12/2/2018 Jupiter - Wikipedia Jupiter Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the Solar System. It is a giant planet with a mass Jupiter one-thousandth that of the Sun, but two-and-a-half times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined. Jupiter and Saturn are gas giants; the other two giant planets, Uranus and Neptune are ice giants. Jupiter has been known to astronomers since antiquity.[13] The Romans named it after their god Jupiter.[14] When viewed from Earth, Jupiter can reach an apparent magnitude of −2.94, bright enough for its reflected light to cast shadows,[15] and making it on average the third-brightest object in the night sky after the Moon and Venus. Jupiter is primarily composed of hydrogen with a quarter of its mass being helium, though helium comprises only about a tenth of the number of molecules. It may also have a rocky core of heavier elements,[16] but like the other giant planets, Jupiter lacks a well-defined solid surface. Because of its rapid rotation, the planet's shape is that of an oblate spheroid (it has a slight but noticeable bulge around the equator). The outer atmosphere is visibly segregated into several bands at different latitudes, resulting in turbulence and storms along their interacting boundaries. A prominent result is the Great Red Spot, a giant storm that is known to have existed since at least the 17 th century when it was first seen by telescope. Surrounding Jupiter is a faint planetary ring system and a powerful magnetosphere. Jupiter has at least 69 moons,[17] including the four large Galilean moons discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610. Ganymede, the largest of these, has a diameter greater than that of the planet Mercury. Full-disc view of Jupiter in natural color in April Jupiter has been explored on several occasions by robotic spacecraft, most notably during the early Pioneer 2014[a] and Voyager flyby missions and later by the Galileo orbiter. In late February 2007 , Jupiter was visited by Designations the New Horizons probe, which used Jupiter's gravity to increase its speed and bend its trajectory en route to Pluto. The latest probe to visit the planet is Juno, which entered into orbit around Jupiter on July 4, Pronunciation /ˈdʒuːpɪtər/ ( listen)[1] 2016.[18][19] Future targets for exploration in the Jupiter system include the probable ice-covered liquid Adjectives Jovian ocean of its moon Europa. Orbital characteristics[5] Epoch J2000 Aphelion 816.62 million km (5.4588 AU) Contents Perihelion 740.52 million km (4.9501 AU) Semi-major axis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter 1/29 12/2/2018 Jupiter - Wikipedia Formation and migration 778.57 million km (5.2044 AU) Physical characteristics Eccentricity 0.0489 Composition Orbital period 11.862 yr Mass and size Internal structure 4,332.59 d Atmosphere 10,475.8 Jovian solar days[2] Cloud layers Synodic period 398.88 d Great Red Spot and other vortices Magnetosphere Average orbital 13.07 km/s (8.12 mi/s) speed Orbit and rotation Mean anomaly 20.020°[3] Observation Inclination 1.303° to ecliptic[3] Research and exploration [3] Pre-telescopic research 6.09° to Sun's equator Ground-based telescope research 0.32° to invariable plane[4] Radiotelescope research Longitude of 100.464° Exploration ascending node Flyby missions Argument of 273.867°[3] Galileo mission perihelion Juno mission Known 69 (as of 2017) Future probes satellites Canceled missions Physical characteristics[5][9][10] Moons Galilean moons Mean radius 69,911 km (43,441 mi)[b] Classification Equatorial 71,492 km (44,423 mi)[b] Planetary rings radius 11.209 Earths Interaction with the Solar System Impacts Polar radius 66,854 km (41,541 mi)[b] Mythology 10.517 Earths See also Flattening 0.064 87 Notes Surface area 6.1419 × 1010 km2 References (2.3714 × 1010 sq mi)[b][6] Further reading 121.9 Earths External links https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter 2/29 12/2/2018 Jupiter - Wikipedia Volume 1.4313 × 1015 km3 (3.434 × 1014 cu mi)[b] Formation and migration 1,321 Earths Earth and its neighbor planets may have formed from fragments of planets after collisions with Jupiter Mass 1.8982 × 1027 kg destroyed those super-Earths near the Sun. As Jupiter came toward the inner Solar System, in what theorists (4.1848 × 1027 lb) call the Grand Tack Hypothesis, gravitational tugs and pulls occurred causing a series of collisions between 317.8 Earths the super-Earths as their orbits began to overlap.[20] 1/1047 Sun[7] Astronomers have discovered nearly 500 planetary systems with multiple planets. Regularly these systems Mean density 1,326 kg/m3 (2,235 lb/cu yd)[c] include a few planets with masses several times greater than Earth's (super-Earths), orbiting closer to their Surface gravity 24.79 m/s2 (81.3 ft/s2)[b] star than Mercury is to the Sun, and sometimes also Jupiter-mass gas giants close to their star. 2.528 g Jupiter moving out of the inner Solar System would have allowed the formation of inner planets, including Moment of 0.254 I/MR2 (estimate) Earth.[21] inertia factor Escape velocity 59.5 km/s (37.0 mi/s)[b] Physical characteristics Sidereal 9.925 hours[8] (9 h 55 m 30 s) rotation period Jupiter is composed primarily of gaseous and liquid matter. It is the largest of the four giant planets in the Equatorial 12.6 km/s (7.8 mi/s; Solar System and hence its largest planet. It has a diameter of 142,984 km (88,846 mi) at its equator. The rotation velocity 45,000 km/h) average density of Jupiter, 1.326 g/cm3 , is the second highest of the giant planets, but lower than those of Axial tilt 3.13° (to orbit) the four terrestrial planets. North pole 268.057°; 17h 52m 14s right ascension Composition North pole 64.495° declination Jupiter's upper atmosphere is about 88–92% hydrogen and 8–12% helium by percent volume of gas molecules. A helium atom has about four times as much mass as a hydrogen atom, so the composition Albedo 0.343 (Bond) changes when described as the proportion of mass contributed by different atoms. Thus, Jupiter's 0.538 (geometric) atmosphere is approximately 7 5% hydrogen and 24% helium by mass, with the remaining one percent of the Surface temp. min mean max mass consisting of other elements. The atmosphere contains trace amounts of methane, water vapor, 1 bar level 165 K (−108 °C) 0.1 bar 112 K (−161 °C) ammonia, and silicon-based compounds. There are also traces of carbon, ethane, hydrogen sulfide, neon, oxygen, phosphine, and sulfur. The outermost layer of the atmosphere contains crystals of frozen ammonia. Apparent −1.6 to −2.94 magnitude The interior contains denser materials - by mass it is roughly 7 1% hydrogen, 24% helium, and 5% other Angular 29.8″ to 50.1″ elements.[22][23] Through infrared and ultraviolet measurements, trace amounts of benzene and other diameter hydrocarbons have also been found.[24] Atmosphere[5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter 3/29 12/2/2018 Jupiter - Wikipedia The atmospheric proportions of hydrogen and helium are close to the theoretical composition of the Surface 20–200 kPa[11]; 70 kPa[12] primordial solar nebula. Neon in the upper atmosphere only consists of 20 parts per million by mass, which pressure is about a tenth as abundant as in the Sun.[25] Helium is also depleted to about 80% of the Sun's helium Scale height 27 km (17 mi) composition. This depletion is a result of precipitation of these elements into the interior of the planet.[26] Composition by by volume: volume Based on spectroscopy, Saturn is thought to be similar in composition to Jupiter, but the other giant planets 89% ± 2.0% hydrogen Uranus and Neptune have relatively less hydrogen and helium and relatively more ices and are thus now termed ice giants.[27] (H2) 10% ± 2.0% helium (He) Mass and size 0.3% ± 0.1% methane Jupiter's mass is 2.5 times that of all the other planets in the Solar (CH4) System combined—this is so massive that its barycenter with the 0.026% ± 0.004% ammonia Sun lies above the Sun's surface at 1.068 solar radii from the Sun's (NH ) center.[28] Jupiter is much larger than Earth and considerably less 3 0.0028% ± 0.001% hydrogen dense: its volume is that of about 1,321 Earths, but it is only 318 deuteride times as massive.[5][29] Jupiter's radius is about 1/10 the radius of (HD) the Sun,[30] and its mass is 0.001 times the mass of the Sun, so the [31] 0.0006% ± 0.0002% densities of the two bodies are similar. A "Jupiter mass" (MJ or ethane (C2 MJu p) is often used as a unit to describe masses of other objects, H6) particularly extrasolar planets and brown dwarfs. So, for example, 0.0004% ± 0.0004% water (H2 the extrasolar planet HD 209458 b has a mass of 0.69 MJ, while O) [32] Jupiter's diameter is one order of Kappa Andromedae b has a mass of 12.8 MJ. magnitude smaller (×0.10045) than Ices: that of the Sun, and one order of Theoretical models indicate that if Jupiter had much more mass magnitude larger (×10.9733) than than it does at present, it would shrink.[33] For small changes in ammonia (NH3) that of Earth.