English

® 2016

MOTORCYCLE HANDBOOK

Edmund G. Brown Jr., Governor State of California Brian P. Kelly, Secretary California State Transportation Agency You can study this handbook plus use many other DMV online services at Jean Shiomoto, Director www.dmv.ca.gov. California Department of Motor Vehicles AD PLACEMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS NEW LAWS 2016...... ii Being Followed...... 19 DISCLAIMER...... ii Passing and Being Passed...... 19 Passing...... 19 WHERE TO WRITE ...... ii Being Passed...... 19 DMV INFORMATION...... iii Lane Splitting...... 20 INTRODUCTION...... 1 Merging Vehicles...... 20 Vehicles Alongside...... 20 TWO-WHEEL VEHICLE OPERATION...... 1 Search, Evaluate, and ...... 1 Execute (SEE)...... 21 Motor-Driven Cycles...... 2 Search...... 21 Motorized or Moped...... 2 Evaluate...... 21 Electric Bicycles...... 2 Execute...... 22 Motorized Scooter...... 2 Intersections...... 22 LICENSE REQUIREMENTS...... 3 Blind Intersections...... 23 Earning Your License...... 3 Passing Parked Vehicles...... 23 Parking at the Roadside...... 26 Type-License Class Increasing Visibility...... 26 Chart...... 4 Clothing...... 27 Requirements for a Motorcycle M1 or Headlight...... 27 M2 License...... 5 Turn Signals...... 27 California Motorcyclist Safety Brake Light...... 28 Program Training Course...... 6 Using Your Mirrors...... 28 Cheating...... 6 Head Checks...... 29 Motorcycle Skills Test...... 6 Horn...... 29 PREPARING TO RIDE...... 8 Riding at Night...... 29 Wear the Right Gear...... 8 Collision Avoidance...... 30 Helmet Use...... 8 Quick Stops...... 30 Helmet Selection...... 9 Swerving or Turning Quickly...... 31 Face, Eye, and Ear Protection...... 9 Cornering...... 32 Clothing...... 10 Handling Dangerous Surfaces...... 33 Know Your Motorcycle...... 11 Uneven Surfaces and Obstacles.....33 The Right Motorcycle...... 11 Slippery Surfaces...... 34 Get Familiar With the Motorcycle Railroad or Trolley Tracks and Controls...... 11 Pavement Seams...... 35 Check Your Motorcycle...... 12 Grooves and Gratings...... 35 Know Your Responsibilities...... 13 Mechanical Problems...... 36 Tire Failure...... 36 RIDE WITHIN YOUR ABILITIES...... 14 Stuck Throttle...... 36 Basic Vehicle Control...... 14 Wobble...... 36 Body Position...... 14 Chain Problems...... 37 Shifting Gears...... 14 Engine Seizure...... 37 Braking...... 15 Animals...... 37 Turning...... 15 Flying Objects...... 38 U-turns...... 16 Getting Off the Road...... 38 Keeping Your Distance...... 16 Carrying Passengers and Cargo...... 38 Lane Positions...... 16 Equipment...... 38 Carpool/High-Occupancy Vehicle Motorcycles Towing Trailers...... 39 (HOV) Lanes...... 17 Instructing Passengers...... 39 Toll Highways and Vehicle Riding With Passengers...... 39 Crossings: Using Transponders or Child Passengers...... 40 Electronic Payment Devices...... 17 Carrying Loads...... 40 Following Another Vehicle...... 18 - i - Group Riding...... 41 Minimize the Risks...... 45 Keep the Group Small...... 41 Fatigue...... 45 Keep the Group Together...... 41 MOTORCYCLE INSURANCE FACTS...... 46 Keep Your Distance...... 42 EVADING A PEACE OFFICER...... 46 BEING IN SHAPE TO RIDE...... 43 Blood Alcohol Concentration...... 43 TREAD LIGHTLY!...... 47 GET A DUI – LOSE YOUR LICENSE!...... 44 KNOWLEDGE TEST SAMPLE 1...... 49 Alcohol and the Law...... 45 KNOWLEDGE TEST SAMPLE 2...... 51

NEW LAWS 2016 Effective January 1, 2016 Electric Classes Three classes of electric bicycles have been created. All operators of a Class 3 (maximum speed of 28 miles per hour [mph]) must be 16 years old or older and are required to wear a bicycle helmet. There is no financial responsibility, driver license (DL), registration, or license plate requirement for these electric bicycles. More information on electric bicycles can be found in the California Vehicle Code (CVC) §§312.5, 12804.9, 21113, & 24016 and in this handbook. Effective January 1, 2017 Increased Accident Reportability Threshold The minimum damage threshold for collision reportability will increase from $750 to $1,000. A driver of a motor vehicle involved in a collision with property damages greater than $1,000 must submit a Report of Accident Occurring in California (SR 1) to DMV. DMV is authorized to impose sanctions following an uninsured reportable collision (CVC §§1656.2, 1808, 1808.1, 12517.1, 13369, 13558, 16000, 16000.1, 16020.1, 16020.2, 16075, 16251, 16430, & 16434).

Disclaimer This handbook is only a summary of laws and regulations. DMV, law enforcement, and courts follow the full and exact language of the law contained in the California Vehicle Code. You may buy a copy of the California Vehicle Code at any DMV field office or visit our website at www.dmv.ca.gov. Where to Write If you have any comments or suggestions regarding this publication, please send them to: Department of Motor Vehicles Customer Communications Section MS H165 PO Box 932345, Sacramento, CA 94232-3450

© Copyright, Department Of Motor Vehicles 2016 All rights reserved. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. DMV owns the copyright of this work. Copyright law prohibits the following: (1) reproduction of the copyrighted work; (2) distribution of copies of the copyrighted work; (3) preparation of derivative works based upon the copyrighted work; (4) displaying the copyrighted work publicly; or (5) performing the copyrighted work publicly. All requests for permission to make copies of all or any part of this publication should be addressed to: Department of Motor Vehicles Legal Office MS C128 PO Box 932382 Sacramento, CA 94232-3820 - ii - DMV INFORMATION FIELD OFFICE HOURS OF OPERATION Monday 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Tuesday 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Wednesday 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Thursday 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Friday 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Saturday Closed Sunday Closed Some field offices may have extended hours and a few offer only driver license (DL) or vehicle registration services. To find a field office location and service options, go online or call the toll-free number listed below. Go online at www.dmv.ca.gov for (to): • Field office locations, hours, direc- Call 1-800-777-0133 during normal tions, and phone numbers. business hours to: • Make appointments to visit a field • Obtain/request DL/ID and vehicle office or take a drive test (except for registration information, forms, and commercial drive tests). publications. • Order personalized plates. • Find office locations and hours. • DL and identification (ID) card • Make a drive test appointment. information. • Speak to a DMV representative or • Vehicle/vessel registration information. request a call back. • Downloadable forms. • Publications—handbooks, brochures, Call 1-800-777-0133 for automated and sample tests. service 24 hours a day, 7 days a week to: • Renew your vehicle registration with • Senior driver information. the renewal identification number • Teen driver information. (RIN) provided on your billing notice. • Links to other state and federal agencies. You can pay with a credit card or • Renew your DL/ID or vehicle regis- e-check. tration. • Make an office appointment. Make sure to have your DL/ID card number, vehicle license plate number and/or vehicle identification number (VIN) available. Persons with speech or hearing impairments can call toll free, 1-800-368-4327 for assistance with DMV services. Only typed messages from another TTY are received and responded to at this number.

Advertising sponsorship helps defray the printing costs of this publication. The products and services provided by the advertising sponsors are not promoted or endorsed by DMV, but the significant contribution by the advertising sponsors is most appreciated. If you would like to advertise in this publication, please call the Office of State Publishing Advertising Department at 1-866-824-0603. - iii - AD PLACEMENT

- iv - INTRODUCTION TWO-WHEEL VEHICLE This handbook supplements the OPERATION California Driver Handbook con- The basic rules of the road con- cerning traffic laws, safe driving tained in the California Vehicle rules, and driver licenses. Study Code apply to all two-wheel vehi- the California Driver Handbook cles including, but not limited to, as well as this handbook. motorcycles, motor-driven cycles, This handbook provides infor- mopeds, or motorized bicycles. mation for both beginner and Minibikes, tote-goats, trail bikes, experienced riders of two-wheel and similar vehicles may fall with- vehicles. Portions of this handbook in the definition of motorcycle, dealing with safe driving practices motor-driven cycle, or motorized (rather than traffic laws) were bicycle. If any of these vehicles developed initially by the National are operated on a highway, they Public Services Research Institute must meet applicable equipment, in cooperation with the Motorcycle registration, financial responsi- Safety Foundation (MSF). bility, licensing, and operational The MSF, California Highway requirements, if appropriate. Patrol (CHP), California It is illegal to ride a motor-driven Motorcyclist Safety Program cycle, moped, motorized bicycle, (CMSP), various motorcyclist or electric bicycle on a freeway or enthusiast groups, and the expressway if signs are posted to Department of Motor Vehicles prohibit operation. Additionally, it (DMV) agree that combining qual- is illegal to ride a moped, motor- ity motorcycle rider education and ized bicycle or a Class 3 electric increased public awareness, has the bicycle on a bicycle path or trail, potential to reduce the number and equestrian (horse) trail, hiking severity of motorcycle collisions. trail, or recreational trail unless When using this handbook, that path or trail is on or next to a remember it is only a summary road, or permission to use the trail of laws and regulations. DMV, law or roadway is granted by local law. enforcement, and courts follow the Motorcycles full and exact language of the law A motorcycle is a motor vehicle contained in the California Vehicle with a seat or saddle for the rider Code (CVC). designed to travel on not more than three wheels.

- 1 - Motor-Driven Cycles provides assistance only when A motor-driven cycle is a motor- the rider is pedaling and ceases cycle with less than a 150 cc to provide assistance when a motor size. speed of 20 mph is reached. NOTE: You may not operate a • Class 2: A low speed throt- motor-driven cycle on a freeway tle-assisted electric bicycle or expressway if signs are posted equipped with a motor used to prohibit motor-driven cycle exclusively to propel the bicycle operation. and NOT capable of providing assistance when a speed of 20 Motorized Bicycles mph is reached. or Moped • Class 3: A low speed ped- A motorized bicycle or moped is al-assisted electric bicycle a two-or three-wheeled device, equipped with a speedometer, capable of no more than 30 miles and a motor which provides per hour (mph) on level ground, assistance only when the rider and equipped with: is pedaling and ceases to pro- • Fully operative pedals for vide assistance when a speed human propulsion. of 28 mph is reached. • A motor producing less than The operator of a Class 3 electric four gross brake horsepower bicycle: and an automatic transmission. ––Must be 16 years old or older. • No pedals if powered solely ––Must wear a by electrical energy (CVC helmet. §406(a)). ––Must not transport pas- • Motorized bicycles may ride in sengers. a bicycle lane if authorized by ––May ride an electric bicycle local authority or ordinance. in a bicycle lane if autho- Electric Bicycles rized by local authority or An electric bicycle is a bicycle ordinance. equipped with fully operable All electric bicycle classes are pedals and an electric motor of exempt from the motor vehicle less than 750 watts. Three classes financial responsibility, DL, and of electric bicycles have been license plate requirements (CVC established: §24016). • Class 1: A low speed ped- Motorized Scooter al-assisted electric bicycle A motorized scooter is defined as equipped with a motor which any two-wheeled “device” with:

- 2 - • A motor, handlebars, and a side car attached, three-wheel floorboard for standing on motorcycle, or motorized scooter. when riding, and Earning Your License • The options of having: Safe riding requires knowledge ––A driver seat which cannot and skill. Testing two-wheel interfere with the operator’s vehicle operators is the best ability to stand and ride. measurement of the skills neces- ––The ability to be powered by sary to operate safely in traffic human propulsion. because people often overesti- NOTE: A motorized scooter may mate their own abilities. DMV’s be driven with any class DL. A licensing tests are designed to be motorized scooter may not be scored objectively. used to take a skills test. You may apply for a Class M1 or A motorized scooter’s exhaust M2 DL at any DMV field office system must not be modified or which provides DL services. altered. To obtain your DL, refer to the Requirements for a Motorcycle LICENSE M1 or M2 License section (see REQUIREMENTS page 5). You will be required California issues the following to pass the driver knowledge DL classes for two-wheel vehicle test, motorcycle knowledge operation: test, knowledge test(s) for any • Class M1—You may operate other license class(es) requested, any two-wheel motorcycle, and pass a motorcycle skills motor-driven cycle, or motor- test or obtain a Certificate ized scooter and all vehicles of Completion of Motorcycle listed under Class M2. Training (DL 389) as defined in the California Motorcyclist NOTE: The permit and DL Safety Program Training Course requirements in this handbook section (see page 6). pertain to two-wheel vehicles and are referenced in CVC Knowledge test questions are §12804.9. based on information in this hand- book and the California Driver • Class M2—You may operate Handbook. The motorcycle skills any motorized bicycle, moped, test is conducted in either an or motorized scooter. actual traffic environment or in NOTE: Class C licensees may a controlled off-street area. operate a motorcycle with a

- 3 - . escription D ehicle hart V C lass C icense A motorcycle is a motor vehicle with seat or saddle for the rider and A is designed to travel on not more than three wheels. cycle is a motorcycle with less than 150 cc motor motor-driven A cycle does not include motorized bicycle. motor-driven A size. two- or three-wheeled device, capable of no more than 30 mph on level A ground, and equipped with fully operative pedals for human propulsion or a motor producing having no pedals if powered solely by electrical energy, and an automatic transmission. less than four gross brake horsepower, bicycle equipped with fully operable pedals and an electric motor of A There are three electric bicycle classes: Class 1 and less than 750 watts. 2 are capable of speeds no more than 20 mph. Class 3 is speeds of no more than 28 mph. motorized scooter is defined as any two-wheeled device with an electric A handlebars, a floorboard for standing on when riding, and the option motor, ability toof having a driver seat which cannot interfere with the operator’s stand and ride and/or the ability to be powered by human propulsion. - L of ype of of M1 Not M1* lass license T required

license** Any class Any class C license*** e d o C ) §§ otorcycle ( ehicle M V 312.5(a), ections S 407.5, 12804.9(b) 400, 12804.9(b)(4) 405, 12804.9(b)(4) 12804.9(b)(5)(A)(i) alifornia 406(a), 12804.9(b)(5)(A)(i) C ehicle V of

ype T ** A person holding a valid California driver license of any class may operate short-term (48 hrs. or less) rental motorized bicycle without A ** taking any special examination for the operation of a motorized bicycle, and without having class M2 endorsement on that driver license. person holding a valid driver license of any class may operate motorized scooter. A *** *Motor vehicles with less than a 150 cc motor size do not have the engine capability to be safely driven on freeway or expressway Motorcycle Motor-driven cycle Motorized bicycle or moped (capable of no more than 30 mph) Electric bicycle Motorized scooter NOTE : Cannot be used for a skills test.

- 4 - Requirements for a Motorcycle M1 or M2 License To Obtain an M1 or M2 License MINORS AGE ADULTS AGE ADULTS AGE REQUIREMENTS 15½ to 17 18 to 20 21 and OVER (See NOTE 1) (See NOTE 2) (See NOTE 3) Driver education and behind-the-wheel driver N/A N/A training certificates of  completion Certificates of Completion of Motorcycle Training   N/A (DL 389) Complete a Driver License or Identification Card Application (DL44 or    DL44C) Parent(s) or guardian(s) N/A N/A signature (if a minor)  Pass a vision exam    Fingerprint(s)    Pay required fees    Have your photograph taken    *Pass the applicable knowl- edge and skills tests    Have an instruction permit N/A for at least 6 months   Permit restrictions (See NOTE 4) (See NOTE 4) (See NOTE 4) *Tests include at least the driver knowledge, motorcycle knowledge, and motorcycle skills. An observation road test is required for applicants who have never been licensed for any class of motor vehicle and apply for a motorcycle only license. NOTE 1: Minors 15½ years old or older, but under 17½ years old, must submit a DL 389, bring proof of completion of both driver education and driver training or have a Class C driver license, and pass both the driver knowledge and the motorcycle driver knowledge test. NOTE 2: Applicants 18 years old or older, but under 21 years old, must submit a DL 389, and pass both the driver knowledge and the motorcycle driver knowledge test. NOTE 3: While not a requirement, motorcycle license applicants 21 years old or older, are encouraged to enroll in the California Motorcyclist Safety Program (CMSP) training course. NOTE 4: The Class M1/M2 instruction permit includes the following restrictions: • No carrying passengers. • No freeway driving. • No nighttime driving. - 5 - NOTE: The DL 389 is valid for Cheating 12 months from the issue date. The use of testing aids is strictly To locate a DMV field office that prohibited. This includes, but offers the motorcycle skills test is not limited to, the California and/or to schedule an appoint- Motorcycle Handbook, ment, visit www.dmv.ca.gov or California Driver Handbook, call 1-800-777-0133. cheat sheets, or electronic com- California Motorcyclist munication devices such as a cell phone, computer, tablet, Safety Program Training etc. If any testing aid(s) are used Course during the knowledge test, the Motorcycle applicants under 21 knowledge test will be marked years old are required to com- as a “failure.” An action may plete a CMSP training course also be taken by DMV against before receiving a motorcycle your driving privilege or the instruction permit. driving privilege of anyone who Motorcycle applicants 21 years assists you in cheating during the old and older are encouraged examination process. to enroll in the CMSP training course. The CMSP training Motorcycle Skills Test course provides hands-on motor- Basic vehicle control skills are cycle knowledge and skill training included in the motorcycle skills for beginner and experienced rid- test to determine your ability to ers. The DMV motorcycle skills maneuver in normal traffic situa- test may be waived upon comple- tions. The skills test may be waived tion of the CMSP training course for a person presenting a valid DL and submission of the Certificate 389; however, you may be required of Completion of Motorcycle to perform an observation test Training (DL 389). DMV will not when applying for a motorcycle waive the motorcycle skills test only (Class M1/M2) license. based on an out-of-state motorcy- The motorcycle skills test allows cle training program or in-state/ the rider to demonstrate his or her out-of-state course completion ability to control the motorcycle card for insurance purposes. through several skills. Applicants For more information, contact taking the motorcycle skills test CMSP at 1-877-RIDE-411 or visit should consider the size of the www.californiamotorcyclist.com. motorcycle they plan to operate. NOTE: The DL 389 is valid for The motorcycle skills test is a 12 months from the issue date. pass/fail test.

- 6 - The motorcycle skills test wheel within the tracking includes the following: path, and weaving once more Pre-trip Inspection - You will through the row of five cones as be asked to identify the following you return to the starting point. items on your motorcycle: • Slow Ride – Ride slowly • Starter between two parallel lines keeping the front tire within • Kill switch the tracking path. At the end • Clutch (if equipped) of the tracking path, begin the • Throttle circle ride twice in a counter- • Gear selector clockwise direction. • Headlight dimmer switch • Gear Shift Ride – Ride in a • Brakes straight path, shift gears up and • Turn signals then down, complete a U-turn and return, shift gears up and • Horn then down, and end in a smooth You will be asked to demonstrate stop at the starting point. This is the following skills: only performed on motorcycles • Riding in the tracking paths with a clutch and gears. (the area within and including A. The width inside of the the tracking lines) parallel ride lane is one foot. • Serpentine Ride – Beginning B. The width inside the circle on the right of the first cone, ride lane is two feet. weave through a row of five C. The diameter of the outside traffic cones. At the end of the circle is twenty-four feet. row of cones, begin the circle D. The cones are spaced twelve ride. feet apart. The width of the • Circle Ride – Ride around area for the cones is eight the circle twice in a clockwise feet. direction keeping the front

- 7 - Observation Test (if applying for Helmet Use a motorcycle only license) – An All riders and passengers are observation road test is required required per CVC §27803 to for applicants who have never wear a U.S. DOT compliant been licensed for any class of helmet when motor vehicle and who apply riding a motorcycle, motor- for a motorcycle only license. driven cycle, or motorized The examiner will observe you bicycle. The motorcycle safety operating the motorcycle from a helmet must be certified by the preselected vantage point, usu- manufacturer stating the helmet ally on the corner, near the DMV complies with the U.S. DOT field office. They will instruct Federal Motor Vehicle Safety you to follow a route that will Standard (FMVSS) 218. Head keep you in view for the longest injuries account for the majority period of time. of serious and fatal motorcyclist injuries and, with few exceptions, PREPARING TO RIDE head injuries are reduced by Wear the Right Gear properly wearing a motorcycle When you ride, you have a far safety helmet. Here are some better chance of avoiding serious facts to consider: injury when wearing protective • Most collisions happen on short gear and apparel. trips (less than five miles long). By law, you must wear: • Most riders are riding slower • A U.S. Department of than 30 mph when a collision Transportation (DOT) compli- occurs. At these speeds, a U.S. ant motorcycle safety helmet. DOT compliant motorcycle It is highly suggested you wear: safety helmet can cut both the number and the severity of • Face and/or eye protection. head injuries by 50 percent. • Protective apparel, such as a • A non-U.S. DOT compliant leather or long sleeve jacket helmet generally has very thin with reflective material, long liners and protective padding. heavy pants, over the ankle These types of helmets lack closed-toe boots, and full- the strength, size, and ability fingered leather gloves. to protect the rider during a More information on wearing the collision. right gear and protective apparel • A non-U.S. DOT compliant is covered in the following pages. helmet may look like U.S. DOT

- 8 - compliant helmets and may be three-quarters, modular, or full- sold alongside U.S. DOT com- face helmet. The full-face helmet pliant helmets. Make sure the with a lock-in visor, offers the U.S. DOT certification is on the best coverage and protection to helmet you wish to purchase. the back and sides of your head. Non-U.S. DOT compliant Whichever style you choose, you helmets may be referred to as get the most protection by making novelty helmets, rain bonnets, sure the helmet: lids, loophole lids, beanies, or • Meets U.S. DOT safety brain buckets. standards and has the manu- A U. S. DOT compliant helmet facturer-applied DOT lettering may be decorated by the owner on the back of the helmet. with stick-on items such as NOTE: DOT lettering should decals, Mohawks, Viking horns, not be a stick-on label or easily etc. and will not affect the safety removed. properties of the helmet. In a collision, regardless of speed, • Fits snugly, all the way around. if you are wearing a U.S. DOT • Has no obvious defects such compliant motorcycle safety as cracks, loose padding, or helmet you are three times more frayed straps. likely to survive a head injury • Is securely fastened on your than if you are not wearing a head when you ride. Otherwise, U.S. DOT compliant motorcycle if you are involved in a col- safety helmet. lision, it may come off your head before it gets a chance to Helmet Selection protect you. Face, Eye, and Ear Protection A plastic shatter-resistant face shield can help protect your whole face in a collision. Face shields, when lowered and locked-in, offer protection from wind, dust, dirt, rain, insects, pebbles, and other debris. Face shields, when lowered and There are four types of hel- locked-in, protect your face. mets to consider: A half shell, Goggles only protect your eyes.

- 9 - A windshield is not a substitute emergency vehicle or another for a face shield or goggles. Most motor vehicle. windshields will not protect your eyes from wind, nor will Clothing eyeglasses or sunglasses. Glasses The right clothing is an integral will not keep your eyes from part of your protective apparel watering, and they might blow off and will help protect you in a when you turn your head. collision. It provides comfort, To be effective, eye or face shield and protection from heat, cold, protection must: and debris, along with the hot, moving parts of the motorcycle. • Be free of scratches. Recommended clothing and • Be resistant to punctures. protective apparel: • Give a clear view to either side. • A jacket that covers your arms • Fasten securely, so it does not and fits snugly enough to keep blow off or up. from flapping in the wind, • Permit air to pass through, to yet allows you to move freely. reduce fogging. Leather or sturdy synthetic • Permit enough room for eye- materials with integrated body glasses or sunglasses, if needed. armor offers, the most protec- NOTE: Tinted eye protection or tion. You should consider a tinted face shields should not be jacket that is brightly colored or worn at night or when little light reflective. Either of these will is available. aid in your visibility so other motorists can see you. To protect against the elements • Long pants offer greater pro- of nature, such as wind which tection than short pants. Denim can cause hearing loss, you may jeans provide the best protec- want to use ear protection. CVC tion. Chaps (leather pants §27400 states a person may not without a seat) worn over long wear a headset covering, ear- pants offer an extra layer of plugs, or earphones in both ears, protection for your legs. unless the protectors (earplugs or molds) are specifically designed • Over-the-ankle boots or closed- to reduce harmful (injurious) toe shoes should be high and noise levels. The headset cover- sturdy enough to cover and ings, earplugs, or earphones must support your ankles. Soles not inhibit the wearer's ability should be made of a hard, to hear a siren or horn from an durable, slip-resistant mate- rial. The heels should be short

- 10 - so they do not catch on rough not be one of them. To make sure surfaces. Tuck in the laces so your motorcycle will not let you they will not catch on your down: motorcycle. Shoes, such as flip • Start with the right motorcycle flops or sandals, are not recom- for you. mended protective apparel. • Read the owner’s manual first. • Gloves allow a better grip and • Be familiar with the motorcycle help protect your hands. Gloves controls. should be made of leather or similar durable material offer- • Check the motorcycle before ing maximum hand and finger every ride. protection. • Keep it in safe riding condition. • Wearing a jacket, long pants, • Avoid add-ons and modifica- sturdy shoes or boots, and tions that make your motorcycle gloves (even in warm weather) harder to handle. can prevent dehydration, and The Right Motorcycle sun/wind burn. Many of these First, make sure your motorcycle items are designed to protect “fits” you. Your feet should com- without making you overheat, fortably reach the ground while even on summer days. you are seated on the motorcycle. Riding for long periods in At a minimum, your street-legal cold weather can cause severe motorcycle must have: chill, dehydration, and fatigue. Numbness can make it difficult • Tires with sufficient tread and to control a motorcycle. In cold air pressure for safe operation. or wet weather, layer clothes to • Operable headlights, taillight, keep yourself warm and dry, as brake light, and turn signals. well as protect you from injury. A • Front and rear brakes. winter jacket should resist wind • A horn and mirror(s). and fit snugly at the neck, wrists, and waist. Good quality rain suits Get Familiar With the designed for motorcycle riding Motorcycle Controls resist tearing apart or ballooning Be completely familiar with the up at high speeds. motorcycle before you take it out on the street. Get familiar Know Your Motorcycle with any motorcycle new to you, There are many things on the preferably in a controlled area. highway that can cause you (No matter how experienced you trouble. Your motorcycle should may be, ride extra carefully on

- 11 - any motorcycle new or unfamiliar • Tires—Check the air pressure, to you.) Remember more than general wear, and tread. half of all collisions occur by • Fluids—Oil and fluid levels. motorcycle riders with less than At a minimum, check hydraulic six months experience. fluid and coolant weekly. Look If you use an unfamiliar under the motorcycle for signs motorcycle: of fluid leaks. • Make all the safety and main- • Headlights and Taillight— tenance checks you would on Check them both for proper your own motorcycle. operation and burned out bulbs. • Find out where everything is • Turn Signals—Turn on both located, particularly the turn right and left turn signals. signals, horn, headlight dim- Make sure all front and rear mer switch, fuel-supply valve, signal lights work properly. and engine cut-off switch. • Battery—Check the battery You should be able to find condition and electrolyte level; them without having to look ensure the terminals are clean for them. and tight, and that the battery • Know the gear pattern. Work is fastened securely. the throttle, clutch, and brakes • Brake Light—Try both brake a few times before you start controls and make sure each riding. All controls react a little one turns on the brake light. differently. • Chain or Belt—Check the ten- • Ride very cautiously and be sion, lubrication, and sprockets. aware of your surroundings. • Kick-Stand—Check the kick- Accelerate gently, take turns stand for cracks, bent springs, slowly, and leave extra room and tension to hold position. for stopping. Once you are on the motorcycle, Check Your Motorcycle complete the following checks A motorcycle needs more fre- before starting out: quent attention than a car. If • Clutch and Throttle—Make something is wrong with the sure they work smoothly. The motorcycle, find out about it throttle should snap back when before you get in traffic or operate you let go. The clutch should the motorcycle at freeway speeds. feel tight and smooth. Make the following checks before • Mirrors—Clean and adjust every ride: the mirror(s) before starting. Adjust the mirror(s) so you can

- 12 - see the lane behind you and as anyone’s fault or negligence. much as possible of the lane Most often in traffic, this is not next to you. When properly the case. In fact, most people adjusted, a mirror may show involved in a collision can usu- the edge of your arm or shoul- ally claim some responsibility for der—but it’s the road behind what takes place. and to the side of you that is Blame does not matter when most important. someone is injured in a colli- • Brakes—Try the front and sion. There is rarely a single rear brake levers one at a time. cause of any collision. The Make sure each one feels firm ability to be aware, make criti- and holds the motorcycle when cal decisions, and carry them the brake is fully applied. out separates responsible riders • Horn—Make sure the horn from all the rest. It is up to you works. to keep from being the cause of, In addition to the checks before or an unprepared participant in, every trip, check the follow- any collision. ing items at least once a week: As a motorcycle rider, you wheels, cables, fasteners, and cannot be sure that others will fluid levels. Follow the manufac- see you or yield the right of turer’s recommendations. way. To reduce the chances of Collisions are fairly common a collision: among new riders. Riding an • Be visible. Wear bright or unfamiliar motorcycle adds to the reflective clothing, use your problem. Get familiar with any headlight and running lights, motorcycle new to you, prefer- if equipped, and ride in the ably in a controlled area. (No best lane position to see and matter how experienced you may be seen. be, ride extra carefully on any • Communicate your inten- motorcycle new or unfamiliar tions. Use the proper signals, to you.) Remember more than brake light, and lane position. half of all collisions occur by • Maintain an adequate space motorcycle riders with less than cushion. Allow yourself six months experience. enough space when following, Know Your being followed, lane splitting, Responsibilities passing, and being passed. “Accident” implies an unfore- • Be aware. Monitor vehicle seen event that occurs without traffic in front and approaching

- 13 - traffic from behind while main- accidentally use too much taining an escape route. throttle. Also, adjust the han- • Scan your path of travel. Look dlebars so your hands are even at least 10 to 15 seconds ahead. with or below your elbows. • Identify and separate mul- This allows you to use the tiple hazards. proper muscles for precision steering. • Be prepared to act. Remain alert. Know how to carry out • Knees—Keep your knees proper collision-avoidance against the gas tank to help techniques. with your balance as you turn the motorcycle. RIDE WITHIN YOUR • Feet—Keep your feet firmly ABILITIES on the footrests for balance. Do This handbook cannot teach you not drag your feet; you could how to control direction, speed, lose control of the motorcycle. or balance. You learn this by Keep your feet near the con- taking professionally taught trols. Do not point your toes motorcycle rider courses, practic- downward—they may get ing, knowing your abilities, and caught between the road and riding within them. the footrests. Basic Vehicle Control Shifting Gears There is more to shifting gears Body Position than simply getting the motor- To control a motorcycle: cycle to pick up speed smoothly. • Posture—Sit so you can Learning to use the gears when use your arms to control the downshifting, turning, or start- motorcycle rather than to hold ing on hills is important for safe yourself up. motorcycle operation. • Seat—Sit far enough forward Shift down through the gears so your arms are slightly bent with the clutch as you slow or when holding the handlegrips. stop. Remain in first gear while Bending your arms permits stopped so you can move out you to press on the handlebars quickly, if needed. without having to stretch and reduces arm fatigue. Ride slowly enough when you shift into a lower gear or the • Hands—Hold the handlegrips motorcycle will lurch and the firmly. Start with your right rear wheel may skid. When wrist flat so you will not riding downhill or shifting into

- 14 - first gear you may need to slow • If you know the technique, to downshift safely. Work toward using both brakes in a turn is a smooth, even clutch release possible, although it should especially when downshifting. be done very carefully. When It is best to change gears before you lean the motorcycle, some starting a turn. However, some- of the traction is used for times you may need to shift cornering and less traction is while in the turn. Remember to available for stopping. A skid shift smoothly because a sudden can occur if you apply too much change in power to the rear wheel brake. Also, using the front can cause a skid. brake incorrectly on a slippery surface may be hazardous. Use Braking caution and gently squeeze the Your motorcycle has two brakes: brake lever, never “grab” it. one for the front wheel and one • Some motorcycles have inte- for the rear wheel. When making grated braking systems that a normal, nonemergency stop, link the front and rear brakes use both brakes at the same time together when you apply the and downshift. The front brake rear brake pedal (consult your has more stopping power, provid- owner’s manual). ing three-quarters of your total stopping power. The front brake Turning is safe to use when used properly. Riders often try to take curves or turns too fast. When they REMEMBER: cannot hold the turn, they end • Use both brakes every time up crossing into another lane of you slow or stop. Using both traffic or going off the road. In brakes for “normal” stops helps some cases, riders overreact and you develop the proper habit brake too hard causing a skid and and skill of using both brakes loss of control. Approach turns correctly, which you may need and curves with caution. in an emergency. Squeeze the Use four steps for better control: front brake and press down on the rear brake. Grabbing at the 1. Slow—Reduce your speed front brake or jamming down before the turn by rolling off on the rear brake can cause the throttle and, if necessary, the brakes to lock and result applying both brakes. in control problems. 2. Look—Look through the turn to where you want to go. Turn only your head, not your

- 15 - shoulders, and keep your eyes • Friction Zone—The friction level with the horizon. zone is the area of the clutch 3. Press—To turn, the motor- between completely engaged cycle must lean. To lean the and completely released. motorcycle, press on the Riding within the friction handlegrip in the direction zone will give you more control of the turn. Press left—lean through the turn. left—go left. Press right— • Dragging the Rear Brake— lean right—go right. Higher Dragging the rear brake is the speeds and/or tighter turns practice of utilizing the rear require the motorcycle to brake to control the bike speed lean more. and maintain stability, such as 4. Roll—Roll on the throttle in a U-turn. The front brake through the turn to stabilize should not be used as it could suspension. Maintain steady cause the bike to tip over. speed or accelerate gradually • Centralize Weight—A motor- through the turn. This will cycle will be easier to maneuver help keep the motorcycle when the weight is kept close stable. to the bike. Keep your feet on In normal turns, the rider and the the footrests and, if necessary, motorcycle should lean together apply weight to the outside at the same angle. footrest to equalize balance. In slow tight turns, the rider • Practice—Practice executing should keep his or her body U-turns in an empty open straight and only lean the parking lot. Start with wide motorcycle. U-turns and gradually tighten the turning radius. Also, prac- U-turns tice U-turns in both directions Completing U-turns on a motor- by riding in figure 8 patterns cycle requires you to maintain until you are comfortable with control and balance to maneuver U-turns in both right and left through a tight U-turn. Here are directions. some tips for completing U-turns Keeping Your Distance successfully: The best protection you can • Look­—Look through the have is distance—a “cushion of turn to where you want to go. space”—all around your motor- Turn only your head, not your cycle. If someone else makes a shoulders, and keep your eyes mistake, distance gives you: level with the horizon.

- 16 - • Time to react. cushion around the motorcycle. • Space to maneuver. Position yourself in the lane that allows the most visibility and Lane Positions space around you. Change your In some ways, the size of the lane position as traffic situa- motorcycle can work to your tions change. Ride in paths 2 or advantage. Each traffic lane 3 if vehicles and other potential gives a motorcycle three paths problems are on your left side. If of travel, as indicated in the vehicles are on both sides of you, illustration. the center of the lane (path 2) is usually the best option. Riding LANE POSITIONS closer to the center portion of your lane helps to keep other vehicles from sharing the lane. The oily strip in the center por- tion of the lane is usually no more than two feet wide. You can ride just to the left or right of the oily strip and still be within the center of the lane. Avoid riding on oil and grease buildups. Your lane position should: • Increase your ability to see and Carpool/High-Occupancy be seen. Vehicle (HOV) Lanes • Avoid others’ blind spots. A carpool lane is a special free- • Protect your lane from other way lane used only for carpools, drivers. buses, motorcycles, or decaled low-emission vehicles. The pave- • Communicate your intentions. ment in this lane is marked with a • Help you avoid wind blasts diamond symbol ◊ and the words from other vehicles. “Carpool Lane.” These lanes are • Provide an escape route. also known as high-occupancy Select the appropriate lane posi- vehicle (HOV) lanes. Do not tion to maximize your space cross over double parallel lines cushion and make yourself more to enter or exit any carpool lane visible to others. except at designated entry or exit In general, there is no “best lane places. Motorcyclists are allowed position” for motorcycle riders to use carpool/HOV lanes, unless to be seen and maintain a space otherwise posted.

- 17 - Toll Highways and involving motorcyclists. In traf- Vehicle Crossings: Using fic, motorcycles need as much Transponders or Electronic distance to stop as other vehicles. Payment Devices Normally, you should maintain a In California, high-occupancy two-second following distance. toll (HOT) lanes and toll high- To gauge your following distance: ways are fee-paid roadways used • Ahead of you pick out a in heavily traveled areas to relieve marker, such as a pavement . marking or lamp post. Commuters traveling on toll • When the rear bumper of the highways or using HOT lanes vehicle ahead of you passes may purchase transponders, the marker, count off the which track their vehicle's usage seconds: “one-thousand-one, of these roadways. Transponders one-thousand-two.” If you allow drivers to pay toll fees reach the marker before you through electronic billing. reach “one-thousand-two,” you When using a transponder or are following too closely. other electronic payment device, • A two-second following dis- motorcyclists are allowed to tance gives you a minimum place the payment device in five amount of space to stop or locations (on the motorcycle or swerve, if the driver ahead carried by the rider), as long as the stops suddenly. It also gives toll reader can detect the device. you a better view of potholes The locations are: and other road hazards. • In the motorcyclist’s pocket. • Increase following distance • Inside a cycle net draped across when the motorcycle is towing the gas tank of the motorcycle. a trailer as increased stopping • On the license plate device, if distance is required. the toll operator provides such • You will need a larger space a device. cushion if your motorcycle • In a storage compartment on takes longer than normal to the motorcycle. stop. Open up a three-second or more following distance when • On the windshield of the the pavement is slippery, you motorcycle. cannot see through the vehicle Following Another Vehicle ahead, or traffic is heavy. “Following too closely” (tailgat- • When you are stopped, keep ing) could be a factor in collisions well behind the vehicle ahead

- 18 - of you. This provides an escape vehicle. However, visibility is route if a driver behind you is more critical. Be sure other traveling too quickly or the drivers see you and that you see vehicle ahead starts to back up. potential hazards. • When behind a vehicle, ride where the driver can see you Passing in his or her rearview mirror. 1. Ride in the left portion of your lane at a safe following If you ride in the left or right por- distance to increase your line tion of the lane, the driver may see of sight and make you more you in his or her side view mirror. visible. Signal and check for If the traffic situation allows, the oncoming traffic. Use your center lane position is usually the mirrors and turn your head to best place for you to be seen by the look for traffic behind. driver in his or her rearview mir- ror and to prevent other vehicles 2. When safe, move into the left from sharing your lane. lane and accelerate. Select a lane position that doesn’t Being Followed crowd the vehicle you are When you speed up to lose a passing and provides space tailgater, you only end up with to avoid hazards in your lane. someone tailgating you at a 3. Ride through the driver’s blind higher speed. spot as quickly as possible. A better way to handle tailgaters 4. Signal again and complete is to allow them to pass you. If mirror and head checks before you cannot do this, slow down returning to your original and open up extra space ahead lane. Then cancel your turn of you. This will allow space for signal. both you and the tailgater to stop. Remember, passing must be This will also encourage the tail- completed within posted speed gater to pass. But if the tailgater limits, and only where permitted. does not pass, you have at least given yourself and the tailgater Being Passed more time and space to react in When you are being passed case an emergency develops. from behind or by an oncoming vehicle, stay in the center portion Passing and Being Passed of your lane. Riding any closer Passing and being passed by a could put you in a hazardous larger vehicle is not much differ- situation. ent than with a smaller passenger

- 19 - Avoid being hit by: suddenly or change lanes, a door • The other vehicle—A slight could open, or a hand could come mistake by you or the passing out a window. driver could cause a sideswipe. Merging Vehicles • Extended mirrors—Some Drivers on an entrance ramp may drivers forget their mirrors not see you on the highway. Give hang out farther than their them plenty of room. Change to fenders. another lane if one is open. If • Objects thrown from windows there is no room for a lane change, • Blasts of wind from larger adjust your speed to open up vehicles—The blast of wind space for the merging driver and from a passing vehicle or truck stay near the center of your lane. can affect your control. You have more room for error if you MERGING are in the middle portion of the lane when hit by this blast than if you are on either the left or right portions of the lane. Do not move into the portion of the lane farthest from the passing vehicle. It might invite the other driver to move back into your lane too early.

Lane Splitting The term “lane splitting”, also known as lane sharing, filtering, or white-lining refers to the process of a motorcyclist riding between lanes of stopped or slower-moving traffic or moving between lanes Vehicles Alongside to the front of traffic stopped Do not ride next to passenger at a traffic light. Vehicles and vehicles or trucks in other lanes motorcycles each need a full lane if you do not have to because you to operate safely. Riding between might be in the driver’s blind rows of stopped or moving vehicles spot. The driver could change in the same lane can leave you lanes without warning. vulnerable. A vehicle could turn

- 20 - Also, vehicles in the next lane you have, can eliminate or reduce can block your escape if you harm. Focus even more on finding come upon danger in your own potential escape routes in or around lane. Speed up or drop back to intersections, shopping areas, find a place clear of traffic on schools or construction zones. both sides. Search for factors such as: BLIND SPOTS • Oncoming traffic that may turn left in front of you. • Traffic coming from either the left, right, or behind. • Pedestrians coming out from between parked vehicles. • Hazardous road conditions. Evaluate To predict how a hazard may affect you, it is important to know the speed, distance, and direc- tion the hazard may be moving. Think about how hazards can create risks for you. Anticipate potential problems and have a earch valuate and S , E , plan to reduce risks. Execute (SEE) Experienced motorcycle riders • Road and surface charac- remain aware of what is going on teristics, such as potholes, around them. They improve their guardrails, bridges, telephone riding strategy by using SEE, a poles, and trees will not move three-step process for making into your path but may influ- appropriate judgments and apply- ence your riding strategy and ing them correctly in different escape routes. traffic situations. SEE stands for, • Traffic control devices such Search, Evaluate, and Execute. as traffic signals, regulatory signs, warning signs, and pave- Search ment markings will help you Actively search ahead, to the sides, evaluate circumstances ahead. and behind you to help you avoid • Vehicles and other traffic may potential hazards. How you search move into your path and increase and how much time and space the likelihood of a collision.

- 21 - Think about your time and space intersections. An intersection is requirements in order to maintain anywhere traffic may cross your a margin of safety. You must path. It can be in the middle of an leave yourself time to react if an urban area or at a driveway on a emergency arises. residential street. Over one-half of motorcycle/passenger vehicle Execute collisions are caused by drivers Carry out your decision. To create entering a rider’s right-of-way. more space and minimize harm Vehicles turning left in front of from any hazard: you, including those illegally • Communicate your presence turning left from the wrong lane, with lights and/or your horn. and vehicles on side streets pull- • Adjust your speed as necessary ing into your lane, are the biggest by accelerating, stopping, or dangers. Your use of the SEE slowing. process at intersections is critical • Adjust your lane position and/ (see page 21). or direction of travel. There are no guarantees that Apply the old saying “one step others will see you. Never count at a time” to handle two or more on “eye contact” as a sign that hazards. Adjust your speed so you a driver will yield to you. Too can deal with each hazard sepa- often, a driver can look right at rately. Then deal with them one at a motorcyclist and still fail to a time as single hazards. Decision- “see” him or her. The only eyes making becomes more complex you can count on are your own. with three or more hazards. Weigh If a vehicle can enter your path, the consequences of each and give assume it will. Good motorcycle equal distance to the hazards. riders are always “looking for trouble” not to get into it, but to In high-risk areas, such as inter- stay out of it. sections, shopping areas, schools, or construction zones, reduce LARGE INTERSECTIONS your speed, and cover the clutch and both brake levers to reduce your reaction time. Intersections The greatest potential for con- flict and a chance of collision between you and other traffic is at

- 22 - Increase the chances of being position, lean your body forward seen at intersections. Ride with and look around buildings, your headlight on, and in a parked vehicles, or bushes to see lane position that provides the if anything is coming. Make sure best view of oncoming traffic. your front wheel stays out of the Maintain enough space around cross lane of travel while you are your motorcycle that permits you looking. to take evasive action. As you approach an intersec- BLIND INTERSECTION tion, select a lane position that increases your visibility to the driver. Cover the clutch and both brakes to reduce reaction time. Reduce your speed as you approach an intersection. After entering the intersection, move away from vehicles preparing to turn. Do not change speed or position radically. The driver might think you are preparing to turn.

Blind Intersections Passing Parked Vehicles When you approach a blind When passing parked vehicles, intersection, move to the lane stay toward the left portion of position that brings you into your lane. This way, you can avoid another driver’s field of vision at problems caused by doors open- the earliest possible moment. In ing, drivers getting out of vehicles, this picture, the motorcycle rider or people stepping from between has moved to the left portion of vehicles. If oncoming traffic is the lane, away from the parked present, it is usually best to remain vehicle, so the driver on the cross in the center portion of the lane to street can see him or her as soon maximize the space around you. as possible. A bigger problem can occur if a If you have a stop sign or stop driver pulls away from the curb line, stop there first. Then edge without checking for traffic from forward and stop again, just behind. Even if the driver looks, short of where the cross-traffic he or she may fail to see you. lane meets your lane. From this

- 23 - It is not only trucks that have BLIND SPOTS All vehicles have them. Where are your vehicles’ blind spots?

www.dmv.ca.gov 1-800-777-0133

CAL OF IFO E R T N A T IA S

®

In either event, the driver might enter your path. Slow down or PARKING AT CURBS change lanes to make room for someone to enter. PARKED VEHICLES

Increasing Visibility In collisions with motorcyclists, drivers often say that they never saw the motorcycle. From ahead or behind, a motorcycle’s outline is much smaller than a passenger vehicle’s. Also, it is hard to see something you are not looking for, and most drivers are not look- ing for motorcycles. More likely, Vehicles making a sudden U-turn they are looking through the are the most dangerous. They skinny, two-wheeled silhouette may cut you off entirely, blocking in search of vehicles that may the whole roadway and leaving pose a problem to them. you with no place to go. Since Even if a driver does see you com- you cannot tell what a driver will ing, you are not necessarily safe. do, slow down and get the driver’s Smaller vehicles appear farther attention. Sound your horn and away and seem to be traveling continue with caution. slower than they actually are. It Parking at the Roadside is common for drivers to pull out in front of motorcyclists, thinking Park at an angle of 45 to 90 they have plenty of time. Too degrees to the curb with a wheel often, they are wrong. or fender touching the curb.

- 26 - However, you can do many things Turn Signals to make it easier for others to rec- The turn signals on a motorcycle ognize you and your motorcycle. are similar to those on a vehicle. They tell others what you plan Clothing to do. Most collisions occur in broad daylight. Wear brightly-colored or reflective clothing to increase your chances of being seen. Bright orange, red, yellow, or LEFT RIGHT green jackets or vests are the best TURN TURN for being seen. Brightly-colored helmets can also help others see you. Reflective material on a vest and on the sides of the helmet will help drivers see you from the side. Reflective material can SLOW or also be a big help for drivers com- STOP ing toward you or from behind. However, due to a rider’s added Remember, your body is half of vulnerability, turn signals are the visible surface area of the even more important. Use them rider/motorcycle unit. anytime you plan to change lanes or turn. Signal your left Headlight or right turn during the last 100 The best way to help others see feet before reaching the turning your motorcycle is to always keep point. At highway speeds, it is the headlight and, if equipped, best to signal at least five seconds running lights on. A motorcycle before changing lanes. Use your with its light on is twice as likely turn signals even when you think to be noticed. Using your high no one else is around. Your turn beam during the day and at signals also make you easier to night increases the chances that see. If bright sunlight makes your oncoming drivers will see you. turn signal lights hard to see, use Use your high beam when it is . legal and safe to do so. When it is foggy, use the low beam. When you enter a freeway, driv- ers approaching from behind are more likely to see your turn signal blinking and make room for you.

- 27 - If you are being tailgated, it is SIGNALS a good idea to flash your brake light before you slow.

Using Your Mirrors While it is most important to know what is happening ahead, you cannot ignore situations behind you. Traffic conditions change quickly. To make safe decisions about how to handle trouble ahead, you must know what is going on around you. Frequent mirror checks should be part of your normal searching routine. Make a special point of Using your turn signals before each using your mirror(s): turn reduces confusion and frus- • When you are stopped at an tration for the traffic around you. intersection. Watch vehicles Once you complete your turn, be coming up from behind. If the sure to turn them off or a driver driver is not paying attention, may pull directly into your path, he could be on top of you before thinking you plan to turn again. he sees you. Brake Light • Before you change lanes. Make Your motorcycle’s brake light sure no one is about to pass you. is usually not as noticeable as Check the mirror(s) and turn a vehicle’s, especially when the your head to check over your taillight is on. If the situation shoulder, on the side of the lane permits, help others notice you by you want to move in to. flashing your brake light before • Before you slow down. The you slow down. It is especially driver behind you may not important to flash your brake expect you to slow down, or light before you slow: may be unsure about where you • For a tight, fast turn off a high- will slow down. For example, speed highway. you signal a turn and the driver • Where others may not expect thinks you plan to turn at a it (in the middle of a block or distant intersection, rather than at an alley). at a nearer driveway.

- 28 - Some motorcycles have rounded is happening all around, can you (convex) mirrors. These mirrors be fully prepared to deal with it. provide a wider view of the road behind than flat mirrors. They BLIND SPOTS also make vehicles seem farther away than they really are. If you are not used to convex mirrors, you can get familiar with them by: • Picking out a parked vehicle in your mirror (while you are stopped). • Forming a mental image of how far away it is. • Then, turning around and look- ing to see how close you came. • Practicing with your mirror(s) until you become a good judge Horn of distance. Be ready to use your horn to get • Allowing extra distance before someone’s attention quickly. you change lanes. In an emergency, press the horn button loud and long. Be ready Head Checks to stop or swerve away from the Checking your mirror(s) is not danger. enough. Motorcycles have “blind spots” just like other vehicles. Remember, a motorcycle’s horn Before you change lanes, turn is not as loud as other vehicles’, your head and check that lane for so use it, but don’t rely on it. other vehicles. Riding at Night On a road with several lanes, At night it is harder for you to check the far lane and the one next see and be seen. Wear reflective to you. A driver in the distant lane clothing when riding at night. may drive into the same space Picking a motorcycle’s headlight you plan to take. or taillight out of the other lights Frequent head checks should be is not easy for drivers. To make part of your normal scanning up for this, you should: routine. Only by knowing what • Reduce your speed. Ride even slower than you would

- 29 - during the day, particularly on chances of getting out safely roads you do not know well. depend on your ability to react This increases your chances of quickly and properly. Often, avoiding a hazard. a collision occurs because a • Increase distance. Distances motorcycle rider is not prepared are harder to judge at night or skilled in collision-avoidance than during the day. Your eyes maneuvers. rely upon shadows and light Two critical skills in avoiding a contrasts to determine how far collision are knowing when and away an object is and how fast how to stop or swerve. You can- it is coming. These contrasts not always stop quickly to avoid are missing or distorted at an obstacle. You must also be able night. Open up a three-second to swerve around an obstacle. or more following distance. Most collisions involve riders Allow more distance to pass who: and be passed. • Underbrake the front tire and • Use the vehicle ahead. The overbrake the rear. headlights of the vehicle ahead can give you a better view of • Did not separate braking from the road than your high beam. swerving or did not choose to Taillights bouncing up and swerve when it was appropriate. down can alert you to bumps Quick Stops or rough pavement. To stop quickly, apply both brakes • Use your high beam. Get all at the same time. Do not be shy the light you can. Use your high about using the front brake, but do beam whenever you are not fol- not “grab” it either. Squeeze the lowing or approaching another brake lever firmly with continu- vehicle. Be visible. Wear reflec- ing steady pressure. If the front tive clothing materials when wheel locks, release the front riding at night. brake immediately and then reap- • Be flexible about lane position. ply it firmly. At the same time, Change to the lane position that press down on the rear brake. helps you see, be seen, and keep If you accidentally lock the rear an adequate space cushion. brake on a good traction surface, you can keep it locked until you Collision Avoidance No matter how careful you are, have completely stopped. there will be times when you NOTE: Even with a locked find yourself in a tight spot. Your rear wheel, you can control the

- 30 - motorcycle on a straightaway if it of hand pressure to the handle- is upright and going in a straight grip on the side of your intended line. direction of escape. This causes Always use both brakes at the the motorcycle to lean quickly. same time to stop. The front The sharper the turn(s), the more brake can provide three-quarters the motorcycle must lean. of your stopping power. SWERVE, THEN BRAKE If you must stop quickly while turning or riding a curve, the best technique is to straighten the motorcycle first and then brake. However, it may not always be possible to straighten the motor- cycle and then stop. If you must brake while leaning, apply the brakes lightly and reduce the throttle. As you slow, reduce your lean angle and apply more brake pressure until the motorcycle is straight and maximum brake pressure is possible. Then in the BRAKE, THEN SWERVE last few feet of stopping, you should “straighten” the handle- bars. The motorcycle should now be straight up and in balance.

Swerving or Turning Quickly Sometimes you may not have enough room to stop, even if you use both brakes properly. An object might appear suddenly in your path or the vehicle ahead might stop abruptly. The only way to avoid a collision may be to turn quickly or swerve around it. Keep your body upright and allow the motorcycle to lean in the direc- A swerve is any sudden change tion of the turn. Keep your knees in direction. It can be two quick pressed against the tank and your turns, or a rapid shift to the side. feet solidly on the footrests. Let To swerve, apply a small amount

- 31 - the motorcycle move underneath especially the front brake as you. Make your escape route the this may cause the motorcycle target of your vision. Press on the to fall over. opposite handlegrip once you clear the obstacle and are ready to return Cornering to your original direction of travel. A primary cause of single-vehicle To swerve to the left, press the left collisions is motorcyclists run- handlegrip, then press the right to ning wide in a curve or turn recover. To swerve to the right, causing the motorcycle to leave press right, then left. Then press the the roadway or collide with an left or right handlegrip to recover. object. If braking is required, separate Every curve is different. Be it from swerving. Brake before alert to whether a curve remains or after, never while swerving, constant, gradually widens, CONSTANT CURVES MULTIPLE CURVES

DECREASING CURVES WIDENING CURVES

- 32 - gets tighter, or involves multiple careful of standing water and turns. Shaded curves keep ice puddles as you do not know from melting and moisture from how deep the water is. evaporating. Also, be aware of • Railroad tracks or pavement leaves. seams. Ride within your skill level and • Grooves and gratings. posted speed limits. Your best path may not always follow the Uneven Surfaces and curve of the road. Obstacles Watch for uneven road surfaces, Change your lane position based such as bumps, broken pavement, on traffic, road conditions, and potholes, roadway resurfacing curve of the road. If there is no where one lane is slightly higher traffic, start at the outside of a than the other lane, or trash on the curve to increase your line of highway and shoulders. sight and the effective radius of the turn. As you turn, move Avoid obstacles by slowing or toward the inside of the curve, going around them. However, if and as you pass the center, move you must go over the obstacle, to the outside to exit. first determine if it is possible. Approach it at as close to a Another choice is to move to 90-degree angle as possible. the center of your lane before Look in the direction where you entering a curve and stay there want to go to control your path until you exit. This allows you to of travel. If you have to ride over see approaching traffic as soon the obstacle, you should: as possible. You can also adjust for traffic “crowding” the center • Slow down as much as possible line or debris blocking part of before contact. your lane. • Make sure the motorcycle is straight. Handling Dangerous • Rise slightly off the seat with Surfaces your weight on the footrests Your chance of falling or being to absorb the shock with your involved in a collision increases knees and elbows and avoid whenever you ride across: being thrown off the motor- • Uneven surfaces or obstacles. cycle. • Slippery surfaces, such as • Just before contact, roll on shaded icy areas, leaves, pine the throttle slightly (increase needles, and standing water. Be

- 33 - engine power) to lighten the direction can cause a skid. Be front end. as smooth as possible when If you ride over an object, pull off you speed up, shift gears, turn, the road and check your tires and or brake. rims for damage before riding • Use both brakes. The front any farther. Make sure nothing is brake is still effective on a caught in the drive chain or belt. slippery surface. Squeeze the brake lever gradually to Slippery Surfaces avoid locking the front wheel. Motorcyclists may find it chal- Remember to use gentle pres- lenging to maintain safe control sure on the rear brake. on surfaces with poor traction, • Remember the center of a such as: lane can be hazardous when • Wet pavement particularly wet. When it starts to rain, ride just after it starts to rain and in a vehicle’s tire tracks. Often, before surface oil washes to the left tire track will be the the side of the road. best lane position, depending • Gravel roads or where sand on traffic and other road condi- and gravel collect. tions as well. • Mud, leaves, snow, and ice. • Watch for oil spots. The center • Lane markings (painted road portion of the lane is where arrows and crosswalks), steel most oil, anti-freeze, and other plates, brick paver crosswalks, vehicle fluids collect. Position and manhole covers, especially yourself on either side of the when wet. center strip and be careful when To ride safely on slippery you put your foot down to stop surfaces: or park. You may slip and fall. • Be cautious of the edge of the • Reduce speed. Slow down road. Dirt and gravel collect before you get to a slippery sur- along the sides of the road, face to reduce your chances of especially on curves and ramps skidding. When the roadway leading to and from highways. is slippery, your motorcycle needs more distance to stop. • Remember rain dries and It is especially important to snow melts faster on some reduce speed before entering sections of a road than on wet curves. others. Patches of ice tend to develop in low or shaded areas, • Avoid sudden moves. Any bridges, and overpasses. Wet sudden change in speed or

- 34 - leaves are just as slippery as wet CROSSING TRACKS-RIGHT road surfaces. Ride on the least slippery portion of the lane and reduce your speed. Cautious riders steer clear of roads covered with ice or snow. If you cannot avoid an icy or snowy CROSSING TRACKS-WRONG surface, keep your motorcycle straight up and proceed as slowly as possible. If you encounter a large surface so slippery that you must coast, or travel at a walking pace, consider letting your feet skim along the surface. If the Grooves and Gratings motorcycle starts to fall, you can Riding over rain grooves or catch yourself. Be sure to keep off bridge gratings may cause the brakes. If possible, squeeze your motorcycle to weave. This the clutch and coast. Attempting uneasy, “wandering” feeling is this maneuver at anything other generally not hazardous. Relax than the slowest of speeds could and maintain a steady speed and prove hazardous. ride straight across. Crossing at Railroad or Trolley Tracks an angle forces riders to zigzag and Pavement Seams to stay in the lane. The zigzag Usually it is safer to ride straight is far more hazardous than the within your lane to cross tracks. wandering feeling. Turning to take tracks head-on GRATE CROSSING-WRONG (at a 90-degree angle) can be more dangerous because your path may carry you into another lane of traffic. For track and road seams that run parallel to your course, move far enough away from GRATE CROSSING-RIGHT tracks, ruts, or pavement seams to cross at an angle of at least 45 degrees. Then, make a quick, sharp turn. Edging across could catch your tires and throw you off balance. - 35 - Mechanical Problems • If braking is required, gradu- You can find yourself in an ally apply the brake of the tire emergency the moment some- that is not flat, if you are sure thing goes wrong with your which one it is. motorcycle. In dealing with any • When the motorcycle slows, mechanical problem, take into ride to the side of the road, account the road and traffic squeeze the clutch, and stop. conditions you face. Here are some guidelines that can help Stuck Throttle you handle mechanical problems Twist the throttle back and forth safely. several times. If the throttle cable is stuck, this may free it. If the Tire Failure throttle stays stuck, immedi- You will seldom hear a tire go ately operate the engine cut-off flat. If the motorcycle starts switch and pull in the clutch at handling differently, it may be a the same time. This will remove tire failure. You must be able to power from the rear wheel, tell from the way the motorcycle though engine noise may not reacts if you have tire failure. If immediately decline. Once the one of your tires suddenly loses motorcycle is “under control,” air, react quickly to keep your leave the road and stop. balance. Stop riding and check After you have stopped, check the tires as soon as possible. the throttle cable carefully to If the front tire goes flat, the find the trouble. Make certain steering will feel “heavy.” A the throttle works freely before front-wheel flat is particularly you start riding again. hazardous because it affects your steering. You have to steer well Wobble to keep your balance. A “wobble” occurs when the front wheel and handlebars sud- If the rear tire goes flat, the back denly start to shake from side to of the motorcycle may jerk or side at any speed. Most wobbles sway from side to side. can be traced to improper load- If either tire goes flat while ing, unsuitable accessories, or riding: incorrect tire pressure. If you are • Hold the handlegrips firmly, carrying a heavy load, lighten it. If ease off the throttle, and keep you cannot lighten the load, shift a straight course. it. Center the weight lower and farther forward on the motorcycle.

- 36 - Make sure the tire pressure, shock • Slippage — If the belt/chain spring preload, air shocks, and slips when you try to speed dampers are at the recommended up or ride uphill, pull off the settings for the weight. Make road. Check the belt/chain and sure windshields and fairings are sprockets. Tightening the belt/ mounted properly. chain may help. Replace the Check for poorly adjusted steer- belt/chain, sprockets, or both ing, worn steering parts, a bent, before riding again, if needed. misaligned, or out of balance • Breakage — You will notice front wheel, loose wheel bear- an instant loss of power to the ings or spokes, and swing arm rear wheel. Roll off the throttle bearings. If none of these are and brake to a stop. the cause, have the motorcycle Engine Seizure thoroughly checked by a quali- fied professional. When the engine “locks” or “freezes”, it is usually low on oil. Trying to “accelerate out of a If the engine’s moving parts can- wobble” will only make the not move smoothly against each motorcycle more unstable. other, the engine overheats. The Instead: first sign may be a loss of engine • Grip the handlebars firmly, but power or a change in the engine’s do not fight the wobble. sound. Squeeze the clutch lever • Roll off (decrease engine to disengage the engine from the power) the throttle gradually rear wheel. Pull off the road and to slow down. Do not apply the stop. Check the oil. If needed, brakes; braking could make the add oil as soon as possible or wobble worse. the engine will seize. When this • Move your weight as far for- happens, the effect is the same ward and down as possible. as a locked rear wheel. Let the • Leave the road as soon as you engine cool before restarting. can to fix the problem. Animals Do everything you safely can do Chain Problems to avoid hitting an animal. If you A drive belt or chain that slips or are in traffic; however, remain in breaks while you are riding could your lane. lock the rear wheel and cause your motorcycle to skid. Belt or Flying Objects chain slippage or breakage can be From time to time riders are avoided by proper maintenance. struck by insects, cigarettes

- 37 - thrown from vehicles, or pebbles and make a head check before kicked up by the tires of the you take any action. vehicle ahead. Avoid following • Pull off the road. Get as far off closely behind dump trucks, the road as you can. It can be waste management vehicles, very hard to see a motorcycle livestock haulers, agricultural by the side of the road. You do vehicles, construction vehicles, not want someone else leaving or any vehicle towing or haul- the road at the same place you ing items. Debris such as hay, are. trash, tree limbs, and other • Park carefully. Loose or loose items being hauled can sloped shoulders, as well as fall from the vehicles placing soft ground, can make setting you in an unavoidable dangerous the side or center kickstand situation. If you are wearing face difficult. protection, it might get smeared or cracked, making it difficult Carrying Passengers to see. Without face protection, and Cargo an object could hit you in the Only experienced riders should eye, face, or mouth. Whatever carry passengers or large loads. happens, keep your eyes on The extra weight changes the way the road and your hands on the the motorcycle handles, balances, handlebars. When safe, pull off speeds up, and slows down. the road and repair the damage. Before taking a passenger or a heavy load on the street, practice Getting Off the Road away from traffic. If you need to leave the road to check the motorcycle (or just to Equipment rest for a while), be sure you: • Equip and adjust your motor- • Check the roadside. Make sure cycle to carry a passenger. the roadside is firm enough to • A proper seat large enough ride on. If it is soft grass, leaves, to hold both of you without loose sand, or if you are not sure crowding. You should not sit about it, slow way down before any farther forward than you you turn onto it. usually do. • Signal. Drivers behind might • Footrests for the passenger. not expect you to slow down. Firm footing prevents your Give a clear signal that you passenger from falling off and will be slowing and changing pulling you off, too. direction. Check your mirror(s)

- 38 - • The same protective apparel Instructing Passengers and gear recommended for Even if your passenger is a motor- riders. cycle rider, provide complete Adjust the suspension to handle instructions before you start. Tell the additional weight. You your passenger to: will probably need to add a • Get on the motorcycle only few pounds of pressure to the after you start the engine. tires if you carry a passenger. • Sit as far forward as possible (Check your owner’s manual without crowding you. for appropriate settings.) While • Hold firmly to your waist, hips, your passenger sits on the seat or belt. with you, adjust the mirror(s) and headlight according to the • Keep both feet on the footrests, change in the motorcycle’s angle. even when stopped. • Keep legs away from the Motorcycles Towing Trailers muffler(s), belts, chains, or Motorcycles towing trailers: moving parts. • Must not exceed 55 mph. • Stay directly behind you lean- • Must remain in the right lane ing as you lean and looking unless it is a four lane highway, over your shoulder in the direc- then the right two lanes, except tion of the turn. when passing. • Avoid unnecessary talk or • Are not allowed in carpool motion. The motorcycle will lanes. sway with the passenger’s For more information, movement. see CVC §§630 and 22406 Also, tell your passenger to or the Recreational Vehicles tighten his or her hold when you: and Trailers Handbook (DL • Approach surface problems. 648) available online at • Are about to start from a stop. www.dmv.ca.gov or obtain a • Warn you will make a sudden copy at your local DMV field move. office. Riding With Passengers Your motorcycle will respond more slowly with a passenger. The heavier your passenger, the longer it will take to slow down, stop, and speed up, especially

- 39 - on a light-duty motorcycle. Your protective gloves that aid in the braking distance will increase child's protection in an acci- due to the added weight. dent or fall. Shoes should also • Ride a little slower, especially be durable, and fastened tight when taking curves, corners, enough to not come off in the or bumps. event of a fall. • Begin slowing sooner as you Restraint systems are available approach a stop. to secure a child passenger to • Open up a larger cushion of the rider by means of a belt or space ahead and to the sides. harness. In the event of a fall, the child passenger will remain • Wait for larger gaps to cross, secured to the rider instead of enter, or merge with traffic. being thrown free. Warn your passenger of these special conditions: starting, stop- Carrying Loads ping quickly, turning sharply, or Most motorcycles are not riding over bumps. Turn your designed to carry much cargo. head slightly to make yourself Small loads can be carried understood, but keep your eyes safely, if positioned and fastened on the road ahead. properly. Child Passengers • Keep the load low. Fasten Riding with child passengers loads securely, or put them should only be done when the in saddlebags. Stacking loads proper precautions are taken. The against a sissybar or frame on motorcycle should be equipped the back of the seat raises the with passenger footrests and the motorcycle’s center of gravity child's feet must be able to reach and shifts its balance. them. • Keep the load forward. Place the load over, or in front of, the Children should wear a full- rear axle. Tank bags keep loads faced, U.S. DOT compliant, forward, but use caution when properly-fitted motorcycle safety loading hard or sharp objects. helmet. It should fit snugly so, in Make sure the tank bag does the event of an accident, it does not interfere with handlebars not come off. or controls. Mounting a load Children should wear appropri- behind the rear axle affects ate clothing, such as long pants, how the motorcycle turns and closed-toe shoes, a jacket made brakes. It can also cause a from a heavy material, and wobble.

- 40 - • Distribute the load evenly. Keep the Group Small Load saddlebags with about Small groups make it easier and the same weight. An uneven safer for other drivers to get load can cause the motorcycle around them. A small number is to drift to one side. not separated as easily by traffic • Secure the load. Fasten the or red lights. Some riders won’t load securely with elastic cords always be hurrying to catch up. (bungee cords or nets). Elastic If your group is larger than four cords with more than one or five riders, divide it into two attachment point per side are or more smaller groups. more secure. A tight load will not catch in the wheel or chain, Keep the Group Together causing it to lock up and skid. • Brief. Perform a preride over- Ropes tend to stretch and knots view of the route, hand signals can come loose, permitting the for single-file formation and what load to shift or fall. to do if a hazard is encountered. • Check the load. Stop and • Plan. The leader should look check the load often to make ahead for changes and signal sure it has not worked loose early so there is plenty of time or moved. for everyone to follow. Start lane changes early to permit Group Riding everyone to complete the lane If you ride with others, do it in change safely. a way that promotes safety and • Put beginners up front. Place does not interfere with the flow of inexperienced riders behind the traffic. Assign a lead and a drag leader so the more experienced (tail) rider. Both riders should riders can watch them. be experienced and familiar with group riding. CVC §21461 • Monitor those behind. Let requires all vehicles to observe the last rider set the pace. Use official traffic control devices your mirror(s) to keep an eye on before entering or crossing the the rider behind. If a rider falls highway. When riders travel in behind, everyone should slow groups and approach an intersec- down a little to stay together. tion with a stop sign or traffic • Know the route. Make sure light, the riders must obey the everyone knows the route. Plan traffic control devices. frequent stops on long rides.

- 41 - Keep Your Distance STAGGERED FORMATION Maintain close ranks, but at the same time keep a safe distance to allow each rider in the group time and space to react to hazards. A close group takes up less space on the highway, is easier to see, and is less likely to be separated. However, this formation must be done properly. • Do not pair up. Never oper- ate directly alongside another rider. There is no place to go to avoid a vehicle or a hazard on the road. Wait until you are both stopped to talk. • Staggered formation. This is the best way to keep ranks • Passing in formation. Riders close and maintain an adequate in a staggered formation should space cushion. The leader rides pass one at a time. in the left portion of the lane ––First, the lead rider pulls out while the second rider stays and passes when safe. After one second behind in the right passing, the leader returns portion of the lane. A third to the left portion of the rider rides in the left portion lane and continues riding of the lane two seconds behind at “passing speed” to open the first rider. The fourth rider room for the next rider. keeps a two-second distance ––After the first rider passes behind the second rider. This safely, the second rider formation keeps the group moves up to the left portion close and permits each rider of the lane and watches for a safe distance from others a safe chance to pass. After ahead, behind, and to the sides. passing, this rider returns to the right portion of the lane and opens up room for the next rider. ––Some people suggest the leader should move to the right portion of the lane after

- 42 - passing a vehicle. This is not Blood Alcohol a good idea. It encourages Concentration the second rider to pass and Blood alcohol concentration return to the lane before (BAC) is the amount of alcohol there is a large enough in relation to blood in the body. space cushion in front of the Generally, alcohol can be elimi- passed vehicle. It is simpler nated in the body at the rate of and safer to wait until there almost one drink per hour. But a is enough room ahead of the variety of other factors may also passed vehicle to allow each influence the level of alcohol rider to move into the same retained. The more alcohol in position held before the pass. your blood, the greater the degree • Single-file formation. Move of impairment. into a single-file formation Important factors that play a when riding curves, turning, major part in determining BAC: and entering or leaving a highway. • The amount of alcohol you consumed. BEING IN SHAPE TO • How fast you drank. RIDE • Your body weight. 1 Riding a motorcycle is a demand- “One drink” is a 1 /2-ounce ing and complex task. Skilled shot of 80-proof liquor (even if riders pay attention to their riding mixed with nonalcoholic drinks), environment while operating the a 5-ounce glass of 12 percent motorcycle, identifying potential (%) wine, or a 12-ounce glass hazards, making good judg- of 5% beer. These “one drink” ments, and executing decisions equivalents change if you drink quickly and skillfully. Your ale, malt liquors, or fortified ability to perform and respond wines or if you drink on an empty to changing road and traffic stomach, are tired, sick, upset, or conditions is influenced by how have taken medicines or drugs. fit and alert you are. Alcohol The faster you drink, the more and other drugs, more than any alcohol accumulates in your other factor, affect your ability to body. If you consume two drinks think clearly and to ride safely. in an hour, at the end of that hour, As little as one alcoholic drink at least one drink will remain in can have a significant effect on your bloodstream. your performance.

- 43 - Legally Legally Driving Impaired Only Safe Safe Only Condition Intoxicated Driving Limit Driving Driving Skills Driving .11 .10 .07 .14 .12 .08 .06 .03 .02 .05 .00 .00 240 .11 .12 .15 .14 .09 .06 .03 .03 .05 .00 .00 .08 220 Even one drink is likely one drink is likely REMEMBER: Even .10 .13 .17 .15 .07 .03 .03 .09 .06 .12 .00 .00 200 .11 .10 .07 .15 .18 .13 .17 .04 .03 .07 .00 .00 180 .11 .07 .17 .12 .15 .19 .21 .04 .04 .00 .00 .08 160 Body Weight in Pounds Weight Body .19 .14 .13 .17 .24 .09 .21 .05 .04 .00 .00 .09 140 Table for Male (M) / Female (F) Male (M) / Female for Table BLOOD ALCOHOL CONTENT (BAC) BLOOD Subtract .01% for each 40 minutes of drinking. 40 minutes each for .01% Subtract GET A DUI – LOSE YOUR LICENSE! DUI – LOSE A GET .11 .10 .17 .15 .22 .28 .20 .25 .06 .05 .00 .00 120 1 drink = 1.5 oz. 80 proof liquor, 12 oz. 5% beer, or 5 oz. 12% wine. 12% or 5 oz. 5% beer, oz. 12 liquor, 80 proof oz. = 1.5 1 drink .13 .18 .12 .20 .26 .33 .24 .30 .07 .06 .00 .00 100 Fewer than 5 persons out of 100 will exceed these values. will exceed out of 100 than 5 persons Fewer F F F F F F M M M M M M 3 4 5 0 1 2 Drinks Number of It is illegal to drive with a Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) of .08% or more (.04% for commercial vehicle vehicle commercial for (.04% more or .08% of (BAC) Content Alcohol Blood a with drive to illegal is It your affect may food or medications fatigue, such as factors, Other under 21). if .01% and drivers based alcohol levels of blood an estimate gives below The table a vehicle. operate ability legally to of drinkson the number consumed, gender and body weight. safely! abilitydrive your to affect to

- 44 - Alcohol and the Law Fatigue In California, it is illegal for a Riding a motorcycle is more tiring person under 21 years old to drive than driving a vehicle, especially with a BAC of 0.01% or above; for on a long trip. Avoid riding when people under 21 years old, there is tired. Fatigue can affect your ZERO tolerance for alcohol use. control of the motorcycle. It is illegal for a person 21 years • Limit your distance. old or older to drive with a BAC Experienced riders seldom of 0.08% or above. It does not ride more than about six hours matter how sober you may look a day. or act; a breath or blood test is • Take frequent rest breaks. what determines whether you are Stop and get off the motorcycle riding legally or illegally. at least every two hours. NOTE: The California Driver • Do not drink alcohol or use Handbook (DL 600) has addi- drugs. Artificial stimulants tional information regarding often result in extreme fatigue driving under the influence or depression as they start to (DUI) of alcohol and/or drugs. wear off. You will not be able to Law enforcement is being concentrate on the task at hand. stepped up across the country in response to the senseless deaths and injuries caused by drinking drivers and riders. Minimize the Risks Minimize the risks of drinking and riding by following the steps below: • Do not drink. Once you start drinking, your resistance becomes weaker. • Do not ride. If you are or have been drinking, do not ride your motorcycle.

- 45 - MOTORCYCLE EVADING A PEACE INSURANCE FACTS OFFICER The financial responsibility sec- Any person who willfully flees tions of the California Vehicle or attempts to evade a peace Code (CVC) apply to motorcycle officer performing his or her owners and operators. duties is guilty of a misdemeanor If you, as a motorcycle rider, are punishable by imprisonment in a involved in a collision which county jail for not more than one causes more than $750 in prop- year (CVC §2800.1). erty damage to one person, If a person is convicted of causing including yourself, or anyone serious bodily injury during the else is injured, no matter how course of a police pursuit (CVC slightly, you (or your insurance §2800.3(a)), he or she is subject to: agent, broker, or legal represen- • Imprisonment in a state prison tative) must report the collision for three, five, or seven years to DMV or your DL may be or in a county jail for not more suspended. CHP or the police than one year. will not make this report. • A fine between $2,000 and You must make this report $10,000. within 10 days on the Report of • Both a fine and imprisonment. Traffic Accident Occurring in If a person is convicted of killing California (SR1). The SR1 is also anyone during the course of a available on the DMV website police pursuit (CVC §2800.3(b)), at www.dmv.ca.gov and at any he or she is subject to imprison- DMV field office or CHP office. ment in a state prison for four, Refer to the California Driver six, or ten years. Handbook for more information. Check with your insurance com- pany about your coverage before you buy or ride a motorcycle.

- 46 - TREAD LIGHTLY! • Get permission to travel • The U.S. Forest Service across private lands. Respect (USFS), Bureau of Land landowner rights. Management (BLM), and For more information, contact the California Department of Parks Off-Highway Vehicle Division and Recreation would like you of the California Department to TREAD LIGHTLY! Obtain of Parks and Recreation at a travel map from your local www.ohv.parks.ca.gov. USFS or BLM office, or regu- lations from other public land agencies. Learn the rules and follow them. • Avoid running over young trees, shrubs, and grasses— this can damage or kill them. • Stay off soft, wet roads and trails readily torn up by vehi- cles. • Travel around meadows, steep hillsides, stream banks, and lake shores easily scarred by churning wheels. • Resist the urge to pioneer a new road or trail, or cut across a switchback. • Stay away from wild animals rearing young, or suffering from food shortages. The stress uses up their limited energy reserves. • Obey gate closures and regula- tory signs. • Stay out of designated wil- derness areas. Know where the boundaries are. Vandalism costs tax dollars.

- 47 - AD PLACEMENT

- 48 - KNOWLEDGE TEST SAMPLE 1 1. What are the requirements for wearing a helmet? a. Passengers only are required to wear helmets. b. All motorcycle riders and passengers are required to wear helmets at all times. c. Helmets are not required while driving on city streets. 2. Grabbing the front brake or jamming down on the rear brake: a. Can cause the brakes to lock. b. Is the best way to stop in an emergency. c. Is the best way to slow down when the streets are wet. 3. Passengers on motorcycles should: a. Put their feet on the ground when the motorcycle is stopped. b. Not ride without a back rest. c. Sit as far forward as possible without crowding you. 4. When riding with a group of motorcyclists, a staggered formation: a. Is recommended at all times. b. Should not be used when entering or exiting a highway. c. Should be used when riding on curves. 5. Eye protection: a. Is not needed if your motorcycle is equipped with a windshield. b. Is only needed when riding in bad weather. c. Should give a clear view to either side. 6. A primary cause of single vehicle motorcycle collisions is: a. Motorcyclists’ tendency to drive too fast for weather conditions. b. Motorcyclists running wide in a curve or turn and colliding with an object. c. Motorcyclists running off the road while trying to avoid a collision with another vehicle. 7. The best lane position for a motorcycle: a. Is in the left part of the lane, next to the center line. b. Is in the right part of the lane, next to the curb. c. Can vary depending on road and/or traffic conditions. 8. When riding at night you should: a. Move closer to the vehicle in front of you to use its lights to see farther down the road. b. Keep driving at your normal speed because slowing down would increase the chance of being struck from behind. c. Reduce your speed because it is harder to see something lying in the road. 9. You should operate the engine cut-off switch and pull in the clutch when: a. The throttle is stuck and you cannot free it. b. You start to lose control in a curve. c. The motorcycle starts to wobble. 10.To operate a moped you must have at least a ______license. a. Class M1 b. Class M2

c. Class C

1b, 2a, 3c, 4b, 5c, 6b, 7c, 8c, 9a, 10b 9a, 8c, 7c, 6b, 5c, 4b, 3c, 2a, 1b, ANSWERS:

- 49 - “Three Feet for Safety Act” establishes three feet as the standard minimum space required when passing a bicyclist. KNOWLEDGE TEST SAMPLE 2 1. Upshifting or downshifting in a curve: a. Should only be done if it can be done smoothly. b. Is better than shifting before the curve. c. Is the best way to control your speed. 2. To avoid confusing other drivers, you should: a. Increase the following distance between your motorcycle and the vehicle in front of you if you are being tailgated. b. Make sure your turn signal turns off after you finish a turn. c. Use your horn only in emergency situations. 3. ______is a major factor in collisions caused by motorcycles. a. Following too closely. b. Lane sharing. c. Not being seen by other drivers. 4. If your motorcycle starts to wander back and forth while riding over metal bridge gratings you should: a. Downshift immediately to a lower gear to improve traction. b. Proceed in a zigzag pattern until you cross the bridge. c. Relax, stay on course, and ride straight across. 5. If you must carry a load, it should be: a. Either over or in front of the rear axle. b. Carried on the gas tank in front of the driver. c. Piled up against a sissy bar or frame on the back of the seat. 6. Grabbing the front brake or jamming down on the rear brake: a. Can cause the brakes to lock. b. Is the best way to stop in an emergency. c. Is the best way to slow down when the streets are wet. 7. What is the best way to stay out of trouble while riding a motorcycle? a. To see it coming by looking well ahead. b. By avoiding high density traffic areas. c. By increasing the following distance between your motorcycle and the vehicle in front of you. 8. A motorcycle rider has an advantage over an automobile driver when passing parked vehicles because: a. A motorcycle can accelerate faster than a car. b. A motorcycle rider can avoid the problems of opening doors and people stepping out from between vehicles by driving in the left part of the lane. c. Motorcycles have a shorter stopping distance. 9. Brightly-colored, reflective helmets and clothing: a. Should only be worn while riding at night. b. Can make motorcycle riders easier to see. c. Do not increase a motorcycle rider’s safety. 10. To execute a turn safely, a motorcycle rider should always: a. Lean the motorcycle in the direction of the curve or turn. b. Slow down in the turn.

c. Turn using the handle bars only. ANSWERS: 1a, 2b, 3a, 4c, 5a, 6a, 7a, 8b, 9b, 10a 9b, 8b, 7a, 6a, 5a, 4c, 3a, 2b, 1a, ANSWERS:

- 51 - GET TRAINED GET LICENSED SURVIVE THE RIDE

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DL 665 ENGLISH (REV. 4/2016)