinidae sp.11 (Figs. 49C)

Remarks: Body length 1.7 mm, dark brown, with brownish pubescent, elytra shorted and not covering the tip of the abdomen. Head hypognathous, club antennae, 42

compound eyes black, pronotum convex or round, legs slender and longer than as broad of body.

Staphylinidae sp.12 (Figs. 49D)

Remarks: Body length 1.2 mm, brown, flattened elytra shorted, apex of elytra are black and with brownish pubescent. Head hypognathous, compound eyes gray, filiform antennae, legs longer more than half of body and with long spines on apex of abdomen.

Staphylinidae sp.13 (Figs. 49E)

Remarks: Body length 2.5 mm, brown, shiny, cylindrical, elytra shorted and not covering the tip of the abdomen. Head hypognathous, antennal slender or filiform, pronotum convex or stout, legs slender, hind leger more than half of body and abdomen 6 segmented.

Staphylinidae sp.14 (Figs. 50A)

Remarks: Body length 1.7 mm, brownish, flattened, with brownish pubescent and elytra shorted or truncate. Head as broad as prothorax, hypognathous, legs slender and abdomen 7 segmented.

Staphylinidae sp.15 (Figs. 50B)

Remarks: Body length 1 mm, brown, oval shape, flattened, with brownish pubescent and elytra relatively complete or no truncate. Head like as v-shaped, 43

hypognathous, club antennae, compound eyes gray, legs slender and femur relatively stoust.

Staphylinidae sp.16 (Figs. 50C)

Remarks: Body length 2 mm, flattened, brown, with brown pubescent, elytra short and not covering the tip of the abdomen. Head prognathous, antennal club, apex of elytra connected with proabdomen is puncture, legs slender and abdomen 6 segmented.

Staphylinidae sp.17 (Figs. 50D)

Remarks: Body length 1.7 mm, brown, flattened, with brown pubescent, elytra short, not covering the tip of the abdomen, black one band on the elytra and apex of elytra connected with proabdomen is puncture. Head prognathous or as broad as thorax, antennal club, compound eyes black, leg slender, abdomen 7 segmented and segments 1 longer than the remaining abdomen combined.

Staphylinidae sp.18 (Figs. 50E)

Remarks: Body length 2.8 mm, brown, with brownish pubescent, flattened, elytra shorted or truncate, with black spot on the pronotum and elytra. Head prognathous, compound eyes black, filiform antennae, 10 segments, legs slender and longer than as broad of body.

Staphylinidae sp.19 (Figs. 51A)

Remarks: Body length 19 mm, black, elongate, flattened, elytra shorted and not covering the tip of the abdomen. Head hypognathous, filiform antennae, legs longer than as broad of the bodies and abdomen 7 segmented.

Staphylinidae sp.20 (Figs. 51B)

Remarks: Body length 14 mm, black, elongate, flattened, elytra brown and shorted. Head hypognathous, large than prothorax, antennal slender or filiform, legs longer than as broad of the bodies. The abdomen 6 segments and with black mix band white.

Staphylinidae sp.21 (Figs. 51C)

Remarks: Body length 1.5 mm, brown, relatively stout, with brownish pubescent, elytra groove, shorted and not covering the tip of the abdomen. Head hypognathous, antennal long, filiform, 11 segmented, compound eyes black, with puncture on the pronotum, legs longer more than half of bodies and femur stout.

Staphylinidae sp.22 (Figs. 51D)

Remarks: Body length 2.2 mm, dark brown, flattened, with brownish pubescent and elytra shorted and not covering the tip of the abdomen. Head hypognathous, filiform antennae, 11 segmented, with puncture on the pronotum and legs longer more than half of bodies.

Staphylinidae sp.23 (Figs. 51E)

Remarks: Body length 1.9 mm, brown, convex, with brownish pubescent, elytra groove, shorted and no covering the tip of the abdomen. Head hypognathous, antennal slender, filiform, 11 segmented, prothorax puncture, legs slender, longer more than half of body, femur stout and apex of abdomen is puncture.

Staphylinidae sp.24 (Figs. 52A)

Remarks: Body length 3.7 mm, black, flattened, with brownish pubescent, elytra brownish, shored or truncate and two black spot on the apex of elytra. Head hypognathous, filiform antennae and 11 segmented, legs slender and abdomen 6 segmented.

Staphylinidae sp.25 (Figs. 52B)

Remarks: Body length 4 mm, black mix brown, flattened, with brown pubescent, elytra shorted and not covering the tip of the abdomen. Head black and as broad as prothorax, antennae slender, 11 segments, segment 1-2 are brown and segment 3-11 are black. Legs slender and abdomen 6 segmented.

Staphylinidae sp.26 (Figs. 52C)

Remarks: Body length 2.8 mm, brownish to dark brown, flattened, with brown pubescent, elytra gray and shorted or truncate. Head dark brown, as broad as pronotum or hypognathous, antennal slender, 11 segmented, legs brownish, slender and abdomen 6 segmented.

Staphylinidae sp.27 (Figs. 52D)

Remarks: Body length 5.8 mm, brown mix black, flattened, elytra dark brown, shorted and not covering the tip of the abdomen. Head black, as broad as prothorax or hypognathous, compound gray, antennal 11 segmented, legs slender, abdomen 6 segmented and segments 3-6 are blacked.

Staphylinidae sp.28 (Figs. 52E)

Remarks: Body length 8 mm, black mix brownish, elongate, elytra black, are shorted and not covering the tip of the abdomen. Head black, large than prothorax, antennal slender, legs slender, black mic brown, compound eyes gray, legs long, brownish mix dark brown, abdomen 6 segments, segment 4-6 are black and with 2 cerci elongate on the apex abdomen.

Staphylinidae sp.29 (Figs. 53A)

Remarks: Body length 2.5 mm, black, flattened, with brown pubescent, elytra brown mix dark brown and shorted or truncate. Head black, hypognathous, antennal 10 segmented, legs brow, slender and abdomen 6 segmented.

Staphylinidae sp.30 (Figs. 53B)

Remarks: Body length 1.8 mm, brown, shiny, flattened, with brown pubescent on the abdomen and elytra shorted. Head dark brown, prognathous, compound eyes gray, legs slender and longer more than half of body.

Staphylinidae sp.31 (Figs. 53C)

Remarks: Body length 1.7 mm, brownish to dark brown, with brownish pubescent, elytra shored and not covering the tip of the abdomen. Head prognathous, as broad as prothorax, antennal 11 segmented, compound eyes black, legs longer more than half of body and femur stout.

Staphylinidae sp.32 (Figs. 53D)

Remarks: Body length 7 mm, brown mix black, elongate, with brown pubescent and elytra not present. Head black and as broad as prothorax, filiform antennae, pronotum oval shape, mesothorax black, legs brown mix black, with cerci present and apex of abdomen blacked.

9. Family: Scirtidae

Diagnosis: Body length 1.1-11 mm (n=3), oblong to ovoid beetles, moderate to small, usually somewhat flattened, black, brown or dark brown. With large and strong deflexed head, antennal present, short and broad prothorax with large, and complete elytral epipleura. With the tarsi 5 segments and loped 4th tarsal segments. Hind coxal plates present, which has enlarged hind femora for jumping. A pair of sharp genal ridges rest against the fore coxae when head is fully deflexed.

Scirtidae sp.1 (Figs. 46D)

Remarks: Body length 1.1 mm, oblong to ovoid beetles, dorsal view is black and ventral view is brown. Head prognathous, filiform antennae, with brownish pubescence, compound eyes gray or convex, broad prothorax with large, hind coxal plates present and large.

10. Scarabaeidae

Diagnosis: Body length 3-31 mm (n=190), usually stout-bodied beetles of moderate to large size, oval or elongate, usually convex beetle, occasionally brightly coloured or rarely small, some species its members vary greatly in size and color. Head prognathous, usually thorax are convex. The labrum or the mandibles are concealed from above by the clypeus. The antennae club is variable but not cupuliform, antennae 8-11 segmented and lamellate, with the tarsi 5 segmented, the front tibiae are more or less dilated and a front tibiae that is scalloped, and have well developed tibiae on their forelegs for digging. Some species of scarabs have prominent horns on their head or pronotum.

Scarabaeidae sp.1 (Figs. 44B)

Remarks: Body length 3 mm, light to dark brown, stout, oval shape and with brownish pubescent. Elytra yellow mix dark brown, head prognathous, clypeus large or present. Legs long, with spur long on tibiae and have well developed tibiae on their forelegs for digging.

Scarabaeidae sp.2 (Figs. 44C)

Remarks: Body length 4 mm, black, oval shape and convex beetle. Head prognathous, antennal lamellate, clypeus large or present, thorax are convex, legs slender, hind trochanter are shorted and with spur long on the tibiae.

Scarabaeidae sp.3 (Figs. 44D)

Remarks: Body length 3.2 mm, brown, black, convex beetles and oval shape. The dorsal of body are black and ventral are brown, head smaller or prognathous, antennal lamellate, legs slender, femur stout, with brown pubescence on the tibiae and fore tibiae developed for digging. 49

Scarabaeidae sp.4 (Figs. 44E)

Remarks: Body length 2.4 mm, dark brown to black, shiny, oval shape, stout, with brownish pubescent and elytra shorted and not covering the tip of the abdomen. Clypeus developed for battle, legs long, slender, tarsi fore tibiae developed or teeth and with spur long on tibiae.

Scarabaeidae sp.5 (Figs. 45A)

Remarks: Body length 12 mm, black, shiny, oval shape, relatively, with elytra black mix brown, shorted and not covering the tip of the abdomen. Head prognathous, antennal lamellate, clypeus large, pronotum convex or relatively stout, legs long, tarsi slender and 5 segmented.

Scarabaeidae sp.6 (Figs. 45B)

Remarks: Body length 14 mm, black, oval shape and with brown pubescent. Head prognathous, clypeus developed for battle, antennal lamellate, pronotum large or convex, legs long, slender and has long spur on the tibiae.

Scarabaeidae sp.7 (Figs. 45C)

Remarks: Body length 20 mm, black, shiny, oval shape, head small or prognathous, clypeus present, antennal lamellate, legs long, slender, more than half of the body, hind tibiae longer than the remaining legs combined, have well developed tibiae on their forelegs for digging.

Scarabaeidae sp.8 50

(Appendix figs. 144A-C) (Figs. 45D)

Remarks: Body length 5.2 mm, brown, oval shape, stout, with brownish pubescent, elytra yellow mix black, shorted and not covering the tip of the abdomen. Head prognathous, clypeus present, antennal lamellate, legs slender, long spur on the tibiae, fore tibiae developed and abdomen 7 segmented.

Scarabaeidae sp.9 (Figs. 45E)

Remarks: Body length 31 mm, dark brown, cylindrical, stout, elytra shorted and not covering the tip of the abdomen. Head prognathous, pronotum like as triangle shape, legs slender, with spur on the tibiae and abdomen 6 segmented.

Scarabaeidae sp.10 (Figs. 46A)

Remarks: Body length 13 mm, brown mix black, elytra shorted, not covering the tip of the abdomen, and apex of elytra black. Head prognathous, pronotum large and like as trapezoid shape. Legs long and more than half of broad body.

Scarabaeidae sp.11 (Figs. 46B)

Remarks: Body length 21 mm, brown, oval shape, elytra black, shiny, shorted and not covering the tip of the abdomen. Head prognathous, antennal lamellate and compound eyes black. Legs slender, hind femur relatively stout, with spine on the legs and abdomen 5 segmented.

Scarabaeidae sp.12 (Figs. 46C) 51

Remarks: Body length 12 mm, black, oval shape, stout, with brown pubescent and elytra complete. Head prognathous, pronotum convex and like as triangle shape, legs longer than more than half of body and with spur on tibiae.

11. Family: Elateridae

Diagnosis: Body length 1.5-5.5 mm (n=28), black, brown or dark brown, are characteristic is elongate form. These beetles are peculiar in being able to click and jump, has prosternal spine for jump and movement. Prosternal spine that fits into a groove on the mesosternum. The posterior corners of the pronotum are prolonged backward into sharp points or spines. Legs slender, tarsi simple or provided with setal brushes or membranous appendages. The elytra in some species are slightly widened posteriorly. Head hypognathous, red, brown or dark brown, antennae almost always serrate, filiform, capitate or pectinate. Frontal area usually with sharp transverse ridge between eyes

Elateridae sp.1 (Figs. 34A)

Remarks: Body length 2.2 mm, brow to dark brown, cylindrical and body covered with brownish pubescent, head hypognathous and smaller than prothorax, compound eyes brown, capitate antennae, the ventral of thorax are black, legs long and slender.

Elateridae sp.2 (Figs. 34B

Remarks: Body length 5.5 mm, brown to dark brown and groove, body covered with brownish pubescent, has prosternal spine for jump and movement. Head small and present, compound eyes black, filiform antennae, pronotum large, convex and relatively stout, hind trochanter are shorted.

Elateridae sp.3 (Figs. 34C

Remarks: Body length 1.5 cm, black, dark brown, shiny and groove. Head hypognathous, filiform antennae, compound eyes black, pronotum dark brown, convex and stout, legs dark brown, long and hind trochanter are shorted, abdomen 5 segmented.

12. Family: Lycidae

Diagnosis: Body length 4.5-20 mm (n=1), flattened form, narrow, dehiscent elytra, which usually have longitudinal ridges or rows of window punctures, and aposematic coloration involving various combinations of reddish yellow and black. Tarsal femora 5-5-5. Head triangular or rostrate and partly covered by pronutum, hyprognathous. The antennae are long, thick, serrated and approximate or contiguous, eyes well separated. Maxillary palps expanded apically. Pronutum usually with surface divided by ridges into cell-like compartments, femora and tibiae flattened, tarsal femora five segments, tarsal segments, especially 3 and 4 lobed beneath.

Lycidae sp.1 (Figs. 37E)

Remarks: Body length 3 mm, brownish to dark brown, flattened form, narrow, dehiscent elytra and apex of elytra are brown mix dark brown. Head hypognathous, the antennae are long, serrated and 11 segmented. Compound eyes dark gray, femora and tibiae flattened.

13. Family: Derodontidae

Diagnosis: Body length 3-6 mm (n=1), are small, cylindrical shape, usually brownish beetles, the body has hair, and have pair of ocelli on the head near the inner margins of the compound eyes. Pronotum divided into several cells by longitudinal 53

ridges and transverse elevation and elytra with a number of deep pits at bases of striae, mid coxal cavities partly closed by metepisterna, metasternum with transverse suture, hind coxal plates well developed a pair of longitudinal carinae near middle of ventrite 1. The elytra completely cover the abdomen, and each bears many rows of large square punctures or polished dark spots. Head hypognathous, about as broad as prothorax. Antennae is filiform and the body and antennae with hairs.

Derodontidae sp.1 (Figs. 33E)

Remarks: Body length 2.8 mm, brown to dark brown, puncture, has black band on dorsal abdomen and body covered with brown pubescent, head hypognathous and dark brown, filiform antennae, 11 segments, dark brown, apex of antennae gray on the segment 11 and segment 8, 9, 10 are black, compound eyes gray and present, legs long, slender and abdomen 5 segmented.

14. Family: Bostrichidae

Diagnosis: Body length 1.1-5 mm (n=80), the tarsal formula is 5-5-5, antennae 9-11 segmented, abdomen 5 segments, body shape typically elongate cylindrical and moderately to distinctly convex, most genera variable from yellow, brown or black, some with metallic hue. The head, Pronotum often cowled along anterior margin, or straight, flat and or smooth, lateral pronotal carinae weak or absent; hind coxae contiguous to widely separated, without coxal plates, legs slender, tarsi relatively slender and not lobed beneath and elytra usually coarsely punctate, sometimes with costae present. Head hypognathous and visible from above or strongly deflexed and concealed from above by prothorax, antennae lamellate, club usually relatively loose, eyes circular and strongly projecting, typically ending in a 2, 3 or 4 segmented club, mandibles large and prominent. Bostrichidae sp.1 (Figs. 22D)

Remarks: Body length 3.4 mm, brown to dark brown, with brownish pubescent, apex of abdomen is truncate and are black. Head hypognathous, compound eyes gray or large, pronutum large or convex, legs slender, relatively flattened and abdomen 5 segmented.

Bostrichidae sp.2 (Figs. 22E)

Remarks: Body length 1.1 mm, brown mix dark brown, cylindrical and with brownish pubescent. Head hypognathous, compound gray, antennal club, relatively loose, pronotum brown and convex. Legs brown, slender and the tarsal formula is 5-5- 5 segmented.

Bostrichidae sp.3 (Figs. 23A)

Remarks: Body length 3 mm, dark brown and cylindrical. Head hypognathous, club antennae, compound eyes present, pronotum black, anterior edge or pronotum are round and has spine strong on the pronotum. Legs slender, longer more than half of body and abdomen 5 segmented.

Bostrichidae sp.4 (Figs. 23B)

Remarks: Body length 5 mm, black, cylindrical and the body are puncture. Head hypognathous, lamellate antennae, pronotum large, convex and as broad as mesothorax. Legs long, slender, brown and base of elytrons with two sharp ridge.

Bostrichidae sp.5 (Figs. 23C)

Remarks: Body length 3.7 mm, black, are puncture, cylindrical, with dark brown band on the elytra and base of elytrons with two sharp ridge. Head hypognathous, lamellate antennae or brown, pronotum stout, convex and as broad as mesothorax, legs brown, slender, tibiae serrate and abdomen 5 segmented.

Bostrichidae sp.6 (Figs. 23D)

Remarks: Body length 3.1 mm, black, relatively stout and with brown pubescent. Head hypognathous, smaller than prothorax, compound eyes gray, pronotum convex, legs brown, slender and fore tibiae serrated.

15. Family: Lymexylidae

Diagnosis: Body length 7.5-35 mm (n=2), very long and narrow, finely pubescent beetles will well-developed eyes, sometime very large and dorsally contiguous. Legs long with projecting coxae, the tarsi are 5 segmented. Elytra rounded apically and exposing abdominal apex or most of abdomen and hind wings, which lack transverse folds. The head is bent down and narrowed behind the eyes to form a short neck. The antennae are filiform to serrate and the maxillary palps in the males are long and flabellate.

Lymexylidae sp.1 (Figs. 37D)

Remarks: Body length 20.8 mm, brown, elongate and finely pubescent. Head hypognathous, well-developed eyes, compound eyes dark gray and large, antennae serrate, elytra rounded apically, not covering the tip of the abdomen and exposing abdominal apex, legs long, slender and abdomen 8 segmented.

16. Family: Cleridae

Diagnosis: Body length 1.8-44 mm (n=9), the tarsal formula is 5-5-5, abdomen 5-6 segments and the antennae 11 segments, are very pubescent, and many are brightly colored. The pronotum is usually narrower than the base of the elytra and sometime narrower than the head. The tarsi are 5 segments, but in many species the first or the fourth tarsomere is very small and difficult to see. Tarsi with one or more segments lobed or with membranous appendages. Head usually more or less deflexed, are prognathous. The antennae are usually clubbed, but are somtimes serrate, pectinate, filiform or have variable antennae. Eyes usually slightly to strongly emarginate, labial palps often enlarged and securiform.

Cleridae sp.1 (Figs. 30D)

Remarks: Body length 6 mm, black and with mottled patterns, body covered with brownish pubescence, marked with stripes and three band yellow on the dorsal abdomen, head hypognathous, filiform antennae and 11 segments, compound large, brown, legs slender and about 2 times as long as broad, hind trochanter are short and abdomen 6 segmented.

17. Family: Nitidulidae

Diagnosis: Body length 1.2-5 mm (n=57), usually oblong to ovate, strongly convex to flattened beetles, usually brown dark brown or black, but occasionally bicoloured, and glabrous or pubescent. Elytra complete or truncate, exposing abdominal tergites. Hind coxae well separated, tibiae often expanded and teeth or spinose, tarsal formula 5-5-5 or 4-4-4 and first 4 tarsal segments often with expanded setlose lobes. Antennal club almost always distinct, usually have a 3 segmented club, but some have an annulated terminal antennae, causing the club to appear 4 segmented. Head usually abruptly constricted at base of clypeus, frontoclypeal suture almost always absent and labrum often emarginate or bilobed.

Nitidulidae sp.1 57

(Figs. 39A)

Remarks: Body length 2.2 mm, dark brown, flattened and oval shape. Head prognathous and glabrous, Antennal club or 3 segmented club, legs long, tibiae teeth, abdomen 5 segmented and elytra complete.

Nitidulidae sp.2 (Figs. 39B)

Remarks: Body length 3.8 mm, black mix brown and flattened. Head, pronotum, wings and apex of abdomen are black fore dorsal view and the ventral view is brown. Head prognathous, antennal club or 3 segmented club, elytra shortened and not covering the tip of the abdomen.

Nitidulidae sp.3 (Figs. 39C)

Remarks: Body length 1.7 mm, brown, flattened, oval shape, Elytra shortened or truncate, with brownish pubescent. Head smaller and hidden under pronotum, antennal club, compound eyes black and legs relatively stout.

Nitidulidae sp.4 (Figs. 39D)

Remarks: Body length 1.2 mm, brown, oval shape and flattened. Elytra shortened and not covering the tip of the abdomen or truncate. Body covering with brownish pubescence, head hypognathous and hidden under pronotum, pronotun large, convex, antennal club, compound eyes black and abdomen 5 segmented.

Nitidulidae sp.5 (Figs. 39E) 58

Remarks: Body length 1.9 mm, brown to dark brown, flattened, oval shape and with brownish pubescent. Elytra shortened and truncate, pronotum and elytra dark brown, head prognathous, antennal 4 segmented club, compound eyes convex, legs brown, hind femur relatively stout and hind trochanter are shorted.

Nitidulidae sp.6 (Figs. 40A)

Remarks: Body length 2.3 mm, brown, flattened, with brownish pubescent, elytra shortened and not covering the tip of the abdomen. Head smaller, hypognathous, antennal club, pronotum like as square shape, abdomen 5 segment and segment 5 distinctly longer than segments 1-4 united.

Nitidulidae sp.7 (Figs. 40B)

Remarks: Body length 2.4, brown, flattened, elytra shortened or truncate, margin and apex of elytra are black, with brownish pubescent, head hypognathous, compound eyes dark gray, present, antennal 3 segmented club, pronotum like as square shape, femur stout, abdomen 5 segment and segment 5 distinctly longer than segments 1-4 united.

Nitidulidae sp.8 (Figs. 40C)

Remarks: Body length 2.4 mm, brown, groove, flattened, with brownish pubescent, elytra not covering the tip of the abdomen or truncate, head hypognathous, antennal 4 segmented club, legs slender and segment 5 distinctly longer than segments 1-4 of abdomen.

Nitidulidae sp.9 (Figs. 40D) 59

Remarks: Body length 1.7 mm, brownish to brown, flattened, with brownish pubescent, elytra shortened or truncate, head prognathous, compound eyes dark gray and convex, antennal 3 segmented club, hind femur shorted and abdomen 5 segmented.

Nitidulidae sp.10 (Figs. 40E)

Remarks: Body length 1.2 mm, brown mix black, flattened, with brownish pubescent, elytra shortened and not covering the tip of the abdomen. Head brown or hypognathous, antennal 3 segments club, compound eyes present or dark gray, pronotum brown and like as trapezoid shape. Legs slender and tibiae teethed.

Nitidulidae sp.11 (Figs. 41A)

Remarks: Body length 5 mm, brown, oval shape, flattened, with brownish pubescent, elytra shorted, marked with spots and black spots on dorsal body, 4 black spots on pronotum and 5 black spots on dorsal abdomen. Head hypognathous, compound gray, femur stous, abdomen five segmented and segment 5 longer than segments 1-4 united.

Nitidulidae sp.12 (Figs. 41B)

Remarks: Body length 1.8 mm, brown, flattened, with brownish pubescent, with brownish band on dorsal abdomen, elytra shorted and not covering the tip of the abdomen, head hypognathous, compound eyes gray, antennal 3 segmented club and abdomen 5 segmented. Nitidulidae sp.13 (Figs. 41C)

Remarks: Body length 3.1 mm, dark brown mix black, flattened, with brownish pubescent, elytra groove and not covering the tip of the abdomen. Head prognathous, antennal 3 segmented club, pronotum large and like as trapezoid shape, legs relatively stout and segment 5 longer than segments 1-4 of abdomented.

Nitidulidae sp.14 (Figs. 41D)

Remarks: Body length 2.4 mm, brown, groove, flattened, with brownish pubescent and elytra relatively complete or not truncate. Head prognathous, antennal club, compound eyes gray, legs slender and abdomen 5 segmented.

Nitidulidae sp.15 (Figs. 41E)

Remarks: Body length 3 mm, dark brown mix black, cylindrical, groove, elytra truncate, not covering the tip of the abdomen and with dark black band on apex of elytra. Head as broad as prothorax or like as v-shape, antennal 3 segmented club, pronotum black or like as round shape, legs slender and tibiae teeth.

18. Family: Silvanidae

Diagnosis: Body length 3-16 mm (n=1), elongate, slender, more or less flattened, pubescent beetles with prognathous head, constricted posteriorly to form temples behind eyes, and pronotum often with projecting front angles or dentate or crenulated lateral margins. Fore coxal cavities visibly closed behind, tarsi with setlose lobes below, the tarsal formula is 5-5-5, which have a very long antennal scape, more than 5 times length of pedicel.

Silvanidae sp.1 (Figs. 47B)

Remarks: Body length 2.3 mm, elongate, brown to dark brown, flattened and elytra groove. Head prognathous, compound eyes dark gray, antennae long, filiform and 11 segments. Pronotum like as square shape and femur stout.

19. Family: Laemophloeidae

Diagnosis: Body length 1.2-1.6 mm (n=2), black, brown or dark brown, elongate, are usually flattened, glabrous or pubescent beetles with a large, slender antennae. Pronotum bearing a pair of longitudinal and elytra which are often carinate. Head are prognathous, prominent mandibles. Compound eyes present, antennae which never have a very large or abrupt club and may have a modified scape in the male.

Laemophloeidae sp.1 (Figs. 37B)

Remarks: Body length 1.6 mm, brown, flattened, with brownish pubescent, head prognathous, compound eyes dark brown, filiform antennae, 11 segmented, segment 1 large than segment 2-11, Pronotum bearing a pair of longitudinal and like as square shape and abdomen 5 segmented.

Laemophloeidae sp.2 (Figs. 37C)

Remarks: Body length 1.2 mm, dark brown, flattened and with brownish pubescent. Head as broad as prothorax and prognathous. Antennal longer than body, filiform and 11 segmented. Pronotum bearing a pair of longitudinal and like as square. Abdomen 5 segmented.

20. Family: Phalacridae

Diagnosis: Body length 1-3.3 mm (n=2), broadly ovate, strongly convex, usually brownish, glabrous and shining beetles in which lateral portions of prothorax. 62

Tibiae with conspicuous setal comb at apex, tarsal formula 4-4-4 segment, tarsi with first 3 segments lobed and setose below and claws toothed or appendiculate. Head short, broad and deeply inserted into anterior prothoracic emargination and Antennae relatively long with large club.

Phalacridae sp.1 (Figs. 42A)

Remarks: Body length 0.8 mm, dark brown, shiny, broadly ovate and relatively stout. Head short or prognathous, antennal club, compound eyes gray, legs long or as long as broad and tarsal formula 4-4-4 segmented.

21. Family: Endomycidae

Diagnosis: Body length 0.6-1.5 mm (n=2), often brightly patterned with red, brown or yellow and black, are vary widely in size, broadly ovate to elongate and globose to moderately flattened, frontoclypeal suture present, 1-2 pairs of longitudinal sulci, the tarsi appear 3 sgments, and have the third tarsomere very small, second tarsal segment commonly lobed, extending beneath reduced third segment. The pronotum is broadly excavated or grooved laterally, with the sides produced forward, and tarsi claws simple. Head hypognathous, is easily visible from above, Antennae generally 11 segmented, antennae moderately long, usually with relatively loose club or with a 1-3 segmented club, Maxillary palps fusiform.

Endomycidae sp.1 (Figs. 34D)

Remarks: Body length 0.6 mm, brown, broadly ovate to elongate and body covered with brownish pubescent, the pronotum is broadly excavated, head hypognathous, antennae 11 segmented and with a 1-3 segmented club. Legs long than broad of body, apex of femur stout and femur long than tibia.

Endomycidae sp.2 (Figs. 34E)

Remarks: Body length 1.5 mm, dark brown, oval, convex, relatively flattened and body covered with brownish pubescent. Head smaller than prothorax, compound eyes gray, antennae filiform and with very large hind femur.

22. Family: Coccinellidae

Diagnosis: Body length 2.1-5.2 mm (n=3), are oval and convex, are usually brightly colored red with red or yellow and black or blue, Legs short, depending on the species, they can have spots, stripes, or no markings. The tarsi are 4 segments, the three tarsomere is very small or reduced and difficult to see. Head is concealed form above by the expanded pronotum, are hypognathous, head black, brownish and dark brown. Antennae club.

Coccinellidae sp.1 (Figs. 30E)

Remarks: Body length 3.5 mm, dark brown, oval and convex. Head hypognathous, compound eyes gray, antennae short, legs short and about 2 times as broad, femur relatively flat, elytra black, marked with stripes, 2 band yellow and 2 spots black on dorsal abdomen.

Coccinellidae sp.2 (Figs. 31A)

Remarks: Body length 2.1 mm, black, brown, oval, convex and body covered with white pubescent. Head smaller and hypognathous, antennae short, prothorax dark brown, elytra black and apex of elytra are dark brown, legs dark brown and present, abdomen 5 segments and dark brown.

Coccinellidae sp.3 (Figs. 31B)

Remarks: Body length 5.2 mm, brown, oval, relatively flat and marked with spots and very black spots on dorsal body. Head small than prothorax, filiform antennae, compound eyes black, has two spots black on the pronotum, elytra groove and abdomen 5 segmented.

23. Family: Lathridiidae

Diagnosis: Body length 0.8-1.3 mm (n=61), Small size, brown or dark brown, Elongate to elongate-oval habitus, Tarsi 3-3-3, simple, linear, claws simple, Legs present and Spiracles annular. Body surface glabrous or pubescent, Pronotum usually much narrower than elytral bases, elytra punctures more or less teeth. Head hypognathous, with epicranial stem short to moderately long (may be absent in some), frontal arms usually V-shaped, frontoclypeal suture absent, 1-5 pairs of stemmata (usually 3 or 4), occasionally absent, clypeus laterally expanded in fount of antennal insertions, and antennal scape usually large and more or less globular. Antennae 10 or 11 segmented with a 2-3 segmented apical club, inserted on frons between eyes.

Lathridiidae sp.1 (Figs. 36E)

Remarks: Body length 0.8 mm, dark brown, cylindrical, groove, body covered with brownish pubescent and has black spot on the dorsal abdomen, Head hypognthous, compound eyes gray, antennae 11 segmented with a 3 segmented apical club, slender and abdomen 5 segmented.

Lathridiidae sp.2 (Figs. 37A)

Remarks: Body length 1.3 mm, brown, groove and with brownish pubescent and has black spot on lateral marginal of elytra. Head hypognthous, compound eyes gray, antennae 11 segmented with a 3 segmented apical club, pronotum large, are convex and like as oval shape, and abdomen 5 segmented.

24. Family: Mycetophagidae

Diagnosis: Body length 1.5-3.6 mm (n=2), oblong to ovate, somewhat flattened beetles, uniformly brown or with yellow maculae on elytra, and densely pubescent. Head hypognathous and antennae present. Eyes relatively large and coarsely faceted, frontoclypeal suture present or absent, tibia spurs often well developed and serrate, fore tarsi modified in male.

Mycetophagidae sp.1 (Figs. 38E)

Remarks: Body length 2.1 mm, brown to dark brown, flattened shape, head hypognathous, compound eyes black, filiform antennae, hind trochanter are shorted and has long spurs on tibia.

25. Family: Mordellidae

Diagnosis: Body length 2.7-3.8 mm (n=4), these beetles have a rather characteristic body shape, Strong wedge-shaped beetles, characteristically humped. The head is bent down, head strongly deflexed, concealing prosternum. Body clothed with fine, decumbent hairs, lateral pronotal carinae are complete. Tarsal femora 5-5-4, Coxae very large, tibiae and tarsal segments often bear combs of spines, tarsal claws serrate or pectinate, each with bristle-like appendage beneath. Most mordellids are black or mottled gray. Mordellidae sp.1 (Figs. 38A)

Remarks: Body length 2.7 mm, brownish, characteristically humped and body covering with brownish pubescent. The head is bent down or hypognthous, compound eyes gray, antennal filiform, legs long, hind tarsal segment 1 longer than segment 2 and segment 3 united.

Mordellidae sp.2 (Figs. 38B)

Remarks: Body length 3.8 mm, dark brown or mottled brownish, characteristically humped and body covering with brownish pubescence. Head hypognathous or bent down, compound eyes large or dark brown, legs long, and hind tarsal segment 1 longer than segment 2 and segment 3 united.

Mordellidae sp.3 (Figs. 38C)

Remarks: Body length 3.8 mm, black, with dark brown pubescent and characteristically humped. Head bent down and hypognathous, compound eyes black and large. Filiform antennae, legs slender, femur relatively stout and hind tarsal segment 1 longer than segment 2 and segment 3 united.

26. Family: Tenebrionidae

Diagnosis: Body length 2.3-7.1 mm (n=34), the tarsal formula is 5-5-4 abdomen 5 segments and the antennae nearly always 11 segmented. Highly variable in form, smooth, but usually black or brown and subglabrous, with concealed antennal insertion and usually stout, moniliform or incrassate antennae. Eyes usually emarginate, lateral pronotal carinae usually simple and complete, prosternal process usually moderately broad, strongly curved dorsally behind coxae, neither strongly nor abruptly expanded apically.

Tenebrionidae sp.1 67

(Figs. 54A)

Remarks: Body length 6.3 mm, black, stout, cylindrical and with brown pubescent. Head flattened, hypognathous, moniliform antennae, 11 segmented, pronotum large and like as trapezoid shape. Legs long, fore tibiae large, with spurs on mid and hind tibiae.

Tenebrionidae sp.2 (Figs. 54B)

Remarks: Body length 5.9 mm, black and with brown pubescent. Head prognathous or small than prothorax, moniliform antennae, compound eyes black. The Pronotum large, legs slender and abdomen 5 segmented.

Tenebrionidae sp.3 (Figs. 54C)

Remarks: Body length 4.5 mm, dark brown, cylindrical and with brown pubescent. Head prognathous, compound eyes gray, moniliform antennae and 11 segmented. The pronotum like as trapezoid shape, legs long, slender and abdomen 5 segmented.

Tenebrionidae sp.4 (Figs. 54D)

Remarks: Body length 2.3 mm, dark brown, cylindrical, relatively flattened and with brown pubescent. Head as long as prothorax, prognathous, monoliform antennae, compound eyes black, pronotum large than head, legs slender, fore tibiae large, with spur on the tibiae and abdomen 5 segmented.

Tenebrionidae sp.5 (Figs. 54E) 68

Remarks: Body length 2.5 mm, black, cylindrical and with brown pubescent. Head prognathous, filiform antennae, compound eyes black, pronotum large than head, legs slender, with spur on the tibiae and abdomen 5 segmented.

Tenebrionidae sp.6 (Figs. 55A)

Remarks: Body length 7.1 mm, black, oval shape and flattened. Head hypognathous, compound eyes white, pronotum large and like as trapezoid shape. Legs relatively flattened, with brown pubescent on the tibiae and abdomen 5 segmented.

Tenebrionidae sp.7 (Figs. 55B)

Remarks: Body length 3.8 mm, brown, cylindrical and with brownish pubescent. Head prognathous or oval shape, moniliform antennae, compound eyes present, pronotum large than head and like as square shape. Legs slender and abdomen 5 segmented.

Tenebrionidae sp.8 (Figs. 55C)

Remarks: Body length 5.9 mm, black, shiny, oval shape and relatively stout. Head hypognathous, club antennae, compound eyes dark gray, pronotum lark and like as trapezoid shape. With legs are black mix brown, slender and abdomen 5 segmented.

Tenebrionidae sp.9 (Figs. 55D)

Remarks: Body length 6.2 mm, black, cylindrical, groove and with brown pubescent. Head prognathous, small than prognathous, compound eyes black, moniliform antennae and pronotum large. Legs slender, fore tibiae large, with spur on the tibiae and abdomen 5 segmented.

27. Family: Alleculidae

Diagnosis: Body length 20-24 mm (n=3), are characterized by an oval body, usually antennae filiform, relatively long legs, tarsi quite elongated, are the combed nails of the hind tarsi or comb-clawed, that show fine teeth. Tarsal formula is 5-5-4 and the antennae nearly always 11 segmented.

Alleculidae sp. 1 (Figs. 17A)

Remarks: Body length 20 mm, metallic, an oval body, elytra have holes, the legs is very long, brown and present. Head small than thorax, hypognathous, with the pronotum wider than head, antennae filiform and the tarsal formula very long and slender. The posterior margin of first sternum abdominal segment extends completely across the abdomen and the hind trochanter are not large.

Alleculidae sp. 2 (Figs. 17B)

Remarks: Body length 24 mm, black and oval. The legs is very long, black and present. Head hypognathous, antennae filiform, elytra have grooves, and the tarsal formula very long and slender. The posterior margin of first sternum abdominal segment extends completely across the abdomen and the hind trochanter are short.

28. Salpingidae

Diagnosis: Body length 2.2-6 mm (n=10), slightly to strongly flattened beetles, are black, elongate-oval, somewhat flattened, Head prognathous, sometimes produced and rostrate, and never abruptly narrowed behind eyes pronotal carinae complete, incomplete or occasionally absent, and simple, undulate or dentate and Some species head as broad than prothorax. Elytra rarely abbreviated, exposing several abdominal tergites, tarsi almost always simple, tarsal formula 5-5-4 segmented. This is an extremely variable group and difficult to characterize.

Salpingidae sp.1 (Figs. 44A)

Remarks: Body length 4 mm, black, elongate-oval, flattened beetles and with brownish pubescent. Head prognathous, large than prothorax, compound eyes black, antennal elongate, prothorax small and like as square shape, legs slender, stout and abdomen 5 segmented.

29. Family: Anthicidae

Diagnosis: Body length 2.2-2.8 mm (n=2), the tarsal formula is 5-5-4, abdomen 5 or 6 segments and the antennae 11 segmented, somewhat antlike in appearance, which are black, brown, yellow or red, legs slender, with the head deflexed and strongly constricted behind the eyes, and with the pronotum oval. The pronotum in many species has anterior hornlike process extending forward over the head. The some species of femur are wider than other parts of legs and the body is sparsely covered with setae, the posterior and of the pronotum is usually narrow as well. Head about as broad as prothorax, compound eyes present, antennal club and antennae are slender, eyes not or only slightly emarginate, with single pair of well-developed stemmata.

Anthicidae sp.1 (Figs. 18B)

Remarks: Body length 2.2 mm, black, and has one band white on dorsal abdomen, head hypognathous, large then thorax, antennal club and thorax small. Legs slender, black, femur are wider than other parts of legs, the tarsal formula is brown and hind trochanter are short.

Anthicidae sp.2 (Figs. 18C)

Remarks: Body length 2.8 mm, black and has two band brown orange on dorsal abdomen, white hair cover on the body. Head about as broad as prothorax, head hypognathous and oval. Antennal club and thorax small. Legs slender, brown, femur are wider than other parts of legs, the tarsal formula is brown orange and hind trochanter are short.

30. Family: Cerambycidae

Diagnosis: Body length 11-30 mm (n=7), the tarsal formula is 5-5-5 antennae 11 segments, abdomen 5 segments, usually pubescent, most long-horns are elongate and cylindrical, with long antennae, body brownish and brown to black and many of these beetles are brightly colored. The legs slender tibial spurs present on all legs, the tarsi appear 2 segments with the 3 tarsomre bilobed, but are actually 5 segmented. The fourth tarsomere is small and concealed in the notch of the third, and is often very difficult to see. Antennae almost always more than two-thirds body length, usually antennae filiform, eyes usually emarginate, eyes are usually strongly notched or even completely divided and compound eyes that wrap around the antennae.

Cerambycidae sp.1 (Figs. 25D)

Remarks: Body length 25 mm, reddish brown, cylindrical, with mottled patterns, head prognathous, head covered with brownish pubescent, with long antennae, 11 segmented, filiform and more than half of the body, pronotum narrower 72

than elytra, elytra about 2 times as long as broad. Legs fairly long, stout: hind tarsal segment 1 shorter than segment 2 and segment 3 united, last longest.

Cerambycidae sp.2 (Figs. 25E)

Remarks: Body length 30 mm, dark brown to black, head black, head as broad as apical margin of prothorax, covered with whitish hairs alternated with brownish hairs for most parts, antennal 11 segmented, longer than body, pronotum black and covered with whitish hairs alternated with brownish hairs. Legs about 2 times as long as broad, legs faily long, meso-tibiae and hind-tibiae slightly concave on outer side near apex.

Cerambycidae sp.3 (Figs. 26A)

Remarks: Body length 11 mm, black, median sized, head covered with dark reddish brown pubescent. Antennal 11 segments, filiform, segments 1-2 covered with dark reddish brown pubescence, segments 3-11 each covered with slivery pubescence on basal portion alternated with dark reddish brown pubescence on apical portion, prothorax and scutellum covered with dark reddish brown pubescence, legs long, slender and covered with dark reddish brown pubescence.

Cerambycidae sp.4 (Figs. 26B)

Diagnosis: Body length 15 mm, black and shiny, head as broad as prothorax at basal margin, antennae longer than body in male, about equal in length to the body in the female, segment 1 with a median longitudinal carina in front, about one-third longer than broad, Legs fairly long, femur stout, hind tarsal segment 1 as long as segment 2 and segment 3 united, as long as last

Cerambycidae sp.5 (Figs. 26C)

Remarks: Body length 12 mm, dark brown, head slightly broader than apex of prothorax, antennae slender, segment 3 distinctly longer than segment 1 and segment 2 united. Elytra more than 2 times as long as head and prothorax combined, elytron with dark auburn on dark areas, marked with stripes and 2 bands of whitish gray. Legs long and slender.

Cerambycidae sp.6 (Figs. 26D)

Remarks: Body length 15 mm, red to pitchy black, head hypognathous, with about as broad as prothorax at widest part, head and prothorax bright red, filiform antennae, longer than body, legs slender, femur large, hind tibia arched, hind tarsal segment1 about as long as segment 2 and segment 3 united. Elyton dark auburn basally to reddish brown apically with a broad discal stripe at each humeral angles.

31. Family: Chysomelidae

Diagnosis: Body length 1-28 mm (n=26), the tarsal formula is 5-5-5, antennae 9-11 segments, abdomen 5 or 6 segments, beetles with extremely varied body form, but often subglabrous and they often possess a metallic luster or multiple colors and some species body smaller and oval shape. Head often with grooves or hypognathous, labrum visible, maxillae and labrum well developed with flexible palps, head may be rostrate, but rostrum not longer than wide. Antennae variable but usually filiform, very rarely enlarged apically to form club. Lateral pronotal carinae often complete but may be incomplete or absent, distinct tibial spurs not common, first 3 tarsal segment with lobes beneath them which are covered with spatulate or bifid, adhesive setae, 4th tarsal segment either minute and concealed at base of preceding segment, or fused with terminal segment, tarsal claws sometimes cleft or appendiculate.

Chysomelidae sp.1 (Figs. 26E)

Remarks: Body length 2.5 mm, yellow, convex, relatively stout, head hypognathous, compound eyes convex, antennae 11 segments, filiform, legs slender, apex of hind tibia are large, abdomen 5 segments and hind trochanter are short.

Chysomelidae sp.2 (Figs. 27A)

Remarks: Body length 3 mm, brown, cylindrical, relatively, head hypognathous, small then prothorax, compound eyes large, antennae 11 segments, filiform, pronotum like a triangle shape, legs slender, the hind femur are large, hind trochanter are short and abdomen 5 segmented.

Chysomelidae sp.3 (Figs. 27B)

Remarks: Body length 1 mm, brown, oval, relatively stout, convex curve, head hypognathous, compound eyes present, filiform antennae, 9 segments, very rarely enlarged apically to form club, pronotum large, like a half of moon shape, has hairs and has spines on the tibia. Lateral pronotal carinae often complete, elytra groove, with the elytra elongate and covering the tip of the abdomen.

Chysomelidae sp.4 (Figs. 27C)

Remarks: Body length 2.2 mm, light orange, head slightly small than prothorax, hypognathous, antennae 11 segments, filiform, black, brown, segment 1 longer than segment 2 and has spines on the each segments. Legs slender, has spines on the tibia, hind tarsal segment 1 about as long as segment 2, segment 3, segment 4 and segment 5 united. 75

Chysomelidae sp.5 (Figs. 27D)

Remarks: Body length 2.2 mm, brown, head hypognathous, head and prothorax are light orange, compound black and present, filiform antennae, 11 segments, segment 1 to segment 3 are brown, segment 4 to segment 11 are black, elytra brown, legs slender and tibia has spines.

Chysomelidae sp.6 (Figs. 27E)

Remarks: Body length 2.1 mm, black, oval, head and prothorax are dark brown, compound eyes convex, white, filiform antennae, brownish, apex of antennae are black, segment 1 longer than other in the part, legs slender, brown to dark brown and pro-tarsal longer than meso-tarsal. Abdomen oval, relatively stout and 6 segmented.

Chysomelidae sp.7 (Figs. 28A)

Remarks: Body length 10 mm, black, head hypognathous, smaller then prothorax, compound eyes convex, black, filiform antennae, 11 segments, Legs as long as broad, femur large than tibia, hind trochanter are short, abdomen 5 segments, marked with stripes and 2 bands of brown on dorsal abdomen.

Chysomelidae sp.8 (Figs. 28B)

Remarks: Body length 7 mm, black, shiny, relatively convex, head small than prothorax, hypognathous, filiform antennae, 10 segments, apex 3 segments are club, prothorax convex, relatively stout, like as triangle shape, Legs slender, long than as broad, femur large than tibia, tarsal formular flat and abdomen 6 segmented. 76

Chysomelidae sp.9 (Figs. 28C)

Remarks: Body length 2.8 mm, brown, oval shape, relatively flat, body covered with brownish pubescence, head about 2 times as short as broad of prothorex, hyprognathous, filiform antennae, 11 segments, legs as short than long of body, hind trochanter are short, abdomen flat and 5 segmented.

Chysomelidae sp.10 (Figs. 28D)

Remarks: Body length 5 mm, brown, cylindrical, head hypognathous, dark brown and head long as like as broad of pronotum. Compound eyes white and convex, filiform antennae, 9 segments, pronotum like as egg shape, legs less than 1 times as long as body, hind trochanter are short, abdomen 6 segments and apex of abdomen has band black.

Chysomelidae sp.11 (Figs. 28E)

Remarks: Body length 3.8 mm, brown, oval, head hypognathous, small than prothorax, compound eyes black, filiform antennae, apex of antennae are club, pronotum large and like as trapezoid shape, legs present, hind trochanter are short, abdomen 5 segments and elytra groove.

Chysomelidae sp.12 (Figs. 29A)

Remarks: Body length 6.2 mm, yellow to dark yellow, oval and convex, head brown, small than prothorax, antennae brown, filiform, 3 merous club, compound eyes dark gray and present, thorax dark yellow, like as trapezoid shape, legs present, 77

short than body of broad, hind trochanter are short, abdomen 5 segments, elytra groove and has dark brown two spots on the dorsal abdomen.

Chysomelidae sp.13 (Figs. 29B)

Remarks: Body length 5 mm, brow to dark brown, relatively flat, head dark brown, hypognathous, compound eyes black, antennae dark brown, filiform and 3 segments club, prothorax black and like as trapezoid shape, elytra brown, groove and apex dark brown, short than body of broad and abdomen 5 segmented.

Chysomelidae sp.14 (Figs. 29C)

Remarks: Body length 2.1 mm, dark brown, oval, convex and relatively. Head hypognathous, small than prothorax, filiform antennae and 5 segments, compound eyes dark gray, prothorax like as trapezoid shape, legs slender and about 2 times as short as long of body, elytra groove and abdomen 5 segmented.

Chysomelidae sp.15 (Figs. 29D)

Remarks: Body length 2.2 mm, brown, oval, convex and relatively flat, body covered with brownish pubescent, head smaller, hypognathous, filiform antennae, compound eyes gray, legs about 2 times as short as broad of body, hind trochanter are short, abdomen flat and 5 segmented.

32. Family: Hispidae

Diagnosis: Body length 2-40 mm (n=1), are shape from elongate to almost ovate, color variable, from uniformly yellow to maculate with rad, brown, black or matallicspots and dorsum usually without vestiture, rarely densely pubescent or with 78

dense erect setae. Prothorax usually with well-defined lateral bead, Tarsi 4 segmented and with bifid adhesive setae on segments 1-3, Elytra lined with short spines or teeth. Head usually strongly hypognathous or opisthognathous with fron sloping posteriorly; if head less strongly declined, if head projecting forward and apparently prognathous, mouingparts projecting ventrally and mandible moving in vertical plane. Eyes never emarginated, antennae usually filiform, 11 segmented. Head usually small and deeply inserled into prothorax, often completely hidden under pronotum.

Hispidae sp.1 (Figs. 35A)

Diagnosis: Body length 4.7 mm, brown to dark brown, with brown and black spines on the body, head strongly and hypognathous, filiform antennae, 11 segmented, compound eyes dark brown, legs long, slender, hind trochanter are short and abdomen 5 segmented.

33. Family: Bruchidae

Diagnosis: Body length 1.4-2 mm (n=5), bean weevils are generally compact and oval in shape, often with mottled patterns, with the elytra shortened and not covering the tip of the abdomen, leys slender, tarsi 5 segmented. The body is often somewhat narrowed anteriorly and usually dull grayish or brownish. Head usually hypognathous with frons sloping anteriorly, with small heads somewhat bent under. Head strongly deflexed, somewhat rostrate, eyes deeply emarginate or shallowly emarginate and approximate. Antennal sockets or long, separated by more than twice the diameter of one of them, mandibles elongated.

Bruchidae sp.1 (Figs. 18D)

Remarks: Body length 1.4 mm, black, stout and convex curve, with brown pubescent, head hypognathous, with small heads somewhat bent under, clavate 79

antennae, thorax about as broad as proabdomen, with the elytra shortened and not covering the tip of the abdomen, leys slender and has spur strong on the hind legs and hind trochanter are short.

Bruchidae sp.2 (Figs. 18E)

Remarks: Body length 2 mm, black, stout and convex curve, with brown pubescent, head hypognathous, with small heads somewhat bent under, clavate antennae, thorax about as broad as proabdoment, with the elytra shortened and not covering the tip of the abdomen, leys slender and has spur strong on the hind legs and hind trochanter are short.

34. Family: Anthribidae

Diagnosis: Body length 3.5-30 mm (n=7), the tarsal formula is 4-4-4, abdomen 5 segments and the antennae 11 segmented, usually clothed with black, reddish brown to dark brown, white decumbent hairs or scales forming pattern. Rostrum very short to moderately long and more or less flattened, antennae straight, very long in some males, the antennae not elbowed, pronotum usually with transverse, legs without tibial spurs and tarsi usually toothed or cleft. Head about as broad as prothorax, basal narrower than pronotum and small than prothorax, compound eyes present, some species have slender antennae that may by longer than the body, and others have short antennae with a 3 segments club, clypeus narrower than fron, mandibles robust, labrum free and either on different plane from clypeus or separated from it by membrane. The elytra always cover the base of the pygidium, which is always partly exposed in lateral view but is usually not visible from above.

Anthribidae sp. 1 (Figs. 17C)

Remarks Body length 3.5 mm, cylindrical, black and with mottled patterns and with white pubescent. Head hypognathous and small than prothorax, capitate antennae and have short antennae with a 3 segments club. Thorax as convex and abdomen are subcylindrical to slightly flattened beetles with stout. Leys elongate, and hind trochanter are short.

Anthribidae sp. 2 (Figs. 17D)

Remarks: Body length 22 mm, cylindrical, gray or with mottled patterns, has hairs or scales, filiform antennae and elongate, head hyprognathous, small than thorax, thorax as convex, legs elongate, femur large, claws large and hind trochanter are short.

Anthribidae sp. 3 (Figs. 17E)

Remarks: Body length 28 mm, cylindrical, gray or with mottled patterns, head hypognathous, capitate antennae and have short antennae with a 3 segments club, thorax stout, legs elongate, femur large and hind trochanter are short.

Anthribidae sp. 4 (Figs. 18A)

Remarks: Body length 30 mm, cylindrical, gray, with mottled patterns, head hypognathous and head about as broad as prothorax, antennae large and moniliform. Thorax large, stout and oval, femur large, the tarsal formula is flat and hind trochanter are short.

35. Family: Curculionidae.

Diagnosis: Body length 1-80 mm (n=76), they show considerable variation in size, shape, the form of the snout, varied colored, black, yellow, brown or gray, the most defining characteristic of the weevils is the proboscis, which can be short and wide or long and slender. The snout is fairly well developed in most species, the snout is long and slender, as long as the body or longer. Legs slender and the 5 segmented, tarsi are noticeable which help with identification. Head hypognathous, varied colored. The head is prolonged and leans forward to fit into the snout. The chewing mouthparts are reduced in size and can be seen at the very end of the proboscis. The antennae always geniculate with long scape, with the antennae arising about the middle of the snout.

Curculionidae sp.1 (Figs. 31C)

Remarks: Body length 28 mm, black, groove and cylindrical shape, the snout is long and slender, antennae geniculate, long scape and with the antennae arising about the middle of the snout. Prothorax relatively flat, legs slender, femur relatively stout and abdomen 5 segmented.

Curculionidae sp.2 (Figs. 31D)

Remarks: Body length 24 mm, gray mix black, groove, cylindrical, body covered with gray pubescence, head hypognathous and small than prothorax, the snout is long and slender, antennae geniculate and with the antennae arising about the middle of the snout. Legs long as broad of body, femur relatively flat, hind trochanter are short and abdomen 5 segmented.

Curculionidae sp.3 (Figs. 31E)

Remarks: Body length 10.3 mm, dark brown mix black and gray, convex, groove and relatively stout. Body covered with gray pubescent, head hypognathous, antennae geniculate, compound eyes black, legs slender and abdomen 5 segmented.

Curculionidae sp.4 (Figs. 32A)

Remarks: Body length 25 mm, black and cylindrical. Head hypognathous, the snout is long, slender and relatively stout, antennae geniculate and with the antennae arising about the middle of the snout. Prothorax stout and groove, legs slender and hind femur longest than tarsi and abdomen 5 segmented.

Curculionidae sp.5 (Figs. 32B)

Remarks: Body length 5 mm, dark brown mix black, groove, cylindrical, body covered with brown pubescent, has smaller, pronotum stout, compound eyes gray, antennae geniculate, legs slender about 2 times as long as broad, hind trochanter are short, femur long than tibia, apex femur relatively stout and abdomen 5 segmented.

Curculionidae sp.6 (Figs. 32C)

Remarks: Body length 4.2 mm, black, cylindrical and relatively stout, body covered with brown pubescent, head small than pothorax, the snout is long, antennae geniculate, legs slender, hind femur long than tibia, hind trochanter are short and abdomen 5 segmented.

Curculionidae sp.7 (Figs. 32D)

Remarks: Body length 2.5 mm, brown, brown to dark brown, the dorsal of body are brown mix black, body covered with brown pubescence, relatively stout, snout dark, slender, geniculate antennae and with the antennae arising about the middle of the snout. Compound eyes dark brown, legs slender and femur stout.

Curculionidae sp.8 (Figs. 32E)

Remarks: Body length 2.5 mm, dark brown, elytra groove, the snout is long and relatively stout, geniculate antennae, legs long, with brownish pubescence and abdomen 5 segmented.

Curculionidae sp.9 (Figs. 33A)

Remarks: Body length 4.8 mm, black, cylindrical and puncture, body covered with brown pubescent, head hypognathous, compound eyes black, antennae geniculate, the snout is longer as broad of prothorax, legs slender, femur relatively stout, long than tibias and abdomen 6 segmented.

Curculionidae sp.10 (Figs. 33B)

Remarks: Body length 6.5 mm, black, cylindrical, relatively stout and puncture, head small and hypognathous, the snout is longer as broad of prothorax, body covered with brown pubescence, legs slender and relatively stout and abdomen 5 segmented.

Curculionidae sp.11 (Figs. 33C)

Remarks: Body length 4.5 mm, brown to dark brown, cylindrical, head hypognathous, compound eyes large and black, snout dark brown, convex and 84

slender, geniculate antennae and with the antennae arising about the middle of the snout, body covered with brown and white pubescence, and abdomen 5 segmented.

36. Family: Scolytidae

Body length 1.6-3.7 mm (n=1,072), reddish, black or light to brown dark, cylindrical, slender or stocky in build, with reduced, bowl-shaped prothorax, tarsus with taesomere 1 not longer than tarsomeres 2 or 3, head narrower than pronotum, often concealed by pronotum when viewed dorsally pronotum not constricted laterally, antennae club grniculate with sutures, lateral denticles on front tibia socketed.

Scolytidae sp.1 (Figs. 19A)

Remarks: Body length 2.4 mm, dark brown, cylindrical and moderately to distinctly convex, with brown pubescent and with has hole on the body. Head hypognathous and with small heads somewhat bent under, club antennal, prothorax convex, legs slender, tarsi relatively slender and tibia is shrugged, hind trochanter are short.

Scolytidae sp.2 (Figs. 19B)

Remarks: Body length 2 mm, brown to brown orange, cylindrical, with brown pubescent, body is coarsely punctate and apex elytra tubercles. Head hypognathous, about as broad as prothorax, club antennae, 2 segmented club, thorax convex, legs slender, tarsi relatively slender and tibia is shrugged, hind trochanter are short.

Scolytidae sp.3 (Figs. 19C)

Remarks: Body length 2.1 mm, brown, cylindrical and relatively stout, with brown pubescent and body is coarsely punctate. Head hypognathous, with about as broad as prothorax, club antennae, 2 segmented club, prothorax cylindrical, large, legs slender, tarsi relatively slender and apex of abdomen as slope.

Scolytidae sp.4 (Figs. 19D)

Remarks: Body length 2.5 mm, brown to dark brown, with brownish pubescent and cylindrical. Head hyprognathous, club antennae, pronotum convex or stout, legs brown, slender, hind trochanter are shorted and abdomen 5 segmented.

Scolytidae sp.5 (Figs. 19E)

Remarks: Body length 1.5 mm, brown to dark brown, cylindrical, with brown pubescent, elytra puncture, and apex of elytra slope or tubercles. Head hypognathous, small than prothorax, club antennae, legs long and tarsi relatively slender.

Scolytidae sp.6 (Figs. 20A)

Remarks: Body length 1.9 mm, brownish, with brownish pubescent and elytra puncture. Head hypognathous, compound eyes gray, club antennae, legs long, slender, tibiae teeth and with tubercles on apex elytra. Abdomen 5 segments and segment 1-2 longer than segment 3-5 united.

Scolytidae sp.7 (Figs. 20B)

Remarks: Body length 2.1 mm, brown, cylindrical, with brownish pubescent and elytra puncture. Head hypognathous, club antennae, compound eyes large, 86

pronotum convex, legs slender, tibiae teeth, hind trochanter are shorted and abdomen 5 segmented.

Scolytidae sp.8 (Figs. 20C)

Remarks: Body length 2.5 mm, black, with brown pubescent and with apex of elytra are puncture. Head hypognathous, club antennae, brown and. The pronotum convex than abdomen or relatively stout, legs slender, for legs or mid legs are brown mix black, hind legs black, large and relatively flattened.

Scolytidae sp.9 (Figs. 20D)

Remarks: Body length 1.8 mm, brown, cylindrical, with brown pubescent and elytra puncture. Head hypognathous, compound eyes gray, club antennae, pronotum like as v-shaped, logs slender and with spine on the tibiae.

Scolytidae sp.10 (Figs. 20E)

Remarks: Body length 1.7 mm, brown, cylindrical, with brown pubescence and elytra puncture. Head relatively stout or hypognathous, club antennae, compound eyes gray, the pronotum large and breadth than body. Legs slender, tibiae large and tibiae serrate.

Scolytidae sp.11 (Figs. 21A)

Remarks: Body length 1.8 mm, brown to dark brown, cylindrical, with brownish pubescent and elytra puncture. Head hypognathous, club antennae, 87

pronotum convex and relatively stout. Legs brown, slender and with spines on the tibiae.

Scolytidae sp.12 (Figs. 21B)

Remarks: Body length 1.6 mm, brown, cylindrical, with brown pubescence, elytra puncture and with tubercles on apex abdomen. Head hypognathous, club antennae, the pronotum convex, large and breadth than body. Legs slender and ventral abdomen are slope.

Scolytidae sp.13 (Figs. 21C)

Remarks: Body length 2.1 mm, dark brown, with brown pubescent, cylindrical, relatively stout and body puncture. Head hypognathous, antennae brown or club, legs slender, tibiae teeth and tarsi relatively slender.

Scolytidae sp.14 (Figs. 21D)

Remarks: Body length 2.5 mm, brown, cylindrical and with brownish pubescent. Head hypognathous and club antennae. The pronotum large or convex, legs slender and apex of abdomen are sloped.

Scolytidae sp.15 (Figs. 21E)

Remarks: Body length 1.6 mm, dark brown, cylindrical, relatively stout and with brownish pubescent. Head hypognathous, antennae brown and club. The pronotum convex or stout, legs slender, tibiae serrate and tarsi relatively slender.

Scolytidae sp.16 (Figs. 22A)

Remarks: Body length 2.1 mm, brown, cylindrical, with brownish pubescent and body puncture. Head smaller than prothorax or hypognathous, club antennae, legs long, slender, tibiae teeth and abdomen 5 segmented.

Scolytidae sp.17 (Figs. 22B)

Remarks: Body length 1.8 mm, dark brown, cylindrical and with brownish pubescent. Head hypognathous, club antennae and compound eyes gray. The pronotum convex, like as v-shaped, legs brown, slender, tibiae teeth and abdomen 5 segmented.

Scolytidae sp.18 (Figs. 22C)

Remarks: Body length 3.7 mm, dark brown, cylindrical, with brown pubescence, elytra puncture, apex of elytra slope and with tubercles. Head hypognathous, club antennae or brown, legs slender, hind trochanter are short and tibiae teethed.

37. Platypodidae

Diagnosis: Body length 2.4-4.2 mm (n=185), black, brownish or light to dark brown, are elongate, less cylindrical, sometimes flattened above. With the head slightly wider than pronotum and prognathous. Antennae always geniculate with long scape and more or less compact club, the tarsi which are 5-5-5 segment, are very slender, with the first tarsomere longer than the remaining tarsomeres combined.

Platypodidae sp.1 89

(Figs. 42D)

Remarks: Body length 4.2 mm, light to dark brown, less cylindrical, with brownish pubescent, elytra groove, apex of elytra is dark brown and apex of ventral abdomen as slope. Head hypognathous and as broad as prothorax, compound eyes dark gray and antennal club geniculate. The tarsi are very slender and segments 1 longer than the remaining tarsomeres combined.

Platypodidae sp.2 (Figs. 42E)

Remarks: Body length 3.4 mm, light to dark brown, with brownish pubescent, elytra groove, apex of elytra teeth, apex of ventral abdomen as slope and dark brown, head hypognathous and as broad as prothorax, antennal club geniculate, the tarsi are very slender and segments 1 longer than the remaining tarsomeres combined.

Platypodidae sp.3 (Figs. 43A)

Remarks: Body length 4.2 mm, brown, cylindrical and with brownish pubescent. Head hypognathous, antennal club geniculate, thorax as like as round, legs slender and with the first tarsomere longer than the remaining tarsomeres combined.

Platypodidae sp.4 (Figs. 43B)

Remarks: Body length 4.2 mm, dark brown, less cylindrical, with brown pubescent, apex of elytra sharp, head hypognathous or as broad as prothorax, antennal brownish or club geniculate, compound eyes dark gray, prothorax round, tibiae teeth and tarsomeres slender.

Platypodidae sp.5 90

(Figs. 43C)

Remarks: Body length 2.4 mm, light to dark brown, less cylindrical, with brownish pubescent, apex of elytra teeth, head black and hypognathous, compound eyes gray, club geniculate, the tarsi are long, slender and segments 1 longer than the remaining tarsomeres combined.

Platypodidae sp.6 (Figs. 43D)

Remarks: Body length 2.3 mm, black, light to dark brown, apex of elytra teeth, with brownish pubescent, head black or hypognathous, antennal black, club geniculate, compound eyes dark gray, pronotum black, relatively, legs brown, long and the tarsi are elongate.

Platypodidae sp.7 (Figs. 43E)

Remarks: Body length 2.6 mm, black, light to dark brown, cylindrical, with brownish pubescent and elytra short or not covering the tip of the abdomen. Head black, as broad as prothorax, compound eyes dark gray, club geniculate, legs slender, tibiae teeth and with the first tarsomere longer than the remaining tarsomeres combined.

38. Family: Monotomidae

Remarks: Body length 1.1-3 mm (n=2), are generally small, narrow-elongate, exhibit a variety of cryptic color combinations, such as dark brown, red-brown, light brown, yellow, or black. Most are flattened or sub-cylindrical and are glabrous, subglabrous, or bear short, sparse setae on the pronotum and elytra. Elytra distinctly truncated at the apex, exposing one (females) or two (males) abdominal tergites. Abdomen with 5 ventrites, ventrites 1 and 5 elongate, 2-4 comparatively short, 91

subequal. Head prognathous, antennae short, stout, appearing 10-segmented with a distinct 1 or 2 segmented club, tarsal formula 5-5-5 in females and 5-5-4 in males.

Monotomidae sp.1 (Figs. 38D)

Remarks: Body length 1.1 mm, brown, groove, flattened shape, with brownish pubescent, elytra shortened and not covering the tip of the abdomen. Head prognathous and as broad as prothorax, compound eyes black, antennal club or 2 segmented club, femur stout and abdomen 5 segmented.

Artificial Key to family of Coleoptera in Phu Phanang Biodiversity Conservation Area

1 Notopleural suture, the first abdominal sternite divide two parts, blocked by the hind coxae (suborder Adephaga)……………………..……...... ………..2 Notopleural not suture, the first visible abdominal sternum is not divided by the hind coxae (suborder Polyphaga)…………………….…...... ……...….4 2 The body smooth and boat-shaped, legs slender, adapted for swimming, with very large hind coxae and enlarged hind legs, the hind legs flattened and fringed with long hairs to form excellent paddles, fore and middle tarsi with 4 segmented………………..………………………………..Dytiscidae The body not boat-shape, legs slender, adapted for walking and the hind legs not flattened………………...…..…..………..……..…..………………3 3(2’) The elytra not covering the tip of the abdomen, Exposing 1 or 2 abdominal tergites..……………………………………………………...…….Paussidae Elytra complete or not exposing 1 or 2 abdominal tergites…………………4 4(3’) Deep grooves on head and pronotum, moniliform antennae, the tarsal formula 5-5-5, abdomen………………..……….……..………..Rhysodidae Head and pronotum not deep grooves. Antennae not moniliform…………..5 5(4’) The tarsal formula 5-5-5, antennae 10 or 11 segments, head smaller than prothorax and metasternum with a distinct transverse suture….....Carabidae Head about as broad as prothorax, antennae 11 segments, eyes large and protruding, prominent, legs longer than bodies and fore tibia with 2 spurs terminal…………………….……..……………..…...……...... Cicindelidae 6 The elytra truncate not covering the tip of the abdomen………...…...... …7 Elytra complete or not truncate……………………….….....……...…..…..12 7(6’) Exposing 1 or 2 abdominal tergites………………………..………..………8 Exposing more than 1 or 2 abdominal tergites…………………...…...….....9 8(7’) Head hypognathous, antennae almost always geniculate and compact, the tibiae dilated, and the anterior one usually toothed or spined….....Histeridae 93

Head prognathous, antennae short, stout, appearing 10 segmented with a distinct 1 or 2 segmented club, tarsal formula 5-5-5 in females and 5-5-4 in males………………………..………………………….…….Monotomidae 9(8’) Body oblong to ovate, strongly convex to flattened beetles, elytra complete or truncate, exposing abdominal tergites, hind coxae well separated, tibiae often expanded and teeth or spinose, tarsal formula 5-5-5 or 4-4-4 and first 4 tarsal segments often with expanded setlose lobes, antennal club, 3 or 4 segments club………..………....………………....….....….....…Nitidulidae Body not oblong to ovate……………..……...…………....…...….….…....10 10(9’) Body stout, generally compact and oval in shape, the body often somewhat narrowed anteriorly, legs slender, tarsi 5 segmented, eyes deeply emarginated………………...…...……………..……...…….…….Bruchidae Body elongate, not stout or oval shape……...……….……….………...... 11 11(10’) Body very long and narrow, the head bent down and narrowed behind the eyes to form a short neck, the antennae filiform to serrate, finely pubescent beetles, well-developed eyes, elytra rounded apically, truncate, exposing abdominal apex or most of abdomen and hind wings, which lack transverse folds………………………….……….…..……………...….....Lymexylidae Body slender, abdomen 6-7 segments, antennae 10-11 segments and the tarsal formula 5-5-5, 4-5-5, 4-4-4, 4-4-5, 5-5-4 or 3-3-3, elytra complete or truncate, usually more or less elongate with truncate elytra that nearly always leave more than half the abdomen exposed, all but first 1 or 2 tergites heavily sclerotized and often flanked by paratergites, abdominal intersgmental membranes usually with pattern of minute sclerites…..…....…………………………………...………....Staphylinidae 12(6’) Prosternal spine for jump and movement and prosternal spine that fits into a groove on the mesosternum……………….………...... ………....Elateridae Prosternal spine not for jump and movement……………...………..……..13 13(12’) Body Strong wedge-shaped, characteristically humped, the head bent down, head strongly deflexed, concealing prosternum………………..Mordellidae Body not wedge-shaped and not characteristically humped…………..…...14 94

14(13’) The antennae serrated, dehiscent elytra, with longitudinal ridges or rows of windowpunctures...... Lycidae The antennae not serrated…………...……………….….....………………15 15(14’) Moniliform antennae, the tarsal formula 5-5-4, abdomen 5 segments, antennal 11 segments…...……………………………….…...Tenebrionidae Not moniliform antennae…..…………………….…..…………...... …16 16(15’) Pronotum bearing a pair of longitudinal and glabrous...... …Laemoploeidae Pronotum not bearing a pair of longitudinal, not glabrous ….………….....17 17(16’) Antennal lamellate……………………….….....……….....…..Scarabaeidae Antennal not lamellate………………………….………...………………..18 18(17’) Antennal geniculate………………………….……………..……….……..19 Antennal not geniculate……………………………….…...………...…….21 19(18) Lateral denticles on front tibial socket..……………...…….….….Scolytidae No lateral denticles on front tibia socket...………………...…………..…..20 20(19’) Tarsi 5-5-5 segments, with the antennae arising about the middle of the snout………………………………………..……...….….…..Curculionidae Tarsi 5-5-5 segments, antennae not arising about the middle of the snout, with the first tarsomere longer than the remaining tarsomeres combined...... ……………….Platypodidae 21(18’) Tarsi 3-3-3 segments………………………………..………….…..………22 Tarsi not 3-3-3 segments………………….………….…..……...... …..23 22(21) Frontoclypeal suture present, 1-2 pairs of longitudinal sulci, and have the third tarsomere very small, second tarsal segment commonly lobed, extending beneath reduced third segment, the pronotum broadly excavated or grooved laterally, antennae generally 11 segmented, usually with relatively loose club or with a 1-3 segmented club…………...Endomycidae Body surface glabrous or pubescent, pronotum usually much narrower than elytral bases, elytra punctures more or less seriate, frontal arms usually V- shaped, frontoclypeal suture absent, 1-5 pairs of stemmata (usually 3 or 4), antennae 10 or 11 segmented with a 2-3 segmented apical club, inserted on frons between eyes…………………...... …...Lathridiidae 95

23(21’) Tarsi 4-4-4 segments…………………...……………...…….....…...... ……24 Tarsi not 4-4-4 segments……………..……………………...………....…..27 24(23) Antennal filiform, 11 segmented, tarsi 4 segmented and with bifid adhesive setae on segments 1-3, elytra lined with short spines or teeth…...…Hispidae Antennal clubbed…………………………………...……….…………..…25 25(24’) Body not oval, head about as broad as prothorax, basal narrower than pronotum and small than prothorax, the antennae 11 segmented, 3 segments club, abdomen 5 segments, the elytra always cover the base of the pygidium, which is always partly exposed in lateral view but is usually not visible from above...... Anthribidae Body oval or convex……………………………...…………………....…..26 26(25’) Body oval and convex, usually brightly colored red with red or yellow and black or blue, legs short, depending on the species, they can have spots, stripes, or no markings, the tarsi are 4 segments, the three tarsomere very small or reduced and difficult to see...... Coccinellidae Body ovate, strongly convex, usually brownish, glabrous, shining beetles in which lateral portions of prothorax, head short, broad and deeply inserted into anterior prothoracic emargination, tibiae with conspicuous setal comb at apex, tarsi with first 3 segments lobed and setlose below and claws toothed or appendiculate……………………………..…………………..…Phalacridae 27(23’) Tarsi 5-5-5 segments…………...……………………….….….…..……….28 Tarsi not 5-5-5-segments……………...……………………..…...... ……..34 28(27) Hind coxal plates present, which enlarged hind femora for jumping…………………………………….……………...…...…..Scirtidae Hind coxal small, not for jumping……………………..……..……………29 29(28’) First 3 tarsal segment with lobes beneath them which covered with spatulate or bifid, fourth tarsal segment either minute and concealed at base of preceding segment, or fused with terminal segment, tarsal claws sometimes cleft or appendiculate, antennae 9-11 segments, abdomen 5 or 6 segments ……………………………………..…………....…...….…....Chysomelidae First 3 tarsal segment notlobes……………………..…………...…..……..30 96

30(29’) The third tarsomre bilobed, the fourth tarsomere small, and often very difficult to see, antennae almost always more than two-thirds body length, antennae 11 segments, abdomen 5 segments……….…..…..Cerambychidae The third tarsomre is not bilobed…………………...……...... ………….…31 31(30’) Tarsi with one or more segments lobed or with membranous appendages, body with very pubescent, abdomen 5-6 segments, the antennae 11 segments ……………...... ….Cleridae Tarsomre is not lobed……………………………..…………..……...….…32 32(31’) The antennal scape very long, more than 5 times length of pedicel, pubescent beetles with prognathous head, constricted posteriorly to form temples behind eyes, pronotum often with projecting front angles or dentate or crenulate lateral margins and fore coxal cavities visibly closed behind...... Silvanidae Antennal scape not longer than 5 times of pedicel …..…...………….……33 33(32’) The antennae clavate or capitate, 11 segmented antennae, body either glabrous or clothed with very short, fine hairs, eyes moderately large and protuberant, fore coxae large and projecting and all tarsal segments clothed beneath with yellow hairs...... Silphidae The antennae lamellate or club antennae usually relatively loose, 9-11 segments, abdomen 5 segments, body shape typically elongate cylindrical and moderately to distinctly convex, tarsi relatively slender and not lobed beneath, hind coxae contiguous to widely separated, without coxal plates, elytra usually coarsely punctate, sometimes with costae present, mandibles large and prominent...... Bostrichidae 34(27’) Tarsal formula 5-5-4…………………………...... ….…...……………….35 Tarsal formula not 5-5-4…………………………………….……..…...….37 35(34) Head prognathous, body elongate-oval, strongly flattened beetles………………………………………....……………...…Salpingidae Head hypognathous…………………………………..…..….....…………..36 97

36(35’) Antennae filiform, relatively long legs, 11 segments, tarsi quite elongated, with the combed nails of the hind tarsi or comb-clawed, that show fine teeth………………………………...……………...….....……....Alleculidae Antennal club, antennae 11 segments, abdomen 5 or 6 segments, somewhat antlike in appearance, the body sparsely covered with setae in some species, femur wider than other parts of legs...... Anthicidae 37(34’) Body oblong to ovate, head hypognathous, small than prothorax, uniformly brown or with yellow maculae on elytra, densely pubescent, eyes relatively large and coarsely faceted, frontoclypeal suture present or absent, legs present, tibia spurs often well developed and serrate, fore tarsi modified in male...... Mycetophagidae Body cylindrical shape, head hypognathous, about as broad as prothorax, with hair and have pair of ocelli on the head near the inner margins of the compound eyes, pronotum divided into several cells by longitudinal ridges and transverse elevation and mid coxal cavities partly closed by metepisterna, metasternum with transverse suture, hind coxal plates well developed a pair of longitudinal carinae near middle of ventrite 1, the elytra completely cover the abdomen, and each bears many rows of large square punctures or polished dark spots………..………………...…..Derodontidae

The study resulted in collection of 3,691 beetles specimens and which could be grouped into 194 morphospecies that were classified into 38 families. There were 973 specimens found in dry season and 2,718 specimens found in rainy season. Liu et al., (2016) Reported new genus and species of Bostrichidae beetle in the tribe Xyloperthini is described from litchi wood in Thailand. Reported 17 species of Bostrichidae recorded in association with rubberwood in Thailand is provided and infesting rubberwood sawn timber in sawmills in southern Thailand is nine species (Sittichaya et al., 2009). The found 1867 pselaphine beetle adults representing 6 supertribes and 114 morphospecies from sampled in eastern Thailand (Sakchoowong et al., 2008). Described 64 families of coleopteran in Thailand (Chaweewan et al., 2007). Described 4 new species of the Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae genus Indotrichius. 98

Reported of beetle, 60 species of Bostrichidae and 20 species are recorded the first time in Thailand (Beaver et al., 2011). Ponpinij et al., (2011) reported of Cerambycidae, 47 newly recorded species were reported in northern Thailand. Beaver and Browne (2016) reported beetles, 26 species of Platypodidae and 70 species of Scolytidae in Thailand. About 103 species of 5 subfamilies of Chrysomelidae recorded from Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam (Kimoto and Gressitt, 1979). Assing (2016) reported the new species of Tetrasticta laotica nov.sp. (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) from Laos. Sawada and Wiesner (2000) reported Cicindelidae, 114 species as new record in Laos. Yamasako et al., (2012) reported a new species of the genus Yimnashana (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae: Gyaritini) in Laos. Kral et al., (2015) reported the new genus and new species of the tribe Aphodiini (Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae) in Laos. Chouangthavy et al. (2018, in press) have been reported 22 coleopteran families from Phou Phanang Biodiversity Conservation Area. But herein 38 beetles families are reported from the same locality. Six families recorded by Chouangthavy et al. are not found in this study: F. Haliplidae, F.Gyrinidae, F. Lucanidae, F. Passandridae, F. Meloidae and F. Brentidae. Furthermore, additional of 21 families differ from the previous report: F. Rhysodidae, F. Paussidae, F. Cicindelidae, F. Silphidae, F. Scirtidae, F. Derodontidae, F. Lymexylidae, F. Silvanidae, F. Laemophloeidae, F. Phalacridae, F. Latridiidae, F. Mycetophagidae, F. Coccinellidae, F. Salpingidae, F. Cerambycidae, F. Hispidae, F. Bruchidae, F. Anthribidae, F. Scolytidae, F. Platypodidae and F. Monotomidae. Up to date, total of 44 coleopterous families were recorded in Phu Phanang Biodiversity Conservation Area. These number are closer to the number of Thai coleopterous family that Hutacharern et al. (2007) and Ek-Amnuay (2008) have been reported to 64 families. This study identify into only family level, so more comparative study and assistance from the specialists are needed for correctly identification to genus and species level in the future. These will be the importance database of beetle diversity in Laos.

10 mm 10 mm

17A 17A 17A 10 mm

10 mm 10 mm 10 mm 17B 17B 17B

1 mm 17C 17C 1 mm 17C 1 mm

10 mm 10 mm

17D 17D 17D 10 mm

10 mm

17E 10 mm 17E 17E 10 mm

Figure 17 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 17A. Alleculidae sp.1. 17B. Alleculidae sp.2. 17C. Anthribidae sp.1. 17D. Anthribidae sp.2. 17E. Anthribidae sp.3. 100

10 mm 10 mm 18A 18A 18A 10 mm

1 mm 18B 1 mm 18B 1 mm 18B

1 mm 1 mm 18C 1 mm 18C 18C

1 mm 18D 18D 1 mm 18D 1 mm

1 mm 1 mm 18E 18E 1 mm 18E

Figure 18 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 18A. Anthribidae sp.4. 18B. Anthicidae sp.1. 18C. Anthicidae sp.2. 18D. Bruchidae sp.1. 18E. Bruchidae sp.2. 101

1 mm 1 mm 1 mm 19A 19A 19A

0.5 mm 0.5 mm 0.5 mm 19B 19B 19B

0.5 mm 0.5 mm 19C 0.5 mm 19C 19C

19D 1 mm 19D 1 mm 19D 1 mm

0.5 mm 19E 0.5 mm 19E 0.5 mm 19E

Figure 19 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 19A Scolytidae sp.1. 19B. Scolytidae sp.2. 19C. Scolytidae sp.3. 19D. Scolytidae sp.4. 19E. Scolytidae sp.5.

102

0.5 mm 0.5 mm 0.5 mm 20A 20A 20A

0.5 mm 0.5 mm 0.5 mm 20B 20B 20B

1 mm 1 mm 1 mm 20C 20C 20C

0.5 mm 20D 20D 0. 5 mm 20D 0.5 mm

0.5 mm 0.5 mm 20E 20E 0.5 mm 20E

Figure 20 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 20A. Scolytidae sp.6. 20B. Scolytidae sp.7. 20C. Scolytidae sp.8. 20D. Scolytidae sp.9. 20E. Scolytidae sp.10. 103

21A 0.5 mm 0.5 mm 0.5 mm 21A 21A

0.5 mm 0.5 mm 0.5. mm 21B 21B 21B

21C 0.5 mm 21C 0.5 mm 21C 0.5 mm

1 mm 21D 1 mm 21D 21D 1 mm

1 mm 21E 21E 1 mm 21E 1 mm

Figure 21 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 21A Scolytidae sp.11. 21B. Scolytidae sp.12. 21C. Scolytidae sp.13. 2D. Scolytidae sp.14. 21E. Scolytidae sp.15. 104

0.5 mm 22A 22A 0.5 mm 22A 0.5 mm

0.5 mm 0.5 mm 0.5 mm 22B 22B 22B

1 mm 22C 1 mm 22C 22C 1 mm

22D 1 mm 22D 1 mm 22D 1 mm

22E 0.5 mm 22E 0.5 mm 22E 0.5 mm

Figure 22 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 22A. Scolytidae sp.16. 22B. Scolytidae sp.17. 22C. Scolytidae sp.18. 22D. Bostrichidae sp.1. 22E. Bostrichidae sp.2. 105

23A 1 mm 1 mm 1 mm 23A 23A

23B 2 mm 23B 2 mm 23B 2 mm

23C 1 mm 23C 1 mm 23C 1 mm

23D 1 mm 23D 1 mm 23D 1 mm

10 mm 10 mm 10 mm 23E 23E 23E

Figure 23 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 23A. Bostrichidae sp.3. 23B. Bostrichidae sp.4. 23C. Bostrichidae sp.5. 23D. Bostrichidae sp.6. 23E. Carabidae sp.1.

106

1 mm 24A 1 mm 24A 1 mm 24A

1 mm 1 mm 1 mm 24B 24B 24B

10 mm 10 mm 24C 10 mm 24C 24C

1 mm 1 mm 1 mm 24D 24D 24D

10 mm

24E 24E 10 mm 24E 10 mm

Figure 24 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 24A. Carabidae sp.2. 24B. Carabidae sp.3. 24C. Carabidae sp.4. 24D. Carabidae sp.5. 24E. Carabidae sp.6.

107

1 mm 1 mm 1 mm 25A 25A 25A

1 mm 1 mm 25B 1 mm 25B 25B

10 mm 25C 10 mm 25C 25C 10 mm

25D 10 mm 25D 10 mm 25D 10 mm

10 mm 25E 25E 10 mm 25E 10 mm

Figure 25 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 25A. Carabidae sp.7. 25B. Carabidae sp.8. 25C. Carabidae sp.9. 25D. Cerambycidae sp.1. 25E. Cerambycidae sp.2.

108

5 mm 5 mm 26A 26A 26A 5 mm

10 mm 10 mm 10 mm 26B 26B 26B

10 mm 10 mm 26C 10 mm 26C 26C

10 mm 10 mm 10 mm 26D 26D 26D

1 mm 1 mm 1 mm 26E 26E 26E

Figure 26 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 26A. Cerambycidae sp.3. 26B. Cerambycidae sp.4. 26C. Cerambycidae sp.5. 26D. Cerambycidae sp.6. 26E. Chrysomelidae sp.1.

109

1 mm 1 mm 1 mm 27A 27A 27A

500 µm 27B 500 µm 27B 500 µm 27B

1 mm 1 mm 27C 1 mm 27C 27C

1 mm 1 mm 27D 1 mm 27D 27D

1 mm 1 mm 1 mm 27E 27E 27E

Figure 27 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 27A. Chrysomelidae sp.2. 27B. Chrysomelidae sp.3. 27C. Chrysomelidae sp.4. 27D. Chrysomelidae sp.5. 27E. Chrysomelidae sp.6.

110

5 mm 5 mm 28A 28A 28A 5 mm

28B 2 mm 2 mm 28B 28B 2 mm

2 mm 28C 2 mm 28C 28C 2 mm

2 mm

2 mm 2 mm 28D 28D 28D

1 mm 28E 1 mm 28E 28E 1 mm

Figure 28 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 28A. Chrysomelidae sp.7. 28B. Chrysomelidae sp.8. 28C. Chrysomelidae sp.9. 28D. Chrysomelidae 10. 28E. Chrysomelidae sp.11.

111

29A 2 mm 29A 2 mm 2 mm 29A

29B 2 mm 2 mm 2 mm 29B 29B

1 mm 29C 1 mm 29C 29C 1 mm

29D 1 mm 29D 1 mm 29D 1 mm

10 mm 10 mm 29E 29E 29E 10 mm

Figure 29 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 29A. Chrysomelidae sp.12. 29B. Chrysomelidae sp.13. 29C. Chrysomelidae sp.14. 29D. Chrysomelidae sp.15. 29E. Cicindelidae sp.1. 112

10 mm 10 mm 10 mm 30A 30A 30A

10 mm 10 mm 10 mm 30B 30B 30B

10 mm 10 mm 10 mm 30C 30C 30C

2 mm 2 mm 30D 2 mm 30D 30D

30E 1 mm 30E 1 mm 30E 1 mm

Figure 30 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 30A. Cicindelidae sp.2. 30B. Cicindelidae sp.3. 30C. Cicindelidae sp.4. 30D. Clelidae sp.1. 30E. Coccinellidae sp.1.

113

0.5 mm 0.5 mm 31A 0.5 mm 31A 31A

2 mm 31B 2 mm 31B 2 mm 31B

10 mm 10 mm 10 mm 31C 31C 31C

10 mm 31D 10 mm 31D 31D 10 mm

5 mm 5 mm 31E 5 mm 31E 31E

Figure 31 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 31A. Coccinellidae sp.2. 31B. Coccinellidae sp.3. 31C. Curculionidae sp.1. 31D. Curculionidae sp.2. 31E. Curculionidae sp.3 114

10 mm 10 mm 32A 10 mm 32A 32A

2 mm 2 mm 2 mm 32B 32B 32B

1 mm 1 mm 1 mm 32C 32C 32C

1 mm 32D 1 mm 32D 32D 1 mm

1 mm 1 mm 1 mm 32E 32E 32E

Figure 32 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 32A. Curculionidae sp.4. 32B. Curculionidae sp.5. 32C. Curculionidae sp.6. 32D. Curculionidae sp.7. 32E. Curculionidae sp.8.

115

2 mm 2 mm 33A 33A 33A 2 mm

2 mm 2 mm 2 mm 33B 33B 33B

1 mm 1 mm 33C 33C 1 mm 33C

1 mm 1 mm 1 mm 33D 33D 33D

1 mm 1 mm 1 mm 33E 33E 33E

Figure 33 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 33A. Curculionidae sp.9. 33B. Curculionidae sp.10, 33C. Curculionidae sp.11, 33D. Dytiscidae sp.1. 33E. Derodontidae sp.1.

116

0.5 mm 0.5 mm 0.5 mm 34A 34A 34A

1 mm 1 mm 1 mm 34B 34B 34B

10 mm 10 mm 10 mm 34C 34C 34C

0.2 mm 0.2 mm 34D 34D 0.2 mm 34D

34E 1 mm 34E 1 mm 34E 1 mm

Figure 34 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 34A. Elateridae sp.1. 34B. Elateridae sp.2. 34C. Elateridae sp.3. 34D. Endomychidae sp.1. 34E Endomychidae sp.2.

117

2 mm 2 mm 2 mm 35A 35A 35A

1 mm 1 mm 35B 1 mm 35B 35B

1 mm 1 mm 35C 35C 35C 1 mm

35D 0.5 mm 35D 0.5 mm 35D 0.5 mm

0.5 mm 35E 0.5 mm 35E 35E 0.5 mm

Figure 35 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 35A. Hispidae sp.1. 35B. Histeridae sp.1. 35C. Histeridae sp.2. 35D. Histeridae sp.3. 35E. Histeridae sp.4.

118

1 mm 1 mm 36A 36A 36A 1 mm

1 mm 1 mm 36B 36B 36B 1 mm

1 mm 1 mm 1 mm 36C 36C 36C

10 mm 10 mm 36D 10 mm 36D 36D

0.5 mm 0.5 mm 36E 36E 36E 0.5 mm

Figure 36 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 36A. Hispidae sp.5. 36B. Histeridae sp.6. 36C. Histeridae sp.7. 36D. Histeridae sp.8. 36E. Lathrididae sp.1. 119

0.5 mm 0.5 mm 0.5 mm 37A 37A 37A

0.5 mm 0.5 mm 0.5 mm 37B 37B 37B

0.5 mm 0.5 mm

37C 0.5 mm 37C 37C

5 mm 5 mm 5 mm 37D 37D 37D

1 mm 1 mm 37E 37E 37E 1 mm

Figure 37 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 37A. Lathrididae sp.2. 37B. Laemophloeidae sp.1. 37C. Laemophloeidae sp.2. 37D. Lymaxylidae sp.1. 37E. Lycidae sp.1.

120

1 mm 1 mm 38A 1 mm 38A 38A

38B 1 mm 1 mm 1 mm 38B 38B

1 mm 1 mm 38C 38C 38C 1 mm

0.5 mm 0.5 mm 0.5 mm 38D 38D 38D

1 mm 1 mm 1 mm 38E 38E 38E

Figure 38 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 38A. Mordellidae sp.1. 38B. Mordellidae sp.2. 38C. Mordellidae sp.3. 38D. Monotomidae sp.1. 38E. Mycetophagidae sp.1.

121

1 mm 39A 1 mm 39A 39A 1 mm

1 mm 1 mm 1 mm 39B 39B 39B

1 mm 1 mm 39C 1 mm 39C 39C

0.5 mm 0.5 mm 0.5 mm 39D 39D 39D

1 mm 1 mm 39E 39E 39E 1 mm

Figure 39 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 39A. Nitidulidae sp.1. 39B. Nitidulidae sp.2. 39C. Nitidulidae sp.3. 39D. Nitidulidae sp.4. 39E. Nitidulidae sp.5.

122

0.5 mm 40A 0.5 mm 0.5 mm 40A 40A

0.5 mm 0.5 mm 0.5 mm 40B 40B 40B

0.5 mm 0.5 mm 40C 40C 40C 0.5 mm

0.5 mm 40D 0.5 mm 40D 40D 0.5 mm

0.5 mm 40E 0.5 mm 40E 40E 0.5 mm

Figure 40 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 40A. Nitidulidae sp.6. 40B. Nitidulidae sp.7. 40C. Nitidulidae sp.8. 40D. Nitidulidae sp.9. 40E. Nitidulidae sp.10. 123

41A 2 mm 2 mm 2 mm 41A 41A

0.5 mm 0.5 mm 41B 0.5 mm 41B 41

1 mm 41C 1 mm 41C 1 mm 41C

1 mm 41D 1 mm 41D 1 mm 41D

1 mm 1 mm 1 mm 41E 41E 41E

Figure 41 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 41A. Nitidulidae sp.11. 41B. Nitidulidae sp.12. 41C. Nitidulidae sp.13. 41D. Nitidulidae sp.14. 41E. Nitidulidae sp.15.

124

0.5 mm 42A 0.5 mm 0.5 mm 42A 42A

2 mm 42B 2 mm 42B 42B 2 mm

2 mm 2 mm 42C 2 mm 42C 42C

1 mm 42D 42D 1 mm 42D 1 mm

42E 1 mm 42E 1 mm 42E 1 mm

Figure 42 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 42A. Phalacridae sp.1. 42B. Paussidae sp.1. 42C. Paussidae sp.2. 42D. Platypodidae sp.1. 42E. Platypodidae sp.2.

125

1 mm 1 mm 43A 43A 1 mm 43A

1 mm 1 mm 1 mm 43B 43B 43B

1 mm 43C 1 mm 1 mm 43C 43C

1 mm 1 mm 1 mm 43D 43D 43D

1 mm 1 mm 1 mm 43E 43E 43E

Figure 43 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 43A. Platypodidae sp.3. 43B. Platypodidae sp.4. 43C. Platypodidae sp.5. 43D. Platypodidae 6. 43E. Platypodidae sp.7.

126

2 mm 2 mm 44A 2 mm 44A 44A

1 mm 44B 1 mm 44B 44B 1 mm

2 mm 44C 2 mm 44C 44C 2 mm

1 mm 44D 1 mm 44D 44D 1 mm

1 mm 44E 1 mm 44E 44E 1 mm

Figure 44 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 44A. Salpingidae sp.1. 44B. Scarabaeidae sp.1. 44C. Scarabaeidae sp.2. 44D. Scarabaeidae sp.3. 44E. Scarabaeidae sp.4. 127

10 mm 10 mm 10 mm 45A 45A 45A

10 mm 10 mm 10 mm 45B 45B 45B

10 mm 10 mm 10 mm 45C 45C 45C

2 mm 45D 2 mm 45D 45D 2 mm

45E 10 mm 45E 10 mm 45E 10 mm

Figure 45 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 45A. Scarabaeidae sp.5. 45B. Scarabaeidae sp.6. 45C. Scarabaeidae sp.7. 45D. Scarabaeidae sp.8. 45E. Scarabaeidae sp.9.

128

46A 10 mm 10 mm 46A 10 mm 46A

10 mm 10 mm 10 mm 46B 46B 46B

10 mm 10 mm 10 mm 46C 46C 46C

0.5 mm 0.5 mm 46D 46D 46D 0.5 mm

0.5 mm 0.5 mm 0.5 mm 46E 46E 46E

Figure 46 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 46A. Scarabaeidae sp.10. 46B. Scarabaeidae sp.11. 46C. Scarabaeidae sp.12. 46D. Scritidae sp.13. 46E. Silphidae sp.14.

129

1 mm 1 mm 47A 1 mm 47A 47A

1 mm 1 mm 1 mm 47B 47B 47B

2 mm 2 mm 2 mm 47C 47C 47C

1 mm 1 mm 1 mm 47D 47D 47D

1 mm 1 mm 1 mm 47E 47E 47E

Figure 47 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 47A. Silphidae sp.2. 47B. Silvanidae sp.1. 47C. Staphylinidae sp.1. 47D. Staphylinidae sp.2. 47E. Staphylinidae sp.3.

130

48A 0.5 mm 0.5 mm 0.5 mm 48A 48A

2 mm

2 mm 2 mm 48B 48B 48B

1 mm 1 mm 1 mm 48C 48C 48C

2 mm 2 mm 2 mm 48D 48D 48D

1 mm 1 mm 1 mm 48E 48E 48E

Figure 48 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 48A. Staphylinidae sp.4. 48B. Staphylinidae sp5. 48C. Staphylinidae sp.6. 48D. Staphylinidae sp.7. 48E. Staphylinidae sp.8.

131

0.5 mm 0.5 mm 0.5 mm 49A 49A 49A

49B 1 mm 49B 1 mm 49B 1 mm

0.5 mm 0.5 mm 0.5 mm 49C 49C 49C

0.5 mm 0.5 mm 49D 0.5 mm 49D 49D

1 mm 1 mm 49E 1 mm 49E 49E

Figure 49 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 49A. Staphylinidae sp.9. 49B. Staphylinidae sp.10. 49C. Staphylinidae sp.11. 49D. Staphylinidae sp.12. 49E. Staphylinidae sp.13.

132

0.5 mm 0.5 mm 0.5 mm 50A 50A 50A

0.5 mm 0.5 mm 0.5 mm 50B 50B 50B

0.5 mm 0.5 mm 50C 0.5 mm 50C 50C

0.5 mm 0.5 mm 0.5 mm 50D 50D 50D

1 mm 1 mm 1 mm 50E 50E 50E

Figure 50 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 50A. Staphylinidae sp.14. 50B. Staphylinidae sp.15. 50C. Staphylinidae sp.16. 50D. Staphylinidae sp.17. 50E. Staphylinidae sp.18.

133

10 mm 10 mm 10 mm 51A 51A 51A

51B 10 mm 51B 10 mm 51B 10 mm

1 mm 1 mm 51C 1 mm 51C 51C

1 mm 1 mm 1 mm 51D 51D 51D

1 mm 1 mm 51E 51E 51E 1 mm

Figure 51 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 51A. Staphylinidae sp.19. 51B. Staphylinidae sp.20. 51C. Staphylinidae sp.21. 51D. Staphylinidae sp.22. 51E. Staphylinidae sp.23.

134

2 mm 2 mm 2 mm 52A 52A 52A

1 mm

1 mm 1 mm 52B 52B 52B

1 mm 1 mm 1 mm 52C 52C 52C

2 mm 2 mm 2 mm 52D 52D 52D

2 mm 2 mm 2 mm

52E 52E 52E

Figure 52 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 52A. Staphylinidae sp.24. 52B. Staphylinidae sp.25. 52C. Staphylinidae sp.26. 52D. Staphylinidae sp.27. 52E. Staphylinidae sp.28.

135

0.5 mm 0.5 mm 0.5 mm

53A 53A 53A

0.5 mm 0.5 mm 0.5 mm 53B 53B 53B

1 mm

1 mm 1 mm 53C 53C 53C

2 mm 2 mm 2 mm

53D 53D 53D

2 mm 2 mm 2 mm 53E 53E 53E

Figure 53 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 53A. Staphylinidae sp.29. 53B. Staphylinidae sp.30. 53C. Staphylinidae sp.31. 53D. Staphylinidae sp.32. 53E. Rhysididae sp.1.

136

54A 2 mm 2 mm 2 mm 54A 54A

54B 2 mm 54B 2 mm 54B 2 mm

2 mm 2 mm 54C 2 mm 54C 54C

1 mm 1 mm 54D 1 mm 54D 54D

1 mm 1 mm 1 mm 54E 54E 54E

Figure 54 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 54A. Tenbrionidae sp.1. 54B. Tenbrionidae sp.2. 54C. Tenbrionidae sp.3. 54D. Tenbrionidae sp.4. 54E. Tenbrionidae sp.5.

137

2 mm 2 mm 55A 2 mm 55A 55A

1 mm 1 mm 1 mm 55B 55B 55B

55C 2 mm 55C 2 mm 55C 2 mm

2 mm 55D 2 mm 55D 55D 2 mm

Figure 55 Adult of coleopterous families (dorsal, lateral, ventral). 55A. Tenbrionidae sp.6. 55B. Tenbrionidae sp.7. 55C. Tenbrionidae sp.8. 55D. Tenbrionidae sp.9.

138

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Conclusion

The coleopterous families have been found in many forest types and elevations at Phu Phanang Biodiversity Conservation Area, in December 2017 and June 2018. The study resulted in collection of 3,691 beetle specimens which could be grouped into 194 morphospecies and they were classified into 38 families. Number of 2,718 beetle specimens were found in rainy season more than dry season (973 specimens). In contrast of beetle families, 7 families were found in rainy season less than dry season (10 families) and 21 families were found in both seasons. Differentiation of family number based on kind of trap present as 12 families were captured with window traps more than pitfall traps (3 families) and 23 families were captured in both kinds of trap. For the number of beetle family based on habitat type showed 6 families were found in teak plantation less than in secondary forest (14 families) and 18 families were found in both habitats.

139

Recommendation

This is the study of coleopterous families in Laos. There were many individuals collected from this survey but that still not be identified to genus and species, more comparative study and assistance in the future from the specialists are needed for identification to genus and species to fulfill the biodiversity database of beetle in Laos, particularly in Phu Phanang Biodiversity Conservation Area.

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140

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CURRICULUM VITAE

NAME Miss Seephai SOUKSAVAT

DATE OF BIRTH December 27, 1994

BIRTH PLACE Sayaboury Province

ADDRESS Parklay District, Sayaboury Province

EDUCATION Primary School Class 1-5 Primary School at Suvanarphoum Village Class 1-7 Bachelor Degree at Faculty of Agriculture University of Laos