Toxicology Test Requisition Specimen Collection/Information
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Guidelines for the Forensic Analysis of Drugs Facilitating Sexual Assault and Other Criminal Acts
Vienna International Centre, PO Box 500, 1400 Vienna, Austria Tel.: (+43-1) 26060-0, Fax: (+43-1) 26060-5866, www.unodc.org Guidelines for the Forensic analysis of drugs facilitating sexual assault and other criminal acts United Nations publication Printed in Austria ST/NAR/45 *1186331*V.11-86331—December 2011 —300 Photo credits: UNODC Photo Library, iStock.com/Abel Mitja Varela Laboratory and Scientific Section UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Vienna Guidelines for the forensic analysis of drugs facilitating sexual assault and other criminal acts UNITED NATIONS New York, 2011 ST/NAR/45 © United Nations, December 2011. All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This publication has not been formally edited. Publishing production: English, Publishing and Library Section, United Nations Office at Vienna. List of abbreviations . v Acknowledgements .......................................... vii 1. Introduction............................................. 1 1.1. Background ........................................ 1 1.2. Purpose and scope of the manual ...................... 2 2. Investigative and analytical challenges ....................... 5 3 Evidence collection ...................................... 9 3.1. Evidence collection kits .............................. 9 3.2. Sample transfer and storage........................... 10 3.3. Biological samples and sampling ...................... 11 3.4. Other samples ...................................... 12 4. Analytical considerations .................................. 13 4.1. Substances encountered in DFSA and other DFC cases .... 13 4.2. Procedures and analytical strategy...................... 14 4.3. Analytical methodology .............................. 15 4.4. -
Use of Human Plasma Samples to Identify Circulating Drug Metabolites That Inhibit Cytochrome P450 Enzymes
1521-009X/44/8/1217–1228$25.00 http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/dmd.116.071084 DRUG METABOLISM AND DISPOSITION Drug Metab Dispos 44:1217–1228, August 2016 Copyright ª 2016 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Use of Human Plasma Samples to Identify Circulating Drug Metabolites that Inhibit Cytochrome P450 Enzymes Heather Eng and R. Scott Obach Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut Received April 19, 2016; accepted June 3, 2016 ABSTRACT Drug interactions elicited through inhibition of cytochrome P450 fractions were tested for inhibition of six human P450 enzyme (P450) enzymes are important in pharmacotherapy. Recently, activities (CYP1A2, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and greater attention has been focused on not only parent drugs CYP3A4). Observation of inhibition in fractions that correspond to inhibiting P450 enzymes but also on possible inhibition of these the retention times of metabolites indicates that the metabolite Downloaded from enzymes by circulating metabolites. In this report, an ex vivo method has the potential to contribute to P450 inhibition in vivo. Using whereby the potential for circulating metabolites to be inhibitors of this approach, norfluoxetine, hydroxyitraconazole, desmethyldiltia- P450 enzymes is described. To test this method, seven drugs and zem, desacetyldiltiazem, desethylamiodarone, hydroxybupropion, their known plasma metabolites were added to control human erythro-dihydrobupropion, and threo-dihydrobupropion were iden- plasma at concentrations previously reported to occur in humans -
Aerobic Treatment of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors in Landfill Leachate Ove Bergersen1*, Kine Østnes Hanssen2 and Terje Vasskog2,3
Bergersen et al. Environmental Sciences Europe (2015) 27:6 DOI 10.1186/s12302-014-0035-0 RESEARCH Open Access Aerobic treatment of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in landfill leachate Ove Bergersen1*, Kine Østnes Hanssen2 and Terje Vasskog2,3 Abstract Background: Pharmaceuticals used in human medical care are not completely eliminated in the human body and can enter the municipal sewage sludge system and leachate water from landfill both as the parent compound and as their biologically active metabolites. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have a large potential for unwanted effects on nontarget organisms in the environment. Leachates from active or old closed landfills are often treated with continuous stirring and simple aeration in a pond/lagoon before infiltration into the environment. The aim of this work was to simulate the reduction of five SSRIs (citalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline and fluvoxamine) and three of their metabolites (desmethylcitalopram, didesmethylcitalopram and norfluoxetine) during aerobic treatment of leachate from landfills. This landfill leachate-simulation experiment was performed to see what happens with the pharmaceuticals during aerated treatment and continuous stirring of landfill leachate for 120 h. It is important to establish whether different pollutants such as pharmaceuticals can be removed (oxidized or otherwise degraded) or not before infiltration into the environment. Results: All the SSRIs had a significant concentration reduction during the aeration treatment process. Total SSRI concentrations were reduced significantly during aerobic treatment, and the individual SSRIs were reduced by 89% to 100% after 120 h. Among the high-concentration samples, fluoxetine (10 mg L−1) was the least degraded with 93% concentration reduction. -
Determination of Antidepressants in Human Plasma by Modified Cloud
pharmaceuticals Article Determination of Antidepressants in Human Plasma by Modified Cloud-Point Extraction Coupled with Mass Spectrometry El˙zbietaGniazdowska 1,2 , Natalia Korytowska 3 , Grzegorz Kłudka 3 and Joanna Giebułtowicz 3,* 1 Łukasiewicz Research Network, Industrial Chemistry Institute, 8 Rydygiera, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected] 2 Department of Bioanalysis and Drugs Analysis, Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, 61 Zwirki˙ i Wigury, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland 3 Department of Bioanalysis and Drugs Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected] (N.K.); [email protected] (G.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 5 October 2020; Accepted: 7 December 2020; Published: 12 December 2020 Abstract: Cloud-point extraction (CPE) is rarely combined with liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC–MS) in drug determination due to the matrix effect (ME). However, we have recently shown that ME is not a limiting factor in CPE. Low extraction efficiency may be improved by salt addition, but none of the salts used in CPE are suitable for LC–MS. It is the first time that the influences of a volatile salt—ammonium acetate (AA)—on the CPE extraction efficiency and ME have been studied. Our modification of CPE included also the use of ethanol instead of acetonitrile to reduce the sample viscosity and make the method more environmentally friendly. We developed and validated CPE–LC–MS for the simultaneous determination of 21 antidepressants in plasma that can be useful for clinical and forensic toxicology. The selected parameters included Triton X-114 concentration (1.5 and 6%, w/v), concentration of AA (0, 10, 20 and 30%, w/v), and pH (3.5, 6.8 and 10.2). -
Association Between N-Desmethylclozapine and Clozapine-Induced Sialorrhea
JPET Fast Forward. Published on August 29, 2020 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000164 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. 1 Title page Association between N-desmethylclozapine and clozapine-induced sialorrhea: Involvement of increased nocturnal salivary secretion via muscarinic receptors by N- desmethylclozapine Downloaded from Authors and Affiliations: Shuhei Ishikawa, PhD1, 2, a, Masaki Kobayashi, PhD1, 3, *, Naoki Hashimoto, PhD, jpet.aspetjournals.org MD4, Hideaki Mikami, BPharm1, Akihiko Tanimura, PhD5, Katsuya Narumi, PhD1, Ayako Furugen, PhD1, Ichiro Kusumi, PhD, MD4, and Ken Iseki, PhD1 at ASPET Journals on September 23, 2021 1 Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University 2 Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University Hospital 3 Education Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University 4 Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine 5 Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido a Present address: Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Hospital JPET Fast Forward. Published on August 29, 2020 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000164 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. 2 Running title page Association between N-desmethylclozapine and CIS Corresponding author: Masaki Kobayashi Downloaded from Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12-jo, Nishi-6-chome, jpet.aspetjournals.org Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan. Phone/Fax: +81-11-706-3772/3235. E-mail: [email protected] at ASPET Journals on September 23, 2021 Number of text pages: 25 Number of tables: 1 Number of figures: 6 Number of words in the Abstract: 249 Number of words in the Introduction: 686 Number of words in the Discussion: 1492 JPET Fast Forward. -
Rapid and Robust Analysis Method for Quantifying Antidepressants and Major Metabolites in Human Serum by UHPLC-MS/MS
PO-CON1352E Rapid and Robust Analysis Method for Quantifying Antidepressants and Major Metabolites in Human Serum by UHPLC-MS/MS ASMS 2013 WP-095 Vincent Goudriaan1, Christ Pijnenburg2, Jacob Diepenbroek2, Jan Giesbertsen2, Annemieke Vermeulen Windsant-v.d. Tweel2 1Shimadzu Benelux BV, ‘s-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands. 2ZANOB BV, ‘s-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands. Rapid and Robust Analysis Method for Quantifying Antidepressants and Major Metabolites in Human Serum by UHPLC-MS/MS 1. Introduction Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of antidepressants is administered drugs, metabolites or endogenic compounds. one of the most widely utilized analysis in clinical labs in UHPLC-MS/MS is much more sensitive, more selective, and Dutch hospitals nowadays. Traditionally quantitation of if robust the perfect replacement of routine HPLC analysis. antidepressants is performed by means of HPLC with Due to simplified sample prep, faster analysis and less diode-array detection (DAD). Obvious disadvantages of the solvent consumption UHPLC-MS/MS is much more cost latter method are: sensitivity, selectivity and possibility of effective. UHPLC-MS/MS methods will replace routine HPLC false positives as a result of co-elution with other methods in clinical labs. 2. Methods and Materials Human serum samples were extracted by means of off-line solid phase extraction. The extracts were analyzed with a Shimadzu Nexera UHPLC combined with a LCMS-8040 Tandem Mass Spectrometer. 5 µL of sample was injected with a SIL-30AC autosampler. 2-1. Sample Preparation Standards both for calibration and control are ready made serum standards. The standards are pretreated in the same way as the samples. 1. Precondition SPE material1 with 1 mL 3% ammonia in acetonitrile 2. -
Screening of 300 Drugs in Blood Utilizing Second Generation
Forensic Screening of 300 Drugs in Blood Utilizing Exactive Plus High-Resolution Accurate Mass Spectrometer and ExactFinder Software Kristine Van Natta, Marta Kozak, Xiang He Forensic Toxicology use Only Drugs analyzed Compound Compound Compound Atazanavir Efavirenz Pyrilamine Chlorpropamide Haloperidol Tolbutamide 1-(3-Chlorophenyl)piperazine Des(2-hydroxyethyl)opipramol Pentazocine Atenolol EMDP Quinidine Chlorprothixene Hydrocodone Tramadol 10-hydroxycarbazepine Desalkylflurazepam Perimetazine Atropine Ephedrine Quinine Cilazapril Hydromorphone Trazodone 5-(p-Methylphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin Desipramine Phenacetin Benperidol Escitalopram Quinupramine Cinchonine Hydroquinine Triazolam 6-Acetylcodeine Desmethylcitalopram Phenazone Benzoylecgonine Esmolol Ranitidine Cinnarizine Hydroxychloroquine Trifluoperazine Bepridil Estazolam Reserpine 6-Monoacetylmorphine Desmethylcitalopram Phencyclidine Cisapride HydroxyItraconazole Trifluperidol Betaxolol Ethyl Loflazepate Risperidone 7(2,3dihydroxypropyl)Theophylline Desmethylclozapine Phenylbutazone Clenbuterol Hydroxyzine Triflupromazine Bezafibrate Ethylamphetamine Ritonavir 7-Aminoclonazepam Desmethyldoxepin Pholcodine Clobazam Ibogaine Trihexyphenidyl Biperiden Etifoxine Ropivacaine 7-Aminoflunitrazepam Desmethylmirtazapine Pimozide Clofibrate Imatinib Trimeprazine Bisoprolol Etodolac Rufinamide 9-hydroxy-risperidone Desmethylnefopam Pindolol Clomethiazole Imipramine Trimetazidine Bromazepam Felbamate Secobarbital Clomipramine Indalpine Trimethoprim Acepromazine Desmethyltramadol Pipamperone -
Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Interactions Between Antiepileptics and Antidepressants Domenico Italiano University of Messina, Italy
University of Kentucky UKnowledge Psychiatry Faculty Publications Psychiatry 11-2014 Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Interactions between Antiepileptics and Antidepressants Domenico Italiano University of Messina, Italy Edoardo Spina University of Messina, Italy Jose de Leon University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits oy u. Follow this and additional works at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/psychiatry_facpub Part of the Psychiatry and Psychology Commons Repository Citation Italiano, Domenico; Spina, Edoardo; and de Leon, Jose, "Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Interactions between Antiepileptics and Antidepressants" (2014). Psychiatry Faculty Publications. 40. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/psychiatry_facpub/40 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Psychiatry at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Psychiatry Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Interactions between Antiepileptics and Antidepressants Notes/Citation Information Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology, v. 10, Issue 11, p. 1457-1489. © 2014 Taylor & Francis Group This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis Group in Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology in Nov. 2014, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1517/ 17425255.2014.956081 Digital Object Identifier (DOI) http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/17425255.2014.956081 This article is available at UKnowledge: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/psychiatry_facpub/40 1 This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis Group in Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology in Nov. -
And S-Citalopram and Desmethylcitalopram in Alzheimer's
J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn (2016) 43:99–109 DOI 10.1007/s10928-015-9457-6 ORIGINAL PAPER A population pharmacokinetic model for R- and S-citalopram and desmethylcitalopram in Alzheimer’s disease patients with agitation 1 1,12 2 3 Ayman Akil • Robert R. Bies • Bruce G. Pollock • Dimitrios Avramopoulos • 4 5 6 7 D. P. Devanand • Jacobo E. Mintzer • Anton P. Porsteinsson • Lon S. Schneider • 8 9 10 11 Daniel Weintraub • Jerome Yesavage • David M. Shade • Constantine G. Lyketsos Received: 30 June 2015 / Accepted: 14 November 2015 / Published online: 26 November 2015 Ó The Author(s) 2015. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract The citalopram for Alzheimer’s disease trial any patient-specific covariates, the population estimate of evaluated citalopram for the management for agitation in the metabolic clearance of citalopram was 8.6 (R-citalo- Alzheimer’s disease patients. Sparse data was available pram) and 14 L/h (S-citalopram). The population estimate from this elderly patient population. A nonlinear mixed of the clearance of desmethylcitalopram was 23.8 (R-Dcit) effects population pharmacokinetic modeling approach was and 38.5 L/h (S-Dcit). Several patient-specific covariates used to describe the pharmacokinetics of R- and S-citalo- were found to have a significant effect on the pharma- pram and their primary metabolite (desmethylcitalopram). cokinetics of R,S-citalopram and desmethylcitalopram. A A structural model with 4 compartments (one compart- significant difference in the metabolic clearance of R-ci- ment/compound) with linear oral absorption and elimina- talopram between males and females (13 vs 9.05 L/h) was tion described the data adequately. -
LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY Question on Notice
LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY Question On Notice Thursday, 15 February 2018 2560. Ms M. M Quirk to the Minister for Police; I refer to the commencement of operation of the Road Traffic Amendment Act 2016 in March 2017 which introduced compulsory blood or urine samples to be taken from drivers involved in serious crashes, and I ask: (a) since March 2017 how many such samples have been taken; (b) for what specific substances are those blood or urine samples tested; (c) what are the results of those tests to date; and (d) what percentage of drivers have been found to have ingested more than one substance capable of impairing driving skills? Answer (a) The compulsory taking of blood from all drivers involved in serious crashes commenced on 10 March 2017. Between 10 March 2017 and 22 February 2018 (inclusive) a total of 398 blood test samples have been collected under the provision of the Road Traffic Amendment Act 2016. There have been no urine tests collected. (b) Please see attached table for a list of substances in blood sample that are identifiable in ChemCentre toxicology analysis (Paper Number). (c) Of the 398 blood samples collected, 48 are pending results of ChemCentre analysis. Of the 350 analysed, 259 samples had a specific substance(s) detected and 91 samples had no specific substance detected. d) Of the 259 samples with specific substance(s) detected, 92% were found to have multiple substances (more than one). Detectable Substances in Blood Samples capable of identification by the ChemCentre WA. ACETALDEHYDE AMITRIPTYLINE/NORTRIPTYLINE -
In Vitro Metabolic Transformation of Pharmaceuticals by Hepatic S9 Fractions from Common Carp (Cyprinus Carpio)
molecules Communication In Vitro Metabolic Transformation of Pharmaceuticals by Hepatic S9 Fractions from Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Viktoriia Burkina 1,2,* , Sidika Sakalli 1, Pham Thai Giang 1,3, KateˇrinaGrabicová 1 , Andrea Vojs Sta ˇnová 1,4, Galia Zamaratskaia 1,2 and Vladimir Zlabek 1 1 South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodˇnany, Czech Republic; [email protected] (S.S.); [email protected] (P.T.G.); [email protected] (K.G.); [email protected] (A.V.S.); [email protected] (G.Z.); [email protected] (V.Z.) 2 Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden 3 Research Institute for Aquaculture No 1, Dinh Bang 220000, Tu Son, Bac Ninh, Vietnam 4 Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, SK-842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +420-777318672; Fax: +420-387774634 Received: 19 May 2020; Accepted: 5 June 2020; Published: 10 June 2020 Abstract: Water from wastewater treatment plants contains concentrations of pharmaceutically active compounds as high as micrograms per liter, which can adversely affect fish health and behavior, and contaminate the food chain. Here, we tested the ability of the common carp hepatic S9 fraction to produce the main metabolites from citalopram, metoprolol, sertraline, and venlafaxine. Metabolism in fish S9 fractions was compared to that in sheep. The metabolism of citalopram was further studied in fish. -
Escitalopram Tablet, Film Coated Directrx ------ESCITALOPRAM
ESCITALOPRAM- escitalopram tablet, film coated DirectRX ---------- ESCITALOPRAM BOXED WARNING SECTION WARNINGS: SUICIDALITY AND ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUGS Antidepressants increased the risk compared to placebo of suicidal thinking and behavior (suicidality) in children, adolescents, and young adults in short-term studies of major depressive disorder (MDD) and other psychiatric disorders. Anyone considering the use of escitalopram oxalate or any other antidepressant in a child, adolescent, or young adult must balance this risk with the clinical need. Short-term studies did not show an increase in the risk of suicidality with antidepressants compared to placebo in adults beyond age 24; there was a reduction in risk with antidepressants compared to placebo in adults aged 65 and older. Depression and certain other psychiatric disorders are themselves associated with increases in the risk of suicide. Patients of all ages who are started on antidepressant therapy should be monitored appropriately and observed closely for clinical worsening, suicidality, or unusual changes in behavior. Families and caregivers should be advised of the need for close observation and communication with the prescriber. Escitalopram oxalate is not approved for use in pediatric patients less than 12 years of age. [See Warnings and Precautions: Clinical Worsening and Suicide Risk ( 5.1), Patient Counseling Information: Information for Patients ( 17.1), and Use in Specific Populations: Pediatric Use ( 8.4)]. INDICATIONS & USAGE SECTION 1.1 Major Depressive Disorder Escitalopram