The Lightning Rod

Robert Lanza C’78 M’83 has racked up a slew of scientific accolades—and generated an equal amount of controversy—for his pioneering work on and stem cells. And then there’s the private island stocked with dinosaur fossils, the Good Will Hunting comparisons … and his “theory of everything.” BY MOLLY PETRILLA

ixteen miles outside , in the back corner of an professionally, whose moms actually let them inside the house unfinished basement, a teenage boy lowers his syringe for more than just meals and sleep, whose parents probably to a chicken egg and takes aim. speak to them, maybe even take them to museums. SIt’s 1969 and this is Robert Lanza’s first time experimenting His best friend’s mom laughed when Lanza told her he want- with embryos. He isn’t yet a well-known scientist. He hasn’t ed to become a doctor. “You’d probably make a very good car- achieved all those cloning and stem-cell firsts, hasn’t been called penter,” she said. When Lanza announced his plan for the school genius, renegade, or quack. He doesn’t have to worry about being science fair—he would alter a chicken’s genetics and turn it killed on his way to work. Journalists haven’t come up with the from white to black—his classmates giggled and his teacher “real-life Good Will Hunting” analogy or suggested that he open said it was impossible. It’s a word he’ll hear many times. his own Jurassic Park. He hasn’t worked with B.F. Skinner and Down in the basement, wedged between the furnace and , hasn’t told off the former dean of Penn’s medical clothes dryer, a homemade Styrofoam incubator on the table school. He doesn’t have a private 10-acre island and a house in front of him, he’s decided the chicken experiment is chal- filled with dinosaur bones. That will all come later. Today he’s lenging, but not impossible. He talked his way into syringes still just a kid, and he wants to win the school science fair. and penicillin at local hospitals and borrowed tabletop cen- A small 13-year-old who could easily pass for 9 or 10, Lanza trifuges from a guy across town who works for the state health has been tossed into the lowest-track classes his whole life. agency. His neighbor drove him to local farms so he could His older sister dropped out of high school in the 10th grade gather eggs from white chickens and black ones. Now he’s and the other two, younger than Lanza, will eventually do the been working in the furnace room for months, trying to intro- same. He fought his way into an honors biology class this duce pigmented genes into white embryos while his mom year—his freshman year of high school—which means he’s stands in the kitchen telling her friends that “Robby is down- sitting beside those A-track kids whose dads don’t play poker stairs trying to hatch chicken eggs.” Not quite, Mom, he thinks.

46 SEPT | OCT 2014 THE PENNSYLVANIA GAZETTE PHOTOGRAPH BY JARED LEEDS THE PENNSYLVANIA GAZETTE SEPT | OCT 2014 47 Eventually several white chicks will himself. According to Lanza, stem cells Gearhart sees this retinal trial as an emerge from their eggs with brown spots. had saved the man’s sight. “We’re not important test case for the field. “Can Lanza will drop by supposed to use the term miracle patient,” you do stem-cell grafts? Will you have a to get help repeating the results, and in a Lanza says, “but …” good outcome as far as restoring func- scene straight out of the movies, he’ll mis- The cells came from Advanced Cell tion? We’d love to get that information,” take the founder of Harvard’s neurobiology Technology (ACT), a biotechnology firm in he adds. “I have often felt very strongly department for a janitor. Stephen Kuffler, Marlborough, . Lanza has that the eye was one of the best places “the father of modern neuroscience,” won’t been the company’s chief scientific officer to begin, so I think Bob’s head was mind a bit. He’ll introduce Lanza to a grad- for 15 years, and he tells this anecdote from screwed on right here.” uate student who will later become director the ongoing, ACT-led clinical trial with “The field, at least the translational of Harvard’s Center for Brain Science, and pride. He considers it proof that the ideas part of the field, is looking at that trial who will spend hours chatting with the he’s been championing for more than a with a lot of interest,” adds Christopher eager teen about his chicken project. decade are valid—that scientists can create Scott, a bioethicist at Stanford. “We’re Lanza will win the school science fair stem cells and use them to treat, or maybe all still waiting for a study to come out after his neighbor, Barbara O’Donnell, even cure, diseases in humans. of the clinic that validates the use of cells coaches him on the presentation, even He says his company is the only one in derived from embryonic stem cells.” teaching him to speak in complete sen- FDA-approved clinical trials using embry- tences—something he’s never done before. onic stem cells—cells that are pluripotent, Lanza joined ACT in 1999—just two years On the night he wins first place, Lanza meaning they are able to divide and become after scientists announced that they’d will run up to her, a sad look on his face, almost any type of cell in the body—to fight cloned Dolly the sheep. Advanced Cell was and say: “Well, there’s nothing else left. human diseases. ACT has been tracking an animal-cloning company back then, What else is there to do in life? This is it.” and treating adults with macular degen- and before he arrived Lanza had been Five years and several science-fair wins eration and children with Stargardt’s working for a biotechnology firm nearby, later, in December 1974—Lanza’s freshman macular dystrophy for three years now. trying to reverse diabetes in dogs through year at Penn—an article will appear on page Lanza claims the trial has recorded mul- cell transplantation. The cells were reject- 597 of the science journal Nature with the tiple improvements and, so far, no ill ed over and over. As the news about Dolly title “Alteration of melanocytes by DNA in effects. In 2012, ACT reported in The Lancet and then John Gearhart’s stem-cell isola- White Plymouth Rock chickens” up top and scientific journal that a woman who could tion broke, Lanza began to wonder if cell Robert P. Lanza as the sole author at the end. detect only hand motion had begun read- cloning might be the solution for those The chicken experiment will become a frac- ing letters on a visual acuity chart after transplant rejections. “I thought there tion of his oeuvre—an output that now treatment. Lanza also mentions partici- was great human potential,” he adds, “but includes hundreds of scientific publications, pants who can now read their watches or at the time it was very, very controversial. more than 30 books, and a parade of “top” go shopping alone or recognize colors. Embryonic was almost synony- and “most” titles: Top Stem Cell Influencers, “This trial is giving us hope that pluripo- mous with murder.” Most Inspiring People in the Life-Sciences tent stem-cell therapies are safe and that He pressed on with the work, helping Industry, and most recently, Time magazine’s we can actually use these new methods to ACT clone the first human embryo in 2001— 100 Most Influential People for 2014. really help people,” he says in his pro- and sparking a major panic about human Robby, the scrawny kid from Stoughton, nounced Boston accent—the source, along clones as a result. (Gearhart cites that Massachusetts, will become Bob Lanza— with his rough upbringing and the Harvard/ announcement as his biggest gripe with one of the most prominent and contro- Kuffler story, of numerous comparisons to ACT, while bioethicist Art Caplan lam- versial figures in his field. Good Will Hunting, the 1997 film about a basted it as “a major setback for rational young math genius who works as a janitor discussion of the ethics of stem cell at MIT. He and ACT are planning the next research and cloning.”) The cloned-embryo 75-year-old man, a horse trial phase now. “We could be treating very panic overlapped with a new right-to-life The rancher from Kansas, could large numbers of patients within a few debate that was also disrupting the fledg- barely see. Macular degeneration had years, easily, if it all goes well,” he adds. ling stem-cell community. In a nationally faded his sight in one eye to 20/400 by the To some critics, Lanza may glide too televised speech in August 2001, President time he enrolled in a clinical trial. Doctors quickly over that if. John Gearhart, the George W. Bush restricted federal funding injected retinal pigment epithelium cells, James W. Effron University Professor and for research on embryonic stem cells, cit- made in a lab from embryonic stem cells, director of Penn’s Institute for Regenerative ing his belief that “human life is a sacred into his bad eye. One month after treat- Medicine—who at Johns Hopkins University gift from our creator.” ment, he was no longer legally blind. His led the research team that first identified As a national debate continued into vision had improved to 20/40. He could and isolated human embryonic stem cells the 2004 election cycle, protesters from ride his horses again. in 1998—calls Lanza “a very smart guy and the Westboro Baptist Church picketed When Lanza saw him last year, the a good player in this field.” But he empha- outside Lanza’s office and a pipe-bomb rancher was crying. He gave Lanza a hug, sizes that he’s been critical of Lanza and exploded inside a stem-cell lab several then quickly said he’d never hugged ACT in the past for announcing their towns over from ACT. “I thought for sure another man before. But he couldn’t help results prematurely. I was going to be shot or killed,” Lanza

48 SEPT | OCT 2014 THE PENNSYLVANIA GAZETTE says matter-of-factly. “But there was no stem-cell research center and has collabo- anza lives alone on a 10-acre island one else doing this. I figured, if I don’t rated with Lanza in the past. “Bob has a in Massachusetts, about an hour do it, who’s going to do it?” tendency to be very proud of his accom- west of Boston. Just inside his The strongest blowback came from pro- plishments and thoughts and to push Lfront door, there’s a six-foot-long, 800- lifers who vilified Lanza and his peers for things quickly and far. He can sometimes pound brachiosaurus femur that shows destroying embryos to obtain stem cells. be a lightning rod for criticism.” signs of a T-Rex attack. It’s part of his “It all got caught up with the abortion Mahendra Rao, founding director of the massive dino collection: fossil plates politics,” he says now. The embryos in ques- National Institutes of Health Center for on almost every wall, display cases tion were unneeded ones from in-vitro Regenerative Medicine, lands on the same with nests of eggs, even a 12-foot-long fertilization clinics, where they would have phrase. “He’s seen as a bit of a lightning track of dinosaur prints. been destroyed in any case. But such objec- rod,” he says. “Sometimes people have felt When another scientist encouraged tions went a long way toward stalling prog- that he’s way ahead of the curve and that Lanza to work on the West Coast near ress in stem-cell research. we should be slower and more cautious him—ACT had a branch in California until In response, Lanza helped pioneer a in doing things. The risk is that when earlier this year—Lanza passed. “He said, new way to obtain embryonic stem cells you’re a pioneer, if something goes wrong, ‘I can’t leave because my island’s here,’” in 2006. Borrowing a genetic-health you sort of hold the whole field up.” Evan Snyder recalls. “It turns out he needs diagnosis technique from IVF labs, But Anthony Atala, director of the Wake an island because he collects dinosaur Lanza and his team removed a stem cell Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, bones and they’re too big to store any- without harming the embryo. They used where Lanza has an appointment, declares where else. I thought, that’s really typical that cell to start an embryonic stem-cell that “the proof is in the facts,” with regard Bob—that his hobby would be collecting line, and since stem cells are immortal— to the macular-degeneration clinical trial. giant dinosaur bones on his own island.” they can grow forever—ACT now has a “People thought they were announcing Visitors sometimes ask Lanza if he’s master bank with “billions and billions these things too early,” he adds, “but guess going to clone the brachiosaurus. One and billions” of embryonic stem cells from that single source, Lanza says. “Once you do this with one cell,” he “I learned to think for myself adds, “you could use it to treat everyone on the planet for every disease.” He’s working on that part now. In June, early on. Just because everyone ACT announced that its new approach to making mesenchymal stem cells—cells says no, no, no, that doesn’t found in bone marrow—from embryonic ones showed promise for treating multiple sclerosis. “We went into animals that were mean anything to me.” paralyzed and one injection of our cells completely reversed that,” Lanza says with what? They didn’t. If the long-term out- reporter even joked that all he needed was enthusiasm. “They were jumping around comes are as good as the early ones have an electric fence and he’d be ready to open almost normally.” He says they’ve also used been, I think it’s a therapy that can be used the real-life Jurassic Park. Lanza laughs the mesenchymal stem cells to treat mice on patients worldwide. as he re-tells that joke now. (“I said, ‘No, with advanced Alzheimer’s disease and “Any time you’re treading new ground, you can’t clone from stone,’” he adds.) Yet lupus. He’d like to eventually launch clin- controversy’s certain to be associated,” Atala it brings him to an important point about ical trials treating all three diseases with continues. “In science and in general, peo- his cloning work: How far is too far and the company’s MSC cells. ple are not comfortable with change.” what, if anything, should be off-limits? Lanza and ACT are creating blood, too. Lanza knows that. He cops to being “a He’s dabbled in animal cloning since late They’ve made platelets that he says are bit of a rebel” and says that means “lots 2000, when he put a lab-engineered baby “absolutely normal, form clots, and do all of arrows in the back,” launched by his gaur embryo—an ox-like endangered species the things transfusable platelets do” from peers. But it also means that when anyone from the bamboo jungles of Southeast Asia— both embryonic stem cells and induced tells him something is impossible, “all it into the womb of a cow in Iowa. “Everyone pluripotent stem cells (iPS)—cells that can does is make me try twice as hard,” he told me, ‘Well, Bob, this can’t work because be generated directly from adult cells. The says. “I learned to think for myself early you can’t use the egg from one species to platelets may soon be tested in hospitals on. Just because everyone says no, no, no, clone another,’” Lanza recalls. and could treat a variety of disorders. that doesn’t mean anything to me.” “CNN was following it almost daily,” he Each of these endeavors makes national He holds up his stem-cell work as an adds, “and I was panicked because I headlines, with one Robert Lanza quoted example. “In those early days, I did every- thought, ‘What if we screw up and a cow early and often. “He’s not a shrinking vio- thing I could to push this work forward,” is born instead of a gaur? That would have let, that’s for sure,” says Evan Snyder C’73 he adds. “Now here we are in the clinic been so embarrassing.’” But out came M’78 Gr’80, who directs the Sanford- for the first time, showing we can actu- Noah, definitely a gaur, and the first endan- Burnham Medical Research Institute’s ally do something with these cells.” gered animal ever cloned.

THE PENNSYLVANIA GAZETTE SEPT | OCT 2014 49 Noah died a few days later from dysentery, being for reproductive purposes,” he completely the opposite. You add life to the “because there are lots of problems with says. “That would be considered unsafe equation, you can explain some of the big- cloning,” Lanza acknowledges. “Everyone and grossly unethical.”) gest puzzles of science. Biocentrism said, ‘See Bob, it doesn’t work.’ Our board These days, Lanza is trying to save ani- explains, for instance, why all the laws and of directors said, ‘Bob, focus on the medical mals with ACT’s stem cells. He says the the forces of the universe are exactly fine- things and leave that stuff alone.’” company is working with 's tuned for the existence of life. Until we For a few years, he did. But then ACT’s Veterinary School—and, he hopes, one day recognize the role that we actually play in board turned over, and the new group told with Penn’s—to bring stem-cell therapies to physical reality, attempts to understand Lanza he could try again. He called up the pets, treating everything from osteoarthri- the world are going to remain a road to San Diego Frozen Zoo—which houses fro- tis to a canine version of Crohn’s disease. nowhere. It turns out that life and con- zen samples from more than a thousand Dean Richardson, the Charles W. Raker sciousness are the key to understand the species and subspecies—and asked which Professor of Equine Surgery at Penn’s true nature of the universe.” species would make a big difference, in School of Veterinary Medicine—who also He goes on to say there’s “something terms of conservation, if cloned. They told runs a stem-cell research lab at the school a little strange” about space and time, him about the , another endan- focused on treating osteoarthritis and paraphrasing Einstein (“time is what gered bovine from Southeast Asia, and tendon/ligament injuries—says stem-cell you measure with a clock and space is provided the frozen DNA that Lanza treatments are developing much faster what you measure with a ruler”) and Kant needed to make an embryo. for animals than humans. “Most people, (“they’re simply the tools the mind uses Then it was back to the Iowa farm for including physicians, would be surprised to put everything together.”) another cow surrogate and, in 2003, “we at how widely used stem cells are in vet- “Is that too much?” he asks, realizing had a beautiful baby banteng born, and it erinary medicine, especially the equine he’s rattled off the whole thing in exact- was fine,” Lanza says. “We didn’t want it to world,” he says. ly two minutes. grow up to be an Iowa cow, so they took it But while Richardson and other vet- His website has a more succinct sum- back to the San Diego Zoo and it lived with erinary scientists are using the mesen- mary: “Life and biology are central to the other there for a long time.” chymal stem cells found in bone marrow being, reality, and the cosmos. Biocentrism Lanza helped the Spanish government or fat, he says Lanza’s work is “beyond asserts that current theories of the physi- when its scientists attempted to clone a that,” since it focuses on embryonic and cal world do not work, and can never be wild mountain goat. Now he’s working iPS cells. With iPS cells in particular, made to work, until they fully account for with a team in Australia that’s trying to Richardson says, “animals will be way life and .” It’s the idea of an resurrect the gastric-brooding frog, ahead of humans once people figure out interconnected universe where life creates which went extinct in the 1980s. how to make them”—which is exactly the universe, not the other way around. He likes talking about this part of his what Lanza and ACT are working on now. He began puzzling out this theory work. He’s always loved animals, from the decades ago, but when he met with two mail-order squirrel monkey he had as a kid prominent New York literary agents, they (“He was smarter than most of my friends”) hen you write a book and declare warned him that writing it up was a late- to the two-foot-wide octopus he kept in his Wit “the theory of everything,” you career move, not an opening act. “They apartment during medical school (“It start- may as well announce a cattle call for said, ‘Go build your scientific career, and ed to become a bit of a distraction”). every critic, skeptic, and Internet troll once you’ve built it, people will listen to But after the banteng, some people around the world. you,’” he recalls. “So now here I am.” accused Lanza of “playing God,” and a Lanza published Biocentrism: How Life Lanza knew he was taking a risk by publish- World Wildlife Fund conservation director and Consciousness are the Keys to Under- ing Biocentrism. He admits that it’s caused told People magazine that his cloning was standing the True Nature of the Universe “huge controversy.” Citing the German phi- “a complete farce” as conservation because in 2009, but he still gets emails and losopher Arthur Schopenhauer’s axiom that “cloning one banteng does nothing for its tweets about it every day, some fawning, truth goes through three stages (ridicule, habitat and the wildlife that shares it.” some not-so-nice. (It’s also because of violent opposition, and acceptance as being “I can justify preventing the loss of an the biocentrism blow-back that, as of self-evident), he adds, “I think I’m in the mid- endangered species,” Lanza says. “If the last June, Google filled in “Robert Lanza dle right now. I’ve gotten the ridicule for sure, habitat is still there, and we can give them quack” as the first suggestion when you so now it’s being violently opposed.” a fighting chance to survive, I say let’s do typed his name into its search.) Does the criticism get to him? “I hate to what we can to offset the damage we’ve Asked about the theory today, he needs say it, but I’m a sensitive guy,” he admits. done. But to go back just for ha-has and a minute. “Let me just—hold on—let me “It’s tough. It bothers me. But that’s okay. resurrect a dinosaur or a mammoth—then see if I can find it—okay, I have my little It’s the price you pay. When people criticize I’d probably join the side that would oppose cheat notes here.” it, I know where they’re at. I’ve thought of it. I think there’s a line, and when you cross He launches into his spiel, presented all that myself. But what they’re missing is it, tampering might not be such a good idea.” at warp-speed: that they don’t get the rest of it. It’s a para- (As for , “there’s no “When you think about life now, we think digm shift. Anytime you try to assess it and reputable scientist in the world who everything’s just a big accident. But when step outside the paradigm, it’s not going to would ever propose cloning a human you look at all the experiments, it suggests make sense. It’s going to seem silly.”

50 SEPT | OCT 2014 THE PENNSYLVANIA GAZETTE The biocentrism dust-up joins Lanza’s Lanza says. “They had me in the fourth “We went in with our iPS and embry- other hot-button moves: the cloning, the percentile from the bottom [of incoming onic stem cells and now they can see again, cutting-edge therapies—and that time he freshmen] for my English ability. I wasn’t which is amazing,” he continues. He’s talk- battled the dean of Penn’s medical school. as articulate as these other people. I cer- ing even faster than usual and chuckles As an undergraduate at Penn, Lanza tainly didn’t come from the same pedigree.” after he says, “We always thought this was a Benjamin Franklin Scholar and a Stellar came to his rescue again during blindness was irreversible, but … University Scholar. (The latter funded the med-school brawl, smoothing things “We’re able to put in new photorecep- his trip to South Africa to work with over with the dean and making sure that tors and actually reverse the blindness , who performed the Lanza still received his medical degree. after they’re already blind,” he adds. world’s first heart transplant.) He “He was my hero, my mentor, and the “That’s huge. No one’s ever done that. If enrolled in the School of Medicine after greatest man I’ve ever met,” Lanza says you’d asked me a few years ago whether graduation, but even as he published of Stellar. “I really wouldn’t be here if it that was even biologically possible, I papers with B.F. Skinner, the father of weren’t for him.” would have said probably not.” behaviorism, and with Jonas Salk, the As for the book, Lanza published Before he picked up the phone, Lanza polio-vaccine developer, Lanza came to Medical Science and the Advancement of had been talking with one of ACT’s sci- feel that “there seemed to be no purpose World Health in 1985—and dedicated it entists about the experiment. “I was just to the universe,” as he wrote in a biocen- to Eliot Stellar. thinking that mice, they see black and trism article for The Huffington Post. Lanza seems to enjoy talking about chal- white,” he explains. “So I was just saying, “There were no fountains of youth, no lenging the dean, just as he seems to enjoy we want to use red lights and make sure lost gardens to explore in far lands,” he talking about the other times he defied we show that we can actually make them continued. “Something was missing, expectations or refused to accept a no. see colors. When you called I was just both from my life and from the scien- Yet by his own descriptions, Lanza is discussing doing that.” tific books in the library.” He decided to actually a camera-shy introvert who doesn’t Lanza is 58 years old now. He often assemble a book that would suggest court controversy, who hates cocktail par- thinks about leaving the field, maybe “necessary changes” and provide “a mul- ties, and who avoids networking. He says even retiring. “It just depends when you tifaceted picture of where science stood he turned down two invitations to appear catch me,” he adds. “I’ve thrown up my and where it intended to go.” on Oprah in the past and rejected some 50 hands and said, ‘This is enough for me,’ He sent out letters to Nobel laureates, TV requests last year. He agreed to par- I can’t tell you how many times. Then I the secretary general of the United ticipate in Stephen Hawking’s Stem Cell get a night’s rest and the next day I say, Nations, the US surgeon general and Universe special for the Science Channel, ‘Okay, I can’t give up yet.’” others, asking them to contribute essays but four months after the program first He has lost friends and family to many on global medicine, health, and policy. aired, he still hadn’t watched it. of the diseases he’d like to treat with stem Soon those high-profile contributors “Was it any good?” he asks. “Was it okay? cells. One of his sisters died from internal were calling up the dean’s office. They Did it sound okay? Did they double the hemorrhaging after a car accident. Her were looking for Robert Lanza. canoe and make it look like I was dividing hospital, like many, had limited units of “The Dean was convinced the project or something? I was a little embarrassed, platelets available. His childhood neigh- would fail and upset a lot of important but I was thinking, ‘Okay, I’ll play along if bor and mentor—the one who bought him people,” Lanza explained in his Huffington it helps explain it.’” (The canoe he was pad- bird books, drove him around to collect article. “But to my mind it wasn’t his con- dling alongside his island did, in fact, mul- chicken eggs, helped get him into that cern. I said that in his office when he tiply on-screen in a demonstration of how honors biology class—is now showing ordered me to send out letters to the con- embryonic stem cells form.) signs of Alzheimer’s, and her sister is tributors. When I refused, he told me I “I want my privacy, I want to be left suffering from the disease, Lanza says. wouldn’t graduate if I didn’t comply. I told alone,” Lanza insists. “Going on TV and “My father died from pulmonary hyper- him I already got what I came there for—a having people know who I am and see my tension,” he adds, “and I know my cells medical education, not a piece of paper. face, I’m really ambivalent about that. But would have helped him. But I couldn’t put When the conversation got heated, he I will do print media because I feel that them in. There’s just so much to be done, said, ‘I’ve never had a student talk to me part of my role is to educate, to explain, and I’ve seen what these cells can do, and like that.’ I stood up and (finger pointed) to try to be as honest and lucid as I can. it’s amazing. Unfortunately, other people responded, ‘I find it difficult being in the I think that’s helpful. I think that’s good.” haven’t. I have always been a big believer presence of people like you. I’m talking in the potential of stem cells. I just want to you as one human being to another.’” “Oh, hi!” Lanza says, answering the phone people to know what the potential is. Lanza’s champion at Penn up to that after only a few rings. He sounds giddy. “I live on an island,” he adds, “I wanted to point had been fellow Boston native Eliot “I was just chatting with someone. We be left alone. But on the other hand, I do Stellar, who was Penn’s provost from 1973 were discussing an exciting experiment.” want to make a difference. I want to do what- to 1978 and was affiliated with the Without further prompting, he dives ever I can to help people and to improve all University from 1960 until his death in right in, talking about test mice that are the suffering and pain out there.”◆ 1993. “He really put his neck out to get me blind from retinitis pigmentosa, an eye Molly Petrilla C’06 writes frequently for the Gazette into the University Scholars program,” disease that also affects humans. and oversees the magazine’s arts & culture blog.

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